PGP COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 NAMAKKAL - 637207

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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Degree/Branch : ……………………………………...

Register no. : …………………………………….............

Certified that this the bonafide record of work done by the above student of the

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- during

the year 2010 – 2011.

Signature of the Lab in Charge Head of the Department

SUBMITTED FOR THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION ON -------------------------------------

Internal Examiner External Examiner

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 Table of Content
Sl.
Name of the Experiment Page No.
No
01 STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR
HOLE

02 STRESS ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR L BRACKET

03 STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXI-SYMMETRIC

COMPONENT
04 STRESS ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

05 MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

06 HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

07 CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D

COMPONENT

08 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D

COMPONENT
09
SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

Index
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 PERFOR RECORD VIVA TOTAL
Sl. NAME OF THE
MANCE BOOK VOICE MARKS REMARKS
No EXPERIMENT
(25) (15) (10) AWARDED
STRESS ANALYSIS OF
01 A PLATE WITH A
CIRCULAR HOLE
STRESS ANALYSIS OF
02 RECTANGULAR L
BRACKET
STRESS ANALYSIS OF
03 AN AXI-SYMMETRIC
COMPONENT
STRESS ANALYSIS OF
04
CANTILEVER BEAM
MODE FREQUENCY
05 ANALYSIS OF
CANTILEVER BEAM
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
06 OF CANTILEVER
BEAM
CONDUCTIVE HEAT
07 TRANSFER ANALYSIS
OF A 2D COMPONENT
CONVECTIVE HEAT
08 TRANSFER ANALYSIS
OF A 2D COMPONENT
SIMULATION OF
09 HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER

Ex. No :01
Date :

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE

AIM:
To perform a stress analysis of a plate with a circular hole using
analysis software ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
A simple rectangular steel plate with a circular hole at centre having
dimension 200 X 100 X 20 mm is constrained and statically loaded as shown in
Fig (1). The given material properties are,
1. Elastic modulus = 2X105 N/mm2
2. Poisson’s ratio = 0.3.

Fig (1)
3

APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 All forces, reactions and deflections are assumed to occur in the x-y
plane and also create nodes and elements under direct generation. The element type
defined for this model is the Structural Solid - Quad 8Node 82. The rectangular
plate is constrained and apply pressure load at one end.

PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing,
Solution and Post processing.
Preprocessing
1. Specify the title
2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define real constants
5. Define material properties
6. Create a model using modeling command
7. Create an element between nodes.
Solution
8. Apply displacement constraints and pressure loads
9. Solve using Current LS
Post Processing
10. Enter general post processor and read the results
11. Plot the Von mises equivalent stress
12. Plot the deformed shape
13. Exit the ANSYS program.

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
RESULT:
The stress analysis of a plate with a circular hole is performed and the
following results as shown in fig (2), fig (3), fig (4) and fig (5) are plotted.

1. NODAL SOLUTION:
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 Fig (2)
2.

DEFORMED + UNDEFORMED SHAPE:

Fig (3)

3.
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

DEFORMED SHAPE:
 Fig (4)

4. STRESSES:

7
Fig (5)

Ex. No : 02
Date :
STRESS ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR L BRACKET
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

AIM:
 To perform a stress analysis of a rectangular L bracket using analysis
Software ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:

A simple, single load step, structural static analysis is to be done on

Rectangular L bracket as shown in Fig (1). The upper left-hand pin hole is
constrained (welded) around its entire circumference, and a tapered pressure load
is applied to the bottom of the lower right-hand pin hole. The given material (A36
steel) properties are,
1. Elastic modulus = 2X105 N/mm2
2. Poisson’s ratio = 0.3.

Fig (1) 9

APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS:

Our approach is to use solid modeling to generate the 2-D modelPGPCET-ED
and (2010-2012)

automatically mesh it with nodes and elements. (Another alternative in ANSYS is

to create the nodes and elements directly.)
 Assume plane stress for this analysis. Since the bracket is thin in the z
direction (1/2 inch thickness) compared to its x and y dimensions, and since the
pressure load acts only in the x-y plane, this is a valid assumption.

PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing,
Solution and Post processing.
Preprocessing
1. Specify the title
2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define real constants
5. Define material properties
6. Create a model using modeling command
7. Create an element between nodes.
Solution
8. Apply displacement constraints and pressure loads
9. Solve using Current LS
Post Processing
10. Enter general post processor and read the results
11. Plot the Von misses equivalent stress
12. Plot the deformed shape
13. Exit the ANSYS program. 11

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
RESULT:
The static stress analysis of rectangular L bracket is done and the
following results as shown in fig (2), fig (3) and fig (4) are plotted.
REACTION SOLUTIONS PER NODE:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 Fig (2)

DEFORMED AND UNDEFORMED PLOT:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 Fig (3)
STRESS PLOT:

13

Fig (4)
Ex. No : 03
Date :
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXI-SYMMETRIC COMPONENT

AIM:
 To perform a stress analysis of an axisymmetric component using analysis
software ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
A closed tube made from steel as shown in Fig (1) is to be analyzed by
applying point loads at the top and bottom plate. The material properties are,
1. Elastic modulus = 2X105 N/mm2
2. Poisson’s ratio = 0.3

15
Fig (1)

APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS: PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

As point loads will create discontinuities in the model near the point of
application. If you choose to use these types of loads in your own modeling, be
very careful and be sure to understand the theory of how the FEA package is
applying the load and the assumption it is making. In this case, we will only be
concerned about the stress distribution far from the point of application, so the
discontinuities will have a negligible effect.
The element type defined for this model is the Structural PLANE2 --
Triangular 6Node 2. By using the symmetry B.C. command, ANSYS
automatically calculates which DOF's should be constrained for the line of
symmetry. Since the element we are using only has 2 DOF's per node, we could
have constrained the lines in the x-direction to create the symmetric boundary
conditions.
Constrain the nodes in the y-direction (UY). This is required to constrain the
model in space; otherwise it would be free to float up or down. The location to
constrain the model in the y direction (y=50) was chosen because it is along a
symmetry plane. Therefore, these nodes won't move in the y-direction according to
theory. Apply the load at the top left corner of the area of 100 N in the FY
direction and also apply the load at the bottom left corner of the area of -100 N in
the FY direction.

PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing, Solution and
Post processing.
Preprocessing
1. Specify the title 17
2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define material properties
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
5. Create a model using modeling command
6. Turn on axisymmetric
Solution
 7. Define Analysis type
8. Apply displacement constraints and Loads
9. Solve using Current LS
Post Processing
10. Enter general post processor and read the results
11. Plot the stress through the thickness of the tube
12. Plot the elements as axisymmetric
13. Exit the ANSYS program.

CALCULATIONS:
Determination of the Stress through the Thickness of the Tube:

1. Theoretical Calculation:
Theoretical calculations were performed to verify the solution found
Using ANSYS:
The stress across the thickness at y = 50 mm is 0.182 MPa.

19

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
RESULT:
The stress analysis of an axisymmetric component is done and compared
with theoretical results.

1. Analytical solution:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 21

Ex. No : 04
Date :
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 STRESS ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

AIM:
To perform a stress analysis of a Cantilever Beam using analysis software
ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:

A simple, stress analysis is to be done on cantilever beam as shown in

Fig (1).

The given material properties are,

1. Elastic modulus = 70000 MPa

2. Poisson’s ratio = 0.33

Fig (1)

APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS:

Assume plane stress for this analysis. Since the pipe having thickness,
and one end is fixed and other end is loaded vertically downward with a load of
100 N.

Our approach is to use 3D elastic straight pipe element type and mesh
it manually with element length of 20 mm. (Alternatively, we could enter the
number of divisions we want in the line. For element length of 20 mm, we could
enter 25 divisions.)

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 23

PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing,
Solution and Post processing.

Preprocessing

1. Specify the title

2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define real constants
5. Define material properties
6. Create a model using modeling command
7. Mesh using manual size command

Solution

8. Apply displacement constraints and vertically downward load

9. Solve using Current LS

Post Processing

10. Enter general post processor and read the results

11. Plot the deformed shape
12. Plot the Nodal solution per node
13. Plot the stress by Von-misses criteria
14. Exit the ANSYS program.

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 25

CALCULATIONS:
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical calculations were performed to verify the solution found using
ANSYS:
Deflection

Stress
 27

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

RESULT:
 The static stress analysis of the cantilever beam is done and compared with
theoretical results.
ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS:
DEFLECTION PLOT:
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

DEFLECTION AT VARIOUS NODES:

NODAL SOLUTION PER NODE PLOT:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

STRESS PLOT:
 29

Ex. No : 05
Date :
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

AIM:
To perform a mode frequency analysis of cantilever beam using
analysis software ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
A simple cantilever beam as shown in Fig (1) having the material
properties of,
1. Elastic modulus = 2 X 105 N/mm2
2. Poisson’s ratio = 0.3
3. Density = 7830 kg/m3
 Fig (1)
APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS:

Assume plane stress for this analysis. Left end of the beam is
constrained and other end is left free.

Our approach is to use Beam3 (Beam 2D elastic) type. This

element has 3 degrees of freedom (Translation along the X and Y axis’s and rotate
about Z axis. Geometric properties for Beam3 real constants are cross sectional
area 0. 0001m2, area moment of inertia as 8.33 X10-10 m4, and total beam height as 31
0.01 m.
PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing, Solution and
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
Post processing.

Preprocessing

1. Specify the title

2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define Real constants
5. Define material properties
6. Define mesh size and mesh the beam
Solution

7. Define Analysis type as a modal

8. Set options for analysis type
9. Apply displacement constraints
10. Solve the system using current LS

Post Processing

11. Enter general post processor and read the results

12. Plot the deformed with un-deformed edge
13. Animate mode shapes
14. Exit the ANSYS program.

33

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
RESULT:
The mode frequency analysis of cantilever beam is done and the
displacement plot fig (2) is taken using Analysis Software ANSYS.

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

DISPLACEMENT PLOT:
 Fig (2)

35

Ex. No : 06
Date :
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

AIM:
To perform a harmonic analysis of cantilever beam using analysis
software ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
A simple cantilever beam as shown in fig (1) having the material
properties of,
1. Elastic modulus = 2 X 105 N/mm2
2. Density = 7830 kg/m3
 3. Poisson’s ratio = 0.3

.
Fig (1)

APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS:

ANSYS provides three methods for conducting a harmonic
analysis. These three methods are the Full, Reduced and Modal super position
methods. Our approach is to use Full method because it is simple and make use of 37
full stiffness and mass matrices.
Our assumption is to use Beam3 (Beam 2D elastic) type. This
PGPCET-ED
element has 3 degrees of freedom (Translation along the X and Y axis’s (2010-2012)
and rotate
about Z axis. Geometric properties for BEAM3 real constants are cross sectional
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
2 -10 4
area 0. 0001m , area moment of inertia as 8.33 X10 m , and total beam height as
0.01 m.

PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing,
Solution and Post processing.

Preprocessing
1. Specify the title
2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define Real constants
5. Define material properties
6. Define mesh size and mesh the beam

Solution

7. Define Analysis type as a harmonic

8. Set options for analysis type
9. Apply displacement constraints
10. Apply load
11. Set the frequency range
12. Solve the system using current LS
39

Post Processing
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

13. Enter general post processor and read the results

14. Plot the frequency results
15. Exit the ANSYS program.
RESULT:
The Harmonic analysis of cantilever beam is done using Analysis Software
ANSYS and following plots Fig (2) and Fig (3) are taken.

PLOT UY VS FREQUENCY: PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

Fig (2)

Fig (3)

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 41

Ex. No : 07
Date :
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D

COMPONENT
AIM:
To perform a conductive heat transfer analysis of a 2D component
using analysis software ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:

A simple square plate as shown in Fig (1) is having the thermal conductivity
of 10 W/m °C.

500 Deg c

100 Deg c
100 Deg c

100 Deg c

43
. Fig (1)
APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
Our assumption is to use PLANE55 (Thermal solid, Quad 4
Node 55) type. This element has 4 nodes and a single degree of freedom (Temp)at
each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional steady state thermal
analysis.

PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing,
Solution and Post processing.
Preprocessing
1. Specify the title
2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define element material properties
5. Define mesh size and mesh the plate
Solution
6. Define Analysis type as a steady state thermal analysis
7. Apply fixed temperature constraints on all 4 sides
8. Solve the system using current LS
Post Processing
9. Enter general post processor and read the results
10. Plot the temperature distribution
11. Exit the ANSYS program.

45

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
RESULT:
The conductive heat transfer analysis is done using Analysis Software
ANSYS and the following plot Fig (2) is taken.

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION PLOT:

 Fig (2)

47

Ex. No : 08
Date :
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D

COMPONENT
AIM:
To perform a convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component
using analysis software ANSYS.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
A simple square plate as shown in Fig (1) is having the thermal
conductivity of 10 W/m °C and convective heat transfer coefficient of
10 W/m2 0C.

500 Deg c

100 Deg C T = 100 Deg C

h = 10 W/M2 C

INSULATED SURFACE

49
Fig (1)
APPROACH AND ASSUMPTIONS:
Our assumption is to use PLANE55 (Thermal solid, Quad (2010-2012)
PGPCET-ED 4
Node 55) type. This element has 4 nodes and a single degree of freedom (Temp) at
each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional steady state thermal
analyses.

PROCEDURE:
The procedure involves three steps and they are Preprocessing,
Solution and Post processing.

Preprocessing
1. Specify the title
2. Set preferences
3. Define element types
4. Define element material properties
5. Define mesh size and mesh the plate

Solution
6. Define Analysis type as a steady state thermal analysis
7. Apply Conduction constraints on all 2 sides
8. Apply Convection constraints on one side
9. Apply insulated constraints on one side
10. Solve the system using current LS

Post Processing
11. Enter general post processor and read the results
12. Plot the temperature distribution
13. Exit the ANSYS program. 51

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
RESULT:
The conductive heat transfer analysis is done using Analysis Software
ANSYS and the following plot Fig (2) is taken.

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION PLOT:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 Fig (2)

53

Ex. No : 09
Date :
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
AIM:
To perform a simulation of hydraulic cylinder using MAT Lab.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
The schematic diagram of basic model is shown in Fig (1). The
model directs the pump flow, Q, to supply pressure, p1, from which laminar flow
qlex, leaks to exhaust. The control valve for the piston/cylinder assembly is
modeled as a turbulent flow through a variable-area orifice. Its flow, q12, leads to
intermediate pressure, p2, which undergoes a subsequent pressure drop in the line
connecting it to the actuator cylinder. The cylinder pressure, p3, moves the piston
against a spring load, resulting in position x.

Fig (1)

Fig (1)

55

GOVERNING EQUATION
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)

EQUATION BLOCK 1
EQUATION BLOCK 2

57

EQUATION BLOCK 3
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
EQUATION BLOCK 4

59

SIMULATION PARAMETERS:
PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
PROCEDURE:

1. The modeling of simple single hydraulic cylinder is done.

2. From the governing equation of the model the simulation
parameter are identified.
3. The input parameters are identified and fed into the function
block window of MAT Lab software.
4. Run the simulation.
5. Plot the simulation results.

61

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
RESULT:
Thus the simulation of hydraulic cylinder has been done and the

following plots Fig. (2) & (3) are taken.

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
FUNCTION BLOCK PARAMETERS FOR PUMP:

FUNCTION BLOCK PARAMETERS FOR VALVE, CYLINDER,

PISTON & SPRING:

SIMULATION PLOTS:

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)
 SYSTEM PRESSURE PLOT

Time (sec)

Fig (2)

HYDRAULIC CYLINDER PISTON POSITION PLOT

Time (sec)

Fig (3)

PGPCET-ED (2010-2012)