Name ___________________________________________period______________AP chemistry Unit 7 worksheet

1. Why do ionic substances with higher lattice energies tend to be less soluble in water than those with lower lattice
energies? Like dissolves like. Ionic substances with high lattice energies have stronger ionic bonds which gets
more unlike polar water
2. Which of the following solutes would you predict to dissolve in water
a. KCl b. CH4 c. NH3 d. Cu
3. Which of the following solutes would you predict to dissolve in a toluene (nonpolar)
a. NaCl b. CH4 c. NH3

4. For each solute listed, select a solvent that will dissolve it.
Solute Solvent
Sodium (mercury) water
Gasoline (benzene) mercury
KCl (water) benzene
NH3 (polar) (water)
5. Explain why glycerol (CH2(OH)CH (OH)CH2(OH)) is miscible in water. It is polar like water (hydrogen bonds)
6. Which of the following in each pair is likely to be more soluble in water? Explain
a. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH or CH3CH2OH b. CCl4 or CaCl2 c. benzene or phenol(C6H5OH)
7. a. Explain why carbonated beverages must be stored in sealed containers. So the gas (CO2) doesn’t escape
b. Once the beverage is opened, why does it maintain some carbonation when refrigerated? Colder temperature
make gas more soluble
8. What is the concentration of 250.0 mL of 0.60 moles of hydrochloric acid? 2.4 M

9. What is the concentration of 35.0 mL of 0.0556 moles of KCl? 1.59 M

10. How many grams of KCl are needed to prepare 50.0 mL of a 0.10 M solution? 0.37 g

11. What volume of 0.7690 M LiOH will contain 55.3 g of LiOH? 3.01 L

12. What will have the highest concentration of potassium ions?

a. 0.20 M KCl b. 0.15 M K2CrO4 c. 0.080M K3PO4

13. Indicate the concentration of each ion or molecule present in the following solutions
a. 0.25 M CaBr2 0.25 M calcium ions and 0.50 M bromide ions
b. 0.25 M CH3OH 0.25 M
c. A mixture of 50.0 mL of 0.20 M KClO3 and 25.0 mL of 0.25 M CaCl2. Assume volumes are additive.
0.13 M potassium ions; 0.13 M chlorate ions; 0.83 M calcium ions; 0.17 M chloride ions
d. 3.50 g of KCl in 60.0mL of 0.500 M CaCl2 solution. Assume volumes are additive.
0.782 M potassium ions; 0.500 M calcium ions; 1.782 M chloride ions
14. How many liters of water must be added to 100.0 mL of 4.50 M HBr to make a solution that is 0.250M?
1.7 L
15. How many milliliters of water must be added to 30.0 mL of 9.0M KCl to maks a solution that is 0.50 M KCl?
510 mL
16. How many grams of barium sulfate will precipitate when 500.0 mL of 0.340 M barium chloride and 300.0mL of 1.70 M sodium
sulfate are mixed? 39.6 g
17. What is the concentration(M) of the sodium chloride produced when 450.0mL of 0.290 M calcium chloride and 200.0 mL of 1.50
M sodium carbonate are mixed (assume volumes are additive)? 0.402 M
 18. Calculate the molarity of 10.5 g of KCl in 250.0 mL of solution. 0.563 M
19. Calculate the molarity of 25.0 mL of 1.50M HNO3 solution diluted to 0.500 L. 0.0750 M
20. Calculate the moles of solute in each of the following 335 mL of 0.215 M calcium bromide. 0.0720 mol

21. A student is assigned the task of determining the mass percent of silver in an alloy of copper and silver by dissolving a sample of
the alloy in excess nitric acid and then precipitating the silver as AgCl. First the student prepares 50. mL of 6 M HNO 3.

a.) The student is provided with a stock solution of 16 M HNO3, two 100 mL graduated cylinders that can be read to ±
1 mL, a 100 mL beaker that can be read to ± 10 mL, safety goggles, rubber gloves, a glass stirring rod, a dropper,
and distilled H2O.
i.) Calculate the volume, in mL, of 16 M HNO3 that the student should use for preparing 50. mL of 6 M HNO3.
19 mL or 20 mL (to one sig fig)
ii.) Briefly list the steps of an appropriate and safe procedure for preparing the 50. mL of 6 M HNO 3. Only
materials selected from those provided to the student (listed above) may be used.
Wear safety goggles. Then measure 19 mL of 16 M nitric acid using a 100 mL graduated cylinder.
Measure 31 mL of distilled water using a 100 mL graduated cylinder. Transfer the water to a 100
mL beaker. Add the acid to the water while stirring
iii.) Explain why it is not necessary to use a volumetric flask (calibrated to 50.00 mL ± 0.05 mL) to perform the
dilution.
The graduated cylinder provides sufficient precision in volume measurement to provide
2 sig figs, making the use of the volumetric flask unnecessary

22. What is meant by the term reaction rate? The change in the amount of products or reactants in a given amount
of time
23. For each of the following pairs, choose the substance or process you would expect to react more rapidly.
a. Granulated sugar or powdered sugar
b. Zinc in HCl at 298 K or zinc in HCl at 410 K
c. 5 g of thick platinum wire or 5 g of thin platinum wire
24. The heat of solution for silver nitrate is +22.8 kJ/mol. The solubility of silver nitrate is 216 g per 100 g of water at 30 °C
a. Is heat a reactant or a product? reactant
b. Is dissolving silver nitrate endothermic or exothermic? endothermic
c. As silver nitrate dissolves, what change occurs in the temperature of the solution? decreases
d. How will increased temperature affect the amount of solute that can be dissolved? More will dissolve
e. How would increased temperature affect how fast the solute dissolved? Speeds it up
f. How would stirring the solution affect the amount of solute that can be dissolved? Doesn’t change
g. How would stirring the solution affect how fast the solute dissolved? Speeds it up
h. If 100 g of silver nitrate is added to 100 g of water at 30 °C, would the solution be unsaturated, saturated, or
supersaturated? unsaturated
i. What would occur if 325 g are added to 100 g of water at 30 °C? Is the solution unsaturated, saturated, or
supersaturated? saturated

25. For each energy diagram below, label reactants, products, ∆H, Ea, and tell if it is endothermic or exothermic.
See in class
 26. How would each of the energy diagrams in the previous problem change if a catalyst were added to the reaction?
(show using dashed lines) see in class
27. Would you expect a packet of sugar to dissolve faster in hot tea or iced tea? Hot tea
28. Consider the hypothetical reaction A B. A flask is charged with 0.65 mol of A in a total volume of 100.0 mL. The
following data is collected
Time(min) 0 10 20 30 40
Moles of A 0.065 0.051 0.042 0.036 0.031
Moles of B 0.00 0.014 0.023 0.029 0.034
-5 -5 -5
Rate if disappearance (mol/s) 2.3 x10 1.5x 10 1.0x10 0.8x10-5
a. Calculate the number of moles of B at each time in the table
b. Calculate the average rate of disappearance of A for each 10 min interval in units of mol/s
c. Why does the rate change for each 10 min. interval? The reactants are becoming less concentrated as the
reaction proceeds so the reaction slows down
d. Calculate the rate of appearance of B in M/s from 10-30 min. 1.3x10-5 M/s

29. Consider the combustion of H2(g): 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)

a. If hydrogen is burning at a rate of 4.6 mol s-1, what is the rate of consumption of oxygen? 2.3 mol s-1
b. What is the rate of the formation of water vapor? 4.6 mol/s

30. The reaction 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)  2NOCl(g) is carried out in a closed vessel. If the partial pressure of NO is
decreasing at the rate of 30 torr/min., what is the rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel? Decreases
by 15 torr/min

31. For the reaction 3 ClO – (aq) → ClO3 – (aq) + 2 Cl – (aq) doubling the concentration of ClO – quadruples the initial
rate of formation of ClO3-. What is the rate law expression for the reaction? Rate = k[ClO-]2

32. The reaction C6H5N2Cl (aq) + H2O (l) → C6H5OH (aq) + N2 (g) + HCl (aq) is first order in C6H5N2Cl and zero order in
H2O. What is the rate law expression? Rate = k[C6H5N2Cl]

33. For the reaction 2 NO (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2 NOCl (g) If the concentration of NO is tripled, the rate of the reaction
increases by a factor of nine. If the concentration of Cl 2 is cut in half, the rate of the reaction is decreased to half
the original rate. Find the order of reaction for each reactant and write the rate law expression for the reaction.
NO is second order and chlorine is first order; Rate = k[NO] 2[Cl2]

34. For the reaction 2 A + B → C + D, if the concentration of A is doubled, the reaction rate doubles. If the
concentration of B is halved, there is no change in the reaction rate. Determine the order of reaction with respect
to each reactant and the overall order of reaction. Write the rate law for the reaction.
A is first order and B is zero order; the overall order is 1; rate = k[A]

35. Consider the reaction A + 2B C. The rate law for this reaction is second order in A and second order in B. If
the rate constant at 25 C is 1.25 x 10-2 M-3s-1 , find the rate of reaction when the concentration of A is 0.27 M and the
concentration of B is 0.32 M. 9.3 x 10-5 M/s
36. For the reaction 2A + B A2B , the following data were obtained.
Trial Initial [A] Initial [B] Initial Rate of appearance of A2B (mol/L•s)
1 0.420 M 0.530 M 0.420
2 0.420 M 1.590 M 3.780
3 0.140 M 0.530 M 0.140

a) Determine the order with respect to each reactant A is first order; B is second order
b) Determine the overall order of reaction 3
c) Write the rate expression for the reaction. Rate = k[A][B]2
d) Find the value (including units) of the rate constant, k. 3.56 M-2s-1
e) What is the rate of disappearance of A, when [A] = 0.074 M and [B] = 0.185 M? 0.018 M/s

37. The reaction between chloroform and chlorine gas proceeds in a series of three elementary steps.
Step 1: Fast, reversible Cl2(g)  2Cl(g)
Step 2: Slow CHCl3(g) + Cl(g)  CCl3(g) + HCl(g)
Step 3: Fast CCl3(g) + Cl(g)  CCl4(g)
Overall reaction: CHCl3(g) + Cl2(g)  CCl4(g) + HCl(g)
(a) Which of the steps in the rate determining step? Step 2
(b) Write the rate law. Rate = k[CHCl3][Cl2]1/2

38. At temperatures less than 500 K the reaction between carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
CO(g) + NO2(g) CO2(g) + NO(g)
follows the rate expression “Rate = k[NO2]2.” Which of the three mechanisms suggested below agrees with the
experimentally observed rate expression?
Mechanism I: NO2 + CO  CO2 + NO
Mechanism II: NO2 + NO2  NO3 + NO slow
NO3 + CO  NO2 + CO2 fast
Mechanism III: NO2  NO + O slow
CO + O  CO2 fast

39. For the reaction between hydrogen and iodine: H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g)
Given the following mechanism, write the rate law for the reaction rate = k[H2][I2]
Step 1: I2(g)  2I(g) fast
Step 2: H2(g) + I(g) + I(g)  2HI(g) slow

40. NO2  NO + ½ O2 is studied at 383 °C, giving the following data

a. is the reaction first order or second order with respect to the concentration of NO 2? Second order
b. What is the value of the rate constant? 10 M-1s-1

41. The specific rate constant, k, for a radioactive beryllium-11 is 0.049 s-1. What mass of 0.500 mg sample of
beryllium-11 remains after 28 seconds? 0.125 mg

Practice FRQ C2H4(g) + HCl(g)  C2H5Cl(g) ΔHo = - 72.6 kJ / molrxn

42. It is proposed that the formation of C2H5Cl(g) proceeds via the following two step reaction mechanism
Step 1: C2H4(g) + HCl(g)  C2H5+(g) + Cl-(g) rate determining step
Step 2: C2H5+(g) + Cl-(g)  C2H5Cl(g) fast step

a. Write the rate law for the reaction that is consistent with the reaction mechanism above.
rate = k[C2H4][HCl]

b. Identify an intermediate in the reaction mechanism above.

C2H5 +(g) or Cl-(g)
 c. Using the axes provided below, draw a curve that shows the energy changes that occur during the progress of
the reaction. The curve should illustrate both the proposed two step mechanism and the enthalpy change of the
reaction.

1 point is earned for the potential energy of the product being lower than the potential energy of the reactants
(exothermic reaction).
1 point is earned for a reaction-energy curve that reflects a two-step process.
e. On the diagram above, clearly indicate the activation energy, Ea, for the rate determining step in the reaction.
See drawing
43. A reaction follows the rate law: Rate = k[A]2. Which of the following plots will give a straight line?
a. 1/[A] versus 1/time c. 1/[A] versus time
2
b. [A] versus time d. ln[A] versus time

Review:
44. Write a balanced net ionic reaction
a. i Solid magnesium oxide decomposes as it is heated
2MgO 2Mg + O2
ii. Predict the algebraically sign of ∆S for the reaction. Explain your reasoning
Positive; because a solid is forming a gas (more disorder)

b. i. A small piece of sodium is added to a beaker of distilled water.

2Na + 2H2O  2Na++ 2OH- + H2
ii. The reaction is exothermic and sometimes a small flame is observed as the sodium reacts.
Identify the product of the reaction that burns to produce the flames.
Hydrogen gas
2 10 14 2
45. [Xe]6s 5d 4f 6p
46. a,c,d
3
47. trigonal pyramidal; sp