Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Faculty of Engineering (FE)

American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Laboratory Report
Industrial Electronics and Drives Laboratory
Section: A Semester: Summer 2020-21

Experiment No. : 04
Experiment Title : Ramp Control of a Single Phase Half Converter.

Date of Experiment: 13-06-2021 Date of Report Submission: 20-06-2021

Submitted by: Name: Sarkar, Md. Mahi ID: 17-36013-3

Group Members (only for group report submission)

Group No.
ID Name
1. 17-36013-3 Sarkar, Md. Mahi
2. 18-36341-1 Kabir, Kazi Shahadat

7 3.
4.
5.
18-36361-1
17-36014-3
18-37017-1
Hossain, Md. Jobaer
Rahman, Salman
Dey, Ratul
Marking Rubrics for Laboratory Report (to be filled by Faculty)
Objectives Unsatisfactory (1) Good (2-3) Excellent (4-5) Marks
The relevant theories are not Part of the relevant theories are All the relevant theories are
being described properly. described with proper included with proper descriptions,
Theory
mathematical expression and mathematical expressions and
circuit diagrams (if any) circuit diagrams. (if any)
Simulation circuits are not Partial simulation circuit results All the simulation circuits are
Simulation circuits &
included in this report. are included in this report. included in this report with
Results
appropriate results.
Cannot reach meaningful Can extract most of the accurate Can extract all relevant conclusion
Discussion,
conclusions from data. Answers to the report with appropriate answer to the
Comparison between
experimental data; Cannot questions are partially correct; report questions; Summarize
theoretical and
summarize or compare Summarize finding in an finding in a complete & specific
simulation results
findings to expected results incomplete way way
Report is not prepared as per Report format is satisfactory with Report is prepared as per the
Overall Report
the instruction. few missing sections. instructions having all mandatory
format
sections.
Comments Assessed by (Name, Sign, and Date)
Total (out of 20):
Title: Ramp Control of a Single Phase Half Converter

Abstract:

In this lab session we understand the implementation of ramp control scheme for half converter.
The main objective of this experiment is to observe the ramp control of a single phase half
converter.

Introduction:

The experiment is an excellent practical realization of a ramp control for a single-phase half
converter. A similar circuit will be simulated using MULTISIM 14.2 circuit simulation tool to
get theoretical understanding of it.

Theory and Methodology:

Fig 1: Ramp generation circuit and necessary waveforms

Fig.1 shows a ramp generation circuit which can be used to provide gate pulses for operating an
SCR. Usually a control circuit requires low power for its operation. So, a transformer is used to
step down the available ac voltage of 220 V. The sinusoidal waveform of secondary is converter
to pulse signal by comparator 1. Capacitor (C ) is charged during the positive pulse of the
comparator 1 by R1. The capacitor discharges by D2, R2 and R1 during zero output of the
comparator 1. To reduce the discharge time the resistance R2 (R2<<R1) is added using D2 which
remains OFF during positive pulse of comparator 1. So, a ramp output is generated across the
capacitor. This ramp is compared with a reference voltage to generate gate pulses using
comparator 2. Reference signal is changed to vary the delay angle of the generated gate pulse
(Reference voltage must be less than the peak of ramp for proper delay angle control). The
necessary waveforms are shown in Fig.1.
Apparatus:
• PC/Laptop installed with Multisim.
• AC power supply [12 Vpeak , 50 Hz]
• Op-Amp [742] 2pc
• Oscilloscope
• Resistors [10 KΩ, 1.2 KΩ]
• Diodes 3pc
• Capacitor [1uF]
• DC Interactive Voltage

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 2: Complete experimental setup

Simulation and Measurement:

Fig 3: Ramp control simulated circuit.

Fig 4: Output Characteristics

Report writing:

1) Why do you require the synchronized pulse for triggering the SCR?

Answer: A linear ramp signal based synchronization technique has been proposing and
implemented successfully, for the capacitor switching operation of a simple power system. This
scheme enables the firing circuit to adjust itself against any phase and/or sequence alterations.
This feature leads to elimination of the phase locked-loop (PLL) control, are commonly used to
synchronize the pulse generations with respect to the system the supply frequency. Those pulses
are, to control the converter / inverter operation of an industrial drives and the FACTS
controllers also.

2) The ramp control produces non-linear variation of output voltage with the DC control voltage.
Verify it

Answer: Single phase fully controlled bridge converters are two quadrant converters having
unidirectional current with both positive and negative voltage polarity. Thus they can be operated
either as a controlled rectifier or an inverter. But for some applications that do not utilize the
inverter mode operation, a fully controlled converter with four thyristors and their associated
control and gate drive circuit makes the system unnecessarily complicated. In such situations,
two of the thyristors of a single phase fully controlled converter has to be replaced by diodes as
shown in figure 1. The resulting converters are called single phase half controlled converters.
Half controlled convertors are single quadrant converters having one polarity of voltage and
current at the DC terminals.

3) In this scheme there is inverse relationship between the delay angle and the DC control
voltage. How can you convert it into a direct relationship?

Answer: Since diodes can block only negative voltage, it can be concluded that diodes D2 and
D3 conducts for positive and negative half cycle of the input voltage respectively. For the
positive half cycle, when thyristor T1 is fired at its firing angle α, load current flows through T1
and D2. When diode D3 starts conduction in the negative half cycle, T1 is reverse biased and is
turned off. Then load current is transferred to diodes D2 and D3 as observed in the waveforms.
Thyristor T4 will come in once it is fired which turns off diode D2. Thus load current is
continuous throughout and this mode of operation is known as continuous mode of operation. If
load current becomes zero for some time, then it is known as discontinuous mode of operation.
The circuit diagram and the waveforms of a single phase half controlled converter supplying an
R-L-E load is shown in figure 6. The device currents are shown in figure 7. Since the output
voltage is periodic over half the input Thus by varying the firing angleα, average output voltage
from the converter can be controlled and that is applied in most of the drives as a variable
voltage dc source for the motor speed control.Both armature voltage control and due to high
copper loss. So nowadays power electronic controllers (half controlled converters) are used in dc
drives to obtain efficient, smooth and flexible speed control.
 Fig 5 Fig 6 Fig 7

Discussion:

This experiment focuses on the ramp control of a single-phase half converter. In this laboratory
experiment, we learned how to control the voltage signal width by the ramp function. We wanted
to generate a control voltage signal by OP-AMP. We complete the experiment by simulation in
the multisim 14.2. Here we got a complete understanding of the circuit operation we got the
same result as we learned from the theory part. If we look at figure 4, we observe that by
changing the dc interactive voltage label we controlled the output signal width by this give the
gate pulse to the thyristor. Therefore, we create the gate pulse delay by this circuit.

Conclusion:

In this experiment, we completed our objective of understanding ramp control of a single-phase

half converter. At first, we implemented the full circuit in the multisim 14.2. After that, we
complete the whole process as our course teacher described in the class. The simulation run
properly. An AC power source was used instead of using transformer. The output waveform was
obtained smoothly which clearly shows the step-up process.

Reference(s):

[1] Industrial Electronics Lab Manual, American International university-Bangladesh (AIUB),

2013.
[2] Rectification of a Single-Phase Supply. Available: https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/power/single-phaserectification.html
[3] Half wave Controlled Rectifier. Available: https://www.daenotes.com/electronics/industrial-
electronics/halfwave-controlled-rectifiers
[4] Power Electronics Handbook by Muhammad H. Rashid.