Referensi Untuk Baterai Dan Lain Lain

Treball de Fi de Grau
Grau en Enginyeria en Tecnologies Industrials
Design of a boat electric propulsion system

based on solar energy
MEMÒRIA
Autor: Eduard Martí Bigorra

Director: Emilio Angulo Navarro
Convocatòria: Setembre 2018
Escola Tècnica Superior

d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona
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Design of a boat electric propulsion system based on solar energy Page 3
1. Abstract
Existing boat market demands highlight the need to identify eco-friendly solutions which can
compete with the actual fuel based propulsions and reduce the greenhouse effect in the earth
and the noise produced in the sea. Today, sailboats are the main boat type in the market that
can be equipped with solar panels. Other electric boat models also exist, however they have
low speed specifications. Thus, the aim of this thesis is propose an electric propulsion system
equipped with solar panels that can compete with fuel-based boats in terms of speed. This
electric propulsion system pretends to fulfil one of the weaknesses of the actual electric boat
market, where (equipped with solar panels supplying the propulsion batteries) only some
sailboats and low speed motorboats are offered. To do so, the different main components (i.e
the motor, the batteries and the solar panels) have been studied and chosen. In addition, a
components connection scheme has been proposed.
Besides of the motor and the batteries, the solution consists of a hardtop structure with solar
panels placed on the roof in order to increase the available area to place the solar panels. To
verify performance conditions, the hardtop design has been tested by FEM simulation (using
ANSYS Workbench and Fluent) in different conditions (solar panels weight, snow conditions
and wind conditions). In addition, with the aim to increase the vision factor between the sun
and the solar panels installed in the roof of the hardtop, a solar panels orientation system has
also been conceptually designed.
In addition, with a few modifications in the hardtop structure the proposed electric propulsion
system can be installed in any boat of an approximate range from 4,5 meters to 6,5 meters.
Results indicate that weight of the designed propulsion system is higher than a conventional
fuel propulsion system. However, the difference is not significant and it could be assumed by
the hull of the boat. In the future, it is of interest to further develop the solar panels orientation
system, realize an own design of the components and to analyse in deeper detail the
adaptability of the proposed propulsion system to other boat models.
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SUMMARY
1. ABSTRACT_______________________________________________3
2. LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES _____________________________7
2.1. List of figures ................................................................................................... 7
2.2. List of tables..................................................................................................... 9
3. PREFACE _______________________________________________10
4. INTRODUCTION __________________________________________11
4.1. Project objectives and scope ........................................................................ 11
4.2. Industrial motivation....................................................................................... 12
5. STATE OF THE ART ______________________________________13

5.1. Basic boat definitions..................................................................................... 13
5.2. Boats evolution .............................................................................................. 14
5.3. Current types of recreational boats ............................................................... 15
5.3.1. Recreational fishing boats ................................................................................. 15
5.3.2. Bass Boats ......................................................................................................... 16
5.3.3. Bowrider boats ................................................................................................... 16
5.3.4. Catamaran boats ............................................................................................... 17
5.3.5. Cuddy cabin boats ............................................................................................. 17
5.3.6. Centre console boats ......................................................................................... 18
5.3.7. Recreational trawler boat ................................................................................... 19
5.3.8. Motor yacht boats .............................................................................................. 19
5.4. Existing boat engines .................................................................................... 20
5.4.1. Outboards (general way) ................................................................................... 20
5.4.2. Principal boat electric motors............................................................................. 21
5.4.3. Existing electric boats and propulsion electric systems (with solar panels) ..... 22
6. BASIC IDEA AND SPECIFICATIONS _________________________25

6.1. Basic components and connections ............................................................. 25
6.2. Required system conditions .......................................................................... 26
7. BASIC BOAT PROPULSION SYSTEM COMPONENTS___________27

7.1. Motor: ............................................................................................................. 27
7.1.1. Motor sizing analysis:......................................................................................... 27
7.1.2. Deep Blue 40 part analysis:............................................................................... 29
7.1.3. Motor electricity consumption and autonomous speed: ................................... 30
7.1.4. Throttle controller ............................................................................................... 32
7.2. Batteries ......................................................................................................... 33
7.2.1. Kinds of batteries ............................................................................................... 33

7.2.2. Batteries summary ............................................................................................. 36
7.2.3. Battery technology in vehicle applications ........................................................ 36
7.2.4. Battery choosing ................................................................................................ 37
7.3. Solar panels: .................................................................................................. 38
7.4. Weight comparison between fuel and electric propulsion system................ 40
7.4.1. Main fuel propulsion components weight .......................................................... 40
7.4.2. Main electric propulsion components weight .................................................... 40
7.5. Approximated autonomy of the electric propulsion system .......................... 41
8. CONNECTION COMPONENTS AND SCHEMA _________________43

8.1. DC/DC converter function ............................................................................. 43
8.2. AC/DC rectifier function ................................................................................. 43
8.3. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller........................................ 44
8.4. Connection schema for the system basic components ................................ 44
8.4.1. First working mode: Docked at the port............................................................. 46
8.4.2. Second working mode: Sailing .......................................................................... 47
8.4.3. Third working mode: Anchored ......................................................................... 47
8.5. Connection components ............................................................................... 48
9. HARDTOP DESIGN AND FEM SIMULATIONS__________________49

9.1. Hardtop design .............................................................................................. 49
9.2. HARDTOP FEM SIMULATIONS: ................................................................. 50
9.2.1. Hardtop CAD importing, meshing, material properties and boundary
conditions: .......................................................................................................... 51
- Hardtop lineal motors reaction forces................................................................ 52
- Hardtop fixations (anchors)................................................................................ 52
9.2.2. Solar panels weight: .......................................................................................... 53
9.2.3. Snow conditions ................................................................................................. 55
9.2.4. Wind conditions.................................................................................................. 57
- Case 1: Boat maximum speed and forward inclined (no wind assumed) ........ 57
- Case 2: Lateral gust of wind .............................................................................. 60
- Case 3: Frontal gust of wind + maximum boat speed (forward inclined) ......... 63
- Case 4: Rear gust of wind ................................................................................. 66
9.3. Screw sizing................................................................................................... 69
10. SOLAR PANELS ORIENTATION SYSTEM: ____________________73

10.1. Electronic system components ..................................................................... 73
10.2. Mechanical system conceptual design ......................................................... 75
10.2.1. Maximum tilt ....................................................................................................... 77
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10.2.2. Future improvements and steps of the mechanical system design.................. 77
11. BUDGET ________________________________________________78

12. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ________________________________79
13. TIME PLANNING _________________________________________80
14. CONCLUSIONS __________________________________________81
15. BIBLIOGRAPHY __________________________________________83
2. List of figures and tables
2.1. List of figures

FIG. 1 (A) SUPERIOR VIEW AND (B) LATERAL VIEW ............................................................................................................... 13
FIG. 2 PESSE CANOE ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
FIG. 3 GALLEY ................................................................................................................................................................ 14
FIG. 4 WOODEN SHIP ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
FIG. 5 STEAM PROPELLED SHIP .......................................................................................................................................... 15
FIG. 6 RECREATIONAL FISHING BOAT .................................................................................................................................. 16
FIG. 7 BASS BOAT ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
FIG. 8 BOWRIDER BOAT ................................................................................................................................................... 17
FIG. 9 CATAMARAN BOAT ................................................................................................................................................ 17
FIG. 10 CUDDY CABIN BOAT ............................................................................................................................................. 18
FIG. 11 CENTRE CONSOLE BOAT ........................................................................................................................................ 18
FIG. 12 RECREATIONAL TRAWLER BOAT .............................................................................................................................. 19
FIG. 13 MOTOR YACHT BOAT ........................................................................................................................................... 19
FIG. 14 OUTBOARD PARTS ............................................................................................................................................... 20
FIG. 15 PRINCIPAL OUTBOARD BRANDS LOGOS .................................................................................................................... 21
FIG. 16 ELCO LOGO ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
FIG. 17 OCEANVOLT LOGO .............................................................................................................................................. 21
FIG. 18 AQUAWATT LOGO ............................................................................................................................................... 21
FIG. 19 TORQEEDO LOGO ................................................................................................................................................ 22
FIG. 20 AQUAWATT 550 ................................................................................................................................................. 22
FIG. 21 OCEANVOLT MULTIHULL PROPULSION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................... 23
FIG. 22 DNA G4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 23
FIG. 23 VOYAGE 480 ................................................................................................................................................... 24
FIG. 24 BASIC FUEL PROPULSION COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................... 25
FIG. 25 GENERAL PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC PROPULSION .......................................................................................................... 26
FIG. 26 TORQEEDO DEEP BLUE PARTS ................................................................................................................................ 29
FIG. 27 TORQEEDO THROTTLE CONTROLLER ........................................................................................................................ 32
FIG. 28 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES OPERATING BASES .............................................................................................................. 35
FIG. 29 (A) BATTERY SCHEME (B) KIA SOUL EV BATTERY ....................................................................................................... 38
FIG. 30 SOLAR CELL FUNCTIONING ..................................................................................................................................... 39
FIG. 31 HARDTOP EQUIPPED WITH THE SOLAR PANELS .......................................................................................................... 40
FIG. 32 AC/DC RECTIFIER FUNCTIONING SCHEMA ................................................................................................................ 43
FIG. 33 SOLAR PANELS CONNECTION SCHEMA ..................................................................................................................... 45
FIG. 34 COMPONENTS CONNECTION SCHEMA ..................................................................................................................... 45
FIG. 35 FIRST WORKING MODE SCHEMA ............................................................................................................................. 46
FIG. 36 SECOND WORKING MODE SCHEMA ......................................................................................................................... 47
FIG. 37 THIRD WORKING MODE SCHEMA ............................................................................................................................ 48
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FIG. 38 EPSOLAR IT6415ND ........................................................................................................................................... 48

FIG. 39 TRADITIONAL HARDTOP ........................................................................................................................................ 49
FIG. 40 ACTIV 505 WITH THE DESIGNED HARDTOP ............................................................................................................... 50
FIG. 41 (A) (B) HARDTOP MESHING STEP ............................................................................................................................ 52
FIG. 42 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF THE MOTORS REACTION FORCES ...................................................................................... 52
FIG. 43 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF THE HARDTOP FIXATIONS ................................................................................................ 53
FIG. 44 DISPLACEMENT PLOT OF THE HARDTOP STRUCTURE ................................................................................................... 53
FIG. 45 STRESS DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDTOP STRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 54
FIG. 46 DETAIL OF THE SINGULAR POINT IN THE HARDTOP ...................................................................................................... 54
FIG. 50 FLUENT AIR FLOW SIMULATION .............................................................................................................................. 58
FIG. 68 ANCHOR DETAIL .................................................................................................................................................. 69
FIG. 69 INCLINATION MODES ............................................................................................................................................ 74
FIG. 70 ORIENTATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................................... 75
FIG. 71 ORIENTATION SYSTEM PARTS ................................................................................................................................. 76
FIG. 72 DETAIL AND EXPLANATION OF THE ORIENTATION SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 76
FIG. 73 LATERAL INCLINATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL ORIENTATION SYSTEM ............................................................................... 77
FIG. 74 FRONTAL INCLINATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL ORIENTATION SYSTEM .............................................................................. 77
2.2. List of tables

TABLE 1 SPEED TESTS RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................... 28
TABLE 2 DEEP BLUE MODELS INPUT POWER ........................................................................................................................ 29
TABLE 3 TORQEEDO DEEP BLUE 40 SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................. 29
TABLE 4 SPEED VS POWER POINTS ..................................................................................................................................... 31
TABLE 5 ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES (LEAD BASED BATTERIES) ....................................................................................... 33
TABLE 6 ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES (NICD BASED BATTERIES) ...................................................................................... 34
TABLE 7 ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES (LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES) ..................................................................................... 36
TABLE 8 CHOSEN BATTERY SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 37
TABLE 9 CHOSEN SOLAR PANELS SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................................. 39
TABLE 10 F-313 PROPERTIES ........................................................................................................................................... 51
TABLE 11 ANCHORS REACTION FORCES .............................................................................................................................. 55
TABLE 17 HIGH RESISTANCE SCREWS FUB ............................................................................................................................. 70
TABLE 18 M8 (10.9 CLASS) PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................................ 71
TABLE 19 FORCES RESULTS WITH 4 SCREWS ........................................................................................................................ 72
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3. Preface
Cars, motorbikes, boats, mechanisms and engineering in general has fascinated me since I
was about five years old, at this time I used to play several hours with little cars. Becoming an
engineer has been one of the dreams of my life. When I was at school and my parents bought
my first bike in a few weeks I have had completely dismantled, and the same thing happened
a few years later when I bought my first motorbike.
On the other hand, one of the passions of my life is boat fishing. For a fisherman taking care
of the sea and respect the environment of the species is a very important matter so designing
an electric boat was a motivating and an ambitious challenge for me.
4. Introduction
Nowadays, contamination in general is an important problem for our society. One of the most
concerning issues is the greenhouse effect and as a consequence the global warming. One
of the causes of the accelerated global warming is the emission of too much carbon dioxide
(CO2) by combustion motors to the air.
Every day, we are getting used to see more electric vehicles in the streets. But this is not
occurring (still) in the boat industry. The potential benefits in this industry are as good as in car
industry or better. Electric boats are an ecological-friendly alternative to the typical fuel-based
propulsion system and are able to reduce the air pollution and practically eliminate the noise
caused by fuel motors.
4.1. Project objectives and scope
With the aim to reduce the emissions produced by the fuel motors and also exploit the potential
of renewable energy in boat industry, this project aims to propose an electrical propulsion
system equipped with solar panels. Then, to understand and define all the components and
connections is another of the main objectives.
Therefore, the design of a hardtop equipped with solar panels and the study of its adequate
inclination to provide the propulsion boat system with clean energy has been in focus. In
addition, an existing boat model equipped with the designed hardtop is explored as basis to
explore the feasibility to develop new boat designs and prototypes.
During all this project, the intention has always been, to design a propulsion system as more
adaptive as possible. That means that requires few changes to the hardtop structure design in
order to be used in different boat types and sizes.
The scope of this project involves different tasks to accomplish the above-mentioned objective.
These are:
- Boat hull propulsion electrification

- Study and selection of electric propulsion components (motor with control incorporated
and batteries).
- Set the adequate electrical network connections between components.
- Study and selection of solar panels.
- Detailed design of the hardtop structure and FEM analysis.
- Conceptual design of an inclination system for the solar panels (hardtop).
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4.2. Industrial motivation
Besides the explained ecological benefits (for instance the reduction of the CO2 emissions), an
electric system like the proposed in this thesis can also be very interesting for the actual
industry and market.
Actually, with the constant evolution and changes of the electric motors and especially of the
batteries, the boat industry is changing and day after day is bringing all these technologies to
the market. Some recreational electric boat models are currently offered such as commercial
sailboats which incorporate technologies like the hydro generation and solar panels. Most of
the existing electric boat models (that also exploit the sun energy) are sailboats or have low
speed specifications.
Thus, based on the recent market demands on new technological and renewable propulsion
systems, the proposed solution could have a great demand and attract many customers.
5. State of the art
5.1. Basic boat definitions
Generally, boats consist of different parts. Fig. 1 (a) and Fig. 1 (b) indicates the most important
ones based on a top and side view of a representative boat respectively. These parts are [1]:
• Stern: It is the rear part of a boat. In the stern there is the transom, the transom is the
stern cross-section of a boat (see number 1 in Figure 1 (a)).
• Bow: It is the forward part of the hull of a boat. The bow is designed to reduce the
resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent the
entrance of water in the boat (see number 2 in Figure 1(a)).
• Starboard: It is the right side of the boat (when you are seated and looking forward)
(see number 3 in Figure 1 (a)).
• Port: It is the left side of the boat (when you are seated and looking forward) (see
number 4 in Figure 1 (a)).
• Waterline: It is the line painted on the hull, at which the boat sits in the water when it
is properly loaded with equipment and passengers (see number 1 in Figure 1 (b)).
• Draft: It is the depth of water that is needed for the boat to float unobstructedly. It is
measured as the distance between the waterline and the lowest point of the boat (see
number 2 in Figure 1 (a)).
• Freeboard: It is the distance from the waterline and the lowest deck level (see number
3 in Figure 1 (a)).
Fig. 1 (a) Superior view and (b) Lateral view

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5.2. Boats evolution
The oldest discovered boat is a 3 meters long Pesse Canoe. Carbon dating indicates that the
boat was constructed during the Mesolithic period. But the first (considered) sailing boats were
the Egyptian reed boats dated of (4000 BC).
Fig. 2 Pesse Canoe
Around 2500 BC, ancient Egyptians began to build wooden boats. These boats were able to
resist sailing across the oceans. From about 1000 years after until about 300 BC, the
Phoenicians constructed the galley (Fig. 3) The galley was a ship propelled mainly by rowing
but it also had sails. The galley characteristics made these boats good in independently of
winds and currents.
Fig. 3 Galley
Years ago (1000 AD), the Vikings started to build longboats, Vikings ships were narrow and
long and allowed them travelling across the rivers and across the sea. Only 100 years later
the Chinese began to use boats that they called Junks. Junks were used as transporting and
fighting ships. Later in 1450 AC, wooden ships with two or three masts began to be used during
several centuries. Wooden ships (as Junks) were used as transporting and battle ships.
Fig. 4 Wooden ship
In 1819, the first ships that were propelled by using steam began to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
A few years later in 1845, first iron ocean going liners began to appear.
Fig. 5 Steam propelled ship
In 1910 began the conversion of the coal powered ships to diesel power and oil started to be
used instead of steam. During the XX century, container ships began to be more used to
transport cargo and passenger cruise ships started to take people on holidays. [2]
5.3. Current types of recreational boats
In the actuality boats, as all the technology, have changed. Along this point, are mentioned
some of the current types of recreational boats. [3]
5.3.1. Recreational fishing boats
Fishing boats as the name suggests, are used for fishing activities. This type of boat is used
on both salt and freshwater bodies. Fishing boats are characterized for qualities like the
strength, the stability and the durability to resist in hard conditions across various kinds of
waterways. Usually include features such a front bow, rod lockers and a trolling motor system.
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Fig. 6 Recreational fishing boat
5.3.2. Bass Boats
A bass boat is a small boat with slim profiles designed principally for bass (or other fishes like
perch or sunfish) fishing. These boats are usually used in freshwater such as lakes, rivers and
streams. In addition, they have swivel chairs that gives the angler the freedom of casting to
any position around the boat.
Bass boats commonly are propelled by an outboard motor and a trolling motor. The first one
is utilized to move fast the boat, and the second one is used by the angler to approach to the
fishing zones slowly and quietly. If both motors fail, this type of boats are small enough to move
using a coat.
Fig. 7 Bass boat
5.3.3. Bowrider boats
The bow area of this boats is prepared to allow an spacious seating arrangement. A bowrider
boat is usually sized between 5 meters and 11 meters. These boats are typically used for
recreational activities like wake-boarding and swimming.
Bowrider boats are powered by many types of engines, depending on the size or the style of
the boat. Some are designed to cruise more quietly and some are intended to be quite fast.
The design and the geometries of the boat are most well suited to inland waterways and calm
lakes rather than open oceans.
Fig. 8 Bowrider boat
5.3.4. Catamaran boats
A catamaran is a multi-hulled featuring two parallel hulls of the same size. The catamaran high
beam gives a high stability to the embarkation compared with a mono-hull. Catamarans usually
have less shallower draft and hull volume than a mono-hull sailboat. The two hulls are
connected with a structure that ranges from a simple frame to a bridging structure incorporating
a cabin or cargo space.
Catamarans could be small like little sailboats and large as navy ships and ferries. Depending
on the use and the size, catamarans can be propelled by inboard, outboard motors or by sails.
Fig. 9 Catamaran boat
5.3.5. Cuddy cabin boats
These boats have a small shelter cabin and sometimes also with a small head. The presence
of this small cabin allows a very useful storage in the boat which facilitates the navigation.
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This type of boats is well-suited for activities like fishing, yachting, sailing and other water
sports. Commonly cuddy cabin boats are built of fiberglass or aluminium. The length range
goes from 4,75 meters to 8,5 meters.
Fig. 10 Cuddy cabin boat
5.3.6. Centre console boats
A centre console boat is a kind of single-decked open hull boat that the control console is
placed in the middle of the embarkation. Some variants have a little cabin situated under the
bow. This cabin as in cuddy cabin boats is very useful for storing things and sometimes hold
small beds for sleeping. Consequently, of the hull deck distribution, the occupants of the boat
can walk around the boat from bow to stern easily.
These boats are fast boats usually propelled by an outboard motor. As consequence of this
type of boat characteristics, these boats are very used for spinning fishing.
Fig. 11 Centre console boat

5.3.7. Recreational trawler boat
They can also be called cruising trawlers or yacht trawlers and are joy boats. Recreational
trawlers resemble fishing trawlers. Trawlers are slow boats with low fuel consumptions,
typically they have a cruise speed of 7-8 knots.
Trawlers range of length is from 11 meters to 18 meters or more. Most are prepared for long
cruises and can host from two to eight persons for many days. A trawler boat can be used as
permanent home.
Fig. 12 Recreational trawler boat
5.3.8. Motor yacht boats
Yachts are marine vessels used for sports and enjoyment. This kind of boats length starts in
10 meters and they can reach over 50 meters. In the latter case, they are called megayacht.
Usually they are the most expensive boats and they are equipped full of luxuries. As the
recreational trawlers are prepared to host people and are perfect to cruise large distances.
Usually are propelled by one or two diesel or gasoline inboard motors. Given that these motors
have lots of horsepower these boats are swift but also have high consumptions and have a
costly maintenance.
Fig. 13 Motor yacht boat

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5.4. Existing boat engines
5.4.1. Outboards (general way)
An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats. These engines are designed to be fixed
to the outside of the transom, in the stern (i.e. see number 1 in Fig. 1 (a)). They are the most
common motor type used for propelling small boats. One of the advantages of the outboard
motors is that they can be removed easier than an inboard motor, consequently outboard
motors are more accessible and easier to repair.
While the boat (propelled by an outboard) is navigating through shallow waters the engine can
be tilted up. Depending on the model the elevation can be realized manually or electronically.
This kind of motor is prepared to pivot over their mounting, thus the direction is controlled with
thrust.
As it can be observed in (Fig. 14) the superior part of an outboard is called powerhead, and
the intermediate part is called midsection.
The general parts of an outboard are:
- Engine: It is the responsible of power the system. Usually are 2 stroke and 4 stroke
motors.
- Mounting bracked: Is where the outboard is fixed to the boat.
- Water intake: Is the water supply for the cooling system.
- Exhaust: It conveys burnt gases from the engine.
- Propeller: It transmits rotational motion into thrust.
- Skeg: It acts as a rudder when engine is not running.
- Anti-ventilation plate: It reduces the cavitation phenomenon.
Fig. 14 Outboard parts

Four of the most known outboard brands are: Yamaha (japanese), Mercury (american), Susuki
(japanese) and Honda (japanese). These brands offer different outboards models that are
ranged from 2,5 hp to 425 hp.
Fig. 15 Principal outboard brands logos
5.4.2. Principal boat electric motors
Actually, some (outboard, inboard and pod) electric motors for boats are offered by different
marine brands in the marked.
In summary, the principal electric motors brands are:
- Elco: Elco offers 100% electric and hybrid motors. Electric outboards and inboards are
offered from 6hp to 100hp.
Fig. 16 Elco Logo
- Oceanvolt: Oceanvolt offers 48V electric pod and inboard motors. They also offer
Lithium ion batteries and generators.
Fig. 17 Oceanvolt Logo
- Aquawatt: They offer 100% electric inboard and outboard motors with a power from
20hp to 70hp.
Fig. 18 Aquawatt Logo

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- Torqeedo: Torqeedo is the market leader and offers inboards, outboards (full electric
motors) and hybrid drive systems.
Fig. 19 Torqeedo Logo
5.4.3. Existing electric boats and propulsion electric systems (with solar
panels)
Nowadays (obviously), there are many electrical propelled boat models. But when we take a
look into the electric boat market, we can see that it is not easy to find electric models that
incorporate solar panels to provide energy to the propulsion batteries.
The intention of this chapter is to show the principal (similar) commercial options that are
offered in the market actually.
- Aquawatt 550:
The aquawatt 550 is an electric boat with a length of 5,5 meters with a sustainability of 4
persons. It is equipped with solar panels and is offered with two motor versions. With the 1600
Watts version the boat maximum speed is 6 knots and with the 800 Watts version it is 4,7
knots.
With an optimum sunshine, it can drive six hours continuously at 5,5 knots and ten hours at 4
knots. [4]
Fig. 20 Aquawatt 550

- Oceanvolt propulsion system for monohull and multihull:
Oceanvolt systems are engineered to operate in 48V (pod motors), these systems range and
recharging are achieved either through hydro generation or through solar energy which can
enable constant long-range cruising. [5]
Fig. 21 Oceanvolt multihull propulsion system
This Oceanvolt propulsion system is equipped in some existing models like:
o DNA G4: which is a daysailing catamaran. It has a length of 12,14 meters and
is equipped with the 8 kW Oceanvolt SD8 electric saildrive motor which is
retractable.
Fig. 22 DNA G4
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o VOYAGE 480: the VOYAGE 480 is a catamaran with a waterline length of

13,56 meters propelled by two Oceanvolt SD15 electric sail drive motors
The 48 V electric motors are provided by a bank of high capacity (16 kWh)
Lithium-Ion batteries.
Fig. 23 VOYAGE 480

6. Basic idea and specifications
6.1. Basic components and connections
As it has been explained before, the main purpose of this project is the electric propulsion
system (the more adaptable as possible) of a boat taking as basis a Quicksilver Activ 505. It
has been chosen a concrete model specially for designing the hardtop. This Quicksilver Activ
model has been selected because it is a popular boat model bought in the market and
therefore it accomplishes the desired dimensions and specifications but another similar boat
model could have been chosen.
As the most of the models offered actually in the market, this model is only offered with different
fuel based motor options. In a general way, the basic components of a fuel based propulsion
are the engine and the fuel tank.
Fig. 24 Basic fuel propulsion components
Along general lines, in this project it has been supposed that these components have been
removed from the hull and then the electrical solution have been proposed.
Thus, taking the hull of the boat all the different basic boat propulsion components (motor,
batteries and solar panels) have been chosen. Then, a proposal of the connections between
these components has been done. Moreover, a hardtop to position the solar panels on the top
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has been designed.
Fig. 25 General parts of an electric propulsion
6.2. Required system conditions
The design and the boat components depend on the conditions that the propulsion system
needs to fulfil. These are explained below:
- Adaptability specifications: the system propulsion specification needs to allow a

design that can be applicable, that is with little design modifications as possible, in
different types of boats with an approximated length ranging from 4 m to 6 m such as
centre console, bass, bowrider or catamaran boats.
- Competitive specifications: given the typical uses of this kind of boats, the system
has to give at less a maximum speed approximated of 14 knots. In addition, in order to
design a high efficiency propulsion system, the weight of the whole electric system has
to be similar to the fuel based system.
7. Basic boat propulsion system components

To design an electrical boat propulsion that results in high efficiency, the weight and volume
of all the parts and pieces included to such system are of high importance. In this thesis, 3
main components are considered to build the electrical propulsion system. These are:
- The motor.
- The batteries.
- The solar panels.
Thus, in this chapter these components have been analysed and chosen.
7.1. Motor:
The electric motor chosen to be placed into the energy propulsion system proposed in this
thesis is a Torqeedo motor. Torqeedo is a German marine electric motor and marine batteries
manufacturer that sells its products around the world. Torqeedo was founded in 2005 by
Christoph Ballin and Friedrich Böbel in Starnberg. [6]
All Torqeedo motor models are always synchronous. In this kind of motors, the ratio of the
motor speed to the frequency of supply voltage is constant. Synchronous motors are torque
controlled which means that they consume the necessary current to transfer the necessary
power to the desired motor speed.
In addition, Torqeedo motors are electronically commutated motors. This means that the
alternating field is generated by the motor via electric switching. Thanks to this technology no
brush loss is produced and the motors are maintenance-free. Moreover, the magnetic field is
generated by permanent-magnets. Thus, any loss of performance due to the excitation coil is
avoided. [7]
7.1.1. Motor sizing analysis:
To realize the motor sizing analysis a Quicksilver Activ 505 has been taken as basis. To
choose the horsepower different fuel versions are analysed.
Since Quicksilver boats only work with the fuel engines brand Mercury marine, the analysis
below is carried out considering some Mercury engines. For the Quicksilver Activ 505 model
the maximum power allowed is of 100 hp. However, different Quicksilver Activ 505 models are
offered: model equipped with the Mercury 40 Four stroke (40 hp), the Mercury 40 Orion (40
hp), the Mercury 50 Four stroke (50 hp), the Mercury 60 Four stroke (60), the Mercury 60
Bigfoot (60 hp), the Mercury 75 Optimax (75 hp), Mercury 80 Four stroke (80 hp) and the
Page 28
Mercury 90 Optimax (90 hp). In the internet page (touron-nautica.com) have tested the above-
mentioned motors. [8]
The results of these speed tests are shown in the following Table 1:
ENGINE HP (kW) CRUISE SPEED MAXIMUM SPEED

(knots) (knots)
Mercury 40 Four stroke 40 (29,83) 15,9 23,1
Mercury 40 Orion 40 (29,83) 16,5 22,9
Mercury 60 Bigfoot 60 (44,742) 20,2 28,2
Mercury 75 Optimax 75 (52,2) 23,4 30,2
Mercury 90 Optimax 90 (67,11) 24,9 36,1
Table 1 Speed tests results
Results from table 1 shows that the motor power range has to be fenced from about 40 hp
(29,83 kW) to 90-100 hp (67,11 kW to 74,57 kW). Therefore, in order to be competitive, the
energy boat system to be designed requires a motor of these characteristics in order to
compete with the fuel propelled models.
In Torqeedo offer four different electric outboard models. These are: Ultralight (1 hp), Travel
(1,5 hp and 3 hp), Cruise (5 hp and 20 hp) and lastly, Deep Blue (40 hp and 80 hp). In order
to fulfil the power range required (I.e. from 40 hp to 90-100hp), Deep Blue is chosen as part of
the electric system energy boat propulsion.
In order to identify which of the two electric motor versions of Deep Blue motor (40 hp and
80hp) is more adequate for the system to develop, the motor consumption is analysed. Speed
has also been considered. As it is showed in the previous table 1, the maximum speed by the
analogous fuel motors is of 22,9 knots and 30,5 knots respectively. This is an acceptable speed
for the conditions in which the open boats, such as the Quicksilver Activ 505, have to be used.
By comparing the input power required by the two motors (See table 2), the chosen motor is
the Torqeedo Deep Blue 40 since it consumes 33% less compared with the 80hp version.
ENGINE INPUT POWER

(KW)
Torqeedo Deep Blue 40 (outboard) 41
Torqeedo Deep Blue 80 (outboard) 61
Table 2 Deep Blue models input power

SPECIFICATIONS VALUE
INPUT POWER 30 (KW)
PROPULSIVE POWER 16.2 (KW)
COMPARABLE GAS OUTBOARDS 40 (HP)
NOMINAL VOLTAGE 345 (V)
MASS 139 (Kg)
Table 3 Torqeedo Deep Blue 40 specifications
7.1.2. Deep Blue 40 part analysis:
As it can be observed in Fig.26, there are four principal parts that can be distinguished: [9]
Fig. 26 Torqeedo Deep Blue parts
Brushless external rotor motors with rare-earth magnets (number 1 in Fig.26): Torqeedo
use external rotors, with the stator and the coils located in the interior, allowing magnets to
Page 30
rotate. This design produces a better torque given that the field in which the torque is produced
is more external. This torque (compared with a conventional motor) is up to twice times greater.
Due to there is more space into the interior of the motor, there are the double of magnets.
Moreover, in Torqeedo electric motors rare-earth magnets are used. These rare-earth
magnets have about five or six times the strength of a regular magnet.
Tailor-made power electronics (number 2 in Fig.26): To switch on an electric motor is

necessary an extra magnetic field. In traditional electric motors this necessary magnetic field
is generally produced by using sliding contacts or brushes, however in Torqeedo motors this
magnetic field is produced without any contacts. This field is created via contactless electronic
digital switching. It switches the current flow through the coils 35.000 times per second. As a
result of brushless the friction is reduced and evidently the efficiency increases. It is also
necessary to add, that Torqeedo power electronics are speed-controlled, enabling perfect slow
manoeuvring.
High quality gearbox (number 3 in Fig.26): Due to the propellers, high efficiency is produced
when the torque is maximum and the rotational speed is low, Torqeedo always use gears for
transmissions. Planetary gears are typically used.
Propeller design from commercial shipbuilding (number 4 in Fig.26): The most efficient
propellers are which ones that have a large diameter, a high pitch and a low rotational speed.
The efficiency in a propeller that needs a high rotational speed decreases because of the
cavitation. Thus, motors with high torque can work efficient propellers. But having a high torque
is not the only factor that increases the efficiency of a propeller, apart from this, there should
be as few differences as possible between the highest and the lowest points on the motor’s
torque curve.
7.1.3. Motor electricity consumption and autonomous speed:
For a boat making way through the water, the required propulsive power increases in
proportion to the cube of the speed. This means that if you want to double the speed, eight
times as much power is needed. Using this premise, the instantaneous power has been
calculated in four different speeds as shown in table 3.
The instantaneous power at the maximum speed (23,1 kn), has been calculated with the range
data given by Torqeedo. In Torqeedo say that the maximum running time (full throttle), with a
battery with a capacity of 30 kWh, is 1 hour 15 minutes. Thus, with this information as starting
point and with the explained premise, the second and the third points of the table 4 have been
calculated.
BOAT SPEED INSTANTANEOUS

(knots) POWER (kw)
1 23,1 24,4
2 11,55 3,05
3 5,77 0,38
4 0 0
Table 4 Speed vs Power points
When these points are plotted we can obtain the graphic 1. The Y axis of the graphic
represents the instantaneous power and the X axis represents the speed. Also, the regression
line and equation of the points have been found.
30
25 y = 0,002x3 + 2E-05x2 - 0,0001x + 1E-12
20
POWER (kw)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-5
SPEED (kn)
Graphic 1 Speed (kn) vs Power (kw)
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑘𝑤 ) = 0,002 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)2 + 2 · 1056 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)7 − 0,0001 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ) + 10597
Equation 1 Power consumption depending on the boat speed
When the obtained equation is analysed (Equation 1), it can be observed that the most
significant coefficient is the (0,002·speed3). This gives coherence to the equation because it
represents the viscous friction. The other coefficients are not significant. But in this case the
(0,0001·speed) factor could appear as consequence of the dry friction.
Given the power offered by the solar panels, Equation 1 can be used to obtain the autonomous
Page 32
speed for the open boat in focus. (see Equation 2).
Considering the solar panels chosen (see section 7.3), the maximum input power given by the:
seven solar modules is 840 W (120 W each one,). In fact, this solar panels will not have a
100% efficiency. Thus, the calculus has been done with the maximum efficiency (100 %) and
with a more real efficiency (80 %). Obviously, the weather of the zone where the boat is sailing
affects to the efficiency. Considering a 100% solar panels efficiency, the maximum
autonomous speed is of 7,48 knots (equation 2). Instead, if a solar panels efficiency of 80% is
considered, the real autonomous speed corresponds to 6,95 knots (equation 3).
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 0,002 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)2 + 2 · 1056 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)7 − 0,0001 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ) + 10597

= (7 · 0,120) · 1 = 0,840 (𝑘𝑊) → 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 7,48 (𝑘𝑛)
Equation 2 Autonomous speed calculation with 100% of solar panels efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 0,002 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 )2 + 2 · 1056 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 )7 − 0,0001 · (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ) + 10597

= (7 · 0,120) · 0,8 = 0,672 (𝑘𝑊 ) → 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 6,95 (𝑘𝑛)
Equation 3 Autonomous speed calculation with 80% of solar panels efficiency
7.1.4. Throttle controller
As its name indicates, the principal function of the throttle controller is to control the speed and
the direction of rotation of the propeller. In this case, the throttle controller is a high-quality
potentiometer to read changes in the lever position. Depending on the position of the lever,
the intentions of the driver (speed up, hold the same speed or slow down) are known and the
controller adjusts the power of the electric motor to increase the speed or to reduce it.
In this case, a top mounted Torqeedo throttle controller (Fig. 27) has been selected.
Fig. 27 Torqeedo throttle controller

7.2. Batteries
As the solar panels, the batteries are one of the most important parts of the design. The
batteries must be able to work several hours continuously. In general, there are two kinds of
batteries depending on if they can be charged or not. Evidently, in the proposed electric
propulsion system a rechargeable battery should be used.
There are different types of rechargeable batteries but lead acid batteries, NiCd batteries and
Lithium-Ion batteries are the most remarkable.
7.2.1. Kinds of batteries
- Lead acid based batteries
The lead acid battery is the oldest type of rechargeable battery and it was invented in 1849.
Despite having a very low energy-to-weight and a low energy-to-volume, its hability to supply
high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. Lead
acid batteries are habitually used in the automotive and naval industry to provide the necessary
energy to the starter motors. There are three basic types of lead acid batteries: flooded
batteries, absorbed glass mat batteries (AGM) and gel batteries. The advantages and
disadvantages of the lead acid batteries are illustrated in the table below: [10]
Advantages Disadvantages
-Are inexpensive and simple to -Low specific energy.

manufacture.
-Slow charge.
-Low self-discharge.
-Must be stored in charged condition to
-high specific power. prevent sulfation.
-Good low and high temperature -Limited cycle life.

performance
-Flooded type requires watering.
-Transportation restrictions on the flooded

type.
-Not environmentally friendly.
Table 5 Advantages vs disadvantages (Lead based batteries)

Page 34
- Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) based batteries
On the other hand, NiCd batteries were invented in 1899 and they use nickel oxide hydroxide
and metallic cadmium as electrodes. These batteries are more complex to charge than
Lithium-Ion and lead acid. Nickel-based batteries charge with constant current but the voltage
is allowed to rise freely. For many years, NiCd was the preferred battery choice for two-way
radios, emergency medical equipment, professional video cameras. The advantages and
disadvantages of the NiCd batteries are illustrated in the table below: [11]
-Rugged, high cycle count with proper -Relatively low specific energy (if we
maintenance. compare with the newer systems).
-It is the only kind of battery that can be -It needs periodically full discharges.
ultra-fast charged with little stress.
-Cadmium is a toxic metal.
-Good load performance (forgiving if
abused).
-Long “shelf” life (it can be stored in a

discharged state).
-Good low-temperature performance.
-Economically prized.
Table 6 Advantages vs disadvantages (NiCd based batteries)
- Lithium-Ion batteries
Lithium-ion batteries general parts are a cathode (positive electrode), an anode (negative
electrode) and electrolyte (as conductor). During discharge the ions flow from the anode to the
cathode through the electrolyte and separator. In the case of charge, it reverses the direction
and the ions flow from the cathode to the anode (see Fig. 28).
Fig. 28 Lithium-Ion batteries operating bases
Usually the negative electrode of a lithium-ion cell is made from carbon and the positive
electrode is typically made from a metal oxide.
Lithium is the lightest of all metals, it has the greatest electrochemical potential and provides
the largest specific energy per weight. The key to the superior specific energy is the high cell
voltage. The discharge curve (Graphic 2) offers an efficient utilization of the stored energy in a
voltage spectrum from approximately 4 V/cell to 2,8 V/cell. [12]
Graphic 2 Voltage vs state-of-charge
Given these exceptional qualities of the lithium-ion batteries, this kind of batteries are usually
used in portable devices (like mobile phones), power tools (like sanders, saws or other
equipment) and in electric vehicles. The advantages and disadvantages of the Li-on batteries
are illustrated in the table below:
Page 36
-Have a high specific energy and high load -Requires a protection circuit to prevent
capabilities with power cells. thermal runaway if stressed.
-Long cycle and extend shelf-life. -Degrades at high temperature and when
stored a high voltage.
-Maintenance free.
-Reasonably short charge times.
-Low self-discharge.
Table 7 Advantages vs disadvantages (Lithium-Ion batteries)
7.2.2. Batteries summary
Rechargeable
batteries
Lead acid NiCd Lithium-Ion
Valve Nickel, Cobalt,

Flooded Iron phosfate
regulated/sealed Manganese
Absorbed glass
Gel
mat (AGM)
7.2.3. Battery technology in vehicle applications
Battery technology is often applied in the automotive industry. In fact, the applications of the
rechargeable batteries in (electric or fuel-based) cars are typical and varied. In addition, one
can see that the propulsion system of a car is similar (in many ways) to a boat propulsion
system.
Different types of car propulsion system exist today. These are divided into: conventional, start
and stop, micro-hybrid, hybrid and plug in and electric cars. Conventional cars only use the
battery to turn on engine, typically use igniting (SLI) batteries which can give the necessary
peak of energy. Start and stop is a system that automatically shuts down and restarts the
internal combustion engine to reduce the motor emissions, the most common batteries in cars
that incorporate this system are the enhanced flooded batteries (EFB) and the absorbed glass
mat batteries (AGM). Then, hybrid and micro-hybrid cars are vehicles that are powered by a
combustion motor and an electric motor working coordinately. Commonly, lithium-ion batteries
are used in this propulsion systems. Lithium-ion batteries are also used by plug-in and electric
cars. Electric cars are propelled only by an electric motor. High voltage batteries are typically
used by electric cars. [13]
7.2.4. Battery choosing
From a conceptual perspective, it can be assumed that an electric boat is very similar to an
electric car being the mode of application (ground/earth) the difference between such. Thus,
based on the description of the batteries previously described and its application to electric
cars, the most adequate battery for an electric boat is a high voltage lithium-Ion battery.
The most advanced li-ion car batteries have been compared in order to choose the battery
brand that could best fit the electric boat propulsion system. Kia Soul EV battery is the battery
model finally chosen due to its high capacity (30 kWh). Kia soul EV battery is formed by eight
cell modules. Each cell module is made up of 14 or 10 cells and the battery consists of four
modules of each kind connected together in series. This li-ion battery weights 274,5 kg. [14]
SPECIFICATIONS VALUE
BATTERY TYPE Lithium-Ion
NUMBER OF CELLS 192
CAPACITY 30 kWh
MASS 274.5 (Kg)
Table 8 Chosen battery specifications

Page 38
Fig. 29 (a) battery scheme (b) Kia Soul EV battery
7.3. Solar panels:
On average, every square meter of Earth’s surface receives 164 watts of solar energy. This
energy arrives on Earth as a mixture of light and heat. Light energy from the sun is used to
generate energy through the photovoltaic effect. A solar panel is a collection of solar cells, the
majority of the solar panels use crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The more light that hits
these cells, the more electricity them produce. As a curiosity, some special solar modules
include light concentrators to focus the light onto smaller cells.
All the photovoltaic module elements have to be prepared to resist mechanical damage and
moisture. For example, the most of modules use MC4 connectors type. MC4 connectors are
single-contact electrical connectors.
Electricity from a range of frequencies of light can be produced by the photovoltaic modules,
but usually the entire solar range cannot be covered (specially, ultraviolet, infrared and low or
diffused light). Hence, much of the sunlight energy is wasted by solar panels and they can
deliver higher efficiencies with monochromatic light. [15]
A solar cell is a small disc of a semiconductor attached with the other ones by wire to a circuit.
If we analyse nearly the interior structure of a solar cell, we can find (as is showed in the Fig.
30) a kind of sandwich of n-type and p-type semiconductor, when light hits the surface of the
solar cell the photons carry their energy down through the n-type layer to the p-type layer.
When this energy arrives to the p-type layer electrons take it to jump into the upper layer and
escape out into the circuit. [16]
Fig. 30 Solar cell functioning
In this case, for its properties and specially its lightweight we have chosen to mount a high
efficiency flexible solar panel. These modules are prepared to be mounted in boats so they
are prepared to resist seawater corrosion conditions. The properties of these modules are
shown in the table below (Table 9). These modules combine a lightweight (2,34 Kg per
module) and a high efficiency (cells efficiency is 22,6%). Thus, each solar panel could deliver
a maximum power of 120W. The dimensions of each solar module are 540 (mm) x 1200
(mm) x 3 (mm) and has 36 USA A grade SunPower solar cells.
SOLAR PANEL MODULE

SPECIFICATIONS (per module) VALUE
MAXIMUM POWER 120 (W)
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE 20.88 (V)
MAXIMUM AMPERAGE 5.97 (A)
CELL EFFICIENCY 22,60 (%)
NUMBER OF CELLS 36
MASS 2.34 (Kg)
DIMENSIONS 540x1200x3 (mm)
Table 9 Chosen solar panels specifications
As shown in (Fig. 30) seven solar panels can be placed to the boat considering a hardtop
surface of 3,51 m2 .
Page 40
Fig. 31 Hardtop equipped with the solar panels
7.4. Weight comparison between fuel and electric propulsion

system
The aim of this section is compare the weight of the fuel propulsion components with the weight
of the proposed electric propulsion system. It has been compared to prove that the weight
difference could not cause navigating problems or even sink the boat.
7.4.1. Main fuel propulsion components weight
- Fuel outboard: On average the fuel outboards that are capable to offer similar benefits
and are allowed for this kind of boats weigh approximately 1962 N (200 kg).
- Fuel tank: Taking a look into the different boat models with the desired specifications,
it has been observed that the 60-70 litters tanks are the typical used in these cases.
Thus, 60-70 litters of gasoline weighs 400-467 N (40,70-47,6 kg) plus approximately
the weight of the own tank 196,2 N (20 kg).
- So, the whole fuel propulsion components weigh is approximately 2629 N (268 kg)
7.4.2. Main electric propulsion components weight
- Electric outboard: The proposed electric motor (as it is explained in section 6.1) weighs
1363,6 N (139 kg).
- Batteries: The proposed batteries (as it is explained in section 6.2) weighs 2688 N (274
kg).
- Solar panels: Given that the weight of each solar panel is 22,95 N (2,34 kg) and the
propulsion system is equipped with seven solar panels, the total weight of the solar
panels is 160,68 N (16,38 kg).
- As a result, the total weight of the electric propulsion system is 4212,28 N (429,4
kg)
So, the electric system weights a 40% more (161 kg more) than the fuel propulsion system. It
is not a very significant weight, for instance between the own outboards can exist (50 kg mass
differences) but in the hypothetical case that the weight might suppose a problem, the
maximum weight charge allowed or the maximum number of occupants could be reduced.
7.5. Approximated autonomy of the electric propulsion system
Once the different basic components are chosen, an approximated calculation of the
autonomy of the boat has been done. Thus, in this section the battery capacity (30 kWh) and
the power consumption of the electric motor (equation 1 and graphic 1) have been related.
So, using this information the following graphic (graphic 3) has been calculated. It illustrates
the autonomy in hours depending on the instantaneous speed. Given that the solar energy
could be irregular or non-existent (at night for example), in all these autonomy calculous the
provided energy by the solar panels has been dismissed.
AUTONOMY (HOURS) VS SPEED (KNOTS)

50
43
45
40
35 29
Autonomy 30
(hours) 25 20,5
20 15
15 11,24
8,66
10 6,81 5,46
4,43 3,65 3
2,56 2,18 1,87 1,61 1,4 1,23
5
0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Speed (knots)
Graphic 3 Autonomy vs Speed
When the graphic is analysed it can be observed that the power consumption (as it is showed
in graphic 1) in low speeds is very low. As a consequence of this, the autonomy is very high in
low speeds (more than 40 hours in speeds lower than 7 knots). When the boat is navigating
Page 42
at the higher speed (23 knots), it can be observed that the autonomy reduces to a value of
1,23 hours.
According to the tests made by touron-nautica (table 1), at a cruise speed of 15,9 knots, the
equivalent fuel engine (Mercury 40) consumes 10,2 litters per hour which means that it has an
autonomy of 4,9 hours. At this speed, our propulsion system has an autonomy of 3,72 hours
which is lower but is a sufficient competitive autonomy.
8. Connection components and schema
8.1. DC/DC converter function
A DC/DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that converts a source

of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a type of electric power converter.
DC/DC converters are usually used in EV vehicles. The most commonly used DC/DC
converters in electric vehicles are the unidirectional converters and the bidirectional
converters. On one hand, unidirectional converters typically cater to various on-board loads
such as sensors, controls, safety and navigation equipments. These, are designed to move
power in one direction, from dedicated input to output. However, bidirectional converters are
able to move power in either direction. A typical application of bidirectional converters is in cars
with a regenerative braking system. [17]
8.2. AC/DC rectifier function
A rectifier is a device for turning alternating current into direct current. Alternating current (AC)
flows in both directions, switching back and forth many times every second. Direct current (DC)
only flows in one direction.
The AC current first goes into a transformer. As shown in Fig. 32, the current through the
primary coil create a moving magnetic field that induce current in the other. In step-up
transformers, the voltage increases and in step-down transformers the voltage decreases.
Fig. 32 AC/DC rectifier functioning schema
Then, the current goes to the diodes. Diodes let current flow in one direction and stops when
the current tries to flow the other way. [18]
Page 44
8.3. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technology used in photovoltaic modules to extract
the maximum power. MPPT controllers have an efficiency up to 96%. Thus, to increase the
efficiency of the solar panels it is necessary to mount a MPPT.
An MPPT controller function is similar to a car transmission. When the transmission is in the
wrong gear, the maximum power is not transmitting to the wheels.
8.4. Connection schema for the system basic components
The components used in this system need to work in very different voltages. Therefore, the
best way to realize all the connections between these components is not an easy task. In this
thesis, the components will be connected to a “central network (350 V dc)”. This central voltage
is not a random value, it is determined principally by the motor and the batteries voltage. The
chosen components that have to be connected in this central network are:
- The solar panels (one panel):
MAXIMUM POWER 120 (W)
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE 20.88 (V)
MAXIMUM AMPERAGE 5.97(A)
- The battery:
CAPACITY 30 (kWh)
- The induction motor:
INPUT POWER 30 (kW)
First of all, the seven solar panels have been connected in parallel.
Fig. 33 Solar panels connection schema
Then, the final connection scheme is the following one (Fig. 34):
Fig. 34 Components connection schema
So, the solar panels are connected to a maximum power point tracking controller (MPPT), to
extract the maximum power of the sun, and then to a DC/DC converter to increase the voltage
to 350 V DC.
The batteries of the system are connected next to a DC/DC bidirectional converter. It allows
the charge and the discharge of the battery. In this case, the Lithium-Ion battery has a nominal
voltage of 375 V and given that it has 192 cells distributed in 8 modules (4 of them of 14 cells
Page 46
and 4 of 10 cells) the nominal voltage of each cell can be calculated. The result of this
calculation is that the nominal voltage of each cell is 3,9 V. In 3,9 V Lithium-Ion cells the
maximum charging voltage is 4,2 V thus the charging voltage must be approximately 420 V.
In addition to this, the battery voltage will range from 330 V (in the discharged state) to 420 V
(in the charged state).
Then, given that the chosen motor is a three-phase induction motor, a DC/3AC inversor is
needed between the motor and the central network.
Finally, the system is connected to the electrical network using cetac plug. Cetac is an
industrial connector, it works with the plugs that are placed in the most of ports.
To explain how the system works it is necessary to analyse the different working modes.
8.4.1. First working mode: Docked at the port
The first one is when the boat is docked at the port. In that case we can suppose that the
electric motor is not working (OFF position), the boat is plugged in (by using cetac connector)
and the solar panels are producing.
In these conditions, the scheme is (Fig. 35):
Fig. 35 First working mode schema
When the boat is docked at the port, the energy comes from the electrical network and from
the sun at the same time. They charge the batteries.
8.4.2. Second working mode: Sailing
The second working mode considered is while the boat is sailing. When the boat is navigating,
obviously cetac is unplugged and the motor is working (consuming electrical energy). In this
conditions, the energy used by the motor comes from the battery and the solar panels.
Thus, in this case the connection scheme is (Fig. 36):
Fig. 36 Second working mode schema
8.4.3. Third working mode: Anchored
Basically, the idea in this third working mode is that the motor is disconnected and the cetac
unplugged. This can happen for example while the boat is anchored (near the coast) or when
the boat is docked at the port with the cetac unplugged.
Thus, in the third working mode the motor is not consuming energy and the energy obtained
by the solar panels is stored directly in the batteries.
The connection scheme in these conditions is the following (Fig. 37):

Page 48
Fig. 37 Third working mode schema
8.5. Connection components
As it is explained in the chapter 7.4 and showed in the Fig.33, there are five connection
components. Given that the system works in very specific and different voltages, the selection
of the connection components has not been easy.
On the one hand, the maximum power point tracker (MPPT), that is situated next to the 7 solar
panels (connected in parallel) should bear the maximum amperage, the maximum power and
the maximum voltage (delivered by the solar panels). Finally, it has been chosen the Epsolar
IT6415ND Maximum power point tracker which can work in 12/24/36/48 V and it supports a
maximum amperage of 60 A. [19]
Fig. 38 Epsolar IT6415ND
On the other hand, the other connection components i.e the both DC/DC, the AC/DC and the
DC/3AC are very specific and in a hypothetical prototype they should be specially done for it.
9. Hardtop design and FEM simulations
9.1. Hardtop design
One of the designed parts in this project is the hardtop. This design has been done using
SolidWorks that is a CAD program. The basic function of the hardtop in our system is to
increase the available area to place the solar panels.
A hardtop, as said previously, is a typical part in this kind of boats. In an open concept boat,
the sun hits hard and in the middle of the sea it is necessary to find a shadow. So usually
hardtops are used for casting a shadow on the boat. In the fishing version of this boats,
normally the hardtop structure incorporates some complements or additional parts like
supports for rods.
Fig. 39 Traditional hardtop
In our design, the intention is also casting a shadow but the difference is on the top of the
hardtop. In that case instead of being covered using fabric this part is covered of solar panels.
This solar panels let us leverage the solar energy to recharge the batteries and obviously
casting a shadow on the boat.
The design of the hardtop has been conditioned by the dimension of the chosen solar panels
and obviously the boat dimensions. All the anchors position is conditioned by the boat design.
Then, to design the superior part of the hardtop, where the solar panels are placed, the solar
panels size (1200mm x 540mm x 3mm) has been taken into account. Obviously, the intention
is to collocate the maximum solar panels allowed by the boat dimensions. In this case, given
the boat size, the maximum coherent surface for the superior zone of the hardtop is (2700mm
x 1740mm). With this surface (4,698 m2) seven solar panels can be placed.
Finally, the boat aspect with the hardtop is the following.

Page 50
Fig. 40 Activ 505 with the designed hardtop
9.2. HARDTOP FEM SIMULATIONS:
Among this chapter, the simulations of the hardtop structure are shown and analysed. The
intention of this simulations is validating the mechanical properties and prove that the hardtop
structure is resistant.
During the usable life of the hardtop and the whole propulsion system, the components are
exposed to the weather and the gravity conditions. These conditions could damage system
components.
So, the effects of this conditions should be analysed specially for the hardtop. The hardtop
incorporates the supports and the orientation system of the solar panels and it is subdued to
several circumstances like the wind, the snow or the gravity. As a consequence of this
conditions, some reactions appear to the hardtop structure.
Therefore, the studied conditions are:
- Solar panels weight.

- Snow conditions.
- Wind conditions
o Boat maximum speed (»23 knots).
o High wind conditions.
To carry out this simulation ANSYS and ANSYS Workbench has been used. ANSYS is a finite
element solver.
9.2.1. Hardtop CAD importing, meshing, material properties and boundary

conditions:
To realize a correct simulation is very important to apply and reflect the different real forces
and boundary conditions to the model.
This stress and deformations study has been done with the finite elements program Ansys
Workbench. First of all, the hardtop CAD model has been designed (using SolidWorks) and
has been imported (using the Ansys extension Design Modeller) to the FEM program prepared
to be meshed and solved. When CAD is imported the first step is defining the material
properties. Given that this hardtop has to be near the sea during the main time of its lifetime,
a stainless steel has been chosen to build the structure.
Finally, it has been used the F-313 (UNE 36016) stanless steel. This steel has a very good
resistance to corrosion, even in contact with electronegative metals. It has a high stress
resistance and it has an easy mechanization.
The properties of the (F-313) stainless steel are: [24]

F-313 PROPERTIES
(UNE 36025)
Density (Kg/m3) 8030
Young Modulus (GPa) 210
Poisson’s ratio 0.3
Yield strength (MPa) 735,5 - 833,6
Braking strain (MPa) 882,6 – 980,6
Table 10 F-313 properties
The next step is meshing the structure applying all the material conditions. A 10 mm meshing
has been applied to the model (14982 nodes).
Along all these simulations the weight of the mechanical part of the orientation system has
been dismissed. This weight has been dismissed because forces caused for this are very small
compared with the other boundary conditions applied to the model.
Page 52
Fig. 41 (a) (b) Hardtop meshing step
Finally, the following boundary conditions has been applied to the meshed model.
- Hardtop lineal motors reaction forces
Given the conceptual design of the Solar Panels orientation system (explained in section 10)
and analysing the reactions that the junctions cause to the hardtop we can identify that four
linear forces appear on the top structure of the model.
The forces are intended to be applied in a linear distribution because the motor guide is
subjected in the hardtop bar.
Fig. 42 Boundary conditions of the motors reaction forces
- Hardtop fixations (anchors)
This hardtop is fixed on the boat with six fixation points. To translate this in boundary conditions
for our Ansys model it is very important to analyse how supports work. This imply the fixation
of the lowest part of the steel tube. We can fix this part because its welded to the fixation plate.
This plate is screwed to the boat. The number and the sizing of this screws should be
proportional to the reaction forces studied then. Given that the structure is symmetric, in the
symmetric loads cases, anchors reactions will be only studied in anchors 1, 2 and 3.
Fig. 43 Boundary conditions of the hardtop fixations
When all the model is meshed and the boundary conditions that has to be applied are known,
we can proceed to the study of the cases. The difference between every case are the forces
that are applied to the model.
Among all the analysis realized in this chapter, X axis direction coincide with the advance boat
direction, Y axis is perpendicular to the boat floor and Z axis is the cross product between X
and Y.
9.2.2. Solar panels weight:
As explained before the solar panel system consists in seven solar panels. Every one weights
22,96 N so the total system weights 160,68 N. Applying the gravity, the total force caused by
the system to the hardtop structure is 160,68 N, as explained before, distributed in four forces.
𝐹DEDFG = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒MNOPQR ×𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏. ×𝑔 = 2,34×7 ×9,81 = 160,68
• Displacement plot:
Fig. 44 Displacement plot of the hardtop structure

Page 54
• Stress plot
Fig. 45 Stress distribution of the hardtop structure
• Results analysis:
The maximum calculated displacement is in the rear part of the hardtop and it has a value of
0,134 mm.
In this case, the maximum (marked in the stress plot MAX) is not the maximum stress point,
because in this junction a singularity can be observed. When this singularity is dismissed and
the stress plot is properly analysed, it can be observed that the maximum stress value is 5,5
MPa.
Fig. 46 Detail of the singular point in the hardtop
Obviously, all the stresses and deformations in this case of study are not very high. This is
because the applied loads are very low. With these loads the safety factor is very huge, so it
has not been calculated.
• Anchors force reaction analysis:
ANCHOR NUMBER FX (N) FY (N) FZ (N)
1 -1,34 30,36 -7,7178
2 8,759 56,281 0,346
3 -7,421 -6,462 0,426
Table 11 Anchors reaction forces
9.2.3. Snow conditions
According to the normative NBE-AE/88 the overload caused by the snow to a horizontal
surface in a topographic altitude from 0 m to 200 m is of 40 kg/m2.
Finally, the total weight that the structure has to support is the snow weight 1638 N (167 Kg)
and the solar panels weight 160,68 N (16,38 Kg).
It is important to detach that this analysis is very similar with the previous one. The difference
is that in this one higher weight forces are applied to the model.
So, the four forces applied to the structure are of -449,8 N
𝐹DEDFG = 𝑆𝑛𝑜𝑤ZNOPQR + 𝑆𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠ZNOPQR ×𝑔 = 1799,2 𝑁

Page 56
• Stress plot:
As we can see in the displacement plot, the maximum displacement is in the rear part. The
displacement in this zone has a value of 1 mm, which means that the hardtop structure has a
very low displacement if a snow overload occurs to our system.
When the Von-Misses stress is analysed, we can observe (like the previous case) that there
is a singular point. When all the affected nodes are dismissed, the maximum stress value is
52,02 MPa.
Finally, it is possible to calculate the safety factor:

𝜎] 735,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾= = = 14,13
𝜎^F_ 52,02 𝑀𝑃𝑎
• Anchors force reaction analysis:
1 -15,051 340,63 -86,592
2 98,27 631,46 3,889
3 -83,269 -72,502 4,776
9.2.4. Wind conditions
In this part the effects of the wind are studied. First of all, the effects and forces caused by de
wind on the solar panels surface has to be simulated. Once the wind forces have been found
the next is applying them to the meshed model to perform the simulation.
To study the wind effects, some factors like the panels orientation, wind direction, wind speed
and boat speed have been taken into account.
In wind simulations showed below these factors have been applied in the most harmful way to
present the most extreme cases.
- Case 1: Boat maximum speed and forward inclined (no wind assumed)
In this first case wind is not assumed. When the boat is sailing at the maximum speed,
approximately 23 knots (42,6 km/h), with the hardtop inclined at the maximum tilt (25 degrees)
against the wind.
o Air flow simulation (23 knots » 42,6 km/h):
The purpose of this simulation is calculating the forces caused by the wind while the boat is
sailing at the maximum speed.
The force results (assuming Y axis up and Z axis parallel with the boat direction) in the solar
panels structure are:
Page 58
- FX = 200,48 N
- FY = 427,8 N
- FZ » 0 N
Fig. 50 Fluent air flow simulation
After that, boundary conditions (forces) have been applied using fluent results and the model
has been solved by using the finite elements method. Then, the displacement plot and the
Von-Misses stress plot have been calculated.

- Displacement plot:
• Stress results:
In this case, the maximum deformations are given in the rear part of the hardtop (red zone in
the Deformation results plot. The deformation in this zone (in absolute value) is 0,001008
meters.
Moreover, when Von-Misses stress results are analysed, a singular point is detected. So, the
maximum tension in the structure with this boundary conditions is 31,26 MPa.
𝜎] 735,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾= = = 23,52
𝜎^F_ 31,26 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Page 60
• Anchors reactions:
1 20,682 -84,879 21,67
2 -29,989 -279,75 -1,369
3 109,56 150,75 -1,220
- Case 2: Lateral gust of wind
In this case of study a lateral gust of wind has been applied to the solar panels structure. The
wind speed considered has been 100 km/h and the solar panels structure is inclined lateral
sidelong forming a tilt of 44 degrees (maximum lateral tilt) with the horizontal.
o Air flow simulation (100 km/h):
As the previous case, the affected part (in this case solar panels structure) has been simulated
by using fluent to find the forces caused by the wind at a speed of 100 km/h.
In this case the wind force results in the solar panels structure are:
- FX » 0 N
- FY = 4410 N
- FZ = 3916 N

As in the other cases, the boundary conditions (forces) have to be updated using the fluent
results and the model has to be solved by using the finite elements method.
After solving the system, the deformation plot and the stress plot have been obtained.

Page 62
• Stress results:
As we can see in the deformation plot, the maximum displacement is in the top, left and frontal
part of the hardtop structure. It has a value of 6,92 cm.
When these results are analysed we can observe that the maximum Stress value is 8.186·108
Pa. But when we approach to the maximum stress zone we can see that it is a singular point
which means that we have to assume this singularity to realize the analysis. Finally, if we
dismiss these affected nodes the maximum stress value is 295 MPa.

The safety factor has a value of:
𝜎] 735,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾= = = 2,49
𝜎^F_ 295 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 -149,29 -590,41 -578,22
2 -570,56 -3075,8 -673,23
3 3651,33 1031,6 1324,4
4 215,36 -1086,4 -1003,4
5 84,384 -46,643 653,42
6 -231,23 -643,06 -494,18
- Case 3: Frontal gust of wind + maximum boat speed (forward inclined)
As in the first case, the effects of the wind when the boat is sailing at the maximum speed has
been studied. The difference is that in this case of study it has been considered a frontal gust
of wind (100 km/h).
So, a wind speed of 142,6 km/h has been applied to the model.
• Air flow simulation (142,6 km/h):
As in the previous cases (case 1 and case 2), the solar modules support structure has been
simulated to find the forces caused by the wind.
Thus, the wind forces are:
- FX = 2094 N
- FY = 4401 N
Page 64
- FZ » 0 N
As in the other cases, the boundary conditions (forces) have to be updated using the fluent
results and the model has to be solved by using the finite elements method.
Then, the system has been solved and the displacement plot and the Von-Misses stress plot
have been obtained.
• Stress results:
Like occurs in the first case, the maximum deformation is in the superior and rear part of the
hardtop. It has a maximum value of 10.47 mm.
When the Von-Misses stress plot is analysed, there is a singular point. If these nodes are
discarded, we can assure that the maximum stress value is 370 Mpa.
Page 66
Thus, the safety factor is:
𝜎] 735,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾= = = 1,98
1 215,28 -873,58 223,04
2 -309,43 -2896,7 -14,147
3 1140,3 1570,4 -12,561
4 207,96 -880,46 -222,58
5 -320,17 -2925,8 13,453
6 1158,1 1606,1 12,795
- Case 4: Rear gust of wind
In this case of study, the effects of a rear gust of wind (100 km/h) on the solar panels structure
have been simulated. We have considered that the solar panels structure is tilt (rear part up)
at the maximum angle (30 degrees).
The fluent simulation is the same it was in the first case but now the longitudinal forces are in
the opposite direction.
Thus, the forces are:
- FX » 0 N
- FY = 4410 N
- FZ = 3916 N
After solving the system, the deformation plot and the stress plot have been obtained.

Page 68
• Stress results:
The maximum displacement is in the central part of the structure and it has a value of 2,25
mm. It is a very low displacement.
In the Von-Misses stress study there is a singular point. Dismissing this singular point the
maximum stress value is 107 MPa.
Thus, the safety factor in this case has a value of:
𝜎] 735,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾= = = 6,87
1 -85,535 -483,32 122,28
2 -104,73 -123,25 -2,98
3 -442,52 -734,76 -6,58
4 -86,88 -490,38 -122,88
5 -109,27 -133,75 3,828
6 -436,73 -717,08 6,33
9.3. Screw sizing
Screw sizing is a very important thing to be analysed. The screws are the responsible to fix
the hardtop structure with the boat. If the screws are undersized, they could break. If this
happened, the structure could fall down.
To size the screws, it is important to know how fixations work. As it is showed in Fig. 68, the
hardtop structure supports in six circular supports. Moreover, in this chapter it will be
determined how many screws should be in every anchor.
Fig. 68 Anchor detail
To define the number of the screws and the dimension of them, the maximum anchors
reactions (found in the previous simulations) have to be analysed.
Page 70
All the screws can support a yield and a traction force. In the analysed cases, it can be
observed that the reaction forces appeared in every anchor have the both components.
Type High resistance screws
Class 8.8 10.9
fub (N/mm2) 640 900
Table 17 High resistance screws fub
Using these properties, the calculation forces (yield and traction) have to be obtained.
On one hand, the yield resistance force (Fyield,t) is:
0.5 ∙ 𝑓ab ∙ 𝐴j
𝐹]ONlm,R =
𝛾
Equation 4 Yield resistance force
𝑓ab = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 (𝑁 ).

𝑚𝑚 7
𝛾 = 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1,25
𝐴j = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑘.
On the other hand, the traction resistance force (Ftraction,t) is:
𝑓ab ∙ 𝐴j
𝐹RopqROrs,R =
𝛾
Equation 5 Traction resistance force
But sometimes the screws are submitted to a traction force and a yield force at the same
time. When these occurs, the next expression must be accomplished (to guarantee the
screw resistance). [21]
𝐹]ONlm,jqoNM 𝐹RopqROrs,jqoNM
+ ≤1
𝐹]ONlm,R 1,4 · 𝐹RopqROrs,R
Equation 6 Simultaneous traction force and yield force condition

In all the simulations, the reaction forces in the anchors have been calculated. Then, the yield
force (that it is the resultant of x and z axis forces) and the traction force (total) supported by
the four screws located in the anchors have been obtained and analysed.
It is important to distinguish that the yield forces are supported and distributed by the static
friction forces of the contact surface and the screws. Given that the friction forces depend of
the normal force in every case the friction forces have to be recalculated.
𝐹woOqROrs = 𝜇 · 𝑁
Equation 7 Friction force
𝜇 = 0,3 = 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠.
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 · 9,81 + 𝐹] + 𝐹jqoNM · 𝑛. 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑠
𝐹jqoNM = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤
Finally, if the chosen screws are M82 (10.9 class), its properties are: [22]
D 5 (mm)
As 36,368 (mm2)
Generated force 22,751 (N)
fub (N/mm2) 900
Ftraction,t 26.184 (N)
Fyield,t 13.092 (N)
Table 18 M8 (10.9 class) properties
With this parameters, it has been calculated the yield and the traction forces that have to be
Page 72
supported by the screws (Ftraction,screw, Fyield, screw).
In the first calculation, it has been assumed a total of 4 screws in each anchor:
Number of screws 4
Maximum Ftraction,screw 24,36 (N)
Maximum Fyield screw 886,83 (N)
Maximum combined forces 791,7 (N) traction force
444,48 (N) yield force
Table 19 Forces results with 4 screws
As it can be observed, the maximum yield force and the maximum traction force are not higher
than the maximum allowed for the screws. Equation 6 is also accomplished.
The maximum pure traction force is given in the maximum speed with the solar panels forward
inclined simulation in the central anchors. The maximum yield force (pure) is given in the third
anchor in the lateral gust of wind simulation. Finally, the maximum combined force (yield and
traction at the same time) is given in the second anchor also in the lateral gust of wind
simulation.
Thus, the final decision is to screw the anchors to the boat with four M8 screws (10.9 class).
10. Solar panels orientation system:

The intention of this system is to orientate the solar panels to increase the vision factor between
the sun and the solar panels. The orientation system has been designed in a conceptual way.
To achieve this, the hardtop is intended to be equipped with a mechanical system controlled
by an electronical system. This system gives two degrees of freedom to the solar panels (pitch
and row) see in Fig. 73 and Fig. 74
10.1. Electronic system components
For what it does to the electronic part of the inclination system. It consists in three basic
elements working all together:
- Inclinometer.
- GPS.
- Microcontroller.
In this case, the microcontroller is the responsible to control the different mechanical system
motors and brakes coordinately with the information given by the GPS and the inclinometer.
An electronic inclinometer is a device used to measure angles with a high precision. Electronic
inclinometers use an internal gyroscope. This gyroscope stays in one position, independently
of the orientation. To calculate the angle of the object, the inclinometer compares this angle to
the gyroscope. Mercury inclinometers work in the same way but instead of using a gyroscope
they use mercury liquid. The inclinometer intention is testing the solar panels surface tilt
constantly through time. At the same time a GPS is giving the boat coordinates and the boat
orientation to the microcontroller.
All this information is constantly analysed by the microcontroller. This microcontroller

calculates the optimum tilt and using this live data (pitch, row and coordinates) gives the orders
to the different motors to execute the inclination.
To calculate the optimum solar panel angle, the microcontroller has to take into account three
factors:
- The latitude (position of the boat).

- The month of the year.
- The direction of the boat.
If the boat is placed in the northern hemisphere, solar panels should be pointed due south. If
Page 74
the boat is placed in the southern hemisphere, solar panels should be pointed due north. Thus,
the microcontroller gives lateral inclination when the boat is orientated in the range from NE to
SE and from SW to NW or in the other cases (from NW to NE or from SW to SE) it gives the
orders to incline the solar panels surface frontally or backward.
Fig. 69 Inclination modes
The latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the
earth surface. The latitude and the season of the year are the parameters that determine the
tilt angle.
Thus, solar panels optimum tilt is calculated with three different equations: [23]
First equation (for winter):
𝑇𝑖𝑙𝑡 (𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠) = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 · 0.9 + 29
Equation 8 Winter tilt
Second equation (for summer):
𝑇𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 · 0.9 − 23.5
Equation 9 Summer tilt

Third equation (spring and fall):
𝑇𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 − 2.5
Equation 10 Spring and fall tilt
10.2. Mechanical system conceptual design
This mechanism has some design requirements:
- It is intended to be as integrated as possible. The design is meant to be the similar as

possible as a traditional hardtop. A thick design could be visually unaccepted by a
possible costumer.
- It has to supply to the solar panels surface at least 2 degrees of freedom.
Basically, the mechanical part of the tracking system is composed by four brakes, four
motorized linear guides and four linear motors. The solar panels surface is articulated in the
four extremes. This part is connected with the mechanical system through a ball journal.
Fig. 70 Orientation system
The four “arms” objective is elevating the solar panels surface. Each “arm” has three basic
parts:
1. A lineal motor.
2. A motorized linear guide.
3. An electronically controlled brake
These three components are connected as it is showed in the following image (Fig. 71).
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Fig. 71 Orientation system parts
These components are designed to work coordinately. When the system needs to raise up
one side of the solar panels structure, it blocks the brake, the motorized guide and the lineal
motor of the opposite side. Then, the first move (in the “arm” of the side that the system wants
to rise up) is done by the motorized guide, that moves from the minimum position to the
maximum position or the desired position to form the optimum angle. The lineal motor is usually
in the minimum length positon but when the motorized guide is in the maximum length position,
if the system wants to give a higher tilt to the solar modules, this lineal motor gives an extra tilt
(to the structure) extending its length to the necessary value.
The intention of the brake is to control the angle (red angle in Fig. 72) between the lineal motor
and the horizontal plane. When the break is unacted the connection moves like a ball journal.
Fig. 72 Detail and explanation of the orientation system

10.2.1. Maximum tilt
In this case the maximum tilt depends on the inclination type. The system can give two
inclinations to the solar panels surface:
- If the system is giving a lateral inclination to the solar panels the maximum tilt (without
elongating the lineal motors) is 44 degrees and it is of 90 degrees when the lineal
motors are in the largest position. The lineal motors are the part 1 in the Fig. 71.
Fig. 73 Lateral inclination of the conceptual orientation system
- When the system is giving a frontal inclination, the maximum tilt without elongating the
lineal motors is 25 degrees and then is 58 degrees after elongating the lineal motors.
Fig. 74 Frontal inclination of the conceptual orientation system
10.2.2. Future improvements and steps of the mechanical system design
Given that in this thesis it only has been done the conceptual design of the solar panels
inclination system there are many improvements.
- Make the system capable of carry out the both movements at the same time. This
would improve the capability of increasing the vision factor between the solar panels
and the sun giving the solar panels efficiencies up to a 100%.
- Design the support structure for the solar panels. This should be prepared to integrate
all the cables and to work together with the other components.
- Choose all the definitive system components.
- Add some aerodynamic elements to make the system (and in turn the boat) more
aerodynamic. This upgrade could be very useful when the boat is navigating and the
solar panels are tilted.
Page 78
11. Budget
The intention of this section is determining a rough guess of the development cost of the
project. Given that this is a Bachelor Thesis, any salary has been earned by the student.
Obviously, in real life this labour hours are paid. Thus, to carry out an approximation of the
development cost the first step is making an estimation of the hours spent in each part. Then,
the approximate fees of the engineer per hour have been supposed. These fees are variable
depending on the part made by the engineer.
In this project, the amount of 300 hours has been spent. This number of hours is not a random
value. It has been considered that the project has a value of 12 ECTS credits. Every credit
involves approximately 25 hours of work.
If the project work is divided in parts:
Cost (€/h) Hours (h) (€)
Research 100 30 3000
Documentation 20 25 500
Conceptual designs (Hardtop, conceptual solar

100 75 7500
panels inclination system)
Hardtop FEM analysis 100 50 5000
CAD designs 35 60 2.100
Electrical connections 50 60 3.000
TOTAL 21.100
So, the project has a total cost of 21.100 €.

12. Environmental impact

Every day, the society is more aware about carbon footprint. Specially, with the increasing
problem of global warming, customers and companies around the world are changing their
mind. A clear example of this, is the automobile industry. Nowadays, automobile industry is
adapting to these new necessities and new customers taking out new eco-friendly models.
In an ideal future, all the electric energy should be obtained through renewable energies. To
achieve this, some countries particularly in Europe, are approving new laws and launching
awareness campaigns. Unfortunately, these days not the whole electric energy produced
comes from clean sources. Thus, it cannot be strictly said that the design is a zero-emissions
propulsion system.
When the recyclability of the system pieces is analysed. We can observe that the majority of
the materials of the solar panels are recyclables but actually the recycling systems are not
advanced enough. So, solar panels recycling industry will have a high economical potential
next years. But clearly the piece that could be more problematic after its lifetime is the battery.
These batteries contain environment-dangerous materials that could not be recycled.
In the case of the designed hardtop, it is recyclable because it is made of steel. In fact, steel is
one of the world’s most recycled material and its properties remain untouched after being
recycled.
Given that the proposed propulsion system (in contrast with the fuel based propulsion systems)
is a zero emissions propulsion, in the future it is of interest a quantitative calculation of the
carbon footprint.
Page 80
13. Time planning
Connection components and

orientation system design
Hardtop FEM simulations

Solar panels conceptual
(Ansys and Fluent)
Propulsion system
Writing memory
Hardtop design
Time planning
Screw sizing
components
Research
scheme
5/3/18
12/3/18
19/3/18
26/3/18
2/4/18
9/4/18
2/4/18
9/4/18
16/4/18
23/4/18
30/4/18
7/5/18
14/5/18
21/5/18
28/5/18
4/6/18
11/6/18
18/6/18
25/6/18
2/7/18
9/7/18
16/7/18
23/7/18
30/7/18
6/8/18
13/8/18
20/8/18
27/8/18
3/9/18
14. Conclusions
With the aim to propose an electric propulsion system with a better autonomous electric range,
this project aims to select and connect all the propulsion system components and design
a hardtop equipped with solar panels by considering the adequate inclination to provide the
propulsion system with clean energy.
The main components of the electric propulsion system have been selected and a
connection proposal has also been done. Some of the connection components have to
be specially done for the designed system which is one of the weaknesses of the thesis.
ANSYS Workbench has been used to validate the designed hardtop (created with
Solidworks) under different conditions such as wind, snow and weight. In this thesis, the most
critical conditions for the designed hardtop simulated in ANSYS are assumed to be the ones
that has the lowest safety coefficient. Based on the results, this corresponds to the one with
the hardtop forwarded-up and a frontal gust of wind of 100km/h. In this situation, the safety
coefficient is of 1.98 which is 58% greater than the general minimum acceptable (i.e. 1.25).
Therefore, the designed hardtop fulfils the required demands.
The solar panels orientation system is designed such as that can be moved in the roll and
pitch axes. Due to the limited range of movement of such orientation system, it is of interest in
the future to expand such concept (detail design stage) and to evaluate if other possible
movement ranges are viable.
Later, a boat model equipped with the designed hardtop is also presented. Since the
hardtop parameters (e.g. dimensions) depend on the type of boat to be used, Quicksilver Activ
505 is the open boat model used for this purpose. To do so, different components (i.e. the
motor, the batteries and the solar panels) forming the electric propulsion system have been
chosen based on the chosen boat model. In addition, the electrical network connection
between all the components has been designed.
The proposed electric propulsion system with hardtop can be installed in any boat of an
approximate range from 4,5 meters to 6,5 meters with few changes in the hardtop structure.
After selecting the boat components, a weight comparison has been done and it has been
concluded that the extra 160 kg should not be a problem for our project.
In the future, it is of interest to analyse in greater detail how to design such hardtop in a way
that it is adaptable to a wider range of boats. Since the chosen electrical network connection
components are not common in this thesis, a detailed economic analysis of the completed
propulsion system including the hardtop should be carried out for large scale production
scenario. Moreover, some future improvements as some aerodynamic elements, the design
Page 82
of a structure for the solar panels or the higher movement capability could be made to the
orientation system (that in this thesis has been designed in a conceptual way). Lastly, it would
be of interest to design the different components (e.g. motor and batteries) to obtain product
specifications that can greater fulfil the market demands.
15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Boat parts. https://www.boatsmartexam.com/knowledge-base/article/the-basic-parts-of-a-
boat/
[2] Boats evolution. http://www.kidcyber.com.au/ships-and-boats-timeline/
[3] Boat types. https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/a-guide-to-different-types-of-
boats/
[4] Aquawatt 550 specifications.
http://www.aquawatt.at/GB/solarboot_aquawatt_550_11_GB.html
[5] Oceanvolt multihull propulsion system. https://oceanvolt.com/solutions/private/multihull/
[6] Torqeedo history. https://www.torqeedo.com/en/about-torqeedo/company.html
[7] Torqeedo general motor information. https://www.torqeedo.com/en/technology-and-
environment/electric-motors.html
[8] Quicksilver Activ 505 speed tests. http://touron-
nautica.com/pdfs/datos_rendimientoQS.pdf
[9] Torqueedo motor parts. https://www.torqeedo.com/en/technology-and-
environment/propulsion-technology.html
[10] Lead acid batteries information. https://www.mpoweruk.com/leadacid.htm
[11] Nickel based batteries information.
http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/charging_nickel_based_batteries
[12] Lithium-Ion batteries information.
https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/lithium_based_batteries
[13] INGERSOLL RAND. Battery Technology Overview, October 2017.
[14] Kia Soul battery specifications.
https://www.kia.com/content/dam/kwcms/kme/uk/en/assets/vehicles/soul-
ev/specification/kia-soul-ev-specification.pdf
[15] Solar panels information. http://www.explainthatstuff.com/solarcells.html
[16] Solar panels functioning explication.
http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/1-how-do-solar-panels-
convert.html
[17] DC/DC functioning. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter
[18] AC/DC functioning. https://sciencing.com/a-rectifier-work-4964589.html
[19] MPPT functioning. http://www.leonics.com/support/article2_14j/articles2_14j_en.php
[20] Epsolar IT6415ND Maximum power point tracker (MPPT).
http://www.epsolarpv.com/en/index.php/Product/pro_content/id/546/am_id/136
Page 84
[21] Screw behavior. https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2099.1/6080/05.pdf

[22] M16 (10.9 class) properties.
http://caminos.udc.es/info/asignaturas/grado_itop/411/contenido_publico/recursos/tema0
7.pdf
[23] Optimum tilt of the solar panels. https://www.solarpoweristhefuture.com/how-to-figure-
correct-angle-for-solar-panels.shtml
[24] Luis Pareto; CEAC; “Formulario de Resistencia y conocimiento de materiales para
mecanicos” (Barcelona 1981)

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Treball de Fi de Grau

Grau en Enginyeria en Tecnologies Industrials

Design of a boat electric propulsion system

Autor: Eduard Martí Bigorra

Escola Tècnica Superior

5. STATE OF THE ART ______________________________________13

6. BASIC IDEA AND SPECIFICATIONS _________________________25

7. BASIC BOAT PROPULSION SYSTEM COMPONENTS___________27

7.2.1. Kinds of batteries ............................................................................................... 33

8. CONNECTION COMPONENTS AND SCHEMA _________________43

9. HARDTOP DESIGN AND FEM SIMULATIONS__________________49

10. SOLAR PANELS ORIENTATION SYSTEM: ____________________73

10.2.2. Future improvements and steps of the mechanical system design.................. 77

11. BUDGET ________________________________________________78

2. List of figures and tables

2.1. List of figures

FIG. 38 EPSOLAR IT6415ND ........................................................................................................................................... 48

2.2. List of tables

4.1. Project objectives and scope

- Boat hull propulsion electrification

4.2. Industrial motivation

5. State of the art

5.1. Basic boat definitions

Fig. 1 (a) Superior view and (b) Lateral view

5.2. Boats evolution

Fig. 2 Pesse Canoe

Fig. 4 Wooden ship

Fig. 5 Steam propelled ship

5.3. Current types of recreational boats

5.3.1. Recreational fishing boats

Fig. 6 Recreational fishing boat

5.3.2. Bass Boats

Fig. 7 Bass boat

5.3.3. Bowrider boats

Fig. 8 Bowrider boat

5.3.4. Catamaran boats

Fig. 9 Catamaran boat

5.3.5. Cuddy cabin boats

Fig. 10 Cuddy cabin boat

5.3.6. Centre console boats

Fig. 11 Centre console boat

5.3.7. Recreational trawler boat

Fig. 12 Recreational trawler boat

5.3.8. Motor yacht boats

Fig. 13 Motor yacht boat

5.4. Existing boat engines

5.4.1. Outboards (general way)

The general parts of an outboard are:

Fig. 14 Outboard parts

Fig. 15 Principal outboard brands logos

5.4.2. Principal boat electric motors

In summary, the principal electric motors brands are:

Fig. 16 Elco Logo

Fig. 17 Oceanvolt Logo

Fig. 18 Aquawatt Logo

Fig. 19 Torqeedo Logo

Fig. 20 Aquawatt 550

- Oceanvolt propulsion system for monohull and multihull: