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UNIT-4 Lecture-1: Log, - Anti Log Amplifiers, Analog Multipliers and Their Applications

1. Logarithmic amplifiers use diodes or transistors in a non-linear configuration to produce an output voltage that is proportional to the logarithm of the input voltage. 2. Antilogarithmic amplifiers produce an output voltage proportional to the antilogarithm of the input voltage. 3. Analog multipliers can be implemented using logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifiers to perform multiplication, division, exponentiation and other mathematical operations based on logarithmic properties. They are used in signal processing applications like linearization.

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129 views

UNIT-4 Lecture-1: Log, - Anti Log Amplifiers, Analog Multipliers and Their Applications

1. Logarithmic amplifiers use diodes or transistors in a non-linear configuration to produce an output voltage that is proportional to the logarithm of the input voltage. 2. Antilogarithmic amplifiers produce an output voltage proportional to the antilogarithm of the input voltage. 3. Analog multipliers can be implemented using logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifiers to perform multiplication, division, exponentiation and other mathematical operations based on logarithmic properties. They are used in signal processing applications like linearization.

Uploaded by

chiranjibavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-4

Lecture-1
Log, –Anti Log Amplifiers, Analog Multipliers
and their applications
Nonlinear Op-Amp Circuits
• Most typical applications require op amp and its components
to act linearly
– I-V characteristics of passive devices such as resistors,
capacitors should be described by linear equation (Ohm’s
Law)
– For op amp, linear operation means input and output
voltages are related by a constant proportionality (Av
should be constant)
• Some application require op amps to behave in nonlinear
manner (logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifiers)
Logarithmic Amplifier
• Output voltage is proportional to the logarithm of input voltage
• A device that behaves nonlinearly (logarithmically) should be used to
control gain of op amp
– Semiconductor diode
• Forward transfer characteristics of silicon diodes are closely described
by Shockley’s equation
IF = Ise(VF/ηVT)
– Is is diode saturation (leakage) current
– e is base of natural logarithms (e = 2.71828)
– VF is forward voltage drop across diode
– VT is thermal equivalent voltage for diode (26 mV at 20°C)
– η is emission coefficient or ideality factor (2 for currents of same
magnitude as IS to 1 for higher values of IF)
Basic Log Amp operation
D1
• I1 = Vin/R1
R1 IF • IF = - I1
-
I1
• IF = - Vin/R1
Vo
Vin + • V0= -VF = -ηVT ln(IF/IS)
RL
• V0= -ηVT ln[Vin/(R1IS)]
• rD = 26 mV / IF
• IF < 1 mA (log amps)

• At higher current levels (IF > 1 mA) diodes begin to behave


somewhat linearly
Logarithmic Amplifier
• Linear graph: voltage gain is very high for low input voltages and
very low for high input voltages
• Semilogarithmic graph: straight line proves logarithmic nature of
amplifier’s transfer characteristic
• Transfer characteristics of log amps are usually expressed in terms of
slope of V0 versus Vin plot in milivolts per decode
• η affects slope of transfer curve; IS determines the y intercept

Operational Amplifiers and Linear


Integrated Circuits: Theory and Applications
Additional Log Amp Variations
Q1

IC IE
R1 IC = IESe (VBE/VT)
-
I1
Vo = VBE - IES is emitter
Vin saturation current
+
RL
- VBE is drop across
base-emitter junction

• Often a transistor is used as logging element in log amp (transdiode


configuration)
• Transistor logging elements allow operation of log amp over wider current
ranges (greater dynamic range)
Antilogarithmic Amplifier
• Output of an antilog amp is proportional to the antilog of the
input voltage
• with diode logging element
– V0 = -RFISe(Vin/VT)
• With transdiode logging element
– V0 = -RFIESe(Vin/VT)
• As with log amp, it is necessary to know saturation currents
and to tightly control junction temperature
Antilogarithmic Amplifier
RF
IE Q1 I1 IF
-
Vo
Vi +
n RL

R1
(α = 1) I1 = IC = IE
D1 IF
-
I1
V + Vo
i RL
n
Logarithmic Amplifier Applications
• Logarithmic amplifiers are used in several areas
– Log and antilog amps to form analog multipliers
– Analog signal processing
• Analog Multipliers
– ln xy = ln x + ln y
– ln (x/y) = ln x – ln y
D1
Analog Multipliers
R R
- R R

Vx + D3
-
- Vo
D2 +
+
R RL
- R

+
Vy

One-quadrant multiplier: inputs must


both be of same polarity
Analog Multipliers
Four quadrants
of operation

General symbol

Two-quadrant multiplier: one input should have positive voltages, other


input could have positive or negative voltages
Four-quadrant multiplier: any combinations of polarities on their inputs
Analog Multipliers
Implementation of mathematical operations

Square root Circuit


Squaring Circuit
Signal Processing
• Many transducers produce output voltages that vary nonlinearly with
physical quantity being measured (thermistor)
• Often It is desirable to linearize outputs of such devices; logarithmic amps
and analog multipliers can be used for such purposes
• Linearization of a signal using circuit with complementary transfer
characteristics

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