This document summarizes information about building cracks, including their causes, types, measurement, and repair methods. It discusses structural cracks caused by overloading or design issues, and non-structural cracks caused by moisture, temperature changes, or other factors. Common repair techniques are described, such as routing and sealing, stitching, adding reinforcement, grouting, and gravity filling. The document stresses the importance of using proper materials, techniques, and curing methods during construction to prevent cracks from occurring.
This document summarizes information about building cracks, including their causes, types, measurement, and repair methods. It discusses structural cracks caused by overloading or design issues, and non-structural cracks caused by moisture, temperature changes, or other factors. Common repair techniques are described, such as routing and sealing, stitching, adding reinforcement, grouting, and gravity filling. The document stresses the importance of using proper materials, techniques, and curing methods during construction to prevent cracks from occurring.
This document summarizes information about building cracks, including their causes, types, measurement, and repair methods. It discusses structural cracks caused by overloading or design issues, and non-structural cracks caused by moisture, temperature changes, or other factors. Common repair techniques are described, such as routing and sealing, stitching, adding reinforcement, grouting, and gravity filling. The document stresses the importance of using proper materials, techniques, and curing methods during construction to prevent cracks from occurring.
This document summarizes information about building cracks, including their causes, types, measurement, and repair methods. It discusses structural cracks caused by overloading or design issues, and non-structural cracks caused by moisture, temperature changes, or other factors. Common repair techniques are described, such as routing and sealing, stitching, adding reinforcement, grouting, and gravity filling. The document stresses the importance of using proper materials, techniques, and curing methods during construction to prevent cracks from occurring.
Cracks in the building are of comman occurrence in a
bulding It is due to exceeding stress in a building components
Causes of the cracks are mainly by increase in live load
and dead load, seismic load etc., CLASSIFICATION OF CRACKS
racks can be classified into two categories viz.,
tructural cracks
on-structural cracks STRUCTURAL CRACKS
t arises due to incorrect designs, overloading of structural
components
xpenses cracking of foundation walls, beams and columns or
slab etc., PHOTO OF STRUCTURAL CRACKS NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS
hey are due to internal forces developed in materials due to moisture
variations, temperature variation, crazing, effects of gases ,liquids etc.,
hey can be broadly classified into vertical, horizontal, diagonal,
smoothened cracks PHOTO OF NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS DIRECTION OF THE CRACKS
ertical
orizontal
iagonal
traight WIDTH OF CRACKS
t can be measured through instrument and
tell-tale signs.
he changes in the length of the cracks
should be noted. CRACKS MEASURING DEVICES
DRS CAMERA MOVEMENT SENSOR BALL DEFORMER CAUSES OF CRACKS MAJOR CAUSES OF CRACKS
Movements of the ground
Over loading
Effect of gases, liquids and solids
Effect of changes of temperature
General causes such as vibrations
ovements of grounds verloading
ue to mining subsidence, land verloading of the building
slips, earthquakes, moisture changes due to shrinkable soils. verloading of the building parts results in cracks OVERLOADING FORCED MAY BE DUE TO
External ( excessive wind/snow loads)
Internal ( from heavy machinery etc.,)
EFFECTS OF GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
ases
nly gases like Co2 ( carbon di oxide ) is likely to produce cracks.
t causes Carbonation of porous cement products
eads into an overall shrinkage crazing cracks
iquids
ater is the most commonly used liquid when not taken care it can be hazardous
onstruction water i.e., that in the utilization of water during the
construction process EFFECTS OF WATER
hysical(i.e. due to change in water content)
hemical ( directly or indirectly affecting other materials)
GENERAL VIBRATIONS
ibrations can cause cracks in buildings only when their amplitude
of vibrations are high.
part from vibrations caused due to earthquakes, the vibrations
caused due to heavy machinery, traffic, sonic booms are also
responsible for the occurrence of cracks in buildings.
THERMAL MOVEMENT
ll materials expand on heat and contract on cool.
hermal movement in components of structure creates cracks due
to tensile of shear stresses
ne of the most potent causes of cracking in buildings and need
GENERAL PRECAUTION TO AVOIDING CRACKS
efore laying up foundation, the type of foundation to be used
should be decided based on the safe bearing capacity of soil.
roviding R.C deep beam or an involved T-beam with adequate
reinforcements to withstand the stress due to differential ground
movements. This method is expensive
onstruction operations such as cutting for roads drainages etc., close
to the structures should be avoided this will results in reduction of
soil moisture with consequent shrinkage of soil beneath the
foundation of the structure.
n buildings close to the water courses are noticed in many places
PLACING OF CONCRETE
oncrete should not be placed in heavy rains unless suitable shelter
is provided.
o avoid segregation, concrete should not be dropped from a
height of more than 1m.
hile placing the concrete in R.C.C members the alignment of formwork
should not be disturbed.
oncrete should be laid continuously to avoid irregular and unsightly lines.
nternal surface of the forms either steel or wood should have even
surfaces and should be oiled so that the concrete may not stick to it MATERIAL QUALITY
ggregate should be hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and
capable of of developing good bond with mortar.
ater shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid materials and
suitable for drinking purposes.
TEST TO BE CARRIED OUT
lump test to be carried out for the control of addition of water
and workability.
onsistency of concrete should also be tested.
LAYING TECHNIQUE AND CURING METHOD
oncrete should be laid in layers and should be compacted while
laying with wooden tamping rods or with mechanical vibrators until
a dense concrete is obtained
fter two hours of laying concrete, when the concrete has begun to
harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or
wet sand for 24 hours
EVALUATION OF CRACKS
o determine the effects of cracks in the building.
irst the cracks location and extent should be noted down for the adopting suitable methods of repair and the future problems due to that cracks. rack widths should be measured to the accuracy of 0.001 in (0.025mm) using a crack comparator.
ovements should be recorded with movement sensors.
ased on the reports from the location and width the suitable methods is adopted rack as narrow as 0.002 in can be bonded by the injection of epoxy.
poxy injection can alone be used to restore the flexural stiffness.
or water retaining structure cracks it can be repaired by the
autogenous healing. REPAIRING OF CRACKS
outing and sealing.
titching.
dditional reinforcement.
ravity filling
routing ROUTING AND SEALING
outing and sealing of cracks can be used in conditions requiring
remedial repair and where structural repair is not necessary.
outing and sealing is used to treat both fill pattern cracks and larger, isolated cracks.
he sealants may be any of several materials, including epoxies,
urethanes, silicones, polysulfide, asphaltic materials, or polymer mortars PROCESS OF ROUTING AND SEALING STITCHING
titching involves drilling holes on both sides of the crack and
grouting in U-shaped metal units with short legs (staples or stitching dogs) that span the crack.
titching a crack tends to stiffen the structure, and the stiffening
may increase the overall structural restraint. he stitching procedure consists of drilling holes on both sides of the crack, cleaning the holes, and anchoring the legs of the staples in the holes, with either a non shrink grout or an epoxy resin- based bonding system FIGURE SHOWING STITCHING ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENTS
girders have been successfully repaired by inserting reinforcing bars and bonding them in place with epoxy . This technique consists of sealing the crack, drilling holes that intersect the crack plane at approximately 90º ,filling the hole and crack with injected epoxy and placing a reinforcing bar into the drilled hole restressing steel-Post-tensioning is often the desirable solution when a major portion of a member must be strengthened or when the cracks that have formed must be closed.
dequate anchorage must be provided for the prestressing steel,
and care is needed so that the problem will not merely migrate to another part of the structure FIG SHOWING ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENTS GROUTING
ortland cement grouting-Wide cracks, particularly in gravity dams
and thick concrete walls, may be repaired by filling with portland cement grout.
his method is effective in stopping water leaks, but it will not
structurally bond cracked sections. GRAVITY FILLING
ow viscosity monomers and resins can be used to seal cracks with
surface widths of 0.001 to 0.08 in. (0.03 to 2 mm) by gravity filling.
igh-molecular-weight methacrylates, urethanes, and some low
viscosity epoxies have been used successfully.
he lower the viscosity, the finer the cracks that can be filled. DRY PACKING
rypacking is the hand placement of a low water content mortar
followed by tamping or ramming of the mortar into place, producing intimate contact between the mortar and the existing concrete. POLYMER IMPREGNATION
onomer systems can be used for effective repair of some cracks.
A monomer system is a liquid consisting of monomers which will polymerize into a solid.
he most common monomer used for this purpose is methyl
methacrylate. he procedure consists of drying the fracture, temporarily encasing it in a watertight (monomer proof) band of sheet metal, soaking the fractures with monomer, and polymerizing the monomer CONCLUSION
he discussion on our project mainly focused on the cracks deals with
failure due to improper settlement of foundation and poor construction.
y the following discussed remedies and instruction what we have
concentrated helps to reducing the cracks and move on to the next level in the construction. Thank you
The Modern Bricklayer - A Practical Work on Bricklaying in all its Branches - Volume III: With Special Selections on Tiling and Slating, Specifications Estimating, Etc
The Modern Bricklayer - A Practical Work on Bricklaying in all its Branches - Volume III: With Special Selections on Tiling and Slating, Specifications Estimating, Etc
