TRANSLATION Translation may be a betrayal of the self since the

translator may have to sacrifice his best hunches or

A translation is a text written in a well-known beliefs in favor of some pedestrian norm in fear of
language which refers to and represents a text in a betraying the task he is supposed to do.
language which is not as well known. - Petrus
Danielus
GENERAL PURPOSES OF TRANSLATION
1340 – Translation is derived from the Latin word 1. Retrieval of lost information
“translatio” which means “transporting”, coming 2. Understanding of the Universal Truth
from the participle of the verb “transferre” which 3. Sharing of beliefs
means “to carry over.” 4. Understanding and appreciation of culture
5. Bridging cultural barrier
In the present times, translation has various
6. Advancement in human achievement
meanings:
7. Addressing social needs
1. The general subject field or phenomenon
8. Social Empowerment
2. The product
9. Binding nations
3. The process of producing the translation
10. Neo-culture development
The process of translation between two different
TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE - Translation
written languages involves the changing of an
equivalence occurs when a SL and TL texts or items
original written text (the source text or ST) into
are related to (at least some of) the same relevant
another text (the target text or TT) using another
features of situation substance.
language. ST to TT SL to TL
Roman Jakobson categorizes translation into three: The Russian-born American structuralist Roman
1. Intralingual translation or rewording Jacobson (1959-2000: 114) is considered to be one
2. Interlingual translation or translation proper of the earliest theorists who were occupied by the
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation study of equivalence in meaning. Jacobson claims
that "there is ordinarily no full equivalence
Why is translation sometimes referred to as treason? between code units"
Why is it necessary to represent a foreign text in
Jakobson also points out that the problem of both
one’s own culture?
meaning and equivalence is related to the
Who translates and what is the purpose of
differences between structures, terminology,
translation?
grammar and lexical forms of languages.
Translation may be a betrayal of the word since the Jacobson stated that "equivalence in difference is
distortion of the word may devalue the very essence the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal
of the language. concern of linguistics."

Translation may be a betrayal of the language since SEVEN DEGREES OF EQUIVALENCE

languages are products of various cultures. Hence, Monia Bayar (2007)
betrayal of the language will automatically betray
the culture. 1. OPTIMUM TRANSLATION
It refers to the highest level of approximation to
Translation may be a betrayal toward the author the ST. It is defined as the closest equivalence
since the translator may not necessarily feel the degree attainable, given the circumstances, the
emotions and thoughts of the author as he chooses linguistic and extralinguistic resources actually
the words in his text. available to the translator.
Translation may be a betrayal toward the readers In other words, a TT may reach the optimal degree
because failure to transmit the real message of the when it preserves the 'superordinate goal' of the
author will automatically betray the readers. ST.
The simplicity of the ST helps to reach the are named strong versions for their use of stronger
optimum degree in translation. Yet, the problems terms in their rendition of ST goals. The distance or
with optimum translation rise while dealing with the approximation of these versions (weak/strong)
literary translation and more specifically poetic from the optimum degree depends on the degree of
translation, since its rendition is governed by many their alteration of the ST goal.
aesthetic and stylistic rules.
WEAK VERSION STRONG VERSION
SOURCE TEXT TRANSLATED Duterte is having President Duterte at present, is
Maraming problema ang The present administration of difficulty. in grave predicament toward
kasalukuyang kinakaharap President Duterte faces a lot his mass imposed sovereign
ng administrasyon ni of problems. authority.
Pangulong Duterte.
Presently, the administration
of President Duterte is 6. POOR TRANSLATION
problematic. Readability is the core of the problem. Though the
TT may or may not preserve the ST’s superordinate
2. NEAR-OPTIMUM TRANSLATION goal, it is read with great difficulty by the receptor.
It refers to the case where the ST superordinate goal In other words, poor translation occurs when the
and sub-goals are cohesively and coherently translator fails to transfer the ST goals into a
rendered to the TT, but do not reach the readable TT and in an obvious way that helps the
readability of the optimal degree from a textual reader grasp them easily.
point of view.
SOURCE LANGUAGE TRANSLATED TEXT
SOURCE TEXT TRANSLATED TEXT
Maraming problema ang Many problems are in the hands of
Maraming problema ang Problems beset the current President Duterte now as it is
kasalukuyang kinakaharap
kasalukuyang administration of President present in his administration every
kinakaharap ng ng administrasyon ni
Duterte. now and then.
administrasyon ni Pangulong Duterte.
Pangulong Duterte. Many problems are faced
currently by the administration
of President Duterte.
7. MISTRANSLATION - The TT neither sounds
\ readable nor preserves the superordinate goal of the
ST.
3. PARTIAL TRANSLATION
It refers to the case in which the ST is partially SOURCE LANGUAGE TRANSLATED TEXT
rendered to the TT; that is, the translator partially Maraming problema ang
Problems are President
translates the text's superordinate goal. In this type, kasalukuyang kinakaharap
Duterte is.
it should be noted that readability and correctness of ng administrasyon ni
the TT do not mean its preservation of the ST, for Pangulong Duterte.
the TT might be read smoothly, without conveying
the ST goal.
ING EMU AYALDUC, EMU PAYALDUC
SOURCE LANGUAGE TRANSLATED TEXT Superordinate Goal
✔ Do not do unto others what you don’t want
Maraming problema ang President Duterte’s others to do unto you.
kasalukuyang kinakaharap ng administration has ✔ Do not ask others to do something which you
know you can’t do as well.
administrasyon ni Pangulong problems. Optimum Translation
Duterte. ✔ Do not let others gulp what you cannot gulp.
✔ If you can’t swallow it, don’t let others do it.
✔ Don’t make others swallow what you can’t
4.5. WEAKER AND STRONGER swallow.
VERSIONS ✔ Don’t force others to swallow what you cannot.
Some translations are called weaker versions ✔ Don’t make others take what you cannot take.
ING MEBIGLANG IBUG, YANG MACATDAS
because they reproduce the ST goals in 'attenuated QUING SUSUT.
terms' if compared to the original, whereas, others Ordinate Goal
✔ Excessive haste can lead to waste. which correspond in most cases, not depending
✔ Pushing things hard will cause you trouble. on the context.
✔ Greediness will always lead you to trouble.
✔ Too much greed can cause harm. Ex. Pilipinas – Philippines , paa – foot , kamay –
✔ Impulsive action can lead to destruction. hand
✔ Think before you do such action Covet all, lose
all. 2. FULL EQUIVALENTS - pairs of language
Optimum translation units with similar usage.
✔ Abrupt desires break the sack Ex. sunog – fire, blaze, conflagration
ING CALMA ALI QUING MANINGALMA, NUNE 3. PARTIAL EQUIVALENTS - pairs of
QUING MACALMA.
Superordinate Goal language units with different combinatory
✔ There is no need to look for luck, it will come to possibilities.
you if it’s meant for you. Ex. light – wisdom, hope
✔ Luck is destined to those who are really lucky.
✔ Fortune comes to those who deserve it.
4. ZERO EQUIVALENTS - language units that
Optimum translation lack an analogue in the target language
✔ Fortune will come to those who are really Ex. Idiomatic expressions: break a leg! Burn the
fortunate.
✔ Fortune is not for fortune seekers but for the midnight oil
fortunate.
✔ Fortune is not for those who ask for it but for
those who are really fortunate.
✔ Fortune is not for the ones who seek it but for ELENA SHAPA suggests the following classification
the fortunate ones. model:
ING MATAS A MATALUCTUC, MASALDAC YA
PANGABALDUG. 1.) According to the unit of translation, translation
Superordinate Goal can be:
✔ He who honors himself will be humbled. Dream
the attainable. ❖ Sound Translation
✔ Be humble.
✔ A very painful downfall can be caused by -is generally dependent on one’s knowledge of
excessive self-esteem.
✔ The higher your expectations are, the greater the phonetics.
your disappointments.
✔ Arrogance will bring you down. ❖ Word Translation
Paper – papel Dios – God
Optimum translation Strong – malakas Pangit – ugly
✔ The higher you soar, the harder you crash. Metung – one Kumakain – eating
✔ The higher you are, the harder you fall.
✔ The higher you stand the greater risk of
downfall.
✔ The one who soars high, mires when he falls. ❖ Word-Combination, Idioms or Phraseological
✔ The higher you fly, the harder you fall. o It’s raining cats and dogs outside. - It’s raining very
✔ A person who aims high, hurts when he falls. hard outside.
BELATAN DANGALAN ING o He broke the rules but he was only given a slap on the
CAPAGPARANGALAN wrist. - He broke the rules but he was only given mild
Superordinate Goal punishment.
✔ There is no honor in boastfulness.
✔ Arrogance will not take any recognition. o No, I was just pulling your leg. - No, I was just
✔ Honor fades when you boast about it. joking.
o Hold your horses! - Be patient!
Optimum translation o He’s a bit of a loose cannon. - He’s a bit
✔ Boastfulness strips off dignity unpredictable.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF EQUIVALENCE ❖ Units Translation

o Sa loob ng bahay - Inside the house
1. ABSOLUTE EQUIVALENTS (names, o Ang aso sa bakuran - The dog in the fence
terminology, cliches) - pairs of language units o Went to market – Pumunta sa palengke
 ❖ Sentence Translation
o Romar courted Charmie under the bridge. – 3. Word for Word Translation – a form of literal
Niligawan ni Romar si Charmie sa ilalim ng tulay. translation which seeks to match the individual words of
o Naihalal na Presidente ng republika si Neil. - Neil the original as closely as possible to individual words of
was elected new President of the republic. the target language.

❖ Paragraph Translation 4. Loan Translation - borrowing the meaning parts of a

❖ Text Translation source word and directly translating them to the target
❖ Intertextual Translation. language, instead of using a native term from the target
language. Loan words are also known as CALQUES.
2.) According to the aim of translation, translation can
be: Example:
● Literal Translation
● Summative Translation, when the main ideas are The cook is very handsome. ST
rendered in the translated version Ang tagapagluto ay napagakandang lalaki. TT
● Abstract/Adnotare, not more than a paragraph Ang kusinero ay napakagwapo. LT
(sometimes not more than 6-7 sentences).
The child is playing on the street. ST
3.) According to tasks and objectives of translation, Ang bata ay naglalaro sa daan. TT
translation can be: Ang bata ay naglalaro sa kalye. LT
● Literary Translation
● Informative Translation 5. Idiomatic Translation - where the meaning of the
● Semantic Translation original is translated into forms which most
accurately and naturally preserve the meaning of the
4.) According to number of translators, translation can original forms.
be:
● Individual Translation Example:
● Committee Translation
Ang aking anak ay may bungang araw. ST
My child has fruit of the sun. TT
KINDS OF TRANSLATION ACCORDING TO My child has prickly heat. IT
SAPPA
1. Interlinear Translation - presents each line of
the source text with a line directly beneath it giving a Ang aking kaklase ay buto’t balat. ST
word by word literal translation in a target language My classmate is bones and skin. TT
My classmate is malnourished. IT
Example: My classmate is thin. IT
● Whan that Aprill with his shouressoote
When April with its sweet-smelling showers
6. Dynamic Translation - the original meaning is
● The droghte of March hath perced to the roote communicated naturally in it, as well as accurately.
Has pierced the drought of March to the root, A dynamic translation pays careful attention to the
● And bathed every veyne in swichlicour natural features of the target language. A dynamic
And bathed every vein (of the plants) in such liquid translation attempts to speak in the language of the
● Of which vertuengendred is the flour average fluent speaker of the language.
By which power the flower is created;
● WhanZephirus eek with his sweetebreeth 7. Vernacular Translation - Translation into the
When the West Wind also with its sweet breath, everyday language of people, as distinguished from
a literary dialect of their language or some other
2. Literal Translation - forms of the original are dialect or language of education or social prestige.
retained as much as possible, even if those forms are not
the most natural forms to preserve the original meaning.
8. Thought-for-Thought Translation
Example:
● Do not put words into my mouth – Huwag kang Example:
maglagay ng mga salita saaking bibig.
● Mayroong patay na ibon - Have dead bird
Mamatay akong hindi man lamang nasisilayan ang
makulay na pagsapit ng bukang liwayway. Kayong mga
makakakita, batiin ninyo siya at „wag kalimutan ang
mga bayaning nasadlak sa dilim ng hating gabi. –
ELIAS

I will die without even seeing the crimson dawn break.

For all of you who will be witnesses of the risen sun,
embrace and treasure the light of freedom and do not
forget the heroes who have sacrificed their lives for it.