COMMUNICATION

UNIT-IV COMMUNICATION
 Communication: Meaning, types and
characteristics of communication.
 Effective communication: Verbal and Non-
verbal, Inter-Cultural and group
communications, Classroom communication.
 Barriers to effective communication.
 Mass-Media and Society.
 How to Prepare this Unit
• 1. Easy Unit & Need less time to prepare
• 2.This unit can give you full marks.
• 3. Terminology
• 4. Solve MCQ’s For each topic.
• 5.Proper Revision.
• 6. Use Google & other books.
• 7. After completing all topics solve all the questions
from previous year paper.
Basic Terms
 Proxemics
• 1.5ft ,45 cm= intimate space – family
• 4 ft,1.2m= personal Space – friends
• 12ft,3.7 m= Social Space
• 25ft,7.6 m= public space
 Basic Terms
• Surveillance :-
• Primarily function to provide information about
process, issues or event.
• Convergence :-
• (merging ) combining together of computing ,
telecommunication & media in a digital
environment.
 Basic Terms
• Synchronous media :- live telecast
• Asynchronous media :- Recorded
• Time Shift :- Recording on real time by
audience to watch later .
 Haptics
• Study of touch.
• Handshake
• Shaking hands
• Holding hands
• Pat on the back
 Brainstorming
 It is a group creativity technique by which
efforts are made to find a conclusion for a
specific problem by gathering a list of ideas
spontaneously contributed by its members.
 Brainstorming is a method design teams use
to generate ideas to solve clearly defined
design problems.
 Communication apprehension
• Fear or anxiety associated with real or
anticipated communication with others.
 Communication Competence
• Frankly speaking.
• Communication competence is the
effectiveness and appropriateness with which
individuals use communication skills in a
specific context like the workplace.
 Chronemics
• Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal
communication.
• 1). Monochronic :-which is doing one thing at precise
time, the set time, or agreed time.
• For instance, every worker has break time, smoke
time, lunch time .
• 2). Polychronic :- is doing more than one thing at a
time. For instance driving, eating, and singing;
receiving phone call and making notes.
 Kinesics
• Kinesic communication is the technical term
for body language, i.e., communicating by body
movement.
• Kinesics or kinesic communication is all about
communication through body movements, such
as gestures and facial expressions.
• Gestures, facial expressions, body language, eye
contact (kinesics)
 Proximcs
• Proxemics is the study of space &distance
between individual when they are
communicating.
• The study of personal space is called
proxemics.
 Emblems
• Gestures that serve the same function as a word are called
emblems.
• For example, the signals that mean 'OK', 'Come here!', or
the hand movement used when hitch-hiking.
• However, be aware that whilst some emblems are
internationally recognised, others may need to be
interpreted in their cultural context.
•
 Paralanguage
• Paralanguage is nonverbal communication
such as your tone, pitch or manner of
speaking.
 Plagiarism
• Use of another person information , language
or ideas without citing the originator and
making it appear that user is the originator.
 Rumors
• Information with little basis in fact ,often
transmitted through informal channel
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
Communication is as old as man himself.
without communication we can not live and
work together in an organised way.
Communication is the process we exchange
meanings , facts , ideas , opinions or emotions
with other people.
 ORIGIN OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION’ has been derived from the
Latin word ‘COMMUNIS’ Which means
‘common’ or ‘Communicare’ in this way
COMMUNICATION means sharing thoughts,
information & intelligence among two or more
than two people .
The word communication comes the
word Communicare :-
• A).latin
• B).Greek
• C).French
• D).Roman
 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication means sharing of information
Communication is the giving and receiving of
messages .
Communication is the transfer of information
from one or more people to one or more
other people .
FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION
FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION
TWO OR MORE EXCHANGE OF MUTUAL
PEOPLE. IDEA. UNDERSTANDING.

DIRECT AND
CONTINUOS
INDIRECT
PROCESS.
COMMUNICATION.
 FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication Information
may be Formal sharing & Goal oriented.
or informal. Understanding.

Develop
Social process
relationship.
FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION

Communication Communication
Universal may be vertical, may be
process horizontal or written,oral or
diagonal. gesture.
Models of Communication
 Types of Communication Model
• Aristotle Model of Communication
• Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication
• Berlo's Model of Communication
• Thill & Bovee model
• Murphy’ s model of communication
 (1) Aristotle’s Model:
• This is the first model of communication .
• Aristotle, a great Greek philosopher initiative the
earliest mass communication model called
“Aristotle’s Model of Communication”.
• Born in Stagria , Northren Greece.
• He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great
(sikander in india).
 (1) Aristotle’s Model:
• The importance of audience role in
communication chain in his communication
model.
• This model is more focused on public speaking
than interpersonal communication.
 (1) Aristotle’s Model:
• Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with
5 basic elements
• (i) Speaker,
• (ii) Speech,
• (iii) Occasion,
• (iv) Audience and
• (v) Effect.
 (1) Aristotle’s Model:
• Speaker- Speech-Audience

• According to this model, “the person

addressed” is most important in shaping the
message.
 (1) Aristotle’s Model:
• Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for
different audience on different time (occasion)
and for different effects.
(1) Aristotle’s Model:
 (1) Aristotle’s Model:
• Speaker plays an important role in Public
speaking.
• The speaker must prepare his speech and
analysis audience needs before he enters into
the stage.
• His words should influence in audience mind
and persuade their thoughts towards him.
 (1) Aristotle’s Model:
• Example:
• Alexander gave brave speech to his soldiers in the war
field to defeat Persian Empire.
• Speaker – Alexander
• Speech – about his invasion
• Occasion – War field
• Audience – Soldiers
• Effect – To defeat Persia
Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication
• Shannon and Weaver model is the most
popular model of communication and is
widely accepted all over the world.
• The Shannon–Weaver model of
communication has been called the "mother
of all models.
Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication
• Shannon was an American mathematician,
Electronic engineer and Weaver was an American
scientist
• both of them join together to write an article in
“Bell System Technical Journal”
• called “A Mathematical Theory of
Communication” and also called as “Shannon-
Weaver model of communication”.
Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication
• This model is specially designed to develop
the effective communication between sender
and receiver.
• Also they find factors which affecting the
communication process called “Noise”.
Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication
• At first the model was developed to improve
the Technical communication.
• Later it’s widely applied in the field of
Communication.
Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication
• The model deals with various concepts like
Information source, transmitter, Noise,
channel, message, receiver, channel,
information destination, encode and decode.
Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication
 Murphy’s Model:
• This model was formulated by H. A. Murphy with his
colleagues.
• Communication process goes on from context to
feedback. The main component of this model can be
described as follows :
• Context-Sender-Message-medium-Recover-Feedback
• Feedback can be received in verbal or non-verbal form.
 Murphy’s Model:
•
 Thrill and Bovver Model:
• This model states that communication process
starts from the generation of idea and up to
Reaction.
• When an idea emerges in the mind of some body,
it changes into message.
• Then, it is sent to the receiver, who analyze it
• and sends his reaction to sender in the form of
feedback.
 David Berol’s SMCR Model:
• In 1960, David Berlo postulated
• Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver
(SMCR) model of communication
• from
• Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949).
 David Berlo’s SMCR Model:
• This model illustrates the four basic concepts -
• S - Stands for Source
• M - Message
• C - Channel
• R - Receiver
 David Berol’s SMCR Model:
• The model also focuses on encoding and
decoding which happens before sender sends
the message and before receiver receives the
message respectively.
David Berol’s SMCR Model:
 Types of communication
• 1. Classification on the Basis of Relationship
Element.
• 2. Classification Based on Purpose & Style .
• 3. Classification Based on Pattern.
• 4. Classification Based on Channel.
• 5. Classification on the Basis of Direction.
Classification on the Basis of
Relationship Element
1. Intrapersonal Communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
3. Group Communication
4. Mass Communication
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Communication
• The communication that we have with ourselves,
i.e. the communication that occurs in our mind, is
known as intrapersonal communication.
• The communication between two or more
person, through verbal or non-verbal messages,
is called interpersonal (Dyadic )communication.
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Communication
• The intrapersonal communication is the
communication with oneself, and so only one
person is involved in it. For ex:- Muttering ‘oh my
God’, ‘oh no ‘(when in trouble ),wow & Thank god
, praying to God.
• On the contrary, interpersonal communication is
always between two or more persons.
Group &Mass Communication
 Group &Mass Communication
• Group communication more than two individuals are
involved, it is called group communication.
• Groups such as families, work teams, friendship circles,
committees, and teams are some examples.
• Mass communication transfer of a message or
information to a large audience. For e.g. –television,
radio, Newspaper, websites, blogs, and social media
are mass communication channels .
 Group &Mass Communication
• Group communication is communication among three
or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal.
• Mass communication when it is transmitted to many
people through print or electronic media. Print media
• such as newspapers and magazines continue to be an
important channel for mass communication.
Classification Based on Purpose &
Style .
1. Formal Communication
2. Informal Communication
 FORMAL COMMUNICATION.
MEANING
It refers to the communication within an
organisation that is officially sanctioned.
FORMAL COMMUNICATION’
Refers to interchange of information officially.
This is also known as ‘ THROUGH PROPER
CHANNEL COMMUNICATION’.
 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION.
 Informal communication refers to interchange of
information unofficially.
 This communication is based on informal
relations ( like friendship, membership of the
same club )
 This is free from all the organisational
formalities.

 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION.
 Informal communication is also called
GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION.
 Because there is no definite channel of
communication.
 Under it some information passes through many
individuals and covers a long distance making its
origin obscure. Where it is difficult to find the
beginning and the end.
Classification Based on Pattern.
1. One-way Communication
2. Two-way Communication
3. Many to one communication
4. One- to- one communication
5. One- to- many communication
Classification Based on Channel.
1. Verbal Communication
A). Oral Communication
B). Written Communication
Mnemonics – memory device
2. Non- verbal Communication
A). Appearance
B).Body Language
C). Sound
Types of verbal communication

(i) Oral (ii)Written

communication communication
Classification Based on Channel.
• In Verbal Communication ,remember this
acronym KISS (KEEP IT SHORT &SIMPLE).
• a). Oral Communication :- Lectures , meeting.
• b). Written Communication:- Circulars,
Newsletters, Posters/Bulletin boards.
Classification Based on Channel.
• Mnemonics :- Are memory device that help
learners recall larger pieces of information.
• •VIBGYOR (Violet–Indigo–Blue–Green–
Yellow–Orange–Red)
• •is a popular mnemonic device used for
memorizing .
Verbal vs. Non –Verbal communication
NON-VERBAL
BASIS FOR COMPARISON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Meaning The communication in The communication that
which the sender uses takes place between
words to transmit the sender and receiver with
message to the receiver is the use of signs is known as
known as verbal non-verbal communication.
communication.
Verbal vs. Non –Verbal communication
NON-VERBAL
BASIS FOR COMPARISON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Types Formal and Informal Chronemics, Haptics,
Kinesics, Proxemics .
Verbal vs. Non –Verbal communication
NON-VERBAL
BASIS FOR COMPARISON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Time Consuming No Yes

Chances of transmission of Rarely happens. Happens most of the time.

wrong message
Verbal vs. Non –Verbal communication
NON-VERBAL
BASIS FOR COMPARISON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Documentary Evidence Yes, in case of written No
communication.
Verbal vs. Non –Verbal communication
NON-VERBAL
BASIS FOR COMPARISON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Advantage The Message can be clearly Helpful in understanding
understood and immediate emotions, status, lifestyle
feedback is possible. and feelings of the sender.
Verbal vs. Non –Verbal communication
NON-VERBAL
BASIS FOR COMPARISON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Presence The message can be The personal presence of
transmitted through letters, both the parties to
phone calls, etc. so the communication is a must.
personal presence of the
parties, doesn't make any
change.
Types of non verbal communication

Sign language Para language

Pace
Body language
language/
/kinesics
proxemics
Elements of Personal Communication
• Albert Mehrabian’s 7-38-55 Rule of Personal
Communication
• 7% spoken words
• 38% voice , tone
• 55% Body language
Elements of Personal Communication
Classification on the Basis of
Direction.
1. Vertical Communication
2. Lateral or Horizontal Communication
3. Diagonal Communication
Classroom communication Process
• COLE & CHAN MODEL :-
1. Formulation of message.
2. Message Encoding.
3. Message transmission.
4. Message decoding & interpretation.
5. Feedback & evaluation
Classroom communication Process
• COLE & CHAN MODEL :-
• Formulation of message :-
1. All communication starts with in an idea or a
message that is to be transmitted to the target
audience.(lecture given)
Effective communication depends on the
communication skills , knoweldge etc.
Classroom communication Process
• COLE & CHAN MODEL :-
• Message Encoding:-
1. Encoding involves converting an idea into a
form that can be transmitted to receiver.(slides /
written notes)
2. For e.g- an illiterate receiver may fail to
understand a written message but can be
understand it well if told orally.
Classroom communication Process
• COLE & CHAN MODEL :-
• Message Transmission:-
• Sender select an appropriate channel or mode
of presentation. (Teaching)
Classroom communication Process
• COLE & CHAN MODEL :-
• Message decoding & interpretation :-
• Receiver(learner) understand the message
• Decoding is interpretation of the message by
the receiver.
Classroom communication Process
• COLE & CHAN MODEL :-
• Feedback & Evaluation:-
• Feedback is the response or
acknowledgement of the receiver to the
communicator message.
Principles of effective classroom
Communication
• Helps by Teacher in communication:-
• 1.Principles for Teacher.
• (understand learner………….)
• 2.Principles for message design.
• (clear , proper , specified…………)
• 3.Principles of Selection of instructional methods.(use good quality
media)
• 4.Principles for creating conducive learning Environment.
• (classes should not be overcrowded , proper sitting arrangement )
 7 C’S OF COMMUNICATION
The 7 C’s of Communication is a checklist
that helps to improve the professional
communication skills and increases the
chance that the message will be
understood in exactly the same way as it
was intended.
7 C’S OF COMMUNICATION
 FOUR S’S OF COMMUNICATION:
Four terms starting with letter S, which add to
the value of the message in Communication
Sincerity
Simplicity
Shortness
Strength
Barrier to effective communication
 BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
• Communication is not always successful.
Certain barriers in communication affect the
clarity, accuracy and effectiveness of the
message.
• Reduce the Effectiveness of Communication.
 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Linguistic Barriers

Psychological Barriers

Emotional Barriers

Physical Barriers

Cultural Barriers
 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Organisational Structure Barriers

Attitude Barriers

Perception Barriers

Physiological Barriers

Technological barriers

Socio-religious barriers
 ORGANISATIONAL BARRIER
• 1.Organizational Barriers :-
• About all the perspective of organization.
• 1.Organizational Barriers :-
• 1.Poor organisational culture & climate
• 2.Strict rules & Regulation
• 3.Inadequate facilities & opportunity.
• 4.Physical distance between employess.
• 5.Lack of cooperation between Senior &Subordinates.
 Interpersonal Barriers :-
• Lack of trust
• Lack of knowledge of non verbal communication
• Fear of losing power of control
• Wish to capture authority
• Lack of motivation
• Poor relationship
 Physical Barriers :-
• ( Environmental……………..)
• Are often due to the Nature of Environment.
• Includes internal & external environment like –
• •staff shortage,
• •background noise,
• •poor lighting,
• •outdated equipment,
• •traffic noise,
• •Sleeplessness,
• •ill health,
• •high temperature etc.
Psychological Barriers :-
 Psychological Barriers :-
• 1.Selective perception
• 2.Defensiveness and fear
• 3.Congnitive Dissonance :-focus on one thing
at a time.
• 4.Halo effect:- overall personality judge
through single features.
 Linguistic & Cultural Barriers :-
• ( language &
• culture difference……………..)
• 1.Semantic Barriers.:-Different meaning to
one specific message.
• 2.High context & low context cultures.
• 3.Cross-Cultural Communication.
 SEMANTIC BARRIES
• Study of Sound or voice.
• Language related Barrier.
• Ex.-Wait / weight
 SEMANTIC BARRIES
BADLY EXPRESSED MESSAGE SYMBOLS

TECHNICAL JARGON

FAULTY TRANSLATION UNCLARIFIED ASSUMPTION

 High & low context Cultural
• •Implicit communication focuses on the
ambiguous areas of gestures, vocal tones and
actions, “implied or understood though not
plainly or directly expressed.”
• • while explicit communication deals with what
a person writes or says directly. it is cleared
stated and spelled out and there is no room for
confusion.
 Barriers of Communication:-
• Mechanical Barrier :-( Culture , language ,
impersonal Relationship)
• listening Barriers :-
• A little listening is also dangerous
• Channel Barriers :-Wrong choice of channel is
one of the main barriers to communication
MEASURES TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS

Communicate
Clarify Ideas Consult others
According to
before before
the Need of the
Communication communication
Receiver
MEASURES TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS

Be Aware of
Communicate Convey Things
Language,
According to of Help and
Tone and
the Need of Value to the
Content of
the Receiver Listener
Message
MEASURES TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS

Ensure
Consistency Be a Good
Proper
in message Listener
Feedback
Mass Media and Society
 What is Mass Media ?
• Mass Media:
• This includes all the tools of media that are
used to communicate with the masses on the
whole.
• Mass Media is a medium to communicate the
large masses whether oral, written or through
broadcast to a larger audience.
 What is Mass Media
• These media include the
• internet,
• books,
• magazines,
• television, radio ,YouTube, Newspapers and so
on.
 What is Mass Communication ?
• Mass communication :-
• Mass communication is, the information that
is exchanged via these media. It is the process
through which communication is made
through the masses.
• Means exchanging of information on a large
scale to a wide range of people.
 What is Mass Communication?
• Mass Communication is the study of how people
exchange their information through mass media to
large segment of the population at the same time with
amazing speed.
• Thus, Mass Communication is done through mass
media.
• Example- News (Mass communication) is imparted
through TV/ Newspaper/ Internet /You Tube (Mass
media).
 Functions of Mass Communications
• Information and Education
• Mass Media carry a lot of information which
are essential for day to day life.
• We get Examination results , weather forecast
, current affairs , govt. policies etc.
Functions of Mass Communications
 Functions of Mass Communications
• Mass media assists formal education System.
• Vyas Higher Education Channel is dedicated to the
students studying their degree courses in universities
and colleges .
• Darsg Gyan Darshan 1 is a state owned television
channel telecasting from Doordarshan, Kendra,
IGNOU.
• Gyan Vani is an educational FM radio station in several
cities of India.
 Functions of Mass Communications
• Cultural Transmission and Influencing
Societal Norms
• The media serve as transmitters of cultural
messages . (Western)
 Functions of Mass Communications
• Entertainment
• Media also play a very important role to
entertains.
• Help to break the monotony of our hectic ,
Stressfull life..
• Divert our attention from the trouble & tension.
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