School of Information Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Physics

EE212
Operational Amplifiers
Lab 8
Bryan Aftaab Prasad s11170884
Noa Saula s11112442

Aim
The main objective of this lab is to get familiarized in the operation of an op-
amp operating as a non-inverting amplifier, an inverting and averaging
amplifier and as an integrator.

Introduction

Operational amplifiers (op-amp) are linear devices that have all the
properties needed for almost an ideal DC amplification and that’s the reason
they are used greatly in filtering, signal conditioning and to perform
mathematical operations like add, subtract, differentiation and integration
[1]. An operational amplifier is most importantly a device for voltage
amplification designed with external feedback components like capacitors
and resistors placed in between the inputs and output terminals. The
feedback components are used to figure out the function or operation of the
amplifier and depending on the feedback configuration whether capacitance,
resistance or both since it performs so many different tasks, it is named the
operational amplifier. An op-amp is basically a three terminal electronic
device that uses two inputs of high impedance, one is the inverting (-) and
the other is the noninverting (+) and the third terminal is the output port,
where the signal is amplified by some gain[2]. The output port can either
sink or source a voltage or current. The output signal of a operational
amplifier is the amplification factor, it is called the gain of the amplifier
multiplied by the input signal value.
Instruments
This lab required the use of all the electronic equipment’s that can be found
at any workbench such as a multimeter, an oscilloscope, a signal generator
and a power supply. Alongside these equipment’s, some components were
also provided such as the resistors (1 x 10kΩ, 1 x 1kΩ), capacitor (1 x 0.1µF),
an Op-amp (1 x LM741) and last but not the least, a computer that has
circuit maker installed on it.

Methodology
Part 1- Non-Inverting Amplifiers
The circuit shown below was connected on the circuit maker in order to see
how an op-amp is used as a non-inverting amplifier

The input and the output curves were then sketched and the closed-loop for
the non-inverting gain was then determined and placed in the results. The
non-inverting closed-loop gain was then calculated and the two values were
then compared.

Part 2- Inverting Amplifier

The
same step
was then
done here whereby the input and output curves were both sketched and at
the same time the close-loop inverting gain was being determined. The
closed-loop inverting gain was then calculated as learnt during the lectures.
The values of both calculated and the determined value was then compared
and the results were placed in the results.

Part 3- Averaging Amplifiers

The values of the input voltages were as; VIN1=5V, VIN2=5V, VIN3=12V.
Alongside these input voltages were the input resistors which all had the
values of 1kΩ. The value of Rf was then determined in order to obtain the
averaging amplifier. The values for the calculated and the simulation were
then compared and placed in the results.

Part 4- Op-Amp Integrator

The output waveform of the op-amp integrator was then sketched and at the
same time, the output waveform was calculated to find the value of the
output waveform. The two values of both the calculated and the simulation
were then compared.
Results
Part 1

Input wave form

Output waveform
Rf 10 k Ω
Acl ( ¿ )=1+ ¿ 1+ ¿ 11
Ri 1k Ω

Part 2

Input waveform

Output waveform

−Rf 10 k Ω
Acl (I )= ¿− ¿−10
Ri 1k Ω

Part 3
Input waveform
Output waveform

Rf 1 1
= =
R n 3

−R f 1
V out = ( V ¿ 1+ V ¿2 +V ¿3 ) ¿− 3 ( 5+5+12 ) ¿−7.33
R

−R f 7.33
−7.33= ( 22 V ) R f = ( 1 k Ω ) ¿ 333.181 Ω ¿ 333 Ω
(1 k Ω) 22

Part 4

Input waveform

Output waveform

ΔV out −V ¿ 100 mV
= ¿− ¿ 1000
Δt RiC ( 1 x 10 k Ω ) ( 0.1 μF )

V out =( 1000 ) ( 100 ×10−3 ) ¿ 100 V

Discussion
The first part of the lab required the use of a non-inverting amplifier. In
simple terms, once the op-amp is being connected in a closed-loop,
automatically this circuit will be known as a non-inverting amplifier. The
input is being supplied to the non-inverting side, whereas the output is
being connected back to the inverting input side. The out put is being
connected through a feedback circuit which consists of Rf and Ri. The whole
purpose of this feedback resistors is to create a negative flowback. The Rf
and Ri plays an important role whereby the resistors act as a voltage divider
circuit. This voltage divider circuit will minimize the signal voltage output
and connect it back to the inverting input. The calculated closed-loop gain
value was 11. The value is the same value of the output given by the circuit
maker.
The second part of the lab deals with the inverting amplifier. The calculated
value for the closed-loop inverting gain was found to be -10. The calculated
value has the same value of the circuit maker. The input signal is being
applied through a resistor to the inverting input. The output is then
connected through another resistor and back to the inverting input. The
non-inverting input is connected directly to ground. The point where the
Vout is being connected back to the inverting input will act as virtual
ground, meaning there will be a zero current that goes through the input
impedance. At the same time there will be no voltage drop between the two
inputs.
The third input basically deals with an averaging amplifier, whereby the
three inputs along with the input resistors are being provided. The value of
Rf which was unknown was calculated and the value came up to 333Ω. In
order to obtain that value, the Vout first needed to be calculated, whereby
the value came up to -7.33V. The circuit was then simulated on circuit
maker and the value of the output was the same as of the calculated value.
The last part of the lab was based on the op-amp integrator. The Vout had
the same output as of the capacitors negative side. It was noticed that when
a positive signal voltage was supplied in a pulse form, the output would
always be in a decreasing ramp only and unless the op-amp changes state
to saturate at the most negative level.

Conclusion
To conclude, the purpose of this lab was achieved and this was to fully
understand the op-amp and its various usage as a noninverting, averaging
amplifier and as an integrator.

Reference
Floyd_ElectronicDevices_9th_Edition (Week_9_lecture_2-Week_10_lecture_3)
Appendix
Part 1
Input wave form

Output waveform

Part 2
Input waveform

Output waveform

Part 3

Input waveform
Output waveform

Part 4

Input waveform
Output waveform