Engineering Utilities 2

ELECTRICAL
SYMBOLS REPORTERS
Asia, Jemuel
Bejer, John Gerard
Colot, Angelo
Reyes, Randel Shen
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WIRES
JEM

Wires- Represents a conductor that conducts electrical current. Also called a

power line or electric line or wire.

Connected Wires - Represents the connection of two conductors. Dot shows

the junction point

Unconnected Wires - Represents two unconnected wires/conductors

Input Bus Line - Represents a bus for input or incoming data

Output Bus Line - Represents a bus for output or outgoing data.

Terminal - Represents start or end point

Bus Line - Represents a number of conductors joined together to form a bus

wire.
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JEM
SWITCHES
Push Button (Normally Open) --This switch is in ON state when the button is
pressed otherwise it is in OFF state.
Push Button (Normally Closed) - This switch is initially in ON state. This goes
to OFF state when it is released.
SPST Switch - Single pole single throw is abbreviated as SPST. This acts as
ON/OFF switch. Poles define the number of circuits it can be connected to
and throws defines the number of positions that a pole connects
SPDT Switch - Single pole double throw is abbreviated as SPDT. This switch
allows the current to flow in any one of the two directions by adjusting its
position.
DPST Switch - Double pole single throw is abbreviated as DPST. This switch
can drive two circuits at a time.
DPDT Switch - Double pole double throw is the full form of DPDT. This can
connect the four circuits by changing the position.
Relay Switch - This represents the relay switch. This can control the AC Loads
using the DC voltage applied to the coil.
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JEM
SOURCES
AC Supply - This represents AC supply in the circuit.

DC Supply - This represents the DC power supply. It applies DC supply to the circuit.

Constant Current Source - The symbol represents an independent current source which
delivers constant current.

Controlled current Source - It is a dependent current source. Usually depends on other

sources (voltage or current).

Controlled Voltage Source - It is a dependent current source. Usually depends on other

sources (voltage or current).

Single Cell Battery - This provides supply to the circuit.

Multi Cell Battery - Combination of multiple single cell batteries or a single large cell
battery. The voltage is usually higher.
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WAVE JEM

GENERATORS
Sinusoidal Generator - Represents sine wave
generator.

Pulse Generator - Represents pulse or square

wave generator.

Triangular Wave - Represents triangular wave

generator.
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RANDEL

GROUND SYMBOLS
Ground - It is equivalent to theoretical 0V and is
used as zero potential reference. It is the potential
of perfectly conducting earth.

Signal Ground - It is a reference point from which

the signal is measured. There may be several
signal grounds in a circuit due to the voltage
drops in a circuit.

Chassis Ground - It acts as a barrier between user

and the circuit and prevents electric shock.
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RANDEL
RESISTOR SYMBOL
Fixed Resistor - It is a device that opposes the flow of current in a
circuit. These two symbols are used to represent fixed resistor.

VARIABLE RESISTOR
Rheostat - It is a two terminal variable resistor. They are generally
used to control the current in the circuit. Generally used in
tuning circuits and power control applications like heaters, ovens etc.
Preset - It is a mini variable resistor. It is also called Trimmer Resistor or
Trim Pot. The resistance is adjusted with rotary control present on top
of it with the help of a screw driver. They are used to adjust the
sensitivity of the circuit like temperature or light.
Thermistor - It is a temperature sensitive resistor. They are used in
temperature sensing, current limiting circuits, over-current protection
circuits etc.
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VARIABLE RESISTOR RANDEL

Fixed Resistor - It is a device that opposes the flow of current in a circuit.

These two symbols are used to represent fixed resistor.
Magneto Resistor - They are also called as Magnetic Dependent Resistors
(MDR). The resistance of magneto resistor varies according to the external
magnetic field strength. They are used in electronic compass, ferrous material
detection, position sensors etc.
LDR - They are also called as Photo Resistors. The resistance of LDR varies with
the intensity of the light incident on it. They are generally used in light sensing
applications.
Tapped resistor - A wire-wound type fixed resistor with one or more terminals
along its length. Generally used in voltage divider applications.
Attenuator - It is a device used to lower the power of a signal. They are made
from simple voltage dividers and hence can be classified in the family of the
resistors
Memristor - The resistance of memristor is varied according to the direction of
flow of charge. Memristors can be used in signal processing,
logic/computation, non-volatile memory etc.
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CAPACITOR SYMBOLS
Non-Polarized Capacitor - Capacitor stores the charge in the form of
electrical energy. These two symbols are used for non-polarized
capacitor. Non-polarized capacitors are big in size with small
capacitance. They can be used in both AC and DC circuits.
Polarized Capacitor - Polarized capacitors are small in size but have
high capacitance. They are used in DC circuits. They can be used as
filters, for bypassing or passing low frequency signals.
Electrolytic Capacitor - Almost all electrolytic capacitors are polarized
and hence used in DC circuits.
Feed through Capacitor - They provide low impedance path to
ground for high frequency signals.
Variable Capacitor - The capacitance of the variable capacitor can be
adjusted by turning the knob. They are widely used to adjust the
frequency , that is fortuning.
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INDUCTORS RANDEL

Iron Core Inductor - These are used as substitutes to ferrite core

inductors. Ferrite core or Ferromagnetic inductors have high
permeability and require air gap to reduce it. Iron powdered core
inductors have this air gap integrated.

Ferrite Core Inductors - Core material, in this type of inductors

is made of ferrite material. These are mostly used to suppress the
interference of electromagnetic waves.

Center Tapped Inductors - These are used in coupling of signals

Variable Inductors - Movable ferrite magnetic core variable

inductors are most common. The inductance is varied by sliding
the core in or out of the coil.
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DIODES
RANDEL

Pn Junction Diode - A PN junction diode allows the current to

flow only in forward bias condition. These diodes can be used in
clipping and clamping circuits , as rectifiers in dc circuits etc.
Zener Diode - In forward bias condition, it acts as normal diode
and allows current. It also allows current to flow in reverse bias
condition when the voltage reaches a certain break-down point.
Generally used in voltage regulator and over voltage protection
circuits.
Photodiode - Photodiode detects the light energy and converts
it into current or voltage by a mechanism called photoelectric
effect. These are used in CD players , Cameras etc.
Led - Light emitting diode is similar to PN junction diode but
they emit energy in the form of light instead of heat. These are
mostly used in indication and lIghtening applications.
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RARD
DIODES
Varactor Diode - Varactor diode is called varicap or variable
capacitance diode. The capacity ance of this diode varies according
to the applied input voltage. This is used in frequency controlled
oscillators , frequency multipliers etc.
Varactor Diode - is called varicap or variable capacitance diode. The
capacitance of this diode varies according to the applied input
voltage. This is used in frequency controlled oscillators , frequency
multipliers etc..
Shockley Diode - This is a four layer diode. This had fast switching
operation and hence is used in switching applications.
Tunnel Diode - This is also known as Esaki diode.It can switch very
fastly and can perform well in micro wave frequency range. This is
used in oscillator circuits and micro wave circuits.
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RARD

DIODES
Thyristor - It consists of four layers of alternating P and
N materials. They act as bistable switches and are used in
circuits where high voltages and current involved.
Constant Current Diode -Also called as Current
Limiting Diode or Current Regulating Diode. It limits the
current to a specified maximum value.
Laser Doides - The laser diode is similar to light emitting
diode. The active region is formed in intrinsic region in PIN
structure. Laser diodes find its applications in laser
printing, laser scanning etc.Diode
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TRANSISTOR SYMBOL
NPN - It is made of combination of P-type semiconductor between two N-type
semiconductors. It is switched ON when the base-emitter junction is forward
biased. They are commonly used for amplifying and switching applications.
PNP - It is made of combination of N-type semiconductor between two P-type
semiconductors. It is switched ON when the base-emitter junction is reverse
biased. These are used for amplifying and switching applications.

JFET
N-channel JFET - is made by n-type silicon bars which form two PN junctions at
the side. Majority charge carriers here are electrons.
P-Channel JFET - is made by p-type silicon bar which forms two PN junctions at
the side. Majority charge carriers here are holes.
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MOSFET RARD

Enhancement MOSFET - he enhancement mode MOSFET has positive gate

operation. It induces negative charges into the n-channel and thus number
of negative charges increases, enhancing the channel conductivity.
Depletion MOSFET - P-Channel JFET is made by p-type silicon bar which
forms two PN junctions at the side. Majority charge carriers here are holes.

TRANSISTOR SYMBOLS
.

Phototransistor - The photo transistor converts the light energy falling on it

to its corresponding electrical energy. This can be used in light sensing
applications. Base is left disconnected as light is used to enable the flow of
current.
Photo Darlington Transistor - is similar to phototransistor with very high
gain and sensitivity.
Darlington Transistor - This configuration produces high current gain. They
are used in power regulators, output stages of audio amplifiers, display
drivers etc.
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LOGIC GATES
And Gate - This is the basic gate and it implements logical
conjunction. The output of the AND gate is high, only if
both the inputs are high otherwise both are low.
Or Gate - The OR gate implements logical disjunction. The
output is high if any one of the inputs is high.
Nand Gate - It is complementing of AND gate. The output
is low only when both the inputs are high, otherwise it is
high.
NOR gate - is a not OR gate. Output of this gate is high, if
both the inputs are Low, otherwise it is High.
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Not Gate - Inverter or NOT gate implements logical

negation. This gate inverts the input
Exor - This gate implements exclusive OR logic. The output
of this gate is high ,if both the inputs are different.
Exnor - This gate implements negation of EXOR logic. The
output of this gate is high, only if the two inputs are
identical.
Buffer - It is an audio signaling device. Generally used in
alarms, timers and for confirmation messages
Tri - State Buffer-Similar to a normal buffer but with a
control signal. In case of active high buffer, it operates
normally only when control signal is 1. In case of active
low buffer, it operates normally only when control signal is
0.
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NELO

LOGIC GATES
Flip flop - is the also a memory element but this is a
synchronous device. The figure below shows the basic D-flip-
flop.
AMPLIFIERS
Basic Amplifier - An amplifier is a device that amplifies a
relatively small input signal i.e. it increases the power of the
signal. They are used in communication systems, audio devices
etc.
Operational Amplifier - Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) is a
voltage amplifier with very high gain. The input is differential.
They are used in instrumentation devices, signal processing,
control systems etc.
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ANTENNA
Antenna - This symbol belongs to Aerial or
Antenna. It converts electrical power into radio
waves. It is used in wireless communication to
transmit or receive the signals.
Loop antenna - is named after its loop like
shape of wire or other electrical conductor. They
are used as receiving antennas in low frequency
range..
Dipole Antenna - It is most widely used antenna.
Generally used in set-top TV, shortwave
transmission and FM receivers.
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TRANSFORMER
Transformer - is the basic element that transfers energy in one circuit to the other
circuit through electromagnetic induction. They are generally used in electric
power applications to increase or decrease the voltage of AC current.
Iron Core - Uses a piece of magnetic material as core. Generally Ferro magnetic
metals like iron are used. The core has high permeability and is used to confine
the magnetic field.
Center Tapped - The center tapped transformer has its secondary winding divided
into two parts with same number of turns in each part. This results in two
individual output voltages across two line ends. Used in rectifier circuits.
Step Up Transformer - The no. of turns in secondary winding is more than that of
primary winding. The output voltage is higher than input voltage. Significantly
used in inverters.
Step Down Transformer - The no. of turns in secondary winding is less than that of
primary winding. The output voltage is lesser than input voltage. It is widely used
in low power applications.
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MISCELLANEOUS
Buzzer - This is sound producing device. This
produces buzz sound when the voltage is applied.
Loud Speaker - This is also an audio device. The
electrical signal is converted into sound signal here.
Light Bulb - The symbol represents the light bulb.
The bulb glows when required voltage is applied.
Motor - This converts the electric energy to
mechanical energy.
Fuse - Symbol represents the fuse that protects the
circuit from over current.
.
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MISCELLANEOUS
Crystal Oscillator - Used to generate clock
signal of very precise frequency.
ADC - Analog to Digital converter is used
convert analog signals (usually voltage) to
digital values.
DAC - Digital to Analog converter is used to
convert digital code to analog signals.
Thermocouple - It is used to measure
temperature.