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EEE 311 Lab Report 3

This document describes an electronics lab experiment involving op-amps. The objectives are to study a voltage follower circuit, a non-inverting amplifier, and an inverting amplifier using op-amps. The equipment used includes op-amps, resistors, an oscilloscope, function generator, power supplies, and a multimeter. Formulas are provided for calculating gain in each circuit. Graphical analysis shows phase differences and gains match theoretical predictions. The discussion covers key points about different op-amp circuits and saturation levels.

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Anik Saha Toni 1912619643
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1K views16 pages

EEE 311 Lab Report 3

This document describes an electronics lab experiment involving op-amps. The objectives are to study a voltage follower circuit, a non-inverting amplifier, and an inverting amplifier using op-amps. The equipment used includes op-amps, resistors, an oscilloscope, function generator, power supplies, and a multimeter. Formulas are provided for calculating gain in each circuit. Graphical analysis shows phase differences and gains match theoretical predictions. The discussion covers key points about different op-amp circuits and saturation levels.

Uploaded by

Anik Saha Toni 1912619643
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 311, ETE 311, CSE 351 lab: Electronics II

Experiment No: 03

Name of the Experiment:


Inverting Amplifier, Non-Inverting Amplifier, and Voltage Follower
Circuits of Op-Amps.
Objectives:
a. To study a voltage follower using Op-Amp.
b. To study the basic operation of a non-inverting amplifier using Op-Amp.
c. To study the basic operation of an inverting amplifier using Op-Amp.

Equipment List:  

Component Details  Specification Quantity

1.  Op-Amp  LM741  1 piece

2.  Resistor  10 kΩ, 100 kΩ  2 pieces, 1 piece

3.  Oscilloscope  1 unit

4.  AC function generator  1 unit

5.  DC Power Supply  3 units

6.  Digital Multimeter  1 unit

7.  Trainer Board  1 unit


Theory:
Inverting Amplifier:

An inverting amplifier known as an inverting operational amplifier or an inverting op-amp is a


type of operational amplifier circuit which produces an output which is out of phase with respect
to its input by 180o. It is called Inverting Amplifier because the op-amp changes the phase angle
of the output signal exactly 180 degrees out of phase with respect to input signal. Same as like
before, we use two external resistors to create feedback circuit and make a closed loop circuit.
The inverting amplifier used for Op amp summing amplifier: Based around the inverting
amplifier circuit with its virtual earth summing point, this circuit is ideal for summing audio
inputs. It is widely used in audio mixer and many other applications where voltages need to be
summed.

In this circuit, there is a voltage at the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp. Call it Vn. By applying
KCL we get:
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 – 𝑉𝑛/ 𝑅𝑓 = 0
By the ideal Op-Amp rules, Vn = Vp (where Vp is the voltage at the non-inverting terminal). In this
circuit, Vn = Vp = 0 V. By replacing Vn with 0 in our KCL equation, we get:
𝑉𝑖𝑛/ 𝑅𝑖𝑛 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑅𝑓 = 0
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑅𝑓 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − ( 𝑅𝑓 /𝑅𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑉𝑖
Non-inverting Amplifier:
An amplifier that produces an amplified signal at the output, having a similar phase as that of the
applied input is known as the non-inverting amplifier. This simply means that for an input signal
with a positive phase, the output will also be positive. The non-inverting amplifier configuration
is one of the most popular and widely used forms of operational amplifier circuit and it is used
in many electronic devices. The op amp non-inverting amplifier circuit provides a high input
impedance along with all the advantages gained from using an operational amplifier.

For the Non-inverting the relation between output and input will be:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 + 𝑅𝑓/ 𝑅𝑖𝑛) 𝑉𝑖𝑛

voltage buffer:

An op-amp voltage buffer mirrors a voltage from a high-impedance input to a low-impedance


output. A voltage buffer, also known as a voltage follower, or a unity gain amplifier, is
an amplifier with a gain of 1. It's one of the simplest possible op-amp circuits with closed-loop
feedback. It produces almost the same output as is applied to its input because its input resistance
is very high. For that it draws negligible current from a signal source.
We know, for a non-inverting amplifier, the equation of gain is:

𝐴 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑉𝑖𝑛

= 1 + 𝑅𝑓/ 𝑅𝑖n

Its also possible to have both inverting and non-inverting voltage follower.

Circuit Diagram:
Circuit 1: Inverting Amplifier Rin=10kΩ And Rf=100kΩ.
Circuit 2: Inverting Amplifier Rin=10kΩ And Rf=10KΩ.

Circuit 3: Inverting Amplifier Rin=10kΩ And Rf=10KΩ. and Dc power supply=2V

Circuit 4: Non-Inverting Amplifier Rin=10kΩ And Rf=10KΩ. AC peak voltage .5v.


Circuit 5: Non-Inverting Amplifier Rin=10kΩ And Rf=10KΩ. Dc power supply 2V.

Circuit 6: voltage Follower circuit Dc power =5v


Circuit 7: voltage Follower circuit using Ac power supply 1Vpk

Results:
3.In Circuit 1 using Oscilloscope: -4.9788v
4.Gain Av= 10.0177
Δθ= 180̊
5.Replacing the Rf =10kΩ
6. from Circuit 2 using Oscilloscope: -499.0577mv
7.Gain Av=1
Δθ= 180̊

3. from Circuit 3 using Oscilloscope: -1.997v


Av=-1.9
Δθ= 0̊

Study of non-inverting amplifier:


3.from Circuit 4 using Oscilloscope: 998.293mv
4. Gain Av=2(theory) practically 1.99
Δθ= 0̊

5. replace the function generator with a dc power supply and set Vin = 2 V
6. from Circuit 5 using Oscilloscope: 4.0026v
7.Gain Av=2
Δθ= 0̊

Study of the voltage follower:


2.from circuit 6 Vout when Vin = +5 V (DC)=5.001v

3.from circuit 7 Vout when Vin = -5 V (DC)=-4.999v


4.Now replace the dc power supply with a function generator.
5. From circuit 8Measure Vout (by Oscilloscope) =Vin. Same output.
And the phase difference =0̊.
Graphical Analysis:
In circuit 1 Graph we see that we have a phase difference of 180̊. Gain is here A v= 10.0177. The
output is here too big so it got saturated. In circuit 2 we can see that they are opposite of each
other. The phase difference is 180̊, here its gain is 1. In circuit 4 we It was Non inverting circuit.
The phase difference is here 0̊. The gain here is almost 2. In circuit 8 We see that the phase
difference here is 0̊. The input and output are same and they are overlapping each other. So, we
can say this are the graphical analysis in these circuit.

Questions:

1. Why is the buffer circuit known as a unity follower?

Ans: A buffer circuit is an amplifier with its gain fixed at a value of 1. In other words, if you put
1 volt in, you get 1 volt out so here is no voltage gain/loss. So, its output follows the input in
unity. we can say that They're known as a unity follower because their gain is usually 1:1 (unity)
and the output follow the input.

2. What are the advantages of closed loop circuits over open loop circuits?

Ans: The closed loop has many advantages over the open loop. One advantage is the fact that the
use of feedback makes the system response relatively insensitive to external disturbances and
internal variations in system parameters such as temperature. Closed loop control systems are
more accurate even in the presence of non-linearities. The sensitivity of the system may be made
small to make the system more stable.
3. Derive the formula of gain for the following circuit:

Here we know that Gain = V0/ Vin

Vin= V0(R1)/ R2 + R1

Vin/V0= R1 / R2+ R1

V0 /Vin = R2 + R1 /R1

V0/ Vin = R2/ R1 + R1/R1

Gain = V0 / Vin = 1 + R2 /R1

4. What is the bandwidth of an ideal op-amp and practical op-amp (LM 741c)?

Ans: An idea amplifier is a device that has some special characteristics such as infinite open-loop
gain AO, infinite input resistance RIN, zero output resistance ROUT, infinite bandwidth 0 to ∞ and
zero offset (the output is exactly zero when the input is zero). The Bandwidth in an Idea
amplifier is infinite but it different in practical op amp. In practical op-amp bandwidth is not
infinite but very large. It depends on the gain bandwidth product of the specific Op-amp like LM
741c.
5. What are the characteristics of an ideal op-amp?

Ans: An idea amplifier is a device that has some special characteristics

1. infinite open-loop gain AO


2. infinite input resistance RIN
3. zero output resistance ROUT,
4. infinite bandwidth 0 to ∞ and zero offset (the output is exactly zero when the input is
zero).

Discussion:

In this experiment we have done 3 experiment with 3 type of op amps. While doing First thing
we must do that remember which type of op amp we use. By knowing that it will be easy for us
to get the output. Cause different type of Op amps has different type of equations and their
circuit diagram also different. The voltage buffer is the different from any other op amps. We get
mirror output from this Op amps. While doing experiment with the inverting and the non-
inverting op amps we need to get the saturation voltage in output. We know that output can get
much amplified but, the actual output cannot exceed its saturation level which is the magnitude
of applied biasing voltage. In the output of Op-amp we expected perfect square wave. But while
doing experiment with the voltage buffer we see that the input and output are overlapping each
other and their values also same.

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