ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1

Senior High School Department Quarter: 3

Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

TARGET
The word ‘design’ has various meanings. But, in relation to the subject concern, it is a
pattern or an outline of research project’s workings. It is the statement of essential elements of a study
that provides basic guidelines of conducting the project. It is same as the blue print of architect’s
work.
The research design is similar to broad plan or model that states how the entire research
project would be conducted. It is desirable that it must be in written form and must be simple and
clearly stated. The real project is carried out as per the research design laid down in advance.
This lesson will help you design on what research design is appropriate and should be used
for your research paper. Furthermore, you are expected to:
a. Choose appropriate qualitative research design CS_RS11Va-c1

Lesson 1 Choosing Appropriate

Qualitative Research Design

DISCOVER
You have learned in the previous module that qualitative research involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. You were also able to
grasp the difference between quantitative and qualitative research and even determined possible
research titles in the different fields of specialization.

This time, you will learn on the different designs used in qualitative research studies. But
before that, let us first define what research design is:

Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a

researcher. The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are suitable for
the subject matter and set up their studies up for success.

If you already have an idea as to what design is applicable in your research, you have to finalize in
mind the following:

1. What is the purpose of your research based on the research design?

2. What are the philosophical bases of your study?
3. What type of data is applicable in your research?
4. What is the method to be used in analyzing your data?
What are the types of Qualitative Research Designs?

a. Ethnography
This is a qualitive method often used in the social sciences particularly in anthropology
and in sociology. It is often employed in gathering data on human society to describe culture
like origin, values and roles in a particular group. Data collection in this type of design is

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 ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department Quarter: 3
Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

done through observation, interview and questionnaires.

b. Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a 20th century philosophical movement dedicated to describing the
structure of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without resource to
theory and assumptions from other disciplines. It focuses on the lived experience for several
individuals. Its purpose is to rigorously understand the phenomenon by systematic
examination and describe the essence of lived experience.

c. Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is an inductive technique developed for health-related topics by
Glaser and Strauss. It emerged from the discipline of sociology. The term grounded means
that the theory developed from the research has its roots from the data where it was derived.

d. Historical Research
This refers to the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past
occurrence in order to test the hypothesis concerning causes, effects that help to explain
present events and anticipate future events. Its purpose is to make people aware of what has
happened in the past to learn of pasts failures and successes; to learn how things were done
in the past to see if such are applicable for the present; to understand education practices and
policies and to test hypothesis concerning relationships or trends.

e. Case Study
This research design is a useful tool for investigating trends and scientific situations in
many scientific disciplines especially social sciences, psychology, anthropology, and
ecology. This method of study is useful for trying to test theoretical models by using them in
real world situations. It is an exploration of a bounded system or a case over time through
detailed data collection involving multiple sources of information within a context. Data
collection strategies involve observations, interviews, documents, archival records and
participant observation.

EXPLORE

Directions: Determine the appropriate research design based on the following research topics. Write
your answers in the blank provided before each number.
1. Cultural practices of the Ilocanos of La Union.
2. Success story of an entrepreneur
3. The way of life of the Mangyans, their folkways and mores
4. Fears and anxieties of teenagers
5. Agriculture of the pre-historic period

Lesson 2 Sampling Procedure and

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 ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department Quarter: 3
Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

Sample

TARGET
In the previous lesson, you were able to learn on the different research designs that could be
used in conducting a qualitative research study. This time, you will have a wider view of how samples
are determined in this type of research. Bear in mind that in qualitative research, a sample is a smaller
set of cases a researcher selects from a large group and generalizes the population.
Furthermore, experts say that a sample appropriate to the research questions and theoretical
aims are needed to fully analyze the topic and answer the questions in the study. Hence, at the end of
this lesson, you are expected to:
a. Describe sampling procedure and sample CS_RS11Va-c2

DISCOVER

To understand further this lesson, the first thing to do is to be well versed of the
difference between Population and Sample:

Population, Sample and Sampling

The population refers to the totality of objects, elements,
person and characteristics under a given condition. In
other words, population refers to the entire group that
you want to draw conclusions about.
On the other hand, sample is the specific group that you
will collect data from which also refers as the subset in a
population.
Sampling in contrary is the process of technique of
choosing a sample from a population to participate in
the study.
Qualitative Sampling
In qualitative research, the goal of sampling is to get a representative sample size
from a population to study and create accurate generalizations based on the data that will be
gathered. The researcher should remember that there are no fast and hard rules in
determining the sample size. The characteristics and objectives of the study will determine
how many individuals should be selected. You continue to sample until you are not getting
new information or are no longer getting new insights also known as the concept of
saturation. However, there are also other guidelines recommended in determining the
number of respondents:
Proponent Research Design Suggested Respondent
Morse (1994) Ethnography 30-50 participants
Morse (1994) Grounded Theory 30-50 interviews
Creswell (1998) Phenomenological 5-25 participants
These recommendations can help a researcher estimate how many participants they
will need, but ultimately, the required number of participants should depend when saturation

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 ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department Quarter: 3
Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

is reached.
Sampling is done to collect cases, events, or actions that will clarify and deepen
understanding. There is a need to think carefully as to what sampling procedure should be
used by the researcher to come up with a sound study. The following are Non-probability
Sampling procedures that are commonly used in qualitative research:

A. Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling is defined as a method adopted by researchers where data is
collected from a conveniently available pool of respondents. It is the most commonly used
sampling technique as it’s incredibly prompt, uncomplicated, and economical. In many
cases, members are readily approachable to be a part of the sample.

B. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is defined as a non-probability sampling method in which
researchers create a sample involving individuals that represent a population. Researchers
choose these individuals according to specific traits or qualities. These samples can be
generalized to the entire population. The final subset will be decided only according to the
interviewer’s or researcher’s knowledge of the population.

C. Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling is defined as a nonprobability
sampling technique in which the samples have traits that are rare to find. This is a sampling
technique, in which existing subjects provide referrals to recruit samples required for a
research study.

GAUGE
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers
in a separate sheet.

1. Which of the following is considered as the framework of a research

paper?
A. Sample B. Research Design
C. Population D. Methodology

2. What type of research design is oftentimes used in sociology and

anthropology?
A. Ethnography B. Case Study
C. Phenomenology D. Historical Research

3. What research design should be used if you want to study the experiences
of people?
A. Ethnography B. Case Study
C. Phenomenology D. Historical Research

4. Which of the following refers to the systematic collection and objective

evaluation of data related to past occurrence in order to test the hypothesis
concerning?
A. Ethnography B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

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 ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department Quarter: 3
Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

5. Which of the following research designs refers to an inductive technique

developed for health-related topics that emerged to the discipline of sociology?
A. Grounded Theory B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

6. What research design should be used if you want to learn from the past to
see if their practices before are applicable to the present?
A. Grounded Theory B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

7. If a researcher would like to study the way of life of the Ilocanos, their
folkways and mores, what research design would he most likely to use?
A. Ethnography B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

8. What research design requires the researcher’s personal participation as

part of the research study?
A. Ethnography B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study D. Historical Research

9. Which statement describes the sample in a population?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the
subset in a population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given
condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to
participate in the study
D. None of these

10. Which of the following correctly defines a population?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the
subset in a population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given
condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to
participate in the study
D. None of these

11. Which of these correctly defines sampling in qualitative research?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the
subset in a population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given
condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to
participate in the study
D. None of these

12. What most likely should a researcher do if he/she already reached

saturation of data and no longer getting new information?
A. Have more respondents to have more data
B. Look for more respondents in other places to compare the gathered data

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 ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department Quarter: 3
Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

C. Stop having additional respondents for he had already gathered the

required data from the research
D. None of these

13. In a research study, a participant/informant refers the researcher to a

known respondent. What type of sampling procedure is employed?
A. Quota Sampling B. Purposive Sampling
C. Snowball Sampling D. Convenient
Sampling

14. If a researcher takes respondents that are of his ease, what type of
sampling technique is done?
A. Quota Sampling B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling D. Convenient
Sampling

15. Which type of sampling procedure is being described in the statement

below? “A non-probability sampling method in which researchers create a
sample involving individuals that represent a population.”
A. Quota Sampling B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling D. Convenient
Sampling

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet.

1. Which of the following is considered as the framework of a research paper?

A. Sample
B. Research Design
C. Population
D. Methodology

2. What type of research design is oftentimes used in sociology and anthropology?

A. Ethnography
B. Case Study
C. Phenomenology
D. Historical Research

3. What research design should be used if you want to study the experiences of people?
A. Ethnography
B. Case Study
C. Phenomenology
D. Historical Research

4. Which of the following refers to the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related
to past occurrence in order to test the hypothesis concerning?
A. Ethnography
B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study
D. Historical Research

5. Which of the following research designs refers to an inductive technique developed for health-
related topics that emerged to the discipline of sociology?
A. Grounded Theory
B. Phenomenology

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 ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department Quarter: 3
Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

C. Case Study
D. Historical Research

6. What research design should be used if you want to learn from the past to see if their practices
before are applicable to the present?
A. Grounded Theory
B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study
D. Historical Research

7. If a researcher would like to study the way of life of the Ilocanos, their folkways and mores,
what research design would he most likely to use?
A. Ethnography
B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study
D. Historical Research

8. What research design requires the researcher’s personal participation as part of the research
study?
A. Ethnography
B. Phenomenology
C. Case Study
D. Historical Research

9. Which statement describes the sample in a population?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the subset in a
population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to participate in the study
D. None of these

10. Which of the following correctly defines a population?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the subset in a
population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to participate in the study
D. None of these

11. Which of these correctly defines sampling in qualitative research?

A. The specific group that you will collect data from which also refers as the subset in a
population.
B. The totality of objects, elements, person and characteristics under a given condition
C. The process of technique of choosing a sample from a population to participate in the study
D. None of these

12. What most likely should a researcher do if he/she already reached saturation of data and no
longer getting new information?
A. Have more respondents to have more data
B. Look for more respondents in other places to compare the gathered data
C. Stop having additional respondents for he had already gathered the required data from the
research
D. None of these

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 ABRA HIGH SCHOOL Subject: Practical Research 1
Senior High School Department Quarter: 3
Source: SLM from La Union Schools Division Office Week #: 1-2

13. In a research study, a participant/informant refers the researcher to a known respondent. What
type of sampling procedure is employed?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Purposive Sampling
C. Snowball Sampling
D. Convenient Sampling

14. If a researcher takes respondents that are of his ease, what type of sampling technique is done?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenient Sampling

15. Which type of sampling procedure is being described in the statement below?
“A non-probability sampling method in which researchers create a sample involving
individuals that represent a population.”
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenient Sampling

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