ABSTRACT

The seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings not designed to withstand

seismic action is considered. The traditional methods of seismic retrofitting are reviewed and
their weak points are identified. Modern methods and philosophies of seismic retrofitting,
including base isolation and energy dissipation devices, are reviewed. The presentation is
illustrated by case studies of actual buildings where traditional and innovative retrofitting
methods have been applied. Also the paper presents the seismic retrofitting scenario in India and
the need for the seismic retrofitting in India.
SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.1

INTRODUCTION

Seismic retrofitting of constructions vulnerable to earthquakes is a current problem of

great political and social relevance. Earthquakes have clearly shown the vulnerability of the
building in particular and of the built environment in general. The seismic hazard in the areas,
where those earthquakes have occurred, has been known for a long time because of similar
events that occurred in the past. It is therefore legitimate to ask why constructions vulnerable to
earthquakes exist if people and Institutions knew of the seismic hazard. Several causes may have
contributed to the creation of such a situation. These are associated to historical events, fading
memory, poverty and ignorance.

In India commercial profits often result from the employment of poor material and
workmanship rather than of the optimal utilization of the production factors. The depressing
situation of poor quality control and material acceptance also falls into this framework, which, in
most cases, results only in paperwork devoid of substantive value. Marginal propensity to
expenditure sometimes ensures that even the owner prefers a low quality product to save
resources for more immediate needs.

Among causes arising from ignorance there may be both an inadequate knowledge of the
seismic hazard and design errors due to insufficient knowledge of the earthquake problem; also
the inability to correctly model the structural response to the seismic action.

While considerable progress has been made in recent years by the research community in
dealing with the above problems, it has become more difficult to transfer the results to the
seismic engineering profession and the situation can only deteriorate in the near future.

A final cause of vulnerability is connected with the maintenance of constructions; it is

obvious that if a construction is not regularly maintained, much as happens for a motorcar, the
mechanical properties of the materials may undergo local and global degradation with a
significant loss of resistance of the structural members and of the entire construction.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 1

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.2
GENERAL

2.1 SEISMIC ACTION

Seismic vulnerability is not an absolute concept but is strongly related to the event being
considered. The same construction may not be vulnerable to one class of earthquakes and yet be
vulnerable to another. Therefore, before attempting a seismic vulnerability evaluation of a given
construction, the seismic action that will affect that construction must be fully specified.

All seismic codes specify the seismic action by means of one or more design spectra.
These are a synthetic and quantitative representation of the seismic action which, besides
depending on the characteristics of the ground motion, depends on .

The value of the spectral pseudo-acceleration, corresponding to a vanishing small period,

corresponds to the peak ground acceleration (PGA). In fact, for T = 0 the structure is rigid and,
therefore, subject to the same acceleration as the ground. This acceleration, called the maximum
effective ground acceleration or PGA, depends directly on the seismic hazard at the construction
site and acts as the anchoring acceleration of the spectrum. This value is generally prescribed by
seismic codes as a function of the seismic hazard at the construction site.

Furthermore, four regions may be identified for the elastic spectrum, each defined by a
lower and upper period. In the first region, (0≤T≤TB), the spectral ordinates increase linearly
with the period; in the second (TB≤T≤TC), these are almost independent of the period; in the
third (TC≤T≤TD), the spectral ordinates decrease rapidly with the period, which is with the
reciprocal of the period T and finally in the fourth region (T≥TD), they decrease even more
rapidly, with the reciprocal of the period squared as shown in Fig.1

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 2

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Fig.1.1: .Elastic design spectrum

2.2 SEISMIC RESISTANCE AND VULNERABILITY

Because it is necessary to retrofit only constructions vulnerable to the design earthquake,
a Vulnerability evaluation is obviously needed before attempting any seismic retrofitting.
Assuming that the structure behavior factor for the structure being considered can be evaluated,
the design spectrum can be drawn. An example of such a spectrum is shown in Figure 2.

In this second case the structure can only withstand an earthquake with an anchoring
acceleration smaller than the design one. It is, therefore, necessary to retrofit the structure to
allow for the satisfaction of the design inequality:
Capacity ≥ Demand ----(1)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 3

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Fig.1.2 : Comparison between the Seismic resistance and Seismic demand

If a structure exhibits seismic resistance larger than that required by the design
earthquake, it obviously possesses an over-resistance and therefore is not vulnerable. This is the
case shown by the longer ordinate in Figure 3. A structure with the resistance specified by such
an ordinate is capable of withstanding an earthquake with an anchoring acceleration larger than
that associated with the design earthquake. Instead if the seismic resistance of the structure
corresponds to the shorter ordinate in Figure3, it is obvious that the resistance capacity is smaller
than the demand that the earthquake places on it and the structure is vulnerable to the design
earthquake.

The design inequality above must be satisfied not only in terms of strength or resistance,
but also in terms of stiffness. The stiffness capacity of the building must not be less than the
stiffness demanded of it by the earthquake. If it were not so, displacements would be too large.
Now the traditional methods of seismic retrofitting will be discussed briefly.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 4

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.3

TRADITIONAL METHODS OF SEISMIC RETROFITTING

Traditional methods of seismic retrofitting fall essentially into two categories, one based
on the classical principles of structural design which requires an increase of strength and
stiffness, and the other based on mass reduction. Thus the first one tends to satisfy the design
inequality by an increase of the capacity while the second one achieves the same result by a
reduction of the demand. Since seismic design is different from ordinary design, both techniques
may turn out to be quite ineffective as is shown in the following.

With reference to the first method, that is increase of strength and stiffness, the concept
involved in its application can be understood using Figure 2.2 Suppose that the fundamental
period of the structure is Tnr, to which corresponds a demand Sanr in pseudo-acceleration terms,
which the structure cannot satisfy. On applying a strength and stiffness increment, the
fundamental period will shorten from Tnr to Tr, to which corresponds a demand Sar much larger
than the original one. It is, therefore, possible that the structure will be less safe in the new
condition than in the original one.

Fig.2.1 : Increase of the seismic demand following an increase of the seismic resistance.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 5

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

It is, therefore, evident that an attempt to increase the seismic resistance capacity in this
way only results in an increase of the seismic demand. When, in the end, the procedure
converges, it is at the expense of a considerable expenditure of resources.

A similar situation occurs with reference to mass reduction. This may be achieved, for
instance, by removal of one or more storeys as shown in Figure 2.2. In this case it is evident that
the removal of the mass will lead to a decrease in the period, i.e. Tr<Tnr, which will lead to an
increase in the required strength, i.e. Sar >Sanr . Therefore the advantage acquired by the mass
reduction is partially cancelled by the period shortening through the increase in the demand as
shown in Figure 2.1.

Fig.2.2 : Seismic retrofitting by Mass reduction (Removal of storey)

In conclusion, both of the traditional methods of seismic retrofitting, although effective,

are rather expensive. Now the Innovative techniques of seismic retrofitting are discussed.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 6

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

The precast, prestressed concrete outer-frame seismic retrofit method is applicable to reinforced
concrete buildings and steel-frame reinforced concrete buildings up to 14 stories high. Between
1999 and 2012, 493 projects, including school buildings, apartments, city halls, and hospitals,
were rerofitted by this method. Figure2.3 shows a 14-storyapartment building retrofitted in
2010. The failure mode of the frame is basically column yielding, and both the columns and the
beams of the frame should have flexural yielding to avoid brittle failure. Only the end columns
of the frame can allow beam yielding by limiting the clear outerspan- to-depth ratio to a
maximum of 8 to prevent large deformation after beam yielding. The concrete strength of the
existing building needs to be greater than 18,000 kPa (2610 psi), or, for an attached connection
type, greater than 13,500 kPa (1960 psi). For components that are cast-in-place concrete, the
concrete strength should be greater than 18,000 kPa in the existing building The minimum
required concrete strength of reinforced concrete structures in Japan is 18,000 kPa (2610 psi) in
the Standard for Structural Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structure Based on Allowable
Stress Concept,9 revised in 1999. However, it had been 13,500 kPa (1960 psi) in the Standard for
Structural Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structure of 1982. Only a few reinforced concrete
buildings having concrete strengths above 13,500 kPa (1960 psi) were built before 1999 in Japan

Fig 2.3:. Fourteen-story reinforced concrete apartment retrofitted by exterior frame method. Constructed
in 1970 and retrofitted in 2010.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 7

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.4

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO SEISMIC RETROFITTING

The main innovative methods of seismic retrofitting may be grouped into the following
classes:

 Stiffness reduction
 Ductility increase
 Damage controlled structures
 Composite materials
 Any suitable combination of the above methods
 Active control.
 Metal shear panels
 Retrofitting with post-tensioned cables

4.1 STIFFNESS REDUCTION:

For equal mass the ‘stiffness reduction’ produces a period elongation and a consequent
reduction of the seismic action and therefore of the seismic strength demand. The stiffness
reduction may be achieved by the principle of springs in series whereby the equivalent stiffness
of two springs in series is smaller than either of the single springs as shown in Figure5. In
general it may be assumed that base isolation is a special case of the stiffness reduction
approach. Although very effective, this method must be used with a pinch of salt. Too low a
stiffness may result in large displacements, especially inter-story drifts, which may conflict with
the functioning of the building and cause damage to non-structural components. Therefore
deformability checks are always a must. Instances in which this method may not be effective are
the cases of long period structures or of stiff structures on soft soils.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 8

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Fig.3.1: Seismic retrofitting by principle of spring in series

4.2 DUCTILITY INCREASE:

A ‘ductility increase’ may be achieved locally by confinement of reinforced concrete
flexural as well as compressed structural members. Although this method has a long history, it
may now be applied easily using new materials such as fibre reinforced polymers (FRP).
These materials are distinguishable by the type of fibre and the most common are denoted
by CRP, GRP, ARP, indicating respectively reinforcement with carbon (C), glass (G) and
aramidic (A) fibres.

4.3 DAMAGE CONTROLLED STRUCTURES:

One of the most important developments to surface in earthquake engineering in the last
10 years is the introduction of the concept of designing ‘damage controlled structures’.
According to this concept the structural system consists of two parallel structures as shown in
Figure 3.2
.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 9

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Global structure Primary structure Damping system

Fig.3.2: Damage controlled structure

The primary structure will behave elastically under the most severe design earthquake while the
auxiliary structure, shown by the damping system in Figure 3.2, will respond to the seismic
action. The concept is applicable to new as well as to old buildings. The auxiliary structure
introduces stiffness increment and a large energy dissipation capacity.

Damage occurs only in the auxiliary structure in which damaged elements may be
replaced after the earthquake. It is important to realize that, with this seismic design criterion, the
structure remains operative even under the most severe design earthquake. A comparison of the
behavior of a traditional system and of a damage controlled system is shown in Figure 3.3.

In the traditional system, elastic deformations of beams and columns and plastic
deformations occur in series, so that the total deformation is the sum of the two. In the damage
controlled system, the primary structure and the damping system are in parallel, so that the total
deformation is the same for both.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 10

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Fig.3.3: Comparison of the Traditional system and damage controlled system

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 11

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

While there is no doubt that this concept can be applied advantageously for new
buildings, its application to existing buildings may give rise to a few problems. The compatibility
of the auxiliary structure with the primary structure must be carefully ascertained. The auxiliary
structure will change the stress distribution in the primary structure and this must be capable of
withstanding the new stress distribution. Also for the auxiliary structure to become effective,
some flexibility may be required in the primary structure. It would be of no use if the auxiliary
structure started to work when the primary structure was already seriously damaged.

4.4 COMPOSITE MATERIALS:

Composite materials promise interesting applications for the seismic retrofitting of old
constructions, especially masonry. Crack opening with associated degradation of strength and
stiffness constitutes a major limitation for the use of masonry in seismic areas. The application of
composite laminae to masonry panels confers a strong traction resistance to masonry, limiting
crack extension and width and favoring the closure of open cracks. The phenomenon of strength
and stiffness degradation is, therefore, strongly reduced, if not removed.

4.5 ACTIVE CONTROL:

Active control is performed by means of servo-actuated devices capable of applying
opposite forces to the seismic action. Sensors are required to read the motion of the structure;
and hardware and software are required for the evaluation of forces to be applied for the
minimization of the structural response. An energy source must always be available for the
functioning of all the equipment including the generation of the controlling forces.

These systems are still in the research stage and no significant application yet exists in
the field of earthquake engineering. At the moment their application in practice appears
somewhat dubious.

After understanding the basic concept in different innovative approaches to Seismic

retrofitting methods, now a case study has been presented where a suitable combination of the
innovative methods for seismic retrofitting has been applied.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 12

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

4.6 METAL SHEAR PANELS

The application of metal shear panels for the seismic upgrading of RC buildings was reported by
De Matteis et al. (2007). The limited weight and the ease of implementation represent the
fundamental merits of such devices. Shear panels inserted into the RC frame by means of hinged
steel frames at the first floor (Fig. 3.4) were examined. The steel frames were connected to the
RC foundation beams through four U shaped profiles stiffened by reinforcing steel plates;
threaded passing bars provided the hinged connection. U-profiles were also used to transfer the
forces from the steel panel to the existing RC beams. The experimental results confirmed the
effectiveness of this retrofit system for the improvement of the structural performance in terms of
strength (the load-bearing capacity increased on average 4 times), stiffness (2.5 and 2 times
higher than the as-built frame for steel and aluminium panels, respectively) and displacement
capacity (1.4 and 2.7 times higher than the existing structure). The energy-dissipation capacity of
the structure retrofitted with aluminium shear panels was higher than the one with steel plates,
due to the better hysteretic characteristics of the aluminium alloy.

Fig.3.4: General view of frame structure retrofitted with metal shear panels and
details of the connections (De Matteis et al. 2007)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 13

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

4.7 RETROFITTING WITH POST-TENSIONED CABLES

The use of post-tensioned steel cables in seismic rehabilitation is a relatively new technique that
can be applied to low- and mid-rise frame buildings (fib 2003). Post-tensioned cables are used to
eliminate the problems associated with buckling of conventional bracing systems and require
minimal modifications of the original structure. They can be used in combination with other
techniques, such as new shear walls and column jackets. Prestressed cables may be easily placed
on the façades of buildings, extending over several storeys. They are made of strands enclosed in
steel or PVC ducts with appropriate corrosion protection. Cables prestressed at high levels may
yield and accumulate inelastic tensile strains that may reduce their effectiveness during a seismic
event. Furthermore, they need to be re-tensioned as large time-dependent losses are expected
after prestressing at high forces. Previous practical applications and research have proposed
prestressing the cables at 20 to 75 % of their yield force. Pretensioning of the cables induces
axial compression in the columns which may reduce their flexural ductility, particularly in mid-
and high-rise buildings where axial forces due to permanent loads are already high.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 14

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

5.1 ADVANTAGES

 Considerable increase of the lateral resistance.

 The level of strength and stiffness increase can be tuned relatively easily by the choice
of the number and size of the braces.
 If adequately detailed (provided that early brittle failure of braces and their connections
is prevented), satisfactory ductility and hysteretic behavior can be obtained.
 The new system can be designed to carry the entire lateral loads, which is particularly
advantageous if the frame has an unfavorable failure mechanism.
 Adequate control over the flow of force (load path to effectively transfer forces from the
elements to the foundations) and minimum local force concentration.
 Minimal added weight to the structure.
 Ability to accommodate openings.
 Minimal disruption to the function of the buildings and its occupants (in the case of
external bracing).
 Ease of construction.
 Minimum loss of living spaces and alteration of the architectural function of the building.

5.2 DISADVANTAGES:

 Difficult to control the interaction between new steel and existing concrete systems.
 Not efficient for stiff concrete structures.
 Sensitive to detailing of braces and connections against local buckling and post-buckling
fracture.
 Difficulty in achieving high-quality full-penetration welds on the construction site and
installing epoxy-grouted fasteners.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 15

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.6

CASE STUDY

The buildings owned by IACP of Syracuse in the village of Solarino, ITALY have been
considered for seismic retrofitting by means of stiffness reduction, and one of the original
buildings is shown in Figure 4.1. The IACP buildings in Solarino seemed to invite the designer
to retrofit by stiffness reduction. In fact, by looking at the original foundations shown in Figure
4.2, it was clear how easy it would be to support the building, to cut the short columns between
the foundation and the first floor slab, and to insert the devices that would ensure the stiffness
reduction. Also, a detailed geological study confirmed the rocky nature of the foundation soil,
thus excluding high long period components in the expected ground motion. The devices for
stiffness reduction as used in the present case are shown in Figure 4.3.

As may be seen from Figure 4.4 the building is supported by 12 elastomeric bearings and
by (9+4 = 13) low-friction bearings. The elastomeric bearings, commonly known as seismic
isolators, besides contributing to the stiffness reduction, introduce also a significant energy
dissipation capacity. The lowfriction bearings, which could rightly be called seismic isolators,
have the function of transmitting vertical loads to the foundation, while limiting any possible
horizontal action to the bare minimum.

Preliminary investigations on materials and structural members have shown an excessive

deformability at local and global levels, so much so that the structure would not have been safe
under gravity and seismic loads even after the stiffness reduction. For this reason a further
retrofitting action has been undertaken to reduce this high deformability. The proposed design is
shown in Figure 4.5.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 16

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Fig.4.1: Building owned by IACP of Syracuse in the Village of Solarino

Fig.4.2: Foundations of an IACP Building

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 17

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Fig.4.3: Stiffness reduction devices used for the seismic retrofitting of two IACP buildings in Solarino.

The building stiffening by thin reinforced concrete walls, of thickness 15 cm, allows not
only for an improvement of the vertical load carrying capacity and for the deformability
limitation, but also for a much better behavior of the stiffness reduction mechanism and of the
entire building. It should be noticed here that the inserted reinforced concrete walls stiffen and
strengthen only the superstructure while the overall stiffness is essentially determined by the
base isolation system.

Fig.4.4: IACP building in Solarino with devices for stiffness reduction

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 18

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Fig.4.5: Deformability reduction by Reinforced concrete thin walls; First storey

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 19

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.7

SEISMIC RETROFITTING SCENARIO IN INDIA

Seismic Retrofitting for reduction of vulnerability of a structure is a relatively new

concept in India. It was only after Latur Earthquake of 1993 that retrofitting was taken up on a
substantial scale as a part of the earthquake rehabilitation program under which many public
buildings were retrofitted. The quantum got substantially increased in the aftermath of 2001
Kutch Earthquake.

In spite of all that got done retrofitting as an option, a technique, a profession or a

business is still in its infancy. This is manifested by five indicators – (a) A delivery system for
retrofitting does not exist; (b) Official Schedule of Rates (SOR) of any government agency does
not include seismic retrofitting; (c) Contractors and skilled artisans knowledgeable in this are
scarce; (d) People at large have no knowledge of the option of retrofitting; and (e) Information
on retrofitting is hard to find. As a result the use of retrofitting as a tool for managing the
earthquake risk is fraught with too many obstacles, putting it beyond the reach of an ordinary
person.

In India, it would not be an exaggeration to say that over 80% buildings that consist of
non-engineered masonry are vulnerable against the hazard of future earthquake. These cover a
broad range of buildings starting from small mud houses in remote villages all the way to the
moderately large infrastructure buildings in cities. With the country witnessing a large number of
deaths and incurring huge losses every year resulting from disasters it is important that the
vulnerability of these non-engineered masonry structures is reduced through retrofitting.

Fortunately, a substantial amount of pioneering work has been done in different parts of
the country on seismic retrofitting of “no engineered masonry” buildings, although by a few
individuals. This includes the (a) development of regional technical guidelines in a number of
regions, (b) making of public awareness materials in the regional languages, and (c) most
importantly, the actual execution of retrofitting of local variants of masonry structures coupled
with some artesian training on retrofitting. Since each region poses significantly different

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 20

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

context, such an effort required fresh approach to evolve the solutions to tackle the problems on
hand peculiar to the area. This involved different building technologies, different materials,
difficulties of access, unreliability of electric power, unavailability of basic as well as special
materials needed for retrofitting etc.

Fig.5.1: Some of the Retrofitting works that are being carried out in Kashmir

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 21

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER.8

CONCLUSIONS

 After discussing the traditional methods of retrofitting and Innovative approaches to

seismic retrofitting. It is clear that the traditional methods fail to a larger extent in
safeguarding the structure during severe earthquakes.

 Traditional method seem to be inadequate method in front of the Innovative approaches

for seismic retrofitting of structure because the seismic design of the structure is totally
different from the classical elastic design.

 Innovative methods should be preferred for seismic retrofitting as they provide better
safety, economy (as compared to traditional methods) and reliability to seismically
vulnerability structures.

 Among all the Innovative approaches to Seismic retrofitting Stiffness reduction is given
more attention because of its effectiveness to seismically vulnerability structures.

 From the case study it may be concluded that a thorough evaluation must be done to
retrofitted building and finding the necessity of the application of further more Innovative
methods to make it safe and reliable.

 The retrofitting work carried out in various regions in India, although on a small scale,
offers a number of lessons that could be valuable for the further development of
retrofitting as well as for its promotion as the most attractive option for reducing
vulnerability in Indian and minimize the disaster that occurs during the earthquake and
save many human lives. Therefore Innovative approaches to Seismic retrofitting must be
given more importance in India.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 22

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

REFERENCES

1. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Paper No. 454, Vol. 42, No. 2-3, June-
September 2005, pp. 21-46.

2. Kiyoji Takeda, Kyoya Tanaka, Toshiaki Someya, Asao Sakuda, and Yoshiteru Ohno PCI
Journal 2013.
3. IS1893-1984 Criteria for Earthquake resistant design of structure- Fourth revision.

4. Chopra, A.K. (2001). “Dynamics of Structures – Theory and Applications to Earthquake

Engineering”, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, U.S.A.

5. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-

ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 2 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 49-62.

6. Seth A, (2002), “Seismic Retrofitting By Conventional Methods”, The Indian Concrete

Journal, The Associated Company Limited., August, pp 489-495.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 23

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

MY CONTRIBUTION

By understanding the seismic Retrofitting of the Reinforced Structures, I came to know that, it is
very important & useful. If the structures are get damaged by the earthquake than it is retrofitted
by using suitable technique instead of demolishing of the structures.

It is necessary to every civil engineer should aware of the Retrofitting of the structures. In this
report it clearly shows that the innovation technique is most suitable compared to the traditional
techniques , where it includes various techniques.

In India most of the Engineers are not aware of this technique we have to implement this techno
in India & it is possible to reduce the disaster that occurs during the earthquake and save many
human lifes and properties.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JSS.S &T.U, MYSORE. Page 24