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12/04/2016

ME303 FLUID MECHANICS II (IR.)

SPRING 2015-2016, MIDTERM EXAM
DURATION: 1 HOUR AND 30 MINUTES
1. (10p ) What conditions must be met to ensure 2. (10p) What are a fluid particle’s motions?
the similarity of model and prototype flows? List Explain them briefly.
them and explain one of them briefly.

3. (10p) What is the Reynold stress? Give the 4.(10p)An incompressible fluid flows between
equation. two infinite stationary parallel plates. The
velocity profile is given by u=umax(Ay2+By+c),
where (A,B,C) are constants and y is measured
upward from the lower plate. The total gap
width is h units. Use appropriate boundary
conditions to express the magnitude and units
of the constants in terms of h. Develop an
expression for volume flow rate per unit depth.
5. (20p) Consider fully developed Couette flow Figure for question 5
as illustrated in the figure. The flow is steady,
incompressible, and two dimensional in the xy
plane. Use the method of repeating variables to
generate a dimensionless relationship for the x-
component of fluid velocity u as a function of
fluid viscosity μ, top plate speed V, distance h,
fluid density ρ, and distance y. show all your
work.
6. (10p) To match the Reynolds number in an air 7. (10p) Consider the flow field given by
flow and a water flow using the same size . Determine
model, which flow will require the higher flow a. the number of dimensions of the flow
speed? How much higher must it be? (at 20 C : b. if it is possible incompressible flow
vW  1.0 106 ms and va  1.51105 ms )
2 2
c. the acceleration of a fluid particle at point
( x, y, z )  (2,3, 4) .

8.(20p)Consider steady, incompressible, parallel,

Figure for question 8
laminar flow of a viscous fluid falling between
two infinite vertical walls. The distance between
the walls is h, and gravity acts in the negative z-
direction (downward in the figure). There is no
applied (forced) pressure driving the flow—the
fluid falls by gravity alone. The pressure is
constant everywhere in the flow field. Calculate
the velocity field and sketch the velocity profile
using appropriate nondimensionalized variables.
 u u u u  P   2 u  2u  2u 
 u v w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  P   2v  2v  2v 
 u v w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  P  2w 2w 2w 
 u v w    gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
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Q1. What conditions must be met to ensure the similarity of model and prototype flows? List and
explain them briefly.
A1. The most obvious requirement is that the model and prototype must be geometrically similar.
Geometric similarity requires that the model and prototype be the same shape, and that all linear
dimensions of the model be related to corresponding dimensions of the prototype by a constant
scale factor. A second requirement is that the model and prototype flows must be kinematically
similar. Two flows are kinematically similar when the velocities at corresponding points are in the
same direction and differ only by a constant scale factor. Kinematic similarity requires that the
regimes of flow be the same for model and prototype. When two flows have force distributions
such that identical types of forces are parallel and are related in magnitude by a constant scale
factor at all corresponding points, the flows are dynamically similar.

Q2. What are a fluid particle’s motions? Explain briefly.

A2.(F5) It can be decomposed a fluid particle’s motion into four components: translation, in which
the particle moves from one point to another; rotation of the particle, which can occur about any
or all of the x, y or z axes; linear deformation, in which the particle’s sides stretch or contract; and
angular deformation, in which the angles (which were initially 90for our particle) between the sides
change.

Q3. What is the Reynold stress? Give the equation.

A3. Turbulent flow is represented at each point by the time-mean velocity u plus randomly
fluctuating velocity components u ' and v ' in the x and y directions. These components
continuously transfer momentum between adjacent fluid layers, tending to reduce any velocity
gradient pressure. This effect shows up an apparent stress and called the Reynold stress. (
du
  u ' v '     lam   turb    u ' v ' )
dy

Q4. An incompressible fluid flows between two infinite stationary parallel plates. The velocity
profile is given by u=umax(Ay2+By+c), where A, B, and C are constants and y is measured upward
from the lower plate. The total gap width is h units. Use and show appropriate boundary conditions
to express the magnitude and units of the constants in terms of h. Develop an expression for
volume flow rate per unit depth.
A4. (F8.5) available boundary conditions:
a. y=0, u=0
b. y=h, u=0
c. y=h/2, u=umax

from bc: u(0)=0=umaxC………… C=0

u(h)=0=umax(Ah2+Bh) ……………….(i)
u(h/2)=umax= umax(Ah2/4+Bh/2)…………….(ii)

From (i) B=-Ah and substitute it into (ii)

A=-4/h2 and B=-Ah=4/h

Then u=4umax[y/h-(y/h)2]
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h
h h  y y2   y 2 y3  2
Q   ubdy   4umax   2  bdy  4umax b   2   umax bh
0 0
h h   2h 3h  0 3
Q 2
 umax h
b 3

Q5. Consider fully developed Couette flow as illustrated in the figure. The flow is steady,
incompressible, and two dimensional in the xy plane. Use the method of repeating variables to
generate a dimensionless relationship for the x-component of fluid velocity u as a function of fluid
viscosity μ, top plate speed V, distance h, fluid density ρ, and distance y. show all your work.
A5. (C7.56) There are six parameters in this problem; n=6,
List of relevant parameters: u  f   ,V , h,  , y  n6 (1)
The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed,
u  V h  y
L t  m L t  L t  L  m L  L 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1

As a first guess, j is set equal to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem
(m, L, and t).
Reduction: j = 3
If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is
Number of expected Πs: k=n-j=6-3=3
Repeating parameters: V ,  , and h
The dependent Π is generated:
1  uV a1  b1 hc1 1   L t 1 1
 L t   m L   L 
1 1 a1 1 3 b1 1 c1

mass : m   m 
0 b1
0  b1 b1  0
time : t   t t 
0 1  a1
0  1  a1 a1  1
length : L   L L L L 
0 1 a1 3b1 c1
0  1  a1  3b1  c1 c1  0
u
Thus: 1 
V
2  V a2  b2 hc2 2    m L t1 1 1
 L t   m L   L 
1 1 a2 1 3 b2 1 c2

mass : m   m m 
0 1 b2
0  1  b2 b2  1
time : t   t t 
0 1  a2
0  1  a2 a2  1
length : L   L L L L 
0 1 a2 3b2 c2
0  1  a2  3b2  c2 c2  1
 Vh
Thus:  2  hence  2   Re
Vh 
3  yV a3  b3 hc3 3   L  L t
1 1 1 a3
 m L   L 
1 3 b3 1 c3

mass : m   m  0 b3
0  b3 b3  0
time : t   t  0  a3
0  a3 a3  0
length : L   L L L L 
0 1 a3 3b3 c3
0  1  a3  3b3  c3 c3  1
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y
Thus: 3 
h
u  y
Relationship between Πs:  f  Re, 
V  h
Q6. To match the Reynolds number in an air flow and a water flow using the same size model,
which flow will require the higher flow speed? How much higher must it be? (at 20 C :
vW  1.0 106 ms and va  1.51105 ms )
2 2

 .V .L  .V .L
A6. (F7.40) For dynamic similarity: W W W  a a a . We know that LW  La . Thus:
W a
Va rW ma va V 1.51 10 5
= . = . Therefore: a   15.1
VW r a mW vW VW 1.0 106
Air speed must be higher than water speed. To match Reynolds number: Va = 15.1´ VW

Q7. Consider the flow field given by V  xy3iˆ  14 y 4 ˆj  xykˆ . Determine

a. the number of dimensions of the flow
b. if it is possible incompressible flow
c. the acceleration of a fluid particle at point ( x, y, z )  (2,3, 4) .
A7. (F5.29)
Governing equations:
   
(  u )  (  v)  (  w)  0 (continuity equation)
x y z t
DV V V V V
ap  u v w  (particle acceleration)
Dt x y z t
Assumptions: 1. Incompressible flow (  is constant). 2. Two dimensional flow (velocity is not a
function of z). 3. Steady flow (velocity is not a function of t).
Based on assumption (2), we may state that The flow is two dimensional.
u v
Based on assumption (1) and (3), the continuity equation reduces to  0
x y
This is criterion against which will check the flow field
1
u  xy 3 ; v   y 4 from this
4
u v
  y3  y3  0
x y
This could be an incompressible flow field.
V V
Based on assumptions (2) and (3), the acceleration reduces to a p  u v and the partial
x y
derivatives of velocity are
V V
 y 3iˆ  ykˆ and  3xy 2iˆ  y 3 ˆj  xkˆ
x y
Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to
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At point (2,3,4), the acceleration is

Q8. Consider steady, incompressible, parallel, laminar flow of a viscous fluid falling between two
infinite vertical walls. The distance between the walls is h, and gravity acts in the negative z-
direction (downward in the figure). There is no applied (forced) pressure driving the flow—the fluid
falls by gravity alone. The pressure is constant everywhere in the flow field. Calculate the velocity
field and sketch the velocity profile using appropriate nondimensionalized variables.

A8. (C9.88) For a given geometry and set of boundary conditions, we are to calculate velocity field,
and plot the nondimensionalized velocity profile.
Assumptions: 1. The walls are infinite in the yz plane (y is into the page).
2. The flow is steady (time derivatives of any quantity are zero)
3. The flow is parallel (the x component of velocity, u, is zero everywhere).
4. The fluid is incompressible and Newtonian, and the flow is laminar.
5. Pressure P=constant everywhere. In other words, there is no applied pressure gradient pushing
the flow; the flow establishes itself due to balance between gravitational forces and viscous forces.
6. The velocity field is purely two-dimensional, which implies that v=0 and all y derivatives are zero.
7. Gravity acts in the negative z direction. We can express this mathematically as g   gk , or
g x  g y  0 and g z   g .

The boundary conditions come from the no-slip conditiohn at the was (1) at x=-h/2, u=v=w=0. (2) At
x=h/2, u=v=w=0.
Write put and simplify the differential equations. We start with the continuity equation in Cartesian
coordinates,

Equation (1) tells us that w is not a function of z. In the other words, it doesn’t matter where we
place our origin. In the other words the flow is fully developed. Since w is not a function of time
(assumption 2), z (Eq. 1), or (assumption 6), we conclude that w is at most a function of x,
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Result of continuity: w  w( x) (2)

We now simplify each component of the Navier-Stokes equation as far as possible. Since u=v=0
everywhere and gravity doesn’t act in the x or y directions, the x and y momentum equations are
satisfied exactly. The z momentum equation reduces to

Solve the differential equations. Continuity and x and y momentum have already been solved.
Equation 3 (z momentum) is integrated twice to get
g 2
Integration of z momentum: w  x  C1 x  C2 (4)
2
We can apply boundary conditions (1) and (2) above to obtain constants C 1 and C2,
g 2 h
Boundary condition (1): 0  h  C1  C2
8 2
and
g 2 h
Boundary condition (2): 0  h  C1  C2
8 2
We solve the above two equations simultaneously to obtain expressions for C1 and C2,
 g 2
Constants of integration: C1  0 C2  h
8
Finally, equation 4 becomes
g  2  h  
2

Final result for velocity field: w   x     (5)

2  2 
Since –h/2<x<h/2 everywhere, w is negative everywhere.
Equation 5 is nondimensionalized by inspection: x*  x / h and w*  w / (  gh2 )
1 1
w*    x*   
2
Nondimensionalized velocity profile: (6)
2 4
The velocity profile: