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    Ethics Exercise 2

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    NURUL FAEIZAH BINTI AHMAD ANWAR / UPM
    This document discusses several major ethics theories: 1) Utility theory developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill argues that actions should be judged based on their consequences and maximizing overall happiness. 2) Kantian ethics argues that certain actions like murder are always wrong regardless of consequences and that people should be treated as ends rather than means. 3) Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality progresses through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages focused on obedience, relationships, and abstract principles. 4) Religious ethics theories in Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism provide guidance based on their doctrines. 5) Other theories include virtue ethics and

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    Ethics Exercise 2

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    NURUL FAEIZAH BINTI AHMAD ANWAR / UPM
    34 views2 pages
    This document discusses several major ethics theories: 1) Utility theory developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill argues that actions should be judged based on their consequences and maximizing overall happiness. 2) Kantian ethics argues that certain actions like murder are always wrong regardless of consequences and that people should be treated as ends rather than means. 3) Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality progresses through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages focused on obedience, relationships, and abstract principles. 4) Religious ethics theories in Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism provide guidance based on their doctrines. 5) Other theories include virtue ethics and

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    Business Ethics tutorial question - Exercise 2

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    This document discusses several major ethics theories: 1) Utility theory developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill argues that actions should be judged based on their consequences and maximizing overall happiness. 2) Kantian ethics argues that certain actions like murder are always wrong regardless of consequences and that people should be treated as ends rather than means. 3) Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality progresses through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages focused on obedience, relationships, and abstract principles. 4) Religious ethics theories in Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism provide guidance based on their doctrines. 5) Other theories include virtue ethics and

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    34 views2 pages

    Ethics Exercise 2

    Uploaded by

    NURUL FAEIZAH BINTI AHMAD ANWAR / UPM
    This document discusses several major ethics theories: 1) Utility theory developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill argues that actions should be judged based on their consequences and maximizing overall happiness. 2) Kantian ethics argues that certain actions like murder are always wrong regardless of consequences and that people should be treated as ends rather than means. 3) Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality progresses through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages focused on obedience, relationships, and abstract principles. 4) Religious ethics theories in Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism provide guidance based on their doctrines. 5) Other theories include virtue ethics and

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    Exercise 2

    Ethics Exercise 2

    1. Discuss each of the following ethics theories. Your discussion must include who
    developed the theory and what are the ethics, ethical and moral reasoning processes
    argued and justified by each of the respective theories:
    i) Utility theory: Utility theory is concerned with people's preferences or beliefs,
    as well as assumptions about those preferences that enable them to be
    interpreted numerically. Utilitarianism is a type of consequentialism in that it
    holds that the consequences or outcomes of acts, rules, policies, and so forth,
    to decide whether they are good or bad, right or wrong. Jeremy Bentham (1748-
    1832) and John Stuart Mill are two of the most influential utilitarians in history
    (1806-1873) where both are an important theorist and social reformers.
    Although it seems like a simple theory, however, it is complex. The theory
    needs to at least identify three things; 1) what are the good and bad things, 2)
    for who’s good (i.e. which individuals or groups) we should try to maximise; and
    3) whether acts, strategies, and so on are made right or wrong by their actual
    consequences (the outcomes that our actions actually produce) or by their
    foreseeable consequences (the results that we predict will occur based on the
    evidence that we have).
    ii) Kant theory: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a German philosopher, was an
    opponent of utilitarianism. Kant argued that certain acts (such as murder,
    robbery, and lying) were strictly forbidden, even though the action would result
    in more satisfaction than the alternative. Kantians believe that once we decide
    to act, we must first ask ourselves two questions: I May I rationally will that
    everyone behave in the manner that I propose? If the response is no, we do
    not carry out the action. (ii) Does my behaviour honour human goals rather than
    exploiting them for my own gain? Again, if the response is no, we must refrain
    from carrying out the procedure.
    iii) Kohlberg theory: A child's sense of morality is explicitly mediated during the
    preconventional stage. Children follow and believe the rules of authority figures
    such as parents and teachers, and they judge an action based on the
    implications of that action. An individual's sense of morality is linked to personal
    and social relationships at the conventional level. Children continue to follow
    authority figures' laws, but this time they feel it is important to maintain healthy
    relationships and social order. A person's sense of morality is described in
    terms of more abstract concepts and values at the postconventional level.
    Some people now feel that such laws are unfair and should be modified or
    repealed. Kohlberg's theory has been chastised for its racial and gender
    prejudice toward white, upper-class men and boys. It also ignores
    contradictions within moral decisions.
    iv) Ethics Theories based on Religions (Islam, Christianity, Buddhists,
    Hinduism, Judaism etc.):
    v) Other ethics theories:
    Exercise 2

    References List

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    Kant’s Moral Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (2016, July 7). Stanford
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    Amidon, J. A. M. (n.d.). Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development | Education, Society, &
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    Coward, P. H., Lipner, J., Young, K. K., & Harold G. Coward, K. K. Y. J. L. (1989b). Hindu
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    https://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/60778.pdf
    WPSU - Penn State Public Media. (n.d.). Ethical Theories. The Arthur W. Page Center.
    https://www.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/introduction-to-
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    Zwitter, M. (2019). Medical Ethics in Clinical Practice. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00719-5

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