': Introduction i Mumbai University Syllabus + [Common for both MCS and WC] “Introduction to Wireles: r:munication Systems The above topic i included in the notes vf this chapter wens. PIT MOSAIC 7 Prof. Savio. M.CHi INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Ql. Define the following terms with respect to Wireless Communications System. i, Ba jinn It is a fixed station in a mobile radio system, used for radio communication with mobile stations. Base stations are located at the centre or the edge of a coverage region and consis: of transmitter and receiver antenhas mounted on a tower. i, Mobile St tis a unit in the cellular radio service intended for use while in motion at unspecified locations, Mobile stations may be hand held personal units (portables: or installed in vehicles (mobile) iii, Page lcast over the entire s the same tim 1 repregents a brief message which is. by view area usually in a simuleast (simultancous broadcast) fashion by many base stations, Q2. Write a note on Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD). Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) provides two simultaneous, but separate radio transmission chiannels for the subscriber and the base station,’so that both may be abie to transmit to and receive signals from each other simultaneously. ~ A pair of simplex channels with a fixed and knows, frequercy separation (about 5 % of the nominal RF frequency) is used to define a specific radio channel in the system. The channel used to convey traffic trom the base station to‘the mobile user is called the forward chanvel. The channel used to carry traffie front the mobile user to a base station is called the reverse channel. At the base station separate transmit and receive antennas are used to handle the two separate channels, At the subscriber unit a single antenra is used for both transmission and reception from the base station. A device called the duplexer is used inside the subscriber unit to enable the same antenna to be used for simultaneous transmission and reception. Uses © FID is used exclusively in analog mobi'e radio systems, 03. Why forward and veverse channe!s must be sufficiently apart from each other ‘The separation of forviard and reverse channels provides the fol owing advantages: © The duplexer in subscriber unit can provide sufficient isolation. + Manufacture of the duplexer becomes relatively cheaper. Jn the U.S. AMPS standard, the reverse channel has a frequency which is exactly 45 MHz lower than the Forward channel. 04. Write a note on Time Division Duplexing (TDD). In Time Division Duplexing (TDD), radio transmission and reseption between a subscriber and a hase station is established by providing adjacent time slots on a single racio channel for communication to and from the user If the data transmission rate in the channel is much greater than the end user’s data rate, it is possible to store information bursts and provide the appearance of full duplex cperation to the user, even though they are not two simultaneous radio transmissions at any instant, ‘TDD is possible only with digital transmission formats and digital modulation, and is very sensitive to timing. Sem, VIT- MCSIWC 2 Prof Savio.M.* TDD is suitable only for indoor and small aa wireless applications wh physical cover (anid thus radio propagation delay) ar: relatively smaller. O5. Weite a short note on Paging Systems. adie Link € City? sndline Link Posing [tema Dod fo AN : Satelite Link A WIDE AREA PAGING SYSTEM ny Systems are communi ion systems that send brie messages toa subscriber, Depending an the setvice, the message may be either a numeric messape, oF an cilpha numeric messae, or: voice messiwe Uses © Paging systems are typically used to notify a subscriber of the need to call a particular tel number or fo travel toa known location to receive further instructions, f *¢ In modern paging systems, news headlines, stock quotations and faxes may he s Wide Area Paging Hy. above shows a Wide Area Paging System, Wide Area Paging ystems consists ola network of telephone Tines, many base station teansinitters sand farge ‘pai towers thal simuttancousty broadest a page (rom euch base station (simuleasting) @ Basic operation The page initiator uses a normal teleshone set or ti computer with a modem to make the call for establishing contact with the pager user. The call is directed to the telephone exchange over the local . {clephone network trom where it is directed to the Paging Control Centre, i The Paging Control Centre dispatches pages received trom the PSTN. to Paging ‘Terminals throughout € several cities at the seme time. . i, AIL transmitters (Paging Terminals) operate on the same frequeney and all pages sre sent by all transmitters in the system. Bach Pager has a unique address called a capende, which is sent every time mg itis paged. ‘Transmissions addressed to other pagers are simiply ignored in Pager Receiver - "he reeciving unit in the paging system is basically an FM radio receiver with builtin decoder and . “Isplay fanetion, The receivers are tune the same frequeney asthe runs. A ult in deweder permis the payer to get activated when its unique code is dotected. Sea VT MCSA 3 Prof Savin M. “6If there is sige for c-tain payer within the receive area, the pager gives beeping sound ort vibrates inaking the user alert. The User then operates the control switch to read the messaye, which is displayed on a small LCD screen, 06. Write ¢ short note on cordless telephone systems. Wirelear Fixed Link Port | (Base Station) nat Cordless Handset A CORDLESS TELEFON S¥StEME Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communications that use radio to connect a portable handset to a dealicated base station. The dedicated base station is connected to a dedicated telephone line with « specific (clephone number on the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), the portabie vait communicates only to the dedicated base unit and only over distances of a few tens oftmeters. The portable unit of the cordless telephone thus operates solely as an extension to the base unit connected to the subse iber line on the PSTN. oidiess ilepluome systems Second generation cordless phones which are the modem cordless telephones, allow subscribers to use their handsets at many outdoor locations. They are sometimes ccmbined with Paging receivers so that subscriber ‘may first be paged and then respond to the page using the ecedless telephone. Typical second generation base stations provide coverage ranges up {9 a few hundred meters. Cordless Telephone systems provide the user with limited range and mobility, as it is usually not possible to nfuintain a call ifthe user travels outside the range of the base station. ‘The fig, above illustrates a Cordless Telephone system Q7. Compare mobile and base stations of the following Mobile Communications Systems Paging System Cordless Phone aud Cellular Phone OBILESTATIONS ] Coverage c ‘Hardware |” Carrier | Functionality | Range _| Infrastructure ___Cost__| Frequency High High Tow tow | <1Gh i: | Moderate | Low | <7 Giz - —t . — —-——— - High High High Moderate | <2GH Transceiver bo a ——— ——L _____ COMPARISON OF BASE STAT?ONS ” Coverage [Required | Complexity | Hardware | Carrier] Functionality - Range _| Infrastructure Cost _| Frequency _| Paging | High High High High <1 GHz | Transmitter System _ __| Cordless [Low Tow Low Moderate | <1 GH : Phone Cellular High High <2 GHz Phone _ Sem. VIt= MCSWC 4 Prof. Savio.M,| Wireless Communications Mumbai University Examination Questions Dec 20 +— Dec’ 2007 Dec 2006 [05] QI. Distinguish between FDD and TDD [5] fey. 2, 22, Qé Dec 2007 [05] . QI. Distinguish between FDD and TDD [5 f@. 2, 2 Q¢/ ‘No Question from this chapier has been asked in any other paper till Dec’ 2007 Mobile Communications Systems . Mumbai University Examination Questions Dec 2004 —Dec’ 2007 No Question from this chapter has been asked in any other paper till Dec’ 2007 = Sem. VIT= MCSWC 5 Prof. Savio M. &Ch 2: The Cellular C.zot Mumbai University Syllabus {Common for both j * Frequency Reuse Hand off Strategies + Interference and System Capacity * Trunking and Grade of Service Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular System All the above topics are included in the notes of this chapter MCIWC D Prof. Savio. M.&CH2 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT-SYSTEM DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS, CONVENTIONAL MOBILE SYSTEMS OL. Write in brief on ti:tatio ‘Yeonventional mobile systems. The three major limitations of conventional mobile systems are: i. Limited service capability ii. Poor service performance and . iii, Inefifcient frequeney spectrum utilisation. © Limited Service Capability . A conventional mobile telephone system is designed to achieve a large coverage area, by using a single high Powered transmitter with an antenna mouated on a tall tower. While this approach achieved a very good till sufferec. form the following drawbacks: coverage it + It was impossible to reuse the same frequencies throughout the system, since any atfempt to use frequency reuse would result in interference. Thus gnly a limited number of assigned channels were possible which allowed only a limited number of active users at any given ‘+ A.user who initiates a call in the current coverage ares has to reinitiate the call when moving outside the coverage area because the call-will be dropped. In the new coverage aren the riser will he cxrvieod by another high powered transmitter operating .on a different set assigned channel: Thus conventional mcbile telephone system provides limited service capability in terms of Y Limited number of users Y Limited coverage ie. connectivity only in the large service area and not outside it + Poor Service Performance . In conventional mobile telephone systems, only a limited number of assigned channels were possible which allowed only a limited number of active users at any given time. As the demand for mobile telephone systems grew, the number of users grew manifold. The large number of subscribers could not be supported by the limited number of channels available. This led to high blockiag probability during busy hours. Hence the numibver of blocked calls increased giving very poor service perfarmance to the subscribers. ‘+ Inefficient frequency spectrum utilisation In any mootie telephone system, the frequency spectrum allocation allowed by the country’s regulating body isa limited resource, Hence il should be used efficiently. In a conventional mobile telephone system, the frequency utilisation measurement M, is defined as the ‘maximum number of customers that could be served by one channel at busy hour, M, Number of eu customers te, Number of. ‘customers = M,, x Number of channels Number of channels ‘Also, the offered load (A) by the system (in Erlangs) can be calculated as: oe x“ a = Averagealling time (nutes total eutomers tFetanes 60 min «A = Average calling time (minutes) x M, x Number of chanacl « “ 60 min. oO . Once A is calculated then from the data sheets, the Blocking Probability (B) can be found for this offered load A, with N number of channels used. Higher the offered load, grvater is the Blocking Probability. Sem. Vit~ MCSIWC 2 Prof. Savio.M.The conventional mobile telephone system does net utilise the spectrum efficiently since each channel can serve only one customer at a time in a wiole area. Hence the number of customers competing for a single channel i.e. My is high which in turn increases A, causing the values of Blocking Probability B w be high. To reduce the blocking probability B, we must decrease the value of Me [equation (1)} All the above mentioned limitations are overcome using the cellular system of mobile communications. BASICS OF CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMS QI. Write a note on performance criteria yor cellular systems. he performance criteria for cellular systems are specified in thive categories: Voice Quality - & Voice Quality is judged by subjective tests from users’ opinions. A Quality Scale for the system voice in terms of Circuit Merits (CM) is as shown in the table below. ‘CM __ | SCORE — QUALITY SCALE ——_ | - Ms | Excellent (Speech perfectly understandable) = 5 ‘4 | Good (speech easily understandable, some noise) 3 | Fair Gpeech understanciable with a 2 t Poor (speech understan Jable only with considerable effort, frequent repetitions needed) [Unsatisfactory (speech not understandable) For any given commercial system, voice quality will be based upon the following criterion: A set value x at which y percent of customers rate the system voice quality (from transmitter to receiver) as good [CM4] or excellent [CMS] ‘As the percentage of customers choosing (MS and CMA ihereases, the cost of building the system rises. The average of the CM scores obtained from all listeners is called the Mean Opinion Score (MOS). Usually the toll ‘quality: voice is around MOS > 3 ii, Service Quality ‘Three items aie considered under this category, namely a. Coverage b. Grade of Services and ¢. Number of dropped calls. ce a. Coverage s « ‘The system should cover an area as lurge as possible. However, Because of irregular terrain configurations it is not practical to cover 100 % of the area for two reasons: S * Very high transmitted power would be required to illuminate the + The higher the transmitted power, the harder it oecomes to control interference. Therefore systems usually try to cover 90 percent of an area in flat terrain and 75 percent of an area in hilly terrain, b, Required Grade of Service Biocking probability strongly influences the grade of service. To decrease blocking probability requires a good system plan and sufficient number of radio channels. For a normal start-up system the Grade of Service : is specified for a blocking probability of 0.02 for initiating calls at busy hour. c. Number of dropped calls . During Q calls made in an hour, if a call is dropped and remaining (Q-1) calls are completed, then the call drop rate is 17Q. ‘The drop rate must be kept must be kept low. A high drop rate could be caused by either coverage problems or handoff problems related to inadequate channel availability. é Sem VII MCHC 5 Prof. Savio.M. Baieii. Special Features A system can provide some special features like call forwarding, call + vit navigation services. But the customer has to pay for these special services. 2 02. Write in brief on the importance of 800 MH¢z jur cellular systems. ¥. automatic roaming 0 ‘The 800 MHz frequency was chosen for cellular communication because of severe spectrum limitations a lower frequency bands, + FM broadcasting services operate in the vicinity of 160 MI4z, +. The television broadcasting service starts at 41 Hz. and extends up to 960 MHz, + Ait to ground systems use 118 to 136 MHz. + Military aircraft use 225 to 400 MHz. + Maritime mobile service is located in the vicinity of 160 MHz. + Fixed station services are allocated portions of the 30 to 100 MHz band Therefore it was hard to allogate a spectrum in the lower portians of the 30 to 400 M' Iz band since servives of this band had become so crowded. Also mobile radio transmission catnot be applied at 10 GHz. or above because of severe propagation path loss, multi path fading and rain activity make the medium improper for mobile communications, inally assigned to educational TV channels, However with the coming of cable TV the load 800 MHz. was or of providing TV channels was shared. This situation opened up 40 MHz system at 800 MHz. was allocated to mobile radio cellular systems, Q3. Describe a basic cellular system in brief. 1. Service area map of a Cellular System ‘The cellular system of mobile communications dlvides the tota. service area into a number of small hexagonal nits called cells. Each cell has & size, depending on the number of users. In general, more the number of users, smaller the cell size. In densely populated urban areas the cell may be as small as IKm in diameter whereas in less populated areas, the vell diameter would be 3s large as 40 Km. In either ease cell size is designed to reliably serve only users in its small area. The figure below illustrates the cell pattem in the service area of a typical cellular system. FIG.2: CELL PATTERN IN THE SERVICE AREA OF A TVPICAL CELLAILAR SYSTEM. Fach cell uses a different set of frequencies as compared to its immediate neighbours. The cells are grouped into blocks (Blocks of seven cells in the fig. above} called as clusters. The pattern of frequencies is repeated in each block. Thus the shaded cells in this illustration all use identical frequencies, Sem, Vil = MCS/WC 4 Prof, Savio. M,1. Operational Units of a Cellular System ‘The figure alongside shows the block diagram of a basie cellular system. arid telephone network Voice circute Mobile telephone multching orice | —s Dedica‘ed voice rade clrcults Coll sites er wa) . FIG.2: BLOCK DIAGIEAM OF HASIC CELLULAR The Basic cellular system consists of three parts: - 1. The MTSO 2. The cell site 3. The mobile unit ‘The Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) or Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) It consists of processor and switches. ‘+ The processor provides central co ordination and cellular administration. + The cellular switch, which can be either analog or digital, handles the switching of calls between mobile subscribers and calls to and froin the public telephone network. ‘The principle functions of an MTSO are as listed below: Call switching, routing and overall control. g. Diagnostic and fault notification, b. Interface with conventional public network 1h. Controi of subscriber location and hand-off . © Co-ordination and system management i. Signalling control. - Administration of voice channel usage. j. Provision of services : © Directory management. 9. Call redirection. * ; ii) Call barring. x Lf Subscriber registration and billing. iii) Abbreviated dialling. - iv) Operator services, etc. Sem. Vil MCSIWC 5 Prof. Savio.M.2 Call Site Each cell has abase station referred to as Cell Site, whicl: transmits to end vves from all mobile phones within the area of the cell. It provides interface between the MTSU und all mobile units. It consists of control Unit, radio cabinets, antennas, a power plant, and data terminals 3. The Mobile Unit [consists of a control unit, transceiver and an antenna taterconneetion Radio [wireless] and high-speed data links are used to interconnect the three operational units of the cellular system, Radio Links Data Links + The Radio Link carries voice and signalling between the mobile unit and the cell site. ach mobile unit can use only one radio channel at a time for communication link, but the channel is not fixed. It can be any one of the channals from entire band-assigned to the The data iinks provide supervision links between i) The processor and the switch of the MTSO and ii) The cell sites and the processor. + The high speed data cannot be transmitted over the standard (telephone trunks and therefore must use either microwave links or T servicing area —~ artiers (wire lines), Micro-vave radio links or . arviers carry both voice and data between Each cell site has multi channel capabilities the cell site and the MTSO. ie. it can connect itself simultaneously to many mobile units. Q4. Explore the Hexagonal pattern theme ‘Tire actual radio coverage of a cell is known as footprint and is determined from field measurements. Although the real footprint is amorphous in nature, a regular cell shape is needed for systematic design. Hl | Radio coverage is ideally radial in nature; hence it would seem natural to choose the circular cell shape to represent the am | coverage area of a base station. However adjacent circles 4 ! ! | cannot be overlaid upon a map without leaving gaps or | creating overlapsing regions as illustrated in the fig. | i i Abiaciwt ents 1 alongside. i i i apes bejesen Uw Thus, when considering geometric shapes, which cover an entire region without overlapping or leaving gaps and with equal area, there are three sensible choices, namely 1, Pquilateral Triangle 2. Square and 3. Hexagon The fi ig. below iliustrates the cell patterns for each of the geometric shapes by consic i, Base station at the centre of each cell ii, Minimum required fadiation reaches the farthest point on the perimeter of the cell. ‘This is taken to be the cell radius r, Sem, ViT~ MCS 6 Prof. Savio. M,| PATTERN SQUARE CFA, PATTERN HEXAGONAL CELL ATER é TRANG Lace -onfiguration that can be used Fore cell The following table gives a direct comparison of the entire geometr UNF EGVERNGE ABER] OVERLAY —TOVERCAP WOT | AREA 3.76 238 Lire A study of the above table reveals th: following points: jangular area. - 1. Area of coverage of hexagonal.cell is twice that o 2. The hexagonal cell shape Fas the smallest overlap area and overlap width, 3 To cover an area of three hexagonal cells, ic. 7.8 r’, 6 triangular cells or 4 square are required. In other words if Hexagonal area ‘of 18° requires 3 frequencies then triangular cell require six frequencies for same area and square cell require four frequencies for that same area In general, by using Hexagon geometry, i ‘The fewest number of cells can cover a given geographic region and We can closely approximate a circular radiation patvern which would occur for an omni directional base station antenna and free ssace propa ‘Thus we conclude that hexagonal honeycomb structure [Hexagonal Cell Geometry] is the icving ideal radio coverage. Hence this shape is widely used. Note The Hexagonal cell shape adopted for design is conceptual and is a simplistic model of > radio coverage for ‘cach base station, However it has been universally adopted because the hexagon permits easy and manageable . ilar system. analysis ofa ce os In a cellular system, communication between the base station and the mobiles in a cell is defined by a standard & Common Air Interface (CAN) that specifies four Logical channels, © Explain Common Air Interface (CAi)? + The channels used for voice transmissions from the base station to mobiles are referred to as Forward ~ Voice Chinnels (FVC) or Forward Traffic Channels. A Forward Voice Channel also carries system formation from base stat on to a mobile terminal when a call is in progress. control * The channels used for voice transmissions from the mobiles to base stations are referred to as Keverse Voice Chaamels (RVC) or Reverse Traffic Channels. A Reverse Voice Channel carries system control information from a mobile termined to a base station when a call is in progress. Sgn. VII= MCW 7 Prof, Savio.+ The channels used for carrying signalling information from the Base Station to the Mobiles are called Forward Control Channels (FCC) + The channels used for carrying signalling information from the Mobiles to the Base Station are called Reverse Control Channels (RCC) . 06. In a cellular system give the function of Control Channels. The conteol channel is a radio channel used for carrying signalling information between the base station and the mobile stations in a cell. There are two types of control channels, namely: © The Forward Control Channel (FCC) which carries signalling information from the Base Station to the Mobile Stations and ‘Tire FCC carries messages related to Y Operating parameters (e.g. location area identity, cell identity) Y Call set up (e.g. paging) and Y Location updating ‘+ The Reverse Control Channel (RCC) which carries signalling inforn.ation from the Mobile Stations to the Base Station. The RCC is used to carry ~ Signals for location updating Y Mobile originated call set up information and Responses to incoming call set up messages (e.g. paging respons=) Each cell is allocated one control channel pair consisting of FCC and RCC. Kontrol channels are also referred to as set up channels because they are only involved in setting up a call and moving it to an unused voice channel. 07. Explain celtular mobile system operation with mobile and base stations. eB 1. Mobile unit initialisation When the mobile phone is turned ON, but is not yet engaged in a call the following sequence of operations take place: i. The Receiver of the mobile phone scans the group of Forviard Control (Set’ up) Channels (FCC) from hase stations [1 FCC for each base station}. ors =f a MISO ii, The Receiver selects the strongest set up channel and moritors it until si ertai level. the signal drops below a certain usable | MONITOR FOR STRONGEST SIGNAL iii, At this point, it again scaris the control channels in scarch of the strongest base station signal. By this process, mobile unit is finding a cell site in which it is located at that particular instant of time. This is called as self location scheme of mobile unit. 2. Sequence of operations for Mobile originated call | i. The user places the called number into an originating register of mobile | unit, checks to sce that the number is correct and pushes the ‘send? "j button. i ii, A call initiation request is sent to the base station on the reverse control j With this request the mobile unit transmits the following information, REQUEST FOR CDNNECTION ‘Sem. VI MCSIWC 3 Prof. Savio.M.+ ls own telephone number (MIN) * Electronic Serial Number (ESN) + The telephone number of the called party and Q * A Station Class Mark (SCM), which indicates what the maximum power level is for the particular user. The base station seceives this request afd forwards it to MTSO using high-speed data link. iv, The MSO analyses the identification to ensure that it is proper and then analyses the called number to see if it refers to a mobile or fixed subscriber. It also instructs the base station to move the call to an unused voice channel pair within the cell. The base station then signals the calling mobile on the FCC. ~ to change frequencies te an unusec! forward and reverse voice channel pair. A. Sequence of operations for Call ‘fo Mobile ‘The MTSO sends a pagingemessage containing the called mobile ‘clephore number [MIN] to all base siations in the cellular system. ji, ‘The base stations transmit this paging message on their forward set up channels. fii, ‘The mobile unit recognises its identification number and responds to + the corresponding base station by identifying itself on the Reverse | Control Channel, iv. The base station relays the acknowlGttgement sent by the mobile to | MTSO. v, The MTSO instructs the base station to move the call to an unused ! voice channel pair within the cell. | : vi. The base station signals the mobile to change frequencies to an unused forward and reverse voice channel pair on the FCC and switches to the best directive antenna to link to the mobile unit. os “ vii,A data message (called an afert) is transmitted over the forward vo channel fo instruct the mobile telephone to ring, thereby instructing the mobile user to answer the phone. at aCe B. Sequence of operations for Call to Fixed Subscriber i. The MTSO routes the call to the telephone company zone office from where it is f destination through the PSTN. {_ Puml\t duiteh jedaghone of] a 3. Sequence of operations for Network: originated call (Fixed to Mobile Subscriber Calls) € i. A landlivie party dials the mobile unit number. ii, The Telephone company zone office recognises that the number is a mobile number and forwards the call to MTSO. Remiaining operations ae the same as described in ‘Call to Mobile” above. s 4. Call termination When the conversation is terminated and either user hangs up (ie. when either mobile user tums ~ off the transmitter), a particular signalling tone is transmittes to the cell site and both sides free the voice channels. ‘The mobile unit then resumes monitoring of the paging signal through strongest sct up channel. suveesS Sem, Vi~ MCSIWC 9 Prof. Savio.M.Rewmina ont serve pron seen POR u panes S43 bond oy ~ Hand Off or Hand Cver 1 During the call, the two parties are on a voice | j channel. When the mobile unit moves out of | the coverage area (cell) of a particular base | station, the reception becomes weak. The ! | system then switches the call to a new voice | ! | i i i : MTSO ] frequency channel in the new zell covered by another base station. This heppens without either interrupting the call or alerting the user. HAND OFF ONGOING CALL The process of reallocating a different voice channel as a user moves between cells is called hand-off. ‘The entire hand-off process takes place in a very short periad of time (about 1/3 rd of a second) and is completely unnoticeable to the user. os 2 ayer ah pg? FREQUENCY REUSE QI. Explain the concept of frequency reuse in mobile communications. Frequency reuse is the process in which the same set of frequercies (channels) can be allocated to more than one cell. provided the cells are a certain minimum distance apart referred to as the frequency reuse distance. Cells using the same set af radio channels must be apart by a sufficient distance in order to avoid mutual interference (co chennel interference) 1 ‘The frequency reuse distance depends on the following f2ctors: + Number of ca channel cells in the vicinity of the central cell. + Type of geographic terrain contour. * + Antenna height. + Transmitted power at each cell site. ‘The frequency reuse distance (D) is determined by the formula: D = V3NR Where N = No, of cells in the frequency reuse pattern “ell radius WAAISTRATION OF CELULAR QUENCY HHUSE CONCTP Tie fig, alongside illustrates the concept of cellular frequency reuse. Here the Cells labelled with same letters use the same group of channels Each cellular hase station is allocated a group of radio channels to be used within a small geographic area called a cell. Base stations in adjacent cells are assigned chanme! groups which contain completely different channels than ne ghbouring cells. In the fig. above A. B, C, D. E and F denote the channel groups of adjacent cells. ‘The base station antennas are designed to achieve the desired coverage pattern (Footprint) within the particular cell. By limiting the coverage area to within the boundaries of the cell, the same group of channels inay be used in a different cells, provided they are sufficiently separated trom one another. This is illustrated in the fig, above. The minimum separation distance is governed by the tolerable co channel interference Advantage of frequency reuse ‘+ In the frequency reuse system, users in different cells may sintultancously use the same frequency channel. Hence, i¢ can drastically increase the spectrum efficiency. Q2. What is a cluster? What is frequency reuse factor? + Cluster . Consider a cellular system, which has a total of § full duplex channels available for use. ‘Assume that in this system Sem. Vit= CSW 0 Prof, Savio.M.i. The $ channels are divided among: N cells into unique and disjoint | ‘groups which each have the same number of channels and i Bg ji, Bach cell is allocated a group of k channels (k <$) i HE ‘Therefore ola numberof channels per eels given as: k= S i Ee . ‘Therefore, the (otal number of available channels can be expressed as: ! 3 i roca P. The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies j ivcalledaclusier 1 .ustesnoy ov ce a The factor N is called the cluster size and is typically 4. 7 or 12. The cluster pattem for N=7 is shown in the fiz. above, + Frequency Reuse Factor . The frequeney reuse factor of a cellular system is given hy reciprocal of the cluster size ie. ItN. Q This is bee * cuch cell of the cluster is ouly assigned 1/N of the total available channels in the system, i Q3. Describe the methad of lacating co channel cells in a cellular systent. 7 as shown in the fig. | Consider a typical cluster pattern of size alongside Due to the hexagonal geometry of individual cells in the clusters Fach cell ot ii, The lines joining the centres of any cell and each of 1 | ie eauidi | exactly six equidistant neighbours and i i | neighbours are separated by multiples of 60 degrees. i Hence, there aie only certain cluster si possible, sand cell layouts, which are | i j cee IN HOLD AND a REPLICATED OVER THE: COVERAGE AREA. In order to conncet the adjacent cells without any gaas in between, the geometry of the hexagon is such that the number of cells per cluster can only have values that satisfy the equation: é Where N-number of cells per cluster iand. non negative integer values 0.1, 2.3... Possible values of N = 1,3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21. ete, I Yo find the nearest co channel neighbours ofa particular cell one must do the following | : i A i ~ 1 i. Move i celts througin the centre of successive cells i : ! i wee ii, Turn 60 degrees in a counter clockwise direction. I ® I ij iii, Move j cells forward through the centre of successive cells. i é Sem FIT MC iv Prof. Savio.M. * 1 eMlustration| consider =3 andj =2 N=3?43%242? .N=19 The cluster pattem of size N = 19 is as shown in the figure alongside. O4. Give three examples of possible cluster patterns for cettuisr systems. ‘The three typical examples of cluster patterns are for cluster size N= 4, 7 and 12. ‘The pattern for each of these is shown in the fig. below. #2742242? 12 Sem. VII MCSWE a Prof Savio.M