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    Week 3 - Module 3 (Synchronous)

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    Patricia Aranda
    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It defines polarity as the separation of electric charge in a molecule, giving it a positive and negative end. Polarity depends on the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms and the molecular geometry. Polar bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference of 0.5-1.6. Molecular geometry is also important - asymmetric molecules with polar bonds are polar, while symmetric molecules are nonpolar. Examples show how to determine bond type from electronegativity and predict molecular geometry and polarity from Lewis structures.

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    Week 3 - Module 3 (Synchronous)

    Uploaded by

    Patricia Aranda
    39 views33 pages
    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It defines polarity as the separation of electric charge in a molecule, giving it a positive and negative end. Polarity depends on the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms and the molecular geometry. Polar bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference of 0.5-1.6. Molecular geometry is also important - asymmetric molecules with polar bonds are polar, while symmetric molecules are nonpolar. Examples show how to determine bond type from electronegativity and predict molecular geometry and polarity from Lewis structures.

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    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It defines polarity as the separation of electric charge in a molecule, giving it a positive and negative end. Polarity depends on the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms and the molecular geometry. Polar bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference of 0.5-1.6. Molecular geometry is also important - asymmetric molecules with polar bonds are polar, while symmetric molecules are nonpolar. Examples show how to determine bond type from electronegativity and predict molecular geometry and polarity from Lewis structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views33 pages

    Week 3 - Module 3 (Synchronous)

    Uploaded by

    Patricia Aranda
    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It defines polarity as the separation of electric charge in a molecule, giving it a positive and negative end. Polarity depends on the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms and the molecular geometry. Polar bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference of 0.5-1.6. Molecular geometry is also important - asymmetric molecules with polar bonds are polar, while symmetric molecules are nonpolar. Examples show how to determine bond type from electronegativity and predict molecular geometry and polarity from Lewis structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 33

    WEEK 3 - MODULE 3

    SYNCHRONOUS

    DOMINIQUE MANDANAS
    PHYSICAL SCIENCE (PSCI)
    [email protected]
    POLARITY OF MOLECULES
    OBJECTIVES

    Differentiate polar and nonpolar bonds

    Determine the polarity of chemical bonds between

    atoms using the concept of electronegativity

    Familiarize with the different molecular shapes

    Explain how polarity of bonds and molecular geometry

    affects the polarity of molecules


    POLARITY OF MOLECULES

    WHAT IS POLARITY?

    is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical


    groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end
    and a positively charged end. Polar molecules must contain polar bonds
    due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.
    POLARITY OF MOLECULES
    POLARITY OF MOLECULES

    A MOLECULE CAN BE DETERMINED AS POLAR OR


    NOT BASED ON:

    DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS TO


    PREDICT WHAT TYPE OF BOND THEY HAVE

    GEOMETRY
    POLARITY OF MOLECULES

    WHAT IS AN ELECTRONEGATIVITY?

    is a tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.


    TYPE OF BOND
    You can predict the type of bond the molecule has using the following steps:

    STEP 1: Determine the electronegativity values of the elements given by looking at Pauling

    Electronegativity Values for the Elements.

    STEP 2: Get the difference between the electronegativity values from step 1.

    STEP 3: Check what range is the electronegativity difference you solved from step 2 fitted from the

    table on the next slide.

    STEP 4: Determine what type of bond the molecule has based on where the range in electronegativity

    difference fit from the table on the next slide.


    POLARITY OF MOLECULES

    DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

    ELECTRONEGATIVITY
    TYPE OF BOND
    DIFFERENCE, ∆EN
    NONPOLAR ≤ 0.4
    POLAR 0.5 to 1.6
    IONIC ≥ 1.7
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

    PAULING ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUES FOR THE ELEMENTS


    ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

    Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of


    atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

    1. Ca and Cl

    2. Cl and Cl

    3. C and N
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

    Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of


    atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

    1. Ca and Cl
    Solution:
    ENCa = 1
    ∆EN = 1 – 3 = |-2| = 2 ∴ Ionic Bond
    ENCl = 3
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

    Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of


    atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

    2. Cl and Cl
    Solution:
    ENCl = 3
    ∆EN = 3 – 3 = 0 ∴ Nonpolar Bond
    ENCl = 3
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

    Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of


    atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

    3. C and N
    Solution:
    ENC = 2.5 ∆EN = 2.5 – 3 = |-0.5| = 0.5
    ENN = 3
    ∴ Polar Bond
    POLARITY OF MOLECULES

    GEOMETRY

    POLAR BOND IS SHOWN IN AN ASYMMETRIC MOLECULE

    NONPOLAR BOND IS SHOWN IN A SYMMETRIC MOLECULE


    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
    You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a substance using the following steps:

    STEP 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least electronegative

    element.

    STEP 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule.

    STEP 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone pairs) around the

    central atom.

    STEP 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of electron pairs.

    STEP 5: Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms


    LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

    1 8
    2 3 4 5 6 7 2

    Note: Numbers written in red color is the number of valence electrons


    LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

    Oxygen →
    1 8
    2 3 4 5 6 7 2
    Carbon →
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    1. CO2

    2. SO2
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    1. CO2
    Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least
    electronegative element.

    ENC = 2.5
    ENC < ENO
    ENO = 3.5
    ∴ C, Carbon, is the central atom
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    1. CO2
    Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis Dot Structure for the molecule.
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    1. CO2
    Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone
    pairs) around the central atom.

    ∴ CO2 has 2 bonding pairs of electrons


    ELECTRON PAIR ORIENTATION
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    1. CO2
    Step 4 and 5: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of
    electron pairs. Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms.

    ∴ The electron pair orientation for 2


    electrons and the molecular shape of CO2
    is LINEAR
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example


    using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
    1. CO2

    Solution:
    ENC = 2.5
    ∆EN = 2.5 – 3.5 = |-1| = 1
    ENO = 3.5
    ∴ Polar Bond
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example


    using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
    1. CO2

    ← → ←→ No Net Dipole Moment

    Symmetrical

    ∴ CO2 has a Polar Bond and it is a Non-


    Polar Molecule
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    2. SO2
    Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least
    electronegative element.

    ENS = 2.5
    ENS < ENO
    ENO = 3.5
    ∴ S, Sulfur, is the central atom
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    2. SO2
    Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis Dot Structure for the molecule.
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    2. SO2
    Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone
    pairs) around the central atom.

    ∴ SO2 has 4 bonding pairs of electrons and 2 lone pairs


    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

    1. SO2
    Step 4 and 5: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of
    electron pairs. Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms.

    ∴ The electron pair orientation for 4


    electrons and 2 lone pairs and the
    molecular shape of SO2 is BENT.
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example


    using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
    2. SO2

    Solution:
    ENS = 2.5
    ∆EN = 2.5 – 3.5 = |-1| = 1
    ENO = 3.5
    ∴ Polar Bond
    MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

    Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example


    using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
    2. SO2

    There is a Net Dipole Moment

    Asymmetrical (the top has


    less electronegativity)
    ∴ SO2 has a Polar Bond and
    it is a Polar Molecule
    THANK YOU!

    DOMINIQUE MANDANAS
    PHYSICAL SCIENCE (PSCI)
    [email protected]

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