cycles and processes

TASK1 TASK2 ing wh1c"/i o organize net aclcl

formation
ExP.ressing result nH P.Urnose

Task 1 Using the passive a

1 Look at the five objects a-e and answer the questions.

a Which of these materials are used to make these
objects?

wood ■ plastic ■ cement ■ bricks ■ diamonds

metal ■ leather ■ glass ■ rubber
b Which of the materials in your list are natural and
Technique which are manufactured?
Make sure you use the
correct form of the verb 2 Complete 1-6 with the correct forms of the verbs
when you describe in brackets.
processes. Natural
processes are often Examples
described using the A river runs through London. (active)
active form, whereas Many electronic goods are manufactured in Japan.
manufacturing processes (passive: be+ past participle)
are usually described using
the passive.
Manufacturing cement
Natural processes:
Limestone is the main ingredient of cement. Firstly, it
A river flows from its source
to the ocean. (active) 1 ____ (extract) from the ground. Then, at the
The Sun heats the water. factory, it 2 _____ (heat) to a high temperature
The water evaporates . with other ingredients. After this, it 3 _____
Manufacturing processes: (cool) with blasts of cold air.
Many electronic goods
are manufactured in
Japan. (passive: be + past How rain is formed
participle) When warm air 4 (reach) high ground, it is forced to
The tree is chopped down. rise, and, as a result, it 5 (cool). Moisture in the air
A door is made from wood.
6 (condense) to form rain.

Technique 3 Complete 1-8 with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Make sure the subject The water table
and verb agree when you Some rocks 1 ______ (hold) large amounts of water. When
describe processes. it 2 ______ (rain), the tiny spaces in the rock gradually
The Sun shines and the 3 ______ (fill) with water so that the rock 4 ______
temperature rises. (become) saturated or full up. The top of this saturated zone is
called the water table. If long periods of rain 5 ______
(occur), the water table 6 ______ (rise). If there is no rain,
the rock 7 _____ (begin) to dry out and the water t.able
8 ____ (fall).
 Machines, cycles and processes
4 Are the verbs in sentences a-c transitive, intransitive, or both?
Technique
Which sentence cannot be put into the passive?
Think about the type of verb you are
a The temperature falls. using. Verbs which require an object are
b Manufacturers make rubber products. called transitive. Verbs which never have
c Sunlight opens the leaves. The leaves open. an object are called intransitive.

5 Label each verb in the box transitive (T), intransitive (I) or both (B).
The first one has been done for you.

fall I ■ design ■ produce ■ rise ■ send ■ begin ■ manufacture

obtain ■ die ■ become ■ dry ■ grow ■ cool

6 Use the notes below to write short paragraphs about production processes.
Example
The production of a car involves various stages. car/design; prototype/make;
car/mass-produce; car/distribute; car/sell
The production of a car involves various stages. After the car is designed, a
prototype is made and the car is mass-produced. The car is then distributed and sold.
a The production of a motorcycle involves various stages. motorcycle/design; prototype/
make; prototype/test; motorcycle/manufacture; motorcycle/ export; motorcycle/sell.
b The diagram shows the various stages in the production of bread. wheat/plant; crop/
harvest; wheat/transport to the mill; wheat/make fl.our; fl.our/ buy/baker; bread/bake;
bread/sold.
7 Some diagrams require descriptions using past tenses.
Technique
Complete the paragraph with the verbs from the box.
Use the past simple (active and passive)
a died and dropped b was formed c lived d was covered to describe events and developments
e was trapped f turned g is now mined h built up that took place in the past.

SWAMP The diagrams show the process by which

300 million years ago
coal l ____ over a period of
millions of years. First of all, large plants
2 _____ in enormous swamps a
long time ago. These 3 ____ to
WATER
the bottom of the water. Over the years, the
100 million years ago dead plants formed a layer, which became
deeper and deeper. More and more earth
and dirt 4 ____ on top of this layer.
Subsequently, this layer 5 ____ by

* ••
rocks and dirt and so the energy of the dead
plants 6 ____ underneath.As the
pressure and the heat grew over time, the
Rocks and dirt
layer of dead plants 7 ____ into
Heat and pressure
coal. Seams of coal were formed and coal
ii i t i
Coal
i i i 8 _____
I

8 Underline the active verbs in the text and double underline the passive verbs in the
text in exercise 7.
 Unit 3
■ Sequencing

■
1 The diagram below shows how energy is produced from coal. Answer the questions.
a Where does the coal come from?
b How is the coal carried to the power plant?
c What is added to the furnace in addition to coal?
d What gas is produced when coal is burnt in the furnace?
e What do you think is removed from the gas?
f What is the gas called following this process?
g What do you think the gas does in the turbine?
h What does the turbine do to the generator?
i Where do the hot exhaust gases come from?
j What happens to the gases?

Oxygen
-+-
Raw
syngas
Flue gases Removal

CO 2
Mercury
Sulfur

Steam Heat recovery

steam generator

Electricity

2 Write headings for each stage of the process using these verbs: deliver, add, remove,
produce, convert, generate.
Example
Delivering the coal/the delivery of the coal

3 Complete the model text below by choosing the correct alternative in each case.

The diagram shows the process involved in the production of energy from coal . Technique
Use linking
1 First ofall/Atfirst/Once the coal is delivered by lorry. 2 Furthermore/After that/As devices such as
a result, it is carried along a conveyor belt to the power plant, 3 when/then/where it is Rrst of an, After
burned in a large furnace to which oxygen is added. 4 Otherwise/From this/I'herefore, that (adverbs)
raw syngas is produced. At the next stage of the process, harmful substances like carbon and When
(conjunction)
dioxide, mercury and sulfur are removed. 5 Following that/Fol/owing/Subsequent, the as trigger
purified gas is used to drive a gas turbine. The ttubine 6 in turn/afterwards/therefore words to help
powers a generator, producing electricity. The gas turbine also produces hot exhaust you sequence
gases. These are 7 then/therefore/consequently piped to a heat recovery steam generator, ideas when
which converts the heat into steam. The steam is 8 consequently/subsequent/subsequently you describe
used to power a steam turbine, which again is used to generate electricity. processes.

It is clear that the production of energy from coal requires a series of stages, including the
use of exhaust gases.
 Machines, cycles and processes
4 Make a list of some of the linking devices which are used in exercise 3. Use a dictionary to help you
decide whether they are adverbs or coajunctions. ■
Adverbs ___________________________________
Conjunctions--------------------------------- ■
5 Connect the sentences below. Use the linking devices in brackets in each case.
Example
The parts of the car are assembled. The cars are exported. (after)
After the parts of the car are assembled, the cars are exported.
a The snow falls. It covers the ground with a protective layer. (when)

b Her cubs are born. The lioness licks them all over. (as soon as)

c The paper is collected. It is sent for recycling. (once)

d Volcanoes erupt. They send huge amounts of smoke into the air. (before)

e The plants transpire. The air becomes humid. (when)

f The trees are cut down. The forest is gradually destroyed. (and)

6 Connect these sentences using your own words.

a The food is processed. It is packaged. It is distributed.

b The cycle is completed. It repeats itself all over again.

c The rubbish is collected. It is sent to a centre for sorting. It is recycled.

d A new model of the bicycle is developed. The bicycle is tested.

e The TV is assembled. It is sent to the shops.

f The water is purified. It is bottled.

g The data about the weather is collected. The information is then broadcast.

h The prototype is tested. It is modified. · ·