The Complete Guide To:

How to Build a
Computer from Scratch.

By Whitson Gordon
[PDF Created by Sarvesh Lad]
 Lesson 1:
Hardware Basics
Building a computer from scratch gives you the perfect machine for your needs, but it can be
daunting the first time around. In this edition of Lifehacker Night School, we'll be taking you
through the buying, building, and installation process step-by-step. Today, we're going to start
with a little computer hardware basics.

While you could just go to the store and buy a Dell, you might find that you're happier with a
custom-built machine. Building a PC from the ground up means it's perfectly crafted to fit your
needs, whether you're a hardcore gamer, video editor extraordinaire, or you're just trying to build
a low- or high-powered home theater PC. In some instances, you may save some money, and in
all instances you'll have accomplished a project that you'll benefit from for years—a pretty great
feeling in and of itself. That said, building is much more time consuming than buying, and your
first time through, it can be daunting. This week's Night School series will walk you through
building your first (or second, or third) computer from start to finish.

Today, we'll be talking about the first step in any computer build: brainstorming what kind of
machine you're looking to make and what that means for your hardware.

The Types of Machines and their Ballpark Costs

Much like we did in our original spec-crafting feature, the the first thing you need to do is come
up with a very, very rough idea of what kind of performance you want from your machine. The
easiest way to do that is to split builds it up into three general categories:

 Low Performance: If you're looking for a simple PC for web browsing, email checking,
or video watching, a low performance machine is probably the way to go. These
machines are small, don't draw a lot of power, and are usually pretty quiet, which is great
(though they obviously sacrifice performance for those perks). Nettops, home theater
PCs, and (on a more extreme level) home servers also fit into this category. Most custom-
built low performance machines range from $200 to $400.
 Middle of the Road: This is a great option for the majority of users, especially since you
can stretch the machine's power and your budget to fit almost any scenario. Middle of the
road machines will sit in a smaller computer tower, with enough power to play some
games and run more than a few programs at once. If you're looking for a multipurpose
computer that won't break the bank, this is where you want to go. Middle of the road
machines can vary quite a bit in price, but in general they range from $300 to $700.
 High Performance: These are the big guns. Generally, users with high performance
computers are doing things that are more resource-intensive: converting and editing large
amounts of video, playing the latest and greatest games at high settings, running other
operating systems in virtual machines, and so on. Be prepared to shell out a bit of cash,
use a lot of electricity, and devote a lot of space to this machine. Again, there's a good
range here, but typically a high performance machine will cost anywhere from $700 to
infinity and beyond.
The Parts That Make Up a Computer (and What They Do)
Every fully functioning computer is made of the same basic components, and in this section,
we'll walk through the basic hardware you'll need for your first build. We're still just talking
about "things to consider" here—we'll get down to the nitty-gritty of picking out specific parts in
the next lesson. Here, we just want to point out what the important components are, and which
ones are the most important for certain builds.

The Processor

The Processor (CPU) is the "brain" of your

computer, the thing that carries out the tasks you
give it. Better CPUs can perform more tasks at
once, and perform them faster. That said, not
everyone actually takes advantage of their
processor's full speed, so the high-end models
are only really crucial if you're performing
intensive tasks like gaming, video editing, video
conversion, or compiling code. It's also one of
the most expensive parts of a machine, so if you
aren't performing these types of tasks, you don't
necessarily need to worry about buying the
latest and greatest.

The Motherboard

The motherboard connects all the other

components to one another, and is the physical
base upon which you build everything else. It
contains a lot of your machine's core features,
like the number of USB ports, the number of
expansion cards you can put in (such as video,
sound, and Wi-Fi), and also determines how big
your computer will be. Which motherboard you
pick will depend on whether you build a low,
medium, or high performance machine and how
advanced of a user you are.
The Case

The case holds all of your computer's parts

together. For the most part, a case is less
about features that affect how your
computer runs and more about features that
affect you and your home—that is, how
quiet it is, how large it is, and of course,
how it looks in your office. Still, it's an
important consideration that is dependent on
your other choices, so you might want to
think about what you want in terms of a case
before moving on to the shopping step.

The RAM

RAM, or Random Access Memory, is like

your computer's short-term memory. It
stores data your computer needs quick
access to to help your programs run faster,
and help you run more programs at one
time. Thus, if you run a lot of programs at
once, you'll want a computer with more
RAM. If you use virtual machines, you'll
want even more RAM, since it has to run its
own programs in addition to yours.

The Graphics Card

The Graphics card, or GPU, is a processor

specifically designed to handle graphics. It's
what you hook your monitor up to, and it's
what draws your desktop and your windows
on the screen. Some motherboards come with
a GPU already integrated, which is enough to
manage your desktop, but not enough for
watching high definition video or playing 3D
games. For those, you'll need a dedicated
graphics card, since it can do the legwork
needed to draw those complex images.
The Hard Drive(s)

Your hard drives are what store all of your data,

ranging from your operating system to your
documents, music, and movies. If the RAM is
your computer's short-term memory, your hard
drive is the long-term memory. It stores the things
you want to keep around for awhile. The kind of
hard drive you choose will be determined mainly
by how much data you need to store, but certain
kinds of hard drives (like solid state drives) can
also affect your computer's speed.

The Optical Drive

An optical drive, more commonly known as a

CD or DVD drive, is what you'll use to read
CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-Ray discs. Not
everyone needs an optical drive in his/her
computer, but since you can buy one for about
$20, there's little reason not to have one.

The Power Supply

The power supply directs electricity to the other

components in your machine. Generally
speaking, if you have a high performance
computer with a fast processor, a graphics card,
and a few hard drives, you'll need a higher
wattage power supply than you would if you
were building a low-end PC. This is probably
the last component you'll shop for, once you've
nailed down your other parts and how much
electricity they'll require.
Other Parts to Consider

While these are the main parts almost every

computer has, you probably have other needs. For
example, if you're going to use Wi-Fi instead of
wired Ethernet for accessing the internet, you'll
probably need to buy a Wi-Fi card. If you take a
lot of photos, it's probably worth getting an
internal SD card reader for easily loading your
photos onto your computer. If you have any
Bluetooth peripherals, you might consider an internal Bluetooth card, and if you video chat with
friends, you'll want to pick up a webcam. And, of course, if you don't already have them, you'll
need a monitor, keyboard, and mouse. These are just a few of the extra things you could use, so
really think about what you'll be using this computer for and what other parts you need to buy so
you don't have to take an extra trip to the store (and so you can better budget your money).

Sit back and ponder how you use your current computer, how you're going to use your new
computer, and what that means for the components listed above. If you're going to do a lot of
gaming, a high-end processor and video card are crucial. If you're building a home theater PC,
you'll want a "good enough" video card, a low-end processor, and a large hard drive to store all
your movies. Once you've figured it out, in our next lesson, we'll talk about how to actually shop
for the parts you need to build your computer.
 Lesson 2:
Choose and Buy Your Parts
Now that you've got a better understanding of what goes into a computer, it's time to actually
choose and buy the components you're going to use. In this lesson, we'll show you how to most
effectively pick out your parts.

Important Considerations for Each Component

Even with the above steps, the process is going to feel overwhelming, especially if you don't
keep up with all the latest hardware news (as many of us don't). Thus, along with feedback you
might find elsewhere on the net, these summaries should help you find the right parts for your
particular build.

Note that these descriptions are bound to become outdated as time goes on, so in addition to
reading the information below, check out some pre-built systems comparable to what you want
to build. That'll help you figure out what kind of processor applies to mid-range builds, how
much RAM you'd find in a high-end build, and so on. You should also consider the operating
system you want to run, and the programs you'll be using, and check their recommended system
requirements.

The Processor

The two big things you want to look at with a

processor are clock speed and number of
cores. A processor's clock speed determines
how many instructions one core can carry out
in one second. Thus, higher clock speed means
your computer carries out instructions faster,
while more cores means it can carry out more
sets of instructions at one time. Some
programs can utilize multiple cores at once,
making them extremely efficient with multi-
core CPUs, but also multitask well since they
can carry out multiple sets of instructions
simultaneously.

At the time of this writing, low-power machines probably only need single- or dual-core
processors, mid-range builds will want dual- or quad-core processors, and high-powered
machines will definitely want quad-core processors (or even above, if you're going very high
performance). Within those categories, you'll then want to look at clock speed to determine how
fast that processor is.

For something like gaming, clock speed is more important than number of cores, since most
games are not designed to use more than one core. So, if given the choice between a quad-core at
one speed and a dual-core at a higher speed, the dual-core might be a better option (assuming
you never do any other CPU-intensive tasks). If you're converting video, though, the program
you use might support multiple cores, in which case a higher number of cores is more important.
Check with some of the programs you'll use most often to see if they support multiple cores and
which feature benefits you more.

Not all processors are created equal, and these are certainly not the only characteristics to
compare, but that should help narrow down your choices a bit. Again, if you aren't hip to all the
lingo, ask around! There are lots of people on the aforementioned forums that would be happy to
help guide you.

Note: Almost all CPUs come with a heatsink and fan, which are necessary to keep your CPU
from overheating. If you buy a processor labeled "OEM", however, you're going to need to buy a
heatsink separately; you can find heatsinks at the same stores as all your other hardware.

Update: A lot of you are mentioning that clock speed doesn't matter much, and that's half true—in fact,
we've talked about it before. Generally, if you pick a brand and a number of cores, you'll end up with
only a few "families" of processors to choose from, within which you can compare clock speeds since
you're comparing to otherwise identical processors. Again, this is a guide for beginners, so it's more
complicated than that, but we could do a night school on processors alone—start here and then ask
around if you're confused about the difference between two different processor families.

Brands to Watch For: AMD and Intel are the two CPU heavyweights. Intel's processors tend to
perform better, while AMD's processors are generally less expensive.

The Motherboard

As you look at motherboards, you'll want to pay attention to quite a few things. Here are some of
the more important features:

 Socket Type: Your socket type (such as AMD's "AM2" socket, or Intel's "LGA 1155"
socket) determines which processors you can use with that board. So, if you've already
narrowed down the kind of processor you want, this is a good first step to narrowing
down your motherboard. Look for a model with a socket type that matches your
processor to ensure that the two are compatible.

 Size: Motherboards generally come in three sizes: Mini ITX, Micro ATX, and full ATX.
The more advanced features you need, the larger the motherboard will need to be, which
will also determine the size of your case (and final machine). Generally, your
motherboard will be dependent on these other factors, but if you absolutely need a super
small machine, you'll want to filter your choices to reflect that.

 Number and Types of external Ports:

Look at the ports available on the
motherboard. Do you need a lot of USB
ports? You'll either want a motherboard
 that has them or enough PCI slots to support extra USB adapters. Do you need HDMI
out? If you aren't getting a graphics card (and you're planning to use your computer with
a monitor), you'll need graphics integrated with the motherboard. Do you want fast
Gigabit LAN? Some motherboards only have 10/100, which won't give you fast enough
speeds. Do you want any new, super fast USB 3.0 ports? If you want to take advantage of
any USB 3.0 peripherals, you'll need compatible ports on your motherboard. If you're set
on a motherboard that doesn't have a feature you need, you can add most with expansion
cards, but life is always easier if the motherboard has them built in.

 Amount of supported RAM: If you plan on having a lot of RAM in your machine,
you'll need a motherboard that supports it. If you're overclocking your processor, you also
want to check the top RAM speed your motherboard supports, since you'll probably have
to boost your RAM speed when you overclock.

 Integrated Graphics: If all you're going to do is browse the web, use Microsoft Office,
and perform other simple tasks, you may be better off choosing a motherboard with
integrated graphics. You only need to shell out for a separate graphics card if you're
playing video games, and maybe if you're playing HD video (though some integrated
graphics chips can even do that nowadays). If you're getting a separate graphics card, it
doesn't really matter if your motherboard has integrated graphics or not.

 Number of SATA Ports: This determines how many internal hard drives and optical
drives you can have. For most builds, this is only really a concern if you plan on having a
lot of drives in your computer (like if you're building a server or a NAS).

 Number of PCI Slots: You can only

have as many expansion cards as you
have PCI slots, so if you want a
dedicated video card (or two), a
dedicated sound card, extra USB ports,
extra LAN ports, a Wi-Fi adapter, or
other expansion cards you need to
make sure your motherboard has
enough of them.

 Chipset: Your motherboard's chipset determines a lot of the more advanced features it
has. Some chipsets support overclocking, some do not. Some support SLI and Crossfire
(using multiple video cards in tandem), some do not. Others are better for turning into
Hackintoshes. If you didn't understand any of the things I just said, you probably don't
need to pay too close attention to this—but if you want certain advanced features, chipset
will narrow your selection considerably.

These are the things you want to look for as far as features go (we'll consider more things, like
price and customer support, in the next lesson when we start shopping). Generally, the more of
these features you require on the motherboard, the larger in size and price they become, so keep
that in mind as you ponder.
Brands to Watch For: ASUS, GIGABYTE, and MSI are probably the biggest name in
motherboards. However, BIOSTAR and ASRock are well known for good budget boards, if
you're trying to keep the cost down.

The Case

 Size: Cases come in a number of shapes

and sizes, and what size case you choose
should match the kind of motherboard
you're buying. If you chose a Mini ITX
motherboard, then a Mini ITX Tower or
Mini ITX Desktop box is for you. A
Micro ATX mini tower is the size you'll
find in most pre-built computers, so know
that mid and full towers are probably
bigger than what you're used to. Unless
you're going for a very high performance
computer with many drives and
expansion cards, a full tower is probably
overkill for most users.

 Airflow: This is something you'll have to look for in user reviews. Every case is a little
different, and the better your fans are placed, the better airflow you'll have inside (which
will keep your computer from overheating).

 Noise: While you want good airflow, some fans are particularly loud, which can be
annoying to some people. If you want your computer to stay relatively quiet, check the
user reviews and see what people say about the case's loudness.

 Number of Drive Bays: If you need more than just a hard drive an optical drive, count
the number of drive bays on your case and make sure you have enough. Keep in mind
other things, like card readers, will take up drive bays as well. Internal 3.5" drive bays are
for hard drives, external 3.5" drive bays are for card readers, and external 5.25" drives are
for optical drives. Note that you can also buy adapters that'll fit 3.5" card readers in a
5.25" bay, if necessary.

 Ports on the Front: Almost every case you buy will have a number of ports on the front,
which usually include a few USB ports, a headphone jack, and a microphone jack. If you
want easy FireWire access, you'll want to make sure your case comes with one on the
front.

 Cable Management: As you build, you'll realize there are a lot of cables inside a
computer. Unfortunately, if you just leave them hanging where they fall, they'll block a
lot of air from flowing correctly through the case, so you want to organize them as best
you can. Some cases have built-in holes through which you can route cables, while some
 leave you to figure it out yourself with zip ties. The former is, obviously, a lot less work,
so see what user reviews say about cable management options.
 Look: Last but not least, you want to get a case that you think looks good. After all,
you're going to have to look at this thing for the next few years, so it's worth getting one
that isn't an eyesore in your office.

Keep in mind that a case is something you can use for multiple builds down the road, so it's okay
to spend a bit more money on it. You don't need to buy a new case every time you build a
computer, so get a quality one now and it should last you two or three computers into the future.

Brands to Watch for: Antec and Cooler Master both make some of the best cases on the market.
Termaltake, Rosewill, and Lian Li are also well trusted manufacturers.

The RAM

RAM seems simple, but you need to make sure

it's compatible with your motherboard. When
looking at RAM, these are the things you want to
think about:

 Amount of RAM: At the time of this

writing, 4GB seems to be the average for
a normal machine. If you're running
virtual machines or using other RAM-
hungry apps, you might want closer to
8GB, but most machines should be fine
with 4GB or less. Keep in mind that
RAM is cheap and only getting cheaper,
so you can always upgrade in the future if
you need to. There's no need to get a ton
of RAM now in the name of
"futureproofing".

 Channels: Your motherboard will support either dual or triple channel RAM. This
decides how many sticks of RAM you get. If you have a dual channel motherboard, you'll
want to buy RAM in sets of two—for example, two 2GB sticks for a total of 4GB (or
four 1GB sticks). Triple channel motherboards take RAM in sets of three.

 Type: Most RAM nowadays is "DDR3", which is the latest generation of RAM. You
shouldn't have to worry about this too much. Just check your motherboard's spec list to
find out what type of RAM it supports and buy accordingly.

 Speed: Your motherboard will support a number of different RAM speeds (e.g.,
"800/1066/1333"). When you buy your RAM, it will have one of these numbers attached
 to it, and it doesn't really matter what speeds you get. RAM speeds won't make a
noticeable difference in performance, so unless you're overclocking your processor, most
people will be fine buying the slowest speed your motherboard supports.

I know that's a lot of specs to worry about that don't really have practical meaning, so here's an
example. If I'm buying RAM, the first thing I do is look at my motherboard's spec list. It says
that it's dual channel, and that it supports 240-pin, DDR3 RAM at speeds of 800, 1066, and
1333. If I want 4GB of RAM, I would use Newegg's power search function to find DDR3 RAM
that came at those speeds. Then I would narrow that down further by looking for packs of two
2GB sticks.

Brands to Watch For: You won't find a huge difference between brands. Popular brands
include Crucial, Corsair, Kingston, PNY, OCZ, G.Skill, Mushkin, and Patriot. Again, reading
reviews of specific sticks of RAM can be very helpful.

The Graphics Card

Choosing a dedicated graphics card is one of the

hardest parts of the process. If all you need is
something that can play HD video and handle a few
desktop effects, you don't need to go too crazy—
find a well-reviewed card under $100 and call it a
day. However, if you're gaming, you have a lot
more to think about.

Instead of looking at the specs, it's usually easier to

just read reviews and look at gaming benchmarks.
Anandtech does a pretty good job of benchmarking
cards using detailed, real-world situations. Take
their 2011 benchmarks, for example: on the menu to
the left, you can choose a category of games in the
first dropdown (DirectX 9, 10, or 11 games) and a
game from the second list. It'll show you how
different cards perform in that game at a number of
different resolutions on the graph.

For example, let's say I'm a big fan of Mass Effect 2, which
happens to be on their list of games (if I wasn't, I could still
use it as a fair benchmark of other DirectX 9 games). My
monitor is 1920x1200, so I pick that from the list and it will
produces a graph showing the performance and costs of 11
different video cards on a graph. After finding my budget on
the X axis, I can find the best performing card at that price
point on the Y axis. It measures performance in frames per second, which essentially tells you
how smoothly your game will run at those settings. It's not a perfect benchmark for real world
performance, but it's a heck of a lot better than looking at a list of confusing stats and trying to
extrapolate a gaming experience.

Brands to Watch For: The two main chipset manufacturers are NVIDIA and ATI (now branded
as AMD). The battle between them both is pretty close, and which one is "better" fluctuates with
time, and with each card that comes out. Unless you're using Linux (for which NVIDIA has
better support), I'd worry more about the individual cards than the chipset manufacturer. Go with
whatever gives you the best cost to performance ratio at your price point by looking at the above
benchmark tool.

When it comes to the card manufacturers themselves, you have a few to choose from. Generally,
the biggest thing you want to look at here is customer suport—XFX and EVGA both have pretty
fantastic warranties on most of their cards, which is why they're two of the most popular
manufacturers around. MSI and ZOTAC are also popular choices, as are ASUS, and Sapphire.

The Hard Drive(s)

When it comes to specs, there are a few things you want to look for in your drives:

 Size: Obviously, you want enough space

on your hard drive to hold all your data,
with room for expansion. Like RAM,
hard drives are very cheap and easy to
upgrade, so you can always add more
later if you're on a budget.

 Speed: The faster your hard drive is, the

faster your computer will boot, launch
programs, and open files. These days,
you probably want to look for a 7200 RPM drive. Most drives will run on SATA 3.0Gb/s,
though if you have 6Gb/s-capable SATA ports on your motherboard, you might want to
pay extra for a SATA 6Gb/s hard drive. Note that these aren't actual data transfer
speeds—those you'll find in the specs of each hard drive.

 Solid State Drives: If you really want a fast drive, you can shell out for a super-fast solid
state drive, but you'll probably still want a regular drive in addition to the solid state one,
since they tend to be quite small. That said, if you have a big enough budget, an SSD is
one of the best upgrades you can make to a machine, so we highly recommend them.

 Brands to Watch For: Western Digital, Seagate, Hitachi, Samsung, and Toshiba are all
good choices. Most hard drive manufacturers have a lot of mixed reviews, but I've tried
all of them and had nothing but good experiences. When it comes to solid state drives,
most people recommend Crucial, OCZ, Corsair, and Intel.

The Optical Drive

If you're buying a CD or DVD drive, you probably won't find a ton of difference between
the different models. Most burn discs at around the same speeds. If you're looking at Blu-
Ray drives and Blu-Ray burners, though,
pay attetion to the read and write speeds.
The higher the read speeds, the faster you
can rip a Blu-Ray disc, and the faster the
write speed on a burner, the faster you
can burn a Blu-Ray disc. Obviously,
you'll have to pay more for higher speeds.

Brands to Watch For: It doesn't make a huge difference who you go with here. Lite-On,
Samsung, Sony, and LG are all great manufacturers and the prices should be pretty much
the same. The only difference you might find is in the software they come with, but
unless there's an advanced feature in the software you know you want, chances are you'll
never notice a difference between them all.

The Power Supply

The power supply is actually one of the most

important choices in your build. This is not
an area you want to skimp. Reviews on the
net are rarely useful, either, with the
exception of a few reputable sites like
Jonnyguru.com. The best you can do is buy
from a good brand (see below) and look for
these features:

o Wattage: Obviously, if you have a low performance machine, you'll need fewer
watts to power it than you would a high performance machine. Use this power
supply calculator to find the necessary wattage for your build, once you've picked
out the other parts. Generally, give yourself 100 more watts than that calculator
says you need, in case you end up upgrading the computer or using that power
supply in a later build.

o Efficiency: Most units will have a percentage value that denotes how efficient
they are. For example, an "80 plus certified" 400W PSU will actually pull
something like 500W from your wall. So look for something with a high
efficiency, as they'll run cooler and save you money on electric bills.
 o Cable Types: Try to look for a "modular" power supply if you can. This means
that the cables come detached from the power supply, so you can use only the
ones you need and not have the others wasting space in your case. Also make sure
it comes with long cables, since cables that are too short can make your life
difficult.

o Noise: Like your case, your PSU is going to contribute a lot to the amount of
noise your system makes. Efficiency will help bring it down, but it's also worth
checking user reviews to see which PSUs tend to be louder than others.

Brands to Watch For: This is one area where you don't want to be thrifty. It's hard to
keep track of all the brands out there, but quality manufacturers include Corsair,
Enermax, Enhance,
Fortron/Sparkle/FSP Group, Hiper, PC
Power & Cooling, Seasonic,
SevenTeam, SilenX, XClio, and Zippy.
Note that some of these manufacturers
actually build power supplies for other
brands, like Antec, Cooler Master,
Silverstone, Thermaltake, Rosewill and
others—but it's sometimes hard to tell
which ones are the well-built ones. This
is one area in which the phrase "you get
what you pay for" is very, very true—
spend the extra $20 if given the choice;
you don't want to end up skimping and
frying a $700 machine in the process.

How to Select and Shop for Parts

Before we get into the specifics of each component, it's important to have a few shopping
strategies under your belt so you get the best parts for your machine at the best price you
can.

Where to Shop

I rarely get all my parts at one place. Newegg.com is

most people's go-to source for computer parts, since
they have an incredible selection and a well put
together site. However, don't neglect your local computer shop—often, you'll find better
deals at places like Micro Center or Fry's—plus, for some of us, going to the store is
always fun. Generally, I shop for my parts on Newegg, then see which of those parts are
available at my local shop and at what prices. Then, I'll buy what I can at the store, and
order everything else on Newegg or Amazon.

Spec Lists and Reviews

Even if I'm not ultimately going to buy from Newegg, I always do my "shopping" there.
Its prices are sometimes higher, and its return policy isn't very good, but the selection,
product reviews, and spec lists are better than you'll find anywhere else. They've also got
a great advanced search engine that helps you narrow down your choices considerably,
which makes the whole process a lot less overwhelming.

One's shopping process might go like this:

1. Start with the first part on your list (say, the processor). Chances are you don't
know the difference between all the different models out there, so look at some of
the comparable pre-built systems to see which ones are higher-end and which
ones are lower-end. You can also ask around at places like Reddit's Build a PC
forum, Tom's Hardware forums, and of course, the Lifehacker Open Thread for
parts that fit your needs.

2. Head to the corresponding section

of Newegg's store (i.e.
"CPUs/Processors") via the
Computer Hardware tab at the
top, and, if necessary, narrow
down your selection with the
categories on the right (say,
Desktop Processors).

3. On the left sidebar, you can filter items by price, manufacturer, socket type, and
other characteristics on the left. I also recommend using the "Power Search"
button at the top of the sidebar, which can conduct more advanced filtering.

4. Once you have a shortlist of parts that fit your needs, you're ready to go into
research mode. As you start clicking through items, you want to look at two
things: the "Details" tab, which shows that part's specs, and the "Feedback" tab,
which is chock full of user reviews from hardware geeks who generally know
what they're talking about. Look for good reviews and bad reviews, and look for
trends throughout. Just because one or two guys got a part dead on arrival and
gave it one star doesn't mean it's a bad part—those things happen. But if every
other review you read says "this processor runs hot", or "this case doesn't have
enough room for a PCI card", you should consider how those flaws might affect
 your build, and if that part is worth its downsides.

5. Once you've narrowed your choices down to one or two parts in that category,
move on to the next category on your list and repeat the process. Once you've
gone through them all, you can then narrow it down further to one part in each
category.

Lots of people like to take their list (or lists, if they couldn't narrow their build down yet)
and put them on PCPartsPicker.com, which lets you easily create parts lists and compare
prices. It's a good site, but I don't like that it often neglects local retailers, who sometimes
have better prices than places like Amazon or Newegg. As such, I usually do price
comparisons manually by opening a few different sites. PCPartsPicker does, however,
have a good export tool for Reddit that'll help you elicit feedback on your list over at the
Build a PC forum, if you want a second or third opinion from more experienced builders.

This seems like an overwhelming amount of information, but the more research you do
and the more opinions you get from experienced computer builders, the easier it's going
to be. Don't be afraid to take your time picking out parts, and don't be afraid to ask for
help. You'll thank yourself in the end.
 Lesson 3:
Building the Computer
Now that you've bought all your components, it's time for the moment of truth: You're ready to
actually put together the machine. Assembling your computer can seem daunting, but it's actually
pretty easy. Here's what you need to do.

Step One: Mount Your Motherboard

To start, open up your case's box, take out the

case, and open it up. Usually this involves
unscrewing a few thumb screws on the back of
your case and sliding the side panels off. Take
a good look around your case and get
acquainted; note where the hard drive bays are,
where your CD drive will go, whether the
power supply mounts on the top or the bottom,
and so on. There should also be a bag of
screws inside your case; grab that now and set
it aside because we'll need it in a few minutes.

Open up your motherboard box and take out the I/O shield, which is the metal plate that protects
the ports on the back of your motherboard. You should see a rectangular space in the back of
your case where this should go. Snap it into place. This takes quite a bit of force, so make sure
all four sides are snapped in securely.

Next, pull out your motherboard and line up the ports on the back with the I/O shield. You
should see that the holes on your motherboard line up with screw holes on the bottom of your
case. There are probably more holes on your case than there are on your motherboard, so note
which ones these are, and grab your motherboard standoffs from your bag of screws (they have a
male screw end on one side, and a female screw hole on the other side). Screw the standoffs into
those holes, and set your motherboard on top of them. Screw your motherboard screws into the
standoffs so the motherboard is snugly mounted.

Note: Many of you have mentioned that you prefer to install the processor, cooler, RAM, and
power supply before mounting the motherboard in the case. I've never done this myself, but in
some cases, this may be simpler and save you some digging around in your case. I recommend
using your motherboard box as a small "bench" for plugging these parts in if you're going to do it
separately.

Step Two: Install Your Processor

Open up your processor's box and gently take it out. Your

processor is one of the more fragile parts of the build, so this is one
step in which you'll want to be careful. Find the coner of your
processor that has a gold arrow on it, then look at your
motherboard's processor socket for a similar arrowed corner. Line
these two arrows up; this is the direction your processor will go
into the socket.
Lift up the lever on the processor socket and put
your processor in (Intel motherboards might also
have a cover you have to lift up first). Pull the
lever down to lock it into place. Again, do this
gently—it shouldn't require any feats of strength
on your part, so if it isn't falling into place easily,
something's wrong. Take it out and try re-setting
it, make sure your two arrows are lined up, and of
course, double check that your motherboard and
processor are of the same socket type.

Once your processor's in, grab the cooler that

came with your processor (remember, if you got
an OEM processor you have to buy a cooler separately). It should already have some silver
thermal paste on the bottom. If not, you'll need to pick some up from the computer store and put
a very thin line on your processor—I usually use about the size of a grain of rice or two, that's
all.

Set your cooler on top of your processor. If you have an Intel cooler, you'll need to press down
on the four pins until the click, and then twisting the top of the peg so they lock into place. You
can find more info on this in your processor's manual (it takes a few tries, trust me). AMD
coolers, like the one in the above video, are much easier—just hook the two latches on the sides
onto the motherboard's square pegs, and pull the lever down to lock it into place.

Step Three: Install Your RAM

Installing RAM is very simple. Find the RAM

sockets on your motherboard, and pull the two
clips on the side down. Line up the notch in
your RAM stick with the notch in the socket,
and press the RAM down into place. This might
take a bit of pressure, so don't worry about
being overly gentle. The clips should snap back
into place when the RAM is fully in the socket.

Step Four: Install Your PCI Cards

For your video card (or any other PCI expansion card), find the topmost slot that fits your card
and match that up with its plate on the back of the case. Remove that plate and slide the PCI
card's bracket in its place. The card should then be sitting on top of the socket, and all you need
to do is press down to lock it into place. Screw the bracket onto the case, and you're good to go.

Note that if you need to remove it for any reason, there may be a small lever on the back of the
socket you need to press before you pull it out.
Step Five: Install Your Hard Drive

Every case is a little bit different in how they

install hard drives. Generally, there are two
methods: on some cases, you have to pull out a
hard drive tray, put the drive in, screw it in
securely, and then slide the tray back in. Other
motherboards just require you to slide the bare
drive into the bay and then screw it in snug
after the fact. Check your case's manual for
more detailed instructions on this particular
step.

If you're using multiple hard drives and a big case, it's usually a good idea to leave some open
space between them—that is, putting them in the first and third bays instead of first and second.
This allows for more airflow between them and will help keep them running cool.

Step Six: Install Your Optical Drive

The optical drive should be pretty self-explanatory. Just pull out the plastic cover on one of your
5.25" drive bays and slide in your optical drive. Screw it into place if necessary.

Step Seven: Mount Your Power Supply

Once everything else is in, it's time to install

your power supply and plug everything in. (Note
that if your case came with a power supply, you
can skip this step, as it'll already be installed). It
should be pretty obvious where your power
supply goes, as there will be a big rectangular
hole on the back of your case. Some power
supplys mount on the top, while some sit on the
bottom of the case. Generally, they mount with
the fan facing away from the edge of the case,
unless that case has enough space in between the
power supply mount and the end of the case to
allow for airflow.

Once you set it into place, you should see the holes on the back of the case line up with the screw
holes in the power supply. Screw it into place and you're all set.

Step Eight: Plug Everything In

This can be the most tedious and difficult part of the process, depending on your case and power
supply. Separate the cords coming out of your power supply and plug them in individually.
These are the ones you should have:
A 24-pin Motherboard Cable: This is the biggest
cable on the power supply, which gives the
motherboard the electricity it needs to run. It has
the very long plug with, you guessed it, 24 little
pins in it. Most cases should have a 20-pin with a
4-pin on the same cable, so you can just put them
together and plug them into the big 24-pin socket
on your motherboard. It should lock into place,
and might take a bit of strength to get it in all the
way. Push it in until you hear the click and you
can't pull it out with just a slight tug.

A 4-pin Motherboard Cable: You should also have a separate 4-pin cable coming out of your
power supply, and a small 4-pin socket somewhere else on the motherboard. This plugs in the
same was as the 24-pin cable—just push down until it locks into place.

SATA Power and Data Cables: Your hard

drives and optical drive plug in via SATA,
which contains two cables. One is the skinny
black plug coming out of your power
supply, which gives power to those drives.
The other is a small red cable that should
have come with your motherboard; this is
the SATA cable that actually transfers data
between your hard drive and everything
else.

Plug the power cable into the long pin on your hard drive, and plug the data cable into the short pin. The
sockets are L-shaped, so they'll only go in one way. After plugging both cables into the drive, be sure to
plug the other end of the data cable into your motherboard, in the sockets labeled SATA. Repeat this
entire process with your optical drive.

Molex Power Cables: Your Molex cables power other miscellaneous things in your build, like
the case fans. Take the plugs connected to your case fans and plug the male side into the female
molex cable on your power supply. This takes a bit of force to get in, and even more force to get
out (seriously, these are my least favorite cables of all time).

Note that some fans, like the one on your CPU, might have a smaller connector that actually
plugs into your motherboard instead of the power supply instead of via Molex. The small headers
will be labled CPU_FAN or SYS_FAN. This not only gives power to your fans, but also lets you
control their speed with certain programs.
Front Panel Audio, USB, and FireWire
Connectors: Most cases have a few ports on the
front, which can include but are not limited to
USB, FireWire, headphone, and microphone
jacks. You should see some small cables coming
out of the front of your case labeled things like
USB, HD AUDIO, and 1394 (which is
FireWire). Plug these into their corresponding 8-
pin headers on the motherboard—usually labeled
USB, AUD, and 1394, or something of the sort.

Power Switch and LED Connectors: Lastly, you should have a few small cables labeled
POWER SW, RESET SW, HDD LED, and so on. These connect the switches and LEDs on the
front of your case to the motherboard, so you can actually turn your computer on. They all
consist of only one or two pins, and all plug in on an 8-pin header somewhere on the
motherboard. This varies from build to build, so you'll have to check your motherboard's manual
to see how they all plug in. Your motherboard may also have a small speaker that plugs into an
8-pin connector, which you'll find in your motherboard box and will be listed in your
motherboard's manual.

A Note on Cable Management

As you're doing all this, you want to be wary of

where you're putting these cables. Generally, you
want to keep them as out of the way as possible.
The more they're tangled up in the middle of your
case, the more they're going to block airflow from
your fans, causing your computer to run hotter,
louder, and possibly even overheat. Your case may
have come with some zip ties to help you wrap
them up and get them out of the way. Some cases
even come with built-in cable management features,
like clips or holes through which you route these
cables to keep them out of the way.

Cable management is a beast unto its own, and it differs from case to case, so it's just something
you'll have to fiddle with. I could do an entire night school on cable management, but I won't. If
you have a particularly complicated build where a few simple zip ties won't suffice, I recommend
checking out NCIX Tech Tip's cable management guide, which will take you through some more
advanced cable management techniques.
Turning It On

When you're done, plug in the power cable in

the back, flip the power switch on, and press
the power button on the front of your case. If
all goes well, your computer should turn on
and, if you plug a monitor into your video
card (or motherboard, if you don't have a
video card), you should see what's called the
POST screen. From there, you can head into
your BIOS setup by pressing a key on your
keyboard (usually DEL).

At this point, it's probably time to start cleaning up. I usually don't throw anything away but the
actual garbage. I keep all the screws, brackets, and miscellaneous pieces I didn't use in the
motherboard's box, and that becomes my "build box". That way, in future builds, or if I upgrade
that build, I always have extras of everything on hand just in case. It's come in handy on more
than one occasion, so I can't recommend this enough if you have any pieces left over.

Common Troubleshooting

If your computer didn't turn on, don't panic. First, recheck everything inside. Is your processor
seated correctly? If your RAM all the way in its socket? Are your cables plugged into the right
sockets? (this is a big one). Run through the entire process again to make sure you did everything
correctly.

If your system turns on but makes a beeping noise instead of going through the POST screen,
then you have an error. If you can find your motherboard's BIOS manufacturer (either by
watching the POST screen or by searching online), you can diagnose these error codes to find
out what's wrong with your system using these pages:

 AMIBIOS Beep Codes

 AwardBIOS Beep Codes
 PhoenixBIOS Beep Codes

Also remember that Google is an extremely useful tool. If you're having issues but can't figure
out what's wrong, try searching the net or posting on a computer building forum like /r/buildapc.
If nothing seems to help, you might have a faulty piece of hardware, like your power supply or
motherboard, and you should go about exchanging it for something that works. I wouldn't jump
to this conclusion too quickly, though—dig around in your case and do some research to make
sure you didn't just plug something in incorrectly.

Once you've got a working computer, congratulations! You're in the home stretch, now—all you
need to do is install an operating system.
 Lesson 4:
Installing Your Operating System
Now that you've put everything together, you're past all the difficult stages—the rest is a
cakewalk. Here's how to install your operating system and get everything up and running.

If you've never installed an OS before, it's remarkably easy. If you have, I'd still suggest reading
through this guide to make sure you've got it all down. Installing Windows on a custom machine
can take a few extra steps than installing it on a pre-built machine. For this guide, we're going to
use Windows 7 as an example, but you can of course install Windows XP, Linux, or even Mac
OS X, if you're building a Hackintosh. Refer to our Getting Started with Linux series and easy
Hackintosh guide if you're using those OSes instead.

Step One: Edit your BIOS

When you first start up your computer, it'll tell you to press a key to enter setup, usually DEL.
This takes you to the setup of your Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS. Here, you can configure
some of the lowest-level aspects of your new machine. You may not actually need to edit any of
these settings, but it's a good idea to go through, get acquainted with them, and make sure
everything's in good order before moving on.

Note that the BIOS will be a little bit different on different brands of motherboard, so your
screen may not look exactly like the images here, but it should be close.

First, we should make sure that everything's been

installed correctly. If you have a System
Information page in your BIOS, head there and
make sure the amount of RAM listed is the same
amount you put in. If it isn't detecting all of your
RAM, some of it might not be seated correctly, so
go back and fix that before continuing. If there
isn't a System Information page in your BIOS, your
motherboard probably lists the amount of RAM it detects on the POST screen, right after you press the
power button.

Find the SATA configuration option, and make sure its configured as AHCI. If you're running
Windows XP you'll need to change this to IDE, otherwise AHCI is probably what you want to go
with.
Lastly, find the "Boot Order" or "Boot Priority" page.
Make sure your DVD drive is the first drive on the
list (or your USB drive if you're installing from a flash
drive), and that the hard drive you'll be installing to
is second. Note that some BIOS utilities split this up
into two menus—one for setting the boot order for
your different media (CD-ROM, hard disks, USB
disks) and another that lets you choose the order of
just the hard drives.

If you don't see your hard drive listed, it may not be plugged in correctly or it may be dead. Turn
your computer off and re-check the connection if necessary.

These are the most crucial BIOS options you want

to tweak, but there's a lot of other stuff going on
in there. I encourage you to explore and look
things up that you don't know, since it has some
other useful settings. If you want to know more
about your BIOS options, our friends at the How-
To Geek have a nice rundown of useful tweaks, so check that out when you have some time. For now,
we're going to get on with the installation process.

Step Two: Install Windows

Next, grab your Windows installation DVD (or

flash drive, if that be the case) and pop it in. Start
up your computer and it should automatically
boot into the Windows installer. If you ever get a
"Press any key to boot from CD" option, make
sure to hit a key on your keyboard to continue.

Once the installer loads, hit the "Install Now" button, accept the terms of use, and choose
"Custom (advanced)" when asked what type of installation you want. Find your primary hard
drive (if you have more than one), click on the "Unallocated Space" partition, and hit Next.
Windows should start installing.
If you aren't using a brand new drive, you may
have to format it first. Click on the currently-
used partition, click "Drive options
(advanced)", and then hit "Format". It should
format the drive to be Windows-compatible,
after which you can hit next and let the
installation run.

From there, the rest is just a waiting game.

Leave your computer alone to do its thing. It'll
copy all the necessary files to your disk and
reboot a number of times in the process. You'll know you're done when you hear the familiar
startup chime and boot into the default Windows 7 desktop.

Step Three: Install Your Drivers

The last thing you need to do before you actually use your computer is install your drivers. If
your Ethernet or Wi-Fi works out-of-the-box, Windows may find most or all of your drivers for
you. If not, you'll need to pop in the CD that came with your motherboard to install the Ethernet
or Wi-Fi drivers you need to access the internet. Don't install any other drivers from that CD just
yet.

Once you've got the internet up and running, Windows will install drivers for you. It might not
catch everything though, so you'll have to install some manually. The CDs that came with your
motherboard, video card, and other hardware are probably already out of date, so I don't
recommend using these to install those drivers.

Instead, you'll want to download the drivers

manually from the manufacturer's web site. Open
up Device Manager by opening up the Start menu
and searching for "Device Manager". Look for
anything that has a question mark or an
exclamation point next to it. Often, it'll tell you
what the missing driver is for—say, SATA—and
you can then head to your motherboard
manufacturer's web site, go to their support page,
and download the drivers manually. If it's your video card that's missing a driver, you'll want to head to
NVIDIA or ATI's web site instead.

If it says "Unknown Device" next to the driver-less device, try inserting the CD that came with
your motherboard and seeing if there are any drivers that aren't listed in the Device manager, and
try installing those from the manufacturer's web site. Eventually, you should be able to get
everything installed.
Step Four: Install Windows Updates

The last thing you'll want to do is get Windows

up to date. Chances are, you've already gotten a
notification from Windows Update at this point,
but if not, head into your Start Menu, go to
Programs, and hit Windows Update. Install all
the updates it gives you, and reboot your
computer. Check for updates again and it'll have
a whole new slew of them for you. You'll have
to do this quite a few times, but eventually it
should stop serving you notifications and you'll
be all up to date. When you are, you're ready to
actually start using your computer.

This is also a good time to get some antivirus on your machine, as well as any other basic apps
you want. Our Lifehacker Pack for Windows is a good place to start, and should get those "must
have" apps installed in one fell swoop.

Congratulations! You've bought, built, and set up a working computer from start to finish! Don't
be alarmed if you feel an overwhelming sense of pride; that's normal. Enjoy your new custom-
built machine!
 Lesson 5:
Further Resources
This week we ran through the basic steps of building your first computer, but there's a lot more
info out there. Here's some more reading that we recommend for both the building process and
what to do after you've built your machine.

As you're going through the part picking process, these are some sites that you may want to
check out:

 Reddit's Buildapc forum is one of the best resources I've found. You can get a ton of advice from
other veteran builders, both on picking out parts and on building the machine. Reddit accounts
are free and take just a few seconds to make, so it's well worth it.
 PC Part Picker is a good price comparison tool, but is even more useful for posting your possible
builds on Reddit when you ask for help as they have a handy export tool.
 Tom's Hardware is a very popular review site, and their forums abound with knowledgeable
users.
 AnandTech is one of my favorite hardware sites on the net. We talked about their benchmarking
tools in lesson 2, which are extremely helpful in picking out parts.
 ExtremeTech is another great hardware review site.
 The Logical Increments PC Buying Guide is a simple guide for picking out hardware, and it's
regularly updated with modern parts. It's a pretty great "cheat sheet" that gives you a few
recommended builds, though don't think you need to follow it religiously. It's a great starting
point, though, as you begin to do your own research.
 NCIX Tech Tips and Linus Tech Tips are the two YouTube channels of Linus Sebastian, who is a
one of my favorite hardware gurus on the net. He does a lot of unboxings and hardware
reviews, which are great, but you'll also find some really fantastic tips and guides in there for
building computers. His talk about futureproofing myths is particularly informative for when
you're picking out your parts, and something I recommend every first-time builder watch. We
also mentioned his cable management guide in lesson 3.
 Tonymac86's blog is the place to go if you're looking to build a Hackintosh. Be sure to read the
recommended builds page, which are a super easy way to find good hardware that's compatible
with OS X.

Once you've built your computer, here are some of the next steps you might want to take:

 Stress Test Your Hardware to Troubleshoot Problems and Keep Your Computer Stable. Some of
you recommended that this is a good way to make sure all your hardware is running in tip-top
shape when you first build your computer.
 Top 10 Things to Do with a New Windows 7 System. Need we say more? Our guide to setting up
and getting to know your new Windows PC is a similarly useful guide as well.
 A Beginner's Guide to Overclocking Your Intel Processor. If you want to squeeze as much speed
as possible out of your processor, overclocking is a great way to do it. It's a complicated process
though, so we recommend reading our uber-long guide. If you have an AMD processor or a non-
Core i series Intel, you'll have to Google around for a guide to your specific CPU.
 Spring Cleaning for Your Computer: Evacuate PC Dust Bunnies. You won't need this right off the
bat, but I recommend keeping this guide on hand. You'll be surprised by how fast a year goes by
and the inside of your computer is filled with dust. We've also covered this in an episode of the
Lifehacker show, if you'd like to see a video demonstration.
These are just some of the resources I could think up; many of you may have your own favorite
sites and articles that you find useful. If you have a great one we didn't list, let me know and I
can add it.

This marks the end of our computer-building journey, but like we said, there's a lot more to
discover out there, and these resources should get you started. We'll be posting the full guide in
one, unified package on Monday, but until then, thanks for learning with us!

Get The Video on How To Build a Computer From Scratch over here:
http://youtu.be/Y8MyhCCqDf8

Visit Lifehacker on:

 Lifehacker.com
 Facebook.com/Lifehacker
 Twitter.com/Lifehacker
 Youtube.com/lifehacker
Notes: