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292 views16 pages3399 1961
Uploaded by
Krishna Teja VuduthaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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/ 16
BLS. 3399: 1961
of operation at its rated kVA without injury on any tapping and at any applied
voltage which does not vary from the voltage for which the tapping is rated
by more than plus 5 per cent.
SECTION SEVEN: INSULATING MATERIALS
GENERAL
701. The recognized insulating materials shall be suitable for use in the service
conditions specified in Section Four.
soLips
702. Four of the classes of insulating material listed in B.S. 2757*, A, B, H and
G, are recognized in this standard for dry-type transformers. For transformers
immersed in oil or synthetic liquid, Class A only is recognized.
igus
703. a. Oil. Mineral oil, when provided, shall comply with B.S. 148, * Insulating
oil for transformers and switchgear"
NOTE, Attention is drawn tp the fact that sustained operation of transformers at the
maximum temperatures permitted by this standard may cause the oil to deteriorate more
rapidly than the other components {see CP 1009 * Maintenance of insulating oil (with special
reference to transformers and switchgear)).
4. Synthetic liquids. In the absence of British Standards covering synthetic
insulating liquids the provision of such liquids is a matter for arrangement
between manufacturer and purchaser.
NOTE. Oil and synthetic liquids should not be interchanged.
SECTION EIGHT: INSULATION TESTS
GENERAL
801. The test voltages shall be as follows:
TABLE §. TEST VOLTAGES FOR DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
AND OIL-IMMERSED TYPE TRANSFORMERS
i
|
j
eee
1 | 2
Rated voltage Power-frequency test
voltage
kV ms. kV rms.
Less than 10 25
to | + 3
33 a
NOTE 1. Where the rated voltage of a transformer is an intermediate value, the test voltage
should be the next higher valve,
NOTE 2. Transformers for use in ships are not designed for impulse testing
+ B.S. 2757, * Classification of insulating materials for electrical machinery and apparatus
‘on the basis of thermal stability in servic
4 BS. 3399: 1961
SECTION NINE: TEMPERATURE RISE LIMITS.
crsrmat
901, The terapercmare rises of transformer windings, oil and cares shai 1 nat
excoed tive sists specified in Tables 6 and 7, when tested in accorciance
Section Eighteen.
with
Fer water cooled transformers, the temperature rise given is that meassured
above the inlet water temperature, For ather types of cooling, the temper ature
rises piven are those measured above the temperature of the cooling air.
TABLE 6. TEMPERATURE RISE LIMITS FOR
DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
| | Temperature rise
measured by resistance")
Cooling Class of
Part classification | inenlation - a
Gee Table 1)
mt | Group 2
she aie
] : dec) ee
Windings AN oF AB A 0)
| B | 7 5
no | ous us
| | x | aa 5
| Gv inert ens
| c 45 145
| (Silicone material |
a I _ only) _
corer |The empeture ssa in no east such yale tat ere
15 risk of injury to any insulation material on adjacent parts. B.S. 3399 : 1961
=
: i
d 5 oe ae
NOTE. This figure does not purport to show constructional details.
Fig. 15. Recommended position of fittings for alr cooled transform ers
SECTION SEVENTEE!
PERFORMANCE AND TOLERANCES
EFFICIENCY
1701. When statements of efficiency are required they shall be based on the
loading at the rated KVA and at unity power factor (and other po-wer factors
if agreed), and computed in accordance with Appendix E.
PERFORMANCE AND TOLERANCES
1702. A transformer complies with this standard when the differences between
the measured test results and the figures guaranteed by the manufacturers are
not greater than the permitted tolerances.
Characteristics which may be subject to guarantees in respect of electrical
performance are given in Table 10, in which the tolerances are also stated. The
‘object of these tolerances is to allow for the effect of small manufacturing
variations. -
The tolerance on voltage ratio shall apply to all tappings, but in a tapped
‘winding having few turns it is permissible, by agreement between manufacturer
and purchaser, for the tolerance to apply to the nearest voltage ratio obtainable
and not to the specified voltage ratio.
The statements of impedance, load losses, no-load losses, efficiency and
regulation apply to the principal tapping only.
30 BS. 3399 : 1961
TABLF, 10. TOLERANCES ON ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE:
Tolerance
Voltage ratio at no load 0.5 por cent of the declared ratio, or a percenta
to 1/10th of the percentage impedance voltage at rated
load, whichever is the smaller
Impedance voltage of |_| On principal tappings
transformers 4, Two-winding transformers +t 10 per cent
5. Multi-winding transformers + 15 per cent .
‘Ohmic impedance of series | Minus zero
current limiting reactors | Plus 20 per cent of the rated value (see Note 2)
‘ Load losses | Plus 20 per cent of the declared losses
No-load loss, Plus 10 per cent of the declared loss
Fificiency | In accordance with the tolerance on losses
—— | __ —
Regulation In accordance with the tolerances on impedance v9 Tage
[and toad losses
I NOTE 1. A tolerance for no-load current is not specified.
NOTE 2. Reactors should be designed to have not less than the specified reactive KWA at
the current corresponding to the rated current multiplied by the overcurrent factor.
SECTION FIGHTEEN: TESTS
CONDITIONS FOR TESTS.
1801. Tests chall be made at the manufacturer's works at room temperature
and with all those external components and fittings in place which are likely
to affect the performance.
i Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser and
unless the test specifically requires otherwise, windings with tappings shall be ©
connected on their principal tapping
The test basis for all characteristics except insulation is the rated condition
unless it is specifically stated otherwise.
31 BS, 3399 : 1961
TESTS OF TRANSFORMERS
1802, *a. Routine tests. All transformers shall be subjected to routine tests at
the manufacturer's works. The tests shall comprise:
1. Measurement of winding resistance ‘Clause 1804
2. Ratio, polarity and phase relationships ‘Clause 1808.
3. Impedance voltage Clause 1806.
4, Load losses Clause 1807.
5, No-load losses and no-load current Clause 1808.
6, Insulation resistance Clause 1809.
7, Induced over-voltage withstand Clause 1810.
8, Separate-source voltage withstand Clause 1811.
*b. Type test, In addition to the routine tests, the following type test may be
made if ordered by the purchaser:
‘Temperature rise test Clause 1812.
Where the purchaser desires evidence corresponding to the temperature rise
test in lieu of actual tests, the manufacturer may submit records of tests on a
transformer which, in essential details, is representative of the one being
purchased.
Test ceRriicates
1803. Where required by the purchaser, a certificate of all tests made on the
transformer shall be provided by the manufacturer. In the case of three-winding
transformers test certificates shall give the actual measurements and also the
derived values for losses, impedance voltages and regulations, for stated loading
conditions.
MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE
1804. The resistance of each winding, and the terminals between which it is
measured shall be recorded. When measuring the initial resistances, care shall
be taken to determine the temperature of the windings. The temperature at
which the measurement is made shall be recorded.
In all resistance measurements, care shall be taken that the inductive effects
are reduced to a minimum. The induction time for the measuring current to
become constant should be noted during the cold resistance measurements in
order to give guidance when hot resistance measurements are made luring any
subsequent tests, e.g, temperature rise tests, so that sufficient time is aallowed for
the inductive effect to disappear before the hot resistance readings are recorded.
a. Dry-type transformers. The temperature recorded shall be the average
teading of several thermometers placed on the winding surface.
* IC tests a and b are required to be made at the manufacturer's works in the presence of the
purchaser, this should be stated by the purchaser.
22 BS. 3309)
‘The initial resistance and initial temperature of the winding shall be measvured
at the same time, and the temperature of the winding as measured by thermo-
meter before beginning the test should approximate to that of the surrounding
medium,
b. Oil-immersed type transformers. Before recording the initial resistance and
the oil temperature the transformer shall have been under oil without excit ation
or load for not less than 3 hours
The temperature of the winding shall be taken to be the same as the effective
average oil temperature determined as in Sub-clause 181
RATIO MEASUPEMENT, CHECK OF POLARITY AND PHASE RELATIONSII"
1805, ‘The tucrs ratio shall be measured on each tapping, and the polarity and
phase éelationships shall be checked!
MEASUREMENT OF IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE
4806, Tre in:pedance voltage shall be measured at rated frequency usimg an
approximately sinusoidal supply. The measurement may be made at any current
not less than one-half rated current and the value so obtained shall be increased
in the ratic of the rated current to the test current,
The impedance voltage may be measured at any convenient temperature but
the test results shall be corrected to the appropriate reference temperature
detailed in Table 11
On three-winding transformers, the impedance voltages shall be measured
between the windings taken in pairs as shown below
a. between higher voltage and intermediate voltage windings,
b. between intermediate voltage and lower voltage windings.
¢. between lower voltage and higher voltage windings.
For transformers with more than three windings, the windings shall be taken
in pairs and the principle established above for three-winding transformers. shall
be followed,
MEASUREMENT OF LOAD LOSS
1807. ‘The load loss shall comprise the sum of the J4R loss in the windings cleter-
mined from their resistances and the currents flowing, plus all stray losses: due
to eddy currents and to the leakage fx between windings.
On a ewo-winding transformer the sum of the components taken ingettier
may be measwed by a wattmeter or other suitable means by applying 1 one
winding the voltaze required at rated frequency to produce in it rated current,
the ather winsting being short-circuited during this test.
a
1961 BSS. 3399 : 1961
‘The measurement shall be made at any current not less than one-half rated
current. The value s0 obtained shall be corrected to the value at rated current by
multiplying it by the square of the ratio of the rated current to the test current.
‘The losses measured by the above method include the core loss corressponding
to the impedance voltage, and such core loss may be deducted frome the total
short-circuit losses in order to determine more exactly the true load lossses. This
core loss may be determined by measuring the no-load loss with an applied
voltage equal to that used in the load-loss test.
On a three- (or more) winding transformer, three (or more) separate load-
oss measurements shall be made corresponding to the three (or more) measure-
ments of impedance voltages,
‘The load loss may be measured at any convenient temperature, but the test
results shall be corrected to the appropriate reference temperature on the
assumption that the /*R loss varies with the temperature directly as the. variation
in resistance, and that the stray loss varies with temperature inversely asthe
variation in resistance.
The reference temperature to which correction is made shall be as given in
Table 11.
TABLE 11, REFERENCE TEMPERATURES
(Class of insulation sed Reference temperature
A 18°C
B 95°C
Hin air 140°C
in inert gas 170°C
C Gsilicone materials only) 170°C
MEASUREMENT OF NO-LOAD LOSSES AND NO-LOAD CURRENT
1808, The no-load loss shall comprise the following:
Tem a. Core loss, including the stray losses du to the excitation current.
b. Dielectric oss.
¢. PR loss due to the excitation current.
The no-load losses shall be measured at rated frequency with the rated
voltage applied to one winding, the other windings being open-circusited. The
no-load current shall be recorded.
For all normal transformers (except 3-phase transformers without ainy delta~
connected winding) the voltage shall be set by reference to an instrument actuated
by the mean value of the voltage wave between fines, but scaled to read the
rms. value of that sinusoidal wave having the same mean value.
4 Rs. uy
For three-phase transformers without any delta-connected winding, the
no-load losses shall be measured at the r.m.s. voltage indicated by an instrurnent
actuated by the rm.s. value of the voltage wave. In this ease a supply sha I! be
used in which the wave-form of the supply voltage is stich that the sum off the
Sth and 7th harmonic voltages of the supply is not greater than 5 per cent of the
rm.s, value of the voltage supplied.
MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE
1809. The insulation resistance of each winding in turn to all the other windings,
core and frame or tank connected together and to earth shall he measured and
recorded,
The oil and winding temperature shall be measured immediately before the
test and recorded
YINDUCFD OVERVOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST
1810. To test between turns, coils and terminals of windings aii alterna ting
voltage shall be applied corresponding to twice the voltage appearing, between
these parts when rated voltage is applied to the terminals.
‘The duration of the test shall be 60 seconds for any test frequency up to and
including twice the rated frequency. When the test frequency exceeds twice the
Tated frequency, the durstion of the test in seconds shall be 60 times twice the
Tated frequency divided by the test frequency, or 15 seconds, whichever is the
greater,
SFPARATE-SOURCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST
2813. Tho eeparate-source voltage test shall be made with single-phase alte ena
ing vollage as nearly as possible of sine-wave form and of any conven ient
frequency noc iess than 25 c's,
The rm.s. or peak value of the applied voltage shall be measured. The ems
value, or the peak value divided by 4/2, shall be in accordance with Table 5.
The appropriate voltage obtained from a separate source shall be applic«l for
‘61 seconds fo each winding in turn, between the winding under test and. the
remaining windings, core, frame and tank or casing of the transformer, connected
together and to earth.
The test shall be commenced at a voltage of not greater than one-third of the
test value end shall be increased to the specified value as rapidly as is consistent
with its magnitude being indicated by the measuring instrument. At the enel of
the test the voltage shall be reduced rapiclly to less than one-third of its full value
before switching of,
TEST OF TEMPERATURE Rist
BES. The tests may be made at any air temperature not exceeding 45°C or water
tempereture not exceeding 30°C as appropriate
x
1961 BS. 3399: 1961
For oilsimmersed transformers, the temperature of the oil shall be measured
by a thermometer placed in the thermometer pocket.
‘The winding temperature shall be ascertained by means of the resistance
‘method when the windings have a resistance of 0-005 ohm or greater.
Practical difficulties due to the short time available for the measurement of
hot resistances may prejudice the accuracy of such measurement with.in about
1 per cent.
For measurements having a value less than 0-005 ohm, the resistance methods
may be inaccurate. In such cases, the temperature rise at the end of a temaperature
test shall be determined as follows:
1. Dry-type transformers. The surface temperature shall be mea sured by
placing a thermometer at the hottest accessible point® and the temmperature
rise, so measured, multiplied by a factor of 0°75 shall not exceed the limiting
value of Table 6.
2. Oi-immersed type transformers. The temperature of the oil shall be
measured by a thermometer placed in the thermometer pocket. The tempera~
ture rise so determined shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given in
Table 7.
a, Thermometer method of measurement. Thermometers containing mercury
shall not be used in places where there is a magnetic field that is varying in
intensity or moving in space.
. Resistance method of measurement. The temperature of a windin g (7;) at
the end of a test period shall be calculated from its measured resistance (Ry) at
that temperature and its measured resistance (R,) at some other temperature
(7,) using the formula:
Ry
Teo
The initial resistance of (R,) shall be measured as laid down in Clavase 1804
NOTE, For the temperature correction after shut-down, ste Sub-
