Introduction to

ArcGIS
Prepared by
Eng . Mohamed Hamed
E-mail : [email protected]
2
Outline of Presentations
 What is GIS ?
 How GIS Representation Geographic data ?
 How data are stored in ArcGIS ?
 GIS Maps
 GIS Analyze Process
 What is ArcGIS ?
 Planning a GIS Project
What is

GIS
Refer to :
Geographic Information System
What is Geography ?

 Geography is a science that deals with

the earth and life on the earth and
provide the position data (Spatial Data)
What is an Information System?

 Its
System used for:
Gathering, Storing, Updating,
Manipulating, Analyzing
Data
Information System
Query

IS Data
Storage
User

Information
Then GIS is
 A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to
Gathering, Storing, Updating, Manipulating, Analyzing and
present all types of spatial or geographical data.
 A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool
that analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic
information on a map.
 GIS allows you to view, understand, question, interpret and
visualize data in many ways in form of maps, reports and charts.
 A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking
at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily
shared.
 Briefly GIS mean Making Smart Maps can Talk to You 
There are a number of definitions of GIS :
Different groups of people (general public, planners, teachers, scientists)
can find a different definition useful.
 “GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.
 “A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”
 “GIS is a spatial decision support system”
 “GIS is a method for revealing patterns and processes in geographic
information”
 “GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too tedious or
expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand”
 “GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic
data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of
geographically referenced information.”
GIS Not Software only!
 A Geographic Information System is not only about computers,
software and electronic data.
 A GIS is an organized collection of :
 Hardware
 Software
 Network
 Data
 Procedures
 And people!
GIS functions
There are three main functions of GIS :

Geographic data Management

Mapping and Visualization
Spatial Analysis
 I
Geographic
data Management
How GIS Representation
Geographic data

“The World in GIS”

Geographic Data
 Two components of geographic data
 Spatial Data: representation of geographic features associated
with real-world locations
 Says where the feature is
 Co-ordinate based
 Stored in files and managed by the GIS software

 Attribute Data (non Spatial) : descriptive information

 Says what a feature is .
 like : statistics, text, images, sound, etc.
 Storedin tables and managed by an RDBMS (relational database
management system)
Geographic data models
 Two main models for geographic data
 Vector data: Discrete features
 three feature types
 points/nodes (single x,y locations)
 lines/arcs (linear string of x,y locations)
 areas/polygons (closed string of x,y locations)
zones or areas

 Raster data : A continuous surface

 Rectangular array of cells or pixel
Geographic data models
 Other models :
 Surfaces for 3D visualization

 Networks (geometric, transportation)

How data are stored in
ArcGIS

“Data Management”
All data store in the genius
GIS Container

“Geo-Database”
What is a geodatabase?
 ArcGIS geodatabase is a collection of geographic
datasets of various types held in a common file
system folder, a Microsoft Access database, or a
multiuser relational DBMS

 The geodatabase contains

three primary dataset types:
Feature classes
Raster datasets
Tables
Types of geodatabases
 There are three types of GDB:
 Personal Geodatabase
 Single user editing / multiple readers
 Stored in MS Access
 Size limit of 2 GB
 File Geodatabase
 Single user editing / multiple readers
1 TB per table
 Reduced storage requirements
 ArcSDE Geodatabase
 Stored in an Enterprise DBMS
 Supports multiuser editing via versioning
 Requires ArcEditor or ArcInfo to edit
An overview of geodatabase design
 How the geographic features are to be represented for each
theme (for example, as points, lines, polygons, or rasters) along
with their tabular attributes
 How the data will be organized into datasets, such as feature
classes, attributes, raster datasets, and so forth
 What additional spatial and database elements will be needed
for integrity rules, for implementing rich GIS behavior (such as
topologies, networks, subtypes and raster catalogs), and
defining spatial and attribute relationships between datasets
Geodatabase Workflow
 Create Schema
 Import / Load data
 Pre-process data to store geodatabase behaviors
 Create geodatabase behaviors ( subtypes, domain,…)
 Apply behaviors
 Create topology or geometric network
 Create connectivity rules for networks
 Use and edit in ArcMap
 Feature and attribute validation
 Backtrack to create needed schemas if necessary
Geodatabase (gdb) File Structure
Geodatabase (gdb) File Structure
Workspace

Feature Dataset

Geodatabase

Feature Classes Geometric Network

Topology

Annotation Relationship

Object Table
 II
Mapping and Visualization
“GIS Maps”
Wisdom ) GIS Power “The data behind the map” (
Ordinary Maps
A geological map is a Unique
Values Map based on
categorical data representing
different formations, or other
geological units
 This maps have fixed scale

27
GIS Maps
 GIS organizes the world into ‘layers’ of
geographic objects that are alike.
 Each map Composed of a series of layers
drawn in a particular order.
 Each layer is used to display and work
with a specific GIS dataset.
 Layer references the data stored in
geodatabases
 Layer defines how a GIS dataset is
symbolized and labeled in your map views
28
GIS Maps
Advantage of GIS maps:
Composed of a series of layers.
Dynamic Scale
Dynamic Labels, Annotations
Symbols associated with Data
Variable not fixed
29
GIS Maps
Not Easy to Understand
Visualization Maps
Changeable Maps
Visualization Graphs, Statistics, Reports
 III
Spatial Analysis

“Geoprocessing”
Analyzing GIS data
 The true power of a GIS lies in its ability to
analyze geospatial data
 Why analysis ?
 Gain more information than with visualization
 Answer questions about your data
 Use for site selection
 Make better decisions
 Derivenew data that contains new
information
GIS analysis workflow
Ask a
question

Act on Acquire
Knowledge data

Analyze Explore
data data
Analyzing GIS data
 The most commonly used GIS tools
 Overlay and proximity
 Table management
 Surface creation
 Spatial and nonspatial statistics
 Selection and extraction
Analyzing GIS data
 Overlay analysis
 One of the most basic questions asked of a
GIS is "What's on top of what?"
Analyzing GIS data
 Overlay analysis
Analyzing GIS data
 Proximity analysis
 One of the most basic questions asked of a
GIS is "what's near what?"
Analyzing GIS data
 Proximity analysis
Analyzing GIS data
 Table analysis and management
 Creating GIS data from tables  Management of tabular data
 Calculating values
 Joining tables
 Joining tables
 Making features from tables
 Attribute indexes
 Analysis of tabular data
 Subtypes and attribute domains
 Finding how many
 Table views
 Looking at the distribution of values  Pivoting a table
 Counting records  Raster tables
Analyzing GIS data
 Table analysis and management
Analyzing GIS data
 Statistical analysis
 Spatial statistics tools that allow
you to discover and characterize
geographic patterns and are
described in Statistical analysis,
along with standard nonspatial
statistical tools, such as minimum,
maximum, sum, frequency, mean,
and standard deviation
Analyzing GIS data
 Statistical analysis
Analyzing GIS data
 Selecting and Extracting data
 GIS datasets often contain much  Feature-based extraction
more data than you need, and a  Selecting features
common set of tasks is to reduce or
 Clipping features
extract data from larger, more
complex datasets  Dissolving features

 There are several methods available  Raster-based extraction

to reduce or extract data from  Rasterdata extraction tools
larger, more complex datasets include tools that simplify
 Feature-based extraction
complex or noisy data and tools
that create a spatial subset or
 Raster-based extraction sample of a raster.
Analyzing GIS data
 Selectingand
Extracting data
GIS Software
GIS Software
There are plenty software of GIS :
 ArcGIS  JUMP GIS
 QGIS  Bentley Map
 GRASS GIS  IGIS Framework
 MapInfo  TerrSet
 InterGraph  MIDAS
 SAGA GIS  And more….
ArcGIS
History of ArcGIS
Arc/INFO (Unix)
1969 1982 1989 PC Arc/INFO (DOS + Windows)
Jack Dangermond
founds ESRI
1992
ArcView + Arc/INFO

2002 1999 ArcGIS v.8.0

ArcView 3.3 (to v8.3 2003)
“retired product”

2004 2008 2010 2012

ArcGIS v.9.0 ArcGIS v.9.3 ArcGIS v.10.0 ArcGIS v.10.1
ArcGIS Desktop components
 ArcMap

 ArcCatalog

 ArcToolbox

 Extensions
ArcGIS Desktop components
ArcMap
 ArcMap is the main application
used in ArcGIS for Desktop for
mapping, editing, analysis, and
data management.
 ArcMap is used for all 2D
mapping work and visualization.
 ArcMap displays map contents in
one of two views:
 Data view
 Layout view
ArcMap
ArcMap
 Map layers
 Within the data frame, you display
geographic datasets as layers, where
each layer represents a particular
dataset overlaid in the map.
 each layer's map symbols, colors, and
labels help describe the objects in
the map
 A layer doesn't store the actual
geographic data. Instead, it
references a dataset, such as a
feature class, an image, a grid, and
so on
ArcMap
 The Table of Contents
 Listsall the layers on the map and
shows what the features in each
layer represent.
 The check box next to each
layer indicates whether its
display is currently turned on
or off.
 The order of layers within the
table of contents specifies
their drawing order in the data
frame.
ArcMap
 The Catalog Window
 used to organize and manage various
types of geographic information as
logical collections—for example, the
data, maps, and results of your
current GIS projects that you work
with in ArcGIS.
 provides a tree view of file
folders and geodatabases.
 The order of layers within the
table of contents specifies their
drawing order in the data frame.
ArcCatalog
 The ArcCatalog application provides
a catalog window.
 ArcCatalog is used to:
 Organize your GIS contents
 Manage geodatabase schemas
 Search for and add content to
ArcGIS applications
 Document your contents
 Manage GIS servers
 Manage standards-based metadata
ArcToolbox
 The ArcToolbox window
contains shortcuts to
toolboxes.
 Toolboxes can be a file (.tbx) in
a folder or an item in a
geodatabase.
 Tool types
 Built-in tool
 Model tool
 Script tool
Planning GIS Project
Planning a GIS Project
 Steps in a GIS Project
 Define the field of activity
 Identify your objectives “What information do you need”
 Assembling data “paper maps, digital files, remote sensing/satellite, fieldwork”
 Preprocessing “preparation of data”
 Create a Geodatabase “ features, relations, domain, ….”
 Digitizing features on a surface
 Analysis
 Product Generation “graphics (maps and charts), tabular reports”