Analysis of Urine

ANALYSIS OF URINE
HARIDHA SREE C
18BMB018
A urinalysis is a test of your urine. A urinalysis is used to detect and manage a

wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and
diabetes. A urinalysis involves checking the appearance, concentration and
content of urine. Abnormal urinalysis results may point to a disease or illness.
Principle of Urine analysis:
Laboratory analysis is the initial step of examination of urine specimen. The

midstream urine is required and that should be collected in a sterile container
following the cleaning of external genitalia. The first portion of the urine contains
most of the contaminants. As the urine passes out from urethra, it can be
contaminated with genital micro flora. It is necessary to analysis the urine sample
immediately after its collection otherwise normal organisms may overgrowth on
more slowly growing pathogens. If it is not possible, it can be stored for a short
time in refrigerator.
Clinical analysis of urine requires quantitative determination of microorganisms

per ml of urine sample. If the count is more than 10 -5 it indicates urinary tract
infection (UTI). The count ranges from 0 to 1000 per ml are treated as normal.
The organisms commonly responsible for infections of the genito-urinary track
are given below.
Main organisms causing infections:
Gram positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes,
Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecium
Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus
vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae
Requirements to analyse urine sample:
• Urine sample
• Sterile container
• Blood agar plate
• Tubes of saline water
• Bunsen burner
• Pipette
• Incubator
Steps involved in urine analysis:
• Cleanse the urinary opening. Women should spread their labia and
clean from front to back. Men should wipe the tip of the penis.
• Begin to urinate into the toilet.
• Pass the collection container into your urine stream.
• Urinate at least 1 to 2 ounces (30 to 59 milliliters) into the collection
container.
• Finish urinating into the toilet.
• Deliver the sample as directed by your doctor.
• If you can't deliver the sample to the designated area within 60
minutes of collection, refrigerate the sample, unless you've been
instructed otherwise by your doctor.
In some cases, your doctor may insert a thin, flexible tube (catheter) through the
urinary tract opening and into the bladder to collect the urine sample. The urine
sample is sent to a lab for analysis. You can return to your usual activities
immediately.
Results
For a urinalysis, your urine sample is evaluated in three ways: visual exam,
dipstick test and microscopic exam.
Visual exam
A lab technician examines the urine's appearance. Urine is typically clear.

Cloudiness or an unusual odor may indicate a problem, such as an infection.
Blood in the urine may make it look red or brown. Urine color can be influenced
by what you've just eaten. For example, beets or rhubarb may add a red tint to
your urine.
Dipstick test
A dipstick — a thin, plastic stick with strips of chemicals on it — is placed in the

urine to detect abnormalities. The chemical strips change color if certain
substances are present or if their levels are above normal. A dipstick test checks
for:
• Acidity (pH). The pH level indicates the amount of acid in urine.

Abnormal pH levels may indicate a kidney or urinary tract disorder.
• Concentration. A measure of concentration, or specific gravity,
shows how concentrated particles are in your urine. A higher than
normal concentration often is a result of not drinking enough fluids.
• Protein. Low levels of protein in urine are normal. Small increases in
protein in urine usually aren't a cause for concern, but larger amounts
may indicate a kidney problem.
• Sugar. Normally the amount of sugar (glucose) in urine is too low to
be detected. Any detection of sugar on this test usually calls for
follow-up testing for diabetes.
• Ketones. As with sugar, any amount of ketones detected in your urine
could be a sign of diabetes and requires follow-up testing.
• Bilirubin. Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown.
Normally, bilirubin is carried in the blood and passes into your liver,
where it's removed and becomes part of bile. Bilirubin in your urine
may indicate liver damage or disease.
• Evidence of infection. If either nitrites or leukocyte esterase — a
product of white blood cells — is detected in your urine, it may be a
sign of a urinary tract infection.
• Blood. Blood in your urine requires additional testing — it may be a
sign of kidney damage, infection, kidney or bladder stones, kidney or
bladder cancer, or blood disorders.
Microscopic exam
During this exam, several drops of urine are viewed with a microscope. If any of
the following are observed in above-average levels, additional testing may be
necessary:
• White blood cells (leukocytes) may be a sign of an infection.
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes) may be a sign of kidney disease, a
blood disorder or another underlying medical condition, such as
bladder cancer.
• Bacteria or yeasts may indicate an infection.
• Casts — tube-shaped proteins — may form as a result of kidney
disorders.
• Crystals that form from chemicals in urine may be a sign of kidney
stones.
Results and Discussion:
The organism present in the sample is Escherichia coli, which is a gram-negative

bacterium. It belongs to the Enterobacter and plays an important role in the UTI
(Urinary Tract Infection).
Therefore, the organism present in the given sample is Escherichia coli.
Discussion:
The bacteria are gram negative, rod shaped, non-spore forming, motile with
peritrichous flagella or nonmotile, and grow on MacConkey agar (colonies are 2
to 3 mm in diameter and red or colorless). They can grow under aerobic and
anaerobic conditions and do not produce enterotoxins

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ANALYSIS OF URINE

A urinalysis is a test of your urine. A urinalysis is used to detect and manage a

Principle of Urine analysis:

Laboratory analysis is the initial step of examination of urine specimen. The

Clinical analysis of urine requires quantitative determination of microorganisms

A lab technician examines the urine's appearance. Urine is typically clear.

A dipstick — a thin, plastic stick with strips of chemicals on it — is placed in the

• Acidity (pH). The pH level indicates the amount of acid in urine.

Results and Discussion:

The organism present in the sample is Escherichia coli, which is a gram-negative

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