(MT-MLS102) | BATCH 2024

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – DE LA SALLE MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES INSTITUTE

PREPARED BY: CORINNE RENIVA DATA COLLECTION

LECTURER: PROF. CHRISTINE MAE DE GUZMAN

DATA
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Data: facts and statistics collected together for reference or : technique for physically obtaining data to be analyzed in a
analysis research study.
: quantitative or qualitative quantity or variable
QUALITATIVE DATA
Fact: if it refers to anything know to be consistent; comes in hand
with evidence Qualitative: observing all potentially relevant phenomena

SIX CORE Dimensions of data quality A. Primary Data – from first-hand experiences/sources
a. Completeness: when the proportion of stored
data against the potential data is 100% complete  Questionnaire: self-report data collection instrument used to
b. Uniqueness: there should be no thing will be obtain information from the participants about the ff:
recorded more than once based upon how that - Thoughts
thing is identified. - Feelings
e.g. school registry vs. student database - error can be - Attitudes
caused by duplication - Beliefs
c. Timeliness: data be recorded in a timely manner - Values
d. Validity and Accuracy: should correctly describe - Perceptions
the real world object being described - Personality
e. Consistency: absence of difference when - Behavioral intentions
comparing two or more representations of a thing. **Difference between surveys: set of q's, includes process of
collecting and analyzing
Utility of Data
a. Knowable: has basis  Interviews: interviewer/interviewee through personal or
b. Recorded telephone; establish rapport with interviewee; always neutral;
c. Accessible: with right resources and technology establish trust
d. Navigable: was it easy to find?
e. Understandable: in terms of langugae, culture Personal Interview
etc.
f. Sufficient quality: Advantages Disadvantages
g. Topically relevant: to the problem being
addressed Personalization of the study to Cost in terms of money and time
the participants
Factors Affecting Data Collection
1. Bias: influences the response of the participants Response rate that is usually Openness to manipulation or
2. Use of Language higher that with a comparable interviewer bias
3. Timing: e.g. seasons mail survey
4. Privacy: may be too personal for the participant
5. Cultural sensitivity: being aware of presence of Observation of both verbal and Lack of anonymity
other cultures nonverbal behavior
6. Ethics: collected data must not be used for
purpose other than those told to the participant "No help from others” Inconvenience to the
7. Cost respondents
8. Time: a survey might take an hour; sometimes
timeframe can affect the participant's' decision

Data collection RENIVA | 2021

 Recording of the time of the Lack of opportunity to consult
interview records Tips for Conducting an Effective Interview
1. Make sure all interviewers are trained
2. Do a background homework on the interviewees
3. Establish rapport and trust
Telephone Interview 4. Be empathetic and remain neutral
5. Use gentle nonverbal head nods and verbal "uh-hms"
Advantages Disadvantages 6. Be reflexive
7. Make sure the interviewee is doing most of the talking
Cost savings Respondents are less 8. Be sensitive
motivated 9. Interviewees understand exactly what you are asking
Faster than either a mail survey or 10. Provide sufficient time for answering questions
personal interview study
• Maintain control of the interview
Researcher can select subjects from a
much broader area
• Utilize probe and follow – up questions
Respondent remains more anonymous pp

If no one is home, frequent callbacks • Respect the interviewee’s valuable time

can pp
be made with little expenses
• Tape – record the interview session
Better for collecting sensitive data
• Check notes and recording for quality and completeness
Interview structures
1. Unstructured: questions arise spontaneously in a free-flowing
conversation; most susceptible to subjective bias or error  Focus groups: a moderator leads a discussion with a small
2. Semi-structured: has outline to be followed; but still has room group of individuals to examine, in detail, how the group
to ask to elaborate on his or her own members think and feel about a topic.
3. Structured: pre-determined questions and ordered; defined
pattern Uses:
1. Obtaining general background information about a
CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF INTERVIEW topic of interest
Qualitative Interviews 2. Generating research hypotheses
• Standardized open-ended interview: questions emerge 3. Stimulating new ideas and creative concepts
from the immediate context and are asked in the natural 4. Diagnosing the potential for problems with a new
course of things. program, service, or product
• Interview guide approach: topics and issues to be 5. Generating impressions of products, programs,
covered are specified in advance, in outline form service, institutions, or other objects of interest
• Informal conversation interview: the exact wording and
sequence of questions are determined in advance.  Observation: watching of behavioral patterns or people in
Quantitative Interviews certain situations to obtain information about the phenomenon
• Closed quantitative interview: questions and response of interest.
categories are determined in advance. Responses are
fixed; respondent chooses from among these fixed Laboratory observation: carried out in settings that are
responses. set up by the research and inside the confines of
research lab.
Interview vs. Questionnaires
Interview Questionnaire Naturalistic: carried out in the real world
Interviewer reads the Research participant reads and
questions or statements records his or her own answers
exactly as written on the in the spaces provided in the
interview protocol questionnaire
Data collection RENIVA | 2021
Quantitative Observation In- • Able to clarify • Potentially difficult to
• Structured person questions during recruit participants.
• Involves standardization of all observational procedures in surveys survey interview. • Expensive
order to obtain reliable research data. • Verify person • Time-intensive
• Often involves the standardization of each of the following: responding to • Data entry is time
✔Who is observed questions. consuming
✔What is observed • In-depth
✔When the observations are to take place information
collected
✔Where the observations are to be carried out
✔How the observations are to be done Mailed • Savings of • Impersonal
surveys money and time • Lack of flexibility
Qualitative Observation: involves observing all potentially • No interviewer • Likelihood to unanswered
relevant phenomena and taking extensive field noted without biases questions
specifying in advance exactly what is observed. • Greater • Low response rate as
QUANTITATIVE DATA assurance of compared to interviewing
Qualitative: observing all potentially relevant phenomena anonymity • Inability to record
• Completion by spontaneous
A. Primary Data – from first-hand experiences/sources the respondent reactions/responses
at his or her • No guarantee of return by
 Survey: research method used for collecting data from a pre- convenience the deadline date
defined group of respondents to gain information and insights • Accurate
on various topics of interest information
because
EXISTING SURVEYS respondents can
consult records
Advantages Disadvantages before answering
Saves time Costly if purchase is required
Saves money if available through Trying to use with a different TYPES OF SURVEY
open access sample 1. Tests: “set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to
elicit responses on the basis of which a numerical score can
Established reliability Extraneous questions add be assigned.”
length a. Achievement Test: mastery comprehensive on
to survey proficiency
Established validity Health literacy is too high or b. Performance Test: what individual can do
low c. Aptitude Test: general ability and knowledge
for population
2. Scales
Establish data analysis Must establish data analysis a. Response scales: Assign an answer
methodology methodology to a single question
b. Concept scales: collection of questions that
measure a single subject or concept
SURVEY DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Method Advantages Disadvantages 3. Personality Inventories
Online • Fast way to • Impersonal
surveys collect data. • No way of knowing who CREATING A SURVEY
• Inexpensive completed survey 1. Review the research questions
• High number of • No verifiable demographic 2. Ask only survey questions that answer the research
potential information on questions
respondents respondents 3. Organize survey questions from easy to difficult.
• Difficult to receive email 4. Write questions in a simple and concise manner.
addresses for target 5. Group similar questions.
population. 6. Avoid skip patterns.

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 2. Official documents: anything written, photographed or
•Provide clear •Proofread the recorded by some type of public or private organization.
•Check the survey several
instructions for
readability score. times. Examples:
each transition.
✔Newspaper
✔Educational journals
Pilot test the Finalize the survey ✔Magazines
Pretest the survey
survey format ✔Curriculum guides
✔Annual reports
✔Student records
✔Student work
 Cover letter: purpose of the research evaluation ✔Books
✔Published articles

3. Physical data: any material thing created or left by humans

that might provide information about a phenomenon of
interest to a researcher.

Examples:
✔Wear on floor tiles in museums
✔Wear on library books
✔Soil from shoes and clothing
✔Radio dial settings
✔Fingerprints

4. Archived research data: data originally used for research

purposes and then stored for possible later use.

Example:
✔Census data

AGENCIES AND DATA COLLECTION

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
- All national censuses and surveys
- Sectoral statistics
- Consolidation of selected
administrative recording systems
- Compilation of national accounts
SECONDARY DATA
Secondary Data: originally collected or left behind at an earlier Department of Health (DOH)
time by a different person for a different purpose. : responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to
all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care and
1. Personal documents: anything that is written, photographed, regulation of providers of health goods and services.
or otherwise recorded for private purposes
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Examples: - Monitor and prevent disease outbreaks including
✔Letters bioterrorism
✔Diaries - Implement disease prevention strategies
✔Correspondence - Maintain national health statistics
✔Family videos
✔Pictures

Data collection RENIVA | 2021