Q1.

Cellular Mobile Communication System

a) Prove that for the hexagonal cluster geometry, the co-channel reuse ratio is
give by Q= (3N) 1/2, where N=i 2 +ij+ j 2, i∧ jare small integers (Q=D/R, D-
distance to the centre of the nearest co-channel cell; R-Cell radius). Show the
sketch/graph for: i=1, j=3.

Solution:

Generally, for N=i 2 +ij+ j 2, we can do the following to find the nearest co-channel
neighbours of a particular cell:

 Move i cells along any chain of hexagons and then,

 Turn 600 counter-clockwise and move j cells.

R
A
600

¿ the hexagonalCluster geometry above , R= AB sin60 0

3
¿√ R
2

The distance between two nearest centre is , √ 3 R

√ 3 R=k ( Let )
D−distance ¿ the centre of the nearest co−channel cell ,

D2=a2+ b2 +2 ab cos 600 a=ik∧b= jk

3
¿ k 2 j 2 +k 2 i 2+ 2k 2 i j √
2

¿ k 2 ( i 2+ j 2 +i j )

¿ k2 N
¿> D=k √ N

¿ √3 R √N

¿ R √3 N
1
D 2
¿> =( 3 N )
R
1 D
2 ∵ Q=
¿>Q=( 3 N ) R

Proved.

i=1∧ j=3

N=i 2 +ij+ j 2=1+3+9=13

2
7 3
1
6 4
5
3 2
1
4 7
6

b) A receiver in an urban cellular radio system detects a 1mW signal at

d=d 0=2 meter from the transmitter. In order to mitigate co-channel
interference effects, it is required that the signal received at any base station
receiver from another base station transmitter which operates with the same
channel must be below -100 dBm. A measurement team has determined that
the average path loss exponent in the system is n = 4 after the distanced 0.
Determine the major radius of each cell if a 12 hexagonal cell reuse pattern is
used.

Solution:
P0 [ dBm ] =0 , Pr [ dBm ] =−100 , n=4 , d 0=2 meter

Pr [ dBm ] =P 0 [ dBm ] −10 ×n × log ( dd )

0

P0 [ dBm ] −Pr [ dBm ]

⇒ d =10 10 ×n
=10 2.5=316.2277 m

Now, d is the minimum distance between same frequency cells so they do not interfere
with each other, and;
d d
R= =
Q √3 N
For 12 hexagonal cell, N=12;

So,
d 316.2277
R= =
√ 3 N √ 3 ×12
316.2277
¿
6

¿ 52.704 m

So, the major radius is, R =52.704m for 12 hexagonal cells reuse pattern.

c) In a mobile telephone system the traffic intensity is defined as Au =λH where

λ is the average number of calls per unit time, H is the duration of the call
expressed in the same time units. For a system of U users the total offered
traffic intensity is A=U A u. The probability of a new telephone call being
blocked Pb in a system where the total offered traffic intensity A is being
served by the number of channel C is given by Erlang B formula. Pb is called
QOS (quality of Service). Find (or derive) the Erlang B formula and make a
table of total offered traffic intensity A for the QOS = (0.01 0.005 0.002
0.001) and the number of channels C= (2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100).
 Solution:

Traffic intensity, Au =λH

λ - Average number of calls per unit time, H is the duration of the call expressed in the
same time units.

For a system of U users the total offered traffic intensity is A=U A u.

The Erlang B formula determines the probability that a call is blocked, when queuing is
not used, and is given by:
AC
C!
Pb=Pr [ blocking ] = C k =GOS=QOS
∑ Ak !
k=0
Here C is the number of trunked channels offered by a trunked radio system and A is the
total offered traffic.

Q2. Antenna Pattern

In a cellular mobile communication system base station a linear Antenna
array is used with 5 elements with omni-directional radiation pattern. The
elements are at the distance d from each other. In order to point the antenna
radiation pattern in a desired direction an additional phase shift α is
introduced between each antenna element as shown in figure. The angle
between the line connecting the array elements and the direction of the
maximum radiation of the array is θM. The radio wave carrier frequency is
such that the wave propagates in the open space with the wave length λ.
 λ
(a) Ifd= ∧θM =π /6, Find the direction(s) towards which there is no radio
2
energy radiation from the array, and find the nulls of the radiation
pattern.

Solution:

(b) Sketch an approximate radiation pattern for the case described in.

Solution:

(c) Ifd= λ∧θ M =π /6 , Find all directions of maximum radio wave radiation in
the range 0 to π (equal to the one at θ M =π /6). Sketch an approximate
radiation pattern. (you may use MATLAB)

Solution:

Q 3. Signal Propagation

Assume that a SNR of 12 dB is desired at the receiver. The GSM 900 MHz
cellular transmitter has an EIRP of 1 W (please do not confuse carrier
frequency with the GSM bandwidth). The receiver uses a 3 dB gain antenna
and the receiver has a noise figure F=8, and by noise figure increasing the
thermal noise effect. The free space signal propagation is assumed until
distance d0 =100 m. After the distance d0 assume propagation exponent n=4.
 Furthermore assume that the thermal noise floor is given by k . B . F. T 0 ,
where k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38*10 -23) in IS units, B is the
bandwidth, F is the noise figure and T0=3000 K.

a) Find the average signal to noise ratio level at the receiver placed 2 km far
from the transmitter.

Solution:

Noise Floor= k × B × F × T 0 =1.38 ×10−23 ×900 ×10 6 × 8× 300

¿ 2.98 ×10−11 ( w )=¿

b) If we assume lognormal shadowing standard deviation σ =10 dB around
average value of the signal to noise ratio, find the percentage of time that
the desired SNR = 15dB is achieved at a receiver placed 2 km far from the
transmitter.
Solution:

Q 4. Viterbi Algorithm

A convolutional coder rate ½ is used for coding input binary sequence

m=101011. The following generator polynomials are used. g1 = 1+D+D2+D3
is characterizing path 1 of the encoder and g2 =1+D+D3 is characterizing path
2 of the encoder. Assume that the initial state of the encoder is S1
 = (0, 0, 0) and two trailing bits Tr= (0, 0, 0) are appended to the end of the
message m.

a) Draw the encoder block diagram.

Solution:

m = 101011, coder rate= ½

PATH #1: g1 = 1+D+D2+D3

PATH #2: g2 =1+D+D3

PATH #1

MODULO-2 ADDER

INPUT
FLIP- FLIP- OUTPUT
FLOP FLOP

MODULO-2 ADDER
PATH #2

b) What is the output message from the encoder multiplexer? The

multiplexer is the two-input one-output device where bits from path 1
and path 2 of the encoder are sent to the multiplexer output alternatively.
The multiplexer is considered to be part of the encoder.

Solution:
 c) Draw the encoder trellis diagram and indicate the encoder output
sequence from the multiplexer on the diagram.

Solution:

0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00

a
11 11 11 11 11 11 11
11
b

c
01
01
01 01 01 01
d
10 10 10 10
J=0 j=1 j=2 j=3 j=4 j=5 j=L-1 j=L j=L+1 j=L+2

Encoder Trellis Diagram

d) Use the Viterbi Algorithm and the encoder/decoder trellis diagram to find
the original transmitted sequence (before convolutional encoder) if the
received sequence (after binary detection at the receiver) is given by: c=
11, 01, 01, 10, 01, 01, 11.
Note: (binary symbol by symbol detection/demodulator of the received
signal takes place at the receiver before the binary sequence decoding
takes place in the Viterbi Decoder)

Solution:
Q 5. CDMA

A cellular mobile communication system is using a Direct Sequence Code

Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique with Binary Shift Keying (BPSK)
modulation. The receiver is implemented as a coherent demodulator for
signal frequency down conversion with the matched filter with CDMA signal
and the threshold detector for BPSK detection. It should be noted that the
matched filter is performing signal dispreading in this case. The system is
accommodating K users and the spreading ratio G of the system is 200, i.e.

1
Pe = erfc √ SNR M
2
 G=200. The probability of bit error is where SNR M represents Signal power
to the Noise power ratio after the matched filter.

a) Let us assume that in a single user system, with no other users present,
the thermal noise is the only additive white Gaussian noise present in the
receiver. If the signal to Noise ratio in the single user system after the
matched filter is SNR M =20 and/or 25[dB], calculate the signal to noise
ratio of a single user system while the signal is still spread in frequency
(before returning signal to its original bandwidth).

Solution:

b) If the CDMA system consists of 40 users additional to the user of interest

(the number of users K=41) with the same power, calculate the output
signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the user of interest after dispreading
(returning signal into its original bandwidth) in the presence of
interference caused by 40 interferers and the thermal noise described in
(a).
Solution:

c) Calculate the probabilities of bit error of the user of interest for the
thermal noise levels given in (a) in the presence of interference caused by
40 users. Use the following assumptions:

i) The multiple access interference is AWGN-like, i.e. could be

approximated by the additional additive white Gaussian noise.
ii) For largex, you may use approximation for the error probability

erfc ( x ) ≈ √2 e−x .
2

π .x
Function (ERFC):

Solution:
d) If the required probability of bit error for the user of interest is Pe =10−5,
find the maximum number of CDMA users K using BPSK modulation,
including the user of interest, for the thermal noise levels given in a). You
may use approximations i) and ii) specified in c).

Solution:

Q 6. Equalization.

A digital channel with inter-symbol interference (ISI) has the following

impulse response h=(−0.5 , 1, 0.5 )T . ( . )T is the matrix transpose. The ISI is
T
being suppressed by MMSE equalizer with three tapsw=( w0 , w1 , w2 ) .

(a) Find the equalizer taps w according to the MMSE equalization

criterion if the noise variance is σ2= 1.

Solution:
(b) Is the ISI entirely eliminated by equalization? If not, how many ISI
terms, besides the desired signal sample, remain?

Solution:

(c) Show the total impulse response of the channel and the equaliser in
the cascade.

Solution: