Super Course in Mathematics ALGEBRA I for IIT-JEE Volume 1 A division of PEARSON Chandigarh + Delhi + C sdigath * Delhi + ChennaiT I M E T.I.M.E. is the national leader in test prep segment and one of the biggest BLEVE. Bes, and the most successtul classroom-based entrance examination training “Tiumphant insite of institute in India. For more details, visit wauw.timededucation.com Management Education Pv, Lt ‘The aim of this publication is to supply information taken from sources believed to be valid and reliable. This is not an attempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor is it to be treated as such. While much care has been taken to ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibility for any damage arising from inadvertent omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical or factual) that ‘may have found their way into this book Copyright © Trishna Knowledge Systems, 2012 Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia No part ofthis eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version, The publisher reserves the right to remove any material present in this eBook at any time. ISBN 9788131759820 eISBN 9789332511897 Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110.017, IndiaPreface Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Contents Prerequisites STUDY MATERIAL * Set of Real Numbers» Surds © H.C.F (or G.C.D) and LCM © Ratio, Proportion and Variation © Indices © Logarithms * Polynomials * Modulus * Inequalities ‘Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean» Determinants» Important — Results In Geometry * Locus—Equation of a Locus * Trigonometry Fundamentals ‘+ Fundamental Counting Principle Quadratic Equations and Expressions STUDY MATERIAL * Roots of the Quadratic Equation * Symmetric Functions © Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation © Introduction 0 Complex Numbers © Common Roots © Quadratic Expressions © Maximum and Minimum Values of a Quadratic Expression « Polynomial Equation of Degree n Trigonometry STUDY MATERIAL * Introduction © Trigonometry Fundamentals © Periodic Property of Cireular Funetions andGraphs ofCireular Functions © Formulas for Cireular Funetions of Related Angles Circular Functions of Compound Angles» Product Formulas « Circular Funetions of Multiples of an Angle A © Inverse Circular Functions Trigonometric Equations Properties of Triangles STUDY MATERIAL * Introduction © Law of Sines (or Sine Formulas) * Law of Cosines (or Cosine Formulas) * Projection Formulas + Formulas for rr, 1, and r, © Heights and Distances Properties of Triangles STUDY MATERIAL # Sequences © Series © ArithmeticSeries(orSeriesinAP) © GeometricSeries orSeries inGP) © Arithmetico-GeometricSeries © HarmonicSeries(SeriesinHP) « Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean © Procedure to find the AMs, GMs, HMs between a and b * Summation Symbol E (Sigma) © Summation of Series Partial Fractions —Preface ‘The IIT-JEE, the most challenging amongst national level engineering entrance examinations, remains on the top of the priority list of several lakhs of students every year. The brand value of the IITs attracts more and more students every year, but the challenge posed by the IIT-JEE ensures that only the best of the aspirants get into the IITs, Students require thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts, reasoning skills, ability to comprehend the presented situation and exceptional problem-solving skills to come on top in this highly demanding entrance examination. ‘The pattern of the IIT-JEE has been changing over the years. Hence an aspiring student requires a step-by-step study plan to master the fundamentals and to get adequate practice in the various types of questions that have appeared in the IIT-JEE over the last several years. Irrespective of the branch of engineering study the student chooses later, it is important to have a sound conceptual grounding in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. A lack of proper understanding of these subjects limits the capacity of students to solve complex problems thereby lessening his/her chances of making it to the top- notch institutes which provide quality training. ‘This series of books serves as a source of learning that goes beyond the school curriculum of Class XI and Class XII and is intended to form the backbone of the preparation of an aspiring student. These books have been designed with the objective of guiding an aspirant to his/her goal in a clearly defined step-by-step approach. ‘+ Master the Concepts and Concept Strands! ‘This series covers all the concepts in the latest IIT-JEE syllabus by segregating them into appropriate units. The theories are explained in detail and are illustrated using solved examples detailing the different applications of the concepts. ‘+ Let us First Solve the Examples—Concept Connectors! ‘At the end of the theory content in each unit, a good number of “Solved Examples” are provided and they are designed to give the aspirant a comprehensive exposure to the application of the concepts at the problem-solving level. ‘+ Do Your Exercise—Daily! ‘Over 200 unsolved problems are presented for practice atthe end of every chapter. Hints and solutions for the same are also provided. These problems are designed to sharpen the aspirant’s problem-solving skills in a step-by-step manner. ‘+ Remember, Practice Makes You Perfect! We recommend you work out ALL the problems on your own ~ both solved and unsolved ~ to enhance the effective- ness of your preparation. AA distinct feature of this series is that unlike most other reference books in the market, this is not authored by an in- dividual It is put together by a team of highly qualified faculty members that includes I1Tians, PhDs etc from some of the best institutes in India and abroad. This team of academic experts has vast experience in teaching the fundamentals and their application and in developing high quality study material for IIT-JEE at T.LMLE. (Triumphant Institute of Manage- ‘ment Education Pvt. Ltd), the number 1 coaching institute in India. The essence of the combined knowledge of such an experienced team is what is presented in this self-preparatory series. While the contents of these books have been organized keeping in mind the specific requirements of IIT-JEE, we are sure that you will find these useful in your preparation for various other engineering entrance exams also, ‘We wish you the very best!CHAPTER PREREQUISITES Preview ‘STUDY MATERIAL Set of Real Numbers surds + Concept strands (1-5) NGF °C) and LCM + Concopt strands 6-8) Ratio, Proportion and Variation * Concept strands (9-13) Indices + Concopt Strands (14-18) Logaritims + Concept strands (19-36) Potynomiais + Concept Strands (37-41) CHAPTER OUTLINE Modulus Inequalities ‘© Concept Strands (42-45) ‘Aithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean Determinants Important Results n Geometry © Concept Strands (46-55) Locus—Equation of a Locus ‘© Concept Strands (66-58) ‘Tigonometry Fundamentals © Concept Strands (69-63) Fundamental Counting Principle ‘© Concept Strands (64-66)1.2 Prerequisites SET OF REAL NUMBERS ‘One of the most important sets in our study is the set of real numbers and this st is denoted by R. Real numbers are classified into Rational and Irrational numbers. Rational Numbers ‘A number, which can be expressed in the form ©, where p q ‘and q are integers, and q is not equal to 0 (written as q#0)is called a rational number. ‘The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q. =, 3.81, 1.6666... 29 rational numbers ote that in the above, 3.81 can be expressed as 2°, 100 1.6666... is a recurring decimal, and can be expressed Representing recurring decimals in the rational form (Let, x= 1.66666. Then 10 x = 16.6666. 9x=15 85 = xeZor= 93 (i) Let, x = 0.7252525. Then 1000 x = 725.252525.. and 10 x = 7.252525... Subtracting, we get, 990x=718 718, 359 990 ° 495 Integers Al integers are rational numbers and are classified into negative integers, zero and positive integers. The set of inte- gers is denoted by Z. Z={ ~3,-2,-1,0,1, 23,4, eo} The set of positive integers ie, the set (1, 23,4, bis called the set of natural numbers and is denoted by N. N=(,2,3,4.00d Positive integers (or natural numbers) can be classified into prime numbers and composite numbers. A positive number, which does not have a factor other than I and itself, is called a prime number. 2, 3,5, 7, 11,13,.... are examples of prime numbers. A positive number, which is not a prime number, is called a composite number. 4, 12, 24, 162,....are examples of composite numbers. Irrational Numbers Numbers, which are not rational, are called irrational num- bers. For eg., V3, V7 , x, eare irrational numbers. x represents the ratio ofthe circumference of a circle to its diameter and is equal to 3.1415.... and eis called the expo- nential number and it les between 2 and 3 and is approxi- mately equal to 2.718, ‘The important characteristic of an irrational number is that it will have non-terminating and non recurring deci- imal representation, To sum up, any real number with a terminating or with 4 recurring decimal is a rational number while a number with a non-terminating and non recurring decimal is an ir- rational number. Between any two real numbers there is an infinite ‘number of rational numbers as well as irrational numbers. SURDS A surd isan irrational number, which is the nth root of a rational number. Ifxisa positive rational number and nth root of x ie. ak or x!” is irrational, then x isa surd. V5 and 3/19 are irrational numbers and are surds. But, 16% =2 € Q=> $6 isnota surOther examples of surds are (32 +745), 415-417, and (V2+¥3+2V5) In the above example, (3¥2+7\3) represents a binomial surd while (V2 + V3 +2V5) represents a trino- rial surd. Equality of surds Leta and ¢be rational numbers and Vb and Va be surds (ie,, Vb and Vd are irrational numbers). If a+vb =c+Vd,then,a=cb=d For example, @ Iex+ fy (ii) Te x- fy Rational +h22=7,y=6 545 x22, (F855 ory=75 9 factor Ifa and b are rational numbers such that Ja and are surds, the binomial surd (Ya +b) on multiplication by (va ~ vb) gives us (a - b) which is a rational number. CONCEPT STRANDS — SSeS Concept Strand 1 1 i 7—= I, find the value of k. kq3 - 242) Solution 1 3e2VB 13-2V42 134242 = 42 = (F+s8) k=1342Va2 Concept Strand 2 Find the rationalizing factor of (3-48) (5448) (+2) Prerequisites 1.3 (Wa vb) is said to be the rationalizing factor (or the con- jugate factor) of (Va + Vb) and vice versa. Consider the following examples: (i) (13 2/2) is the rationalizing factor of (13 +22) , since, (V13 -2V2) (13 +22) =5 € Q é [—| is the rationalizing factor of 2) ete lng (E-8) (EEE =a rational number Gi) [>%+5%—(5)*] is the rationalizing factor of (0%+5%), since on mlipiaton and using the identity (a +b) (a? + b? ~ ab) productas (2) +(s)' =345=8Q * +b’, we obtain the Solution ‘The given expression contains surds of the 8th order (Le, 8th root), 4th order and 2nd order. ‘When a pair of conjugate surds are multiplied, the or: der of the product will be half that of the multiplicands, ss (A) =) ‘he factor with the 8th order surd is (484); its conjugate is (95 +4); their products (15-2) When the above products matiplied by (5+ 4), the productis (5 -¥2) When the above ests multiplied by (5+), the result is 3 - 2 = 1, which is rational. Hence( 4/2 is the rationalizing factor.14 Prerequisites Roots of surds ‘Square roots of expressions of the form (a+ ¥b),(a- vb), G+ Vox ve+ Va), (@-Vb-Ve+ Vad) where, a, bs ed are rational and yb, Ve, are irrational are obtained as, follows: a+b will be of the form Vx-+ fy where, x, y are rational. ie, Yat vb = V+ Jy CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 3 Find y10-2V21 Solution Let Vio-avai = Ve Jy, Squaring, 10-201 =x+y-2y5y . ay =2NT (x+y) -4xy= 100-84 = 16 = reyes Taking x y) =4,and using x + y= 10,we get =7, 2 near, flO = 7-8 Note that y=, leads tox= 3,y=7and VE - Jy = 3-7 is negative. (Ja where a is positive means the positive value x such that x= a.) ‘Therefore Y10-2y21 cannot represent {3 - V7. Concept Strand 4 Bind 36+ 4/35 +215 +421 Solution Let the above square root be vx +/y +z. ‘On squaring and using the identity (a+b+o!=a' +b! +e +2ab + 2bc + 2ca, we have, 3644N35 +215 4421 Squaring both sides, a+-Vb =(x+y)+2yxy > x+y Vb will be of the form (vx- Jy), Vatvb+ve+Vd will be of the form vx+ Jy +Vz and a—Jb-Je+Va will be of the form Vx-Jy-ve where, x,y,z are rational, We illustrate the above ideas, by two examples. =latytayt2yay type ter Bs) ys) = 36; 2yfzy =4v5 1 ayn vex =4y21 => x+y +2=36,xy= 140, ye=15,2x= 84 Solving for x, yz we get x= 28, y=5,2=3 or 364435 +215 +421 = 2V7 + V5 +43) Concept Strand 5 Find the cube root of (o05)(os) +74 + (28) vB) (sF) (NB +) Solution It can be noticed that the given expression contains, (@) three terms and (b)_ some of the terms are the cubes of V2, V3 and V7 As, (a +b)’, which is equal toa? + b? + 3ab(a+ b) and has the above two properties, it can be useful to check whether the given expression can be rewritten in the form ofa’ +b! + 3ab(a +b), (048) (23) + (79) + (005) (2) (7) [(5) (8) +7] = (V5) (2) + (vA) + n(x 02)(F][ (via) 7] =[(vixv2)+v7] =(ve v9) Hence, cube root ofthe given expression is (V+ V7)Prerequisites 1.5 H.C.F (OR G.C.D) AND L.C.M HLCP stands for highest common factor, G.C.D stands for {greatest common divisor, and L.C.M stands for least com- mon multiple. H.C (or G.C.D) is the largest factor of two or more given numbers (here, positive integers) For example, (i) H.CE of the set of numbers (28, 21, 98} is 7. (since 7 isthe largest factor of all the three numbers) (i) HCE of (3,16) is 1 In Gi) above, 3 and 16 are said to be relatively prime or coprimes. They do not have any common factor other than 1. L.C.M of two or more numbers is the least number, which is divisible by each of these numbers without leaving a re- ‘mainder, For example, (8) L.C.M of the set of numbers (16, 24, 21} is 336. [Here, 336 is the smallest number which is divisible by 16, 24 and 21 without a remainder] (i) LCM of (5,12, 7, 11} is 5 «12 «7 x 11 = 4620 [Observe that the set of numbers 5, 12, 7, 11 are relatively prime] CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 6 ‘There are a certain number of soldiers in a field. If the soldiers are arranged in rows of 8 or 15 or 20, one soldier is left out. Ifthe soldiers are arranged in rows of 9 or 13, four soldiers only are let out. Find the number of soldiers in the field. Solution Number of soldiers in the field = LCM (8, 15, 20)e + 1 = (120¢ + 1), where c isa constant Results (i Ifa and b are two numbers (positive integers), ab LCM of (a,b) x H.C of (a,b). (i) H.C of two or more polynomial expressions is the polynomial expression of highest degree, which divides each of them without remainder. For example, H.CF of (x? ~ 5x + 6, (x - 2¥!(x~ 1), (+ x-6)} is (x-2). (iii) LCM of two or more polynomial expressions is the polynomial expression of the lowest degree, which is divisible by each of these without remainder. For example, LCM of {x (x + 1) (~4), (x2 + 4x +3), 24x fis (+1) (x43) (e-4) (iv) H.CF of two or more fractions HGF of the numerators of these fractions ~ LCM of the denominators of these fractions 216 24 For example, H.CF of }2,/5,741 is given by ; fre] * een H.CR of (216,24) 2 LCM of (63,27) 189 (¥) LCM oftwo or more fractions __LGM of the numerators of these fractions ~ TLGF of the denominators of these fractions 5 40 32 For example, LCM of {7,,——His given by . GeSea e & LCM of (5,40,32) _ 160 HCFof 0,63,147) 3 ‘Number of soldiers in the field = LCM (9, 13)k +4 17k-+4 where, kis a constant. Hence 120¢ + 1 = 117K +4. ‘The above equation is satisfied when k= 1 an Thus, the number of soldiers in the field = 1(120) + 1 Concept Strand 7 Find the largest two-digit number, which divides 378 and 542, leaving the same remainder in each case.1.6 Prerequisites Solution Let the largest number that divides 378 and 542 leaving the same remainder, say r, be d. Hence 378 = dq, + r and 542 = dg, +r, where q, and q, are the quotients when d divides 378 and 542 respectively. 378- r= dg, and 542 - r= dq,. It is clear from the above two equations, d would be the HCF of 378 - r and 542 -r. ‘As the remainder is same in both the cases, (542 ~ r) ~ 78 -1)=d(q,-4,) = 16t=d(q,-4) Since 164 can be written as 164 x 1 or 822, the largest possible two-digit divisor is 82 Concept Strand 8 ‘The LCM of the fractions 1/5, 4/15 and 8/25 is how many times their HCP? Solution HEF of 1/5, 4/15 and 8/25 = 1/75 LCM of 1/5, 4/15 and 8/25 = 8/5 (LCM of 1/5, 4/15 and 8/25) Hence HF of (1/5, 4/15 and 8/23) = 888.95 = 120 1755 RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION Ratio ‘he ratio of two numbers x and y is denoted by x: y and is ‘equal to ~ . Generally, two like quantities can be compared. y by first expressing them in terms of the same unit and then finding their ratio. ‘We cannot have the ratio of two unlike quantities. For example, it is impossible to form the ratio of 5 days and 7 metres. ‘Often, the idea of ratio is extended to include three or more numbers. We then express the relative magnitudes of the three numbers in the form of a ratio. Suppose, the ratio of ato bis 4 to 5 and that the ratio of b to cis §to 9. Then wwe say that a isto bis to cas is to 5 is to 9 and we write a: o ble 59 Proportion When b and d are # 0, if the ratios a and Fi are equal, 42529. Thisges us ie, $=5 ora: proportion. 4, then we say that a,b, c,d are in In a proportion a and d are called extremes, b and ¢ are called the means. 1f 2=2 (ie, b= a0), b is called the mean proportional to a and ¢ and c is called the third proportional to a and b. bcd 8, by Gd, «... are said to be in re b © continued proportion. Results atb_ctd bd a-b cod =< .then Sa . @ If b - (Componendo-dividendo) cseuthen each of the above rati s where, p,q)... are any set of constants,CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 9 Divide Rs 1150 into four parts such that a third of the first part, a fifth of the second part, an eighth of the third part anda seventh of the fourth part are all equal. Solution +bre+d=1150. Let a,b, ¢,d be the four parts. Then, a a_bic a Also, =F kcay) 3 > a=3k,b=5k.c=8k,d=7k 3k 45k +7k + 8k = 1150 k= 50 a= 150, = 250, ¢ = 400 and d = 350. 17 Prerequisites Concept Strand 10 itd etd 5 gag latmet2n a-b ed emda ‘Solution atb_ctd applying componendo-dividendo a-b c-d When two quantities x and y are connected by the rela- tion y = kx; where, kis a positive non-zero constant, we say that y varies directly as x (y directly proportional to x) and symbolically written as y « x, For example, in uniform motion, distance travelled is directly proportional to time taken. Let a quantity u be always equal to a constant times the product of two quantities x and y. This relation is expressed. CONCEPT STRAND by saying that u varies jointly as x and y, written as uc xy or u=kxy, where k isa non-zero constant. For example, force applied on a body varies jointly as the mass and acceleration of the body. Ifthe product of two quantities, say x and y is always constant, ie., xy = k, we say that y is inversely proportional tox. (Here, y «= For example at constant temperature, pressure is in- versely proportional to volume. Concept Strand 11 Solution Ifasb=3:7,whatis the value of #2*5° 2a+2 a), 2 ths 25 4a+5b_ () 2" 2a a), 6 ravdb 3fe),, 6, (ey? 7 Alternate method 4a +5b 12k + 35k Substituting the values of a and b as 3k and 7k respectively in “2 * = we got 12K* 35K _ 47K _ 47 2a ab Gk¥l4k 20k” 201.8 Prerequisites CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 12 The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls in a school is 7:3. [fan additional 15 girls were to join the class, the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls ‘would become 2 : 3 What is the initial number of girls in the class? Solution Number of boys = 7x; Number of girls = 3x mx 2 3xe15 3 2ix=6x +30 15x =305x=2 Number of girls = 6 Concept Strand 13 ‘The kinetic energy of a body is directly proportional to the square of its speed when the mass is kept constant and is proportional to mass when its speed is kept constant. A body with a mass of 2 kg and a speed of 10 m/s has @ ki- netic energy of 100 joules. What is the kinetic energy of a body whose mass is 20 kg and speed is | m/s? ‘Solution Let K, M ands respectively be the kinetic energy, mass and speed of the body. Given: K « S* (when M is kept constant) and K se M (when Sis kept constant) =2 Kx MS? = K = CMS*, where C is the constant of proportionality Given that when M =2 kg, S = 10 m/s, K = 100 joules => 100=Cx2x 10? = c-tsox-ius 2 2 When M = 20 kg and § K=12x20x1=10 A body of mass 20 kg moving with a speed of 1 m/s has a kinetic energy of 10 joules. m/s INDICES Indices are numbers of the form a*, where a is called the base and xis called the index. Below listed are the rules that ‘govern the operations with indices. Laws of indices (9) Forall values of a other than zero, @°= 1 (i) Tfisa positive integer, Lis written as o* CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 14 Find the value of x, which satisfies the equation 4096 15625 (iii) If n is a positive integer and x is a real number such that x* = a, we write x = a!” or Ya (called the nth root ofa) (iv) Ifmand mare rational numbers, (a) axaraame (b) Sp=a"" and oy Solution s\i (15625 \" ()’ -() \ 4096 }Concept Strand 15, 1a?42=3%43% ,a>0, ind the value of 3+ 9a, Solution a 42a343% = sheansa% ore = (4a) ‘Taking positive square root we get 3%, Cubing, 3a? =(9% 1) 8—3%3%3/S => 3a'+9a=8, Concept Strand 16 Solve the simultaneous equations: 9 =a) = Prerequisites 1.9 Solving (1) and (2) 51 = x=3, 2 Concept Strand 17 Ifa = xy?! b= xy"! and c = xy", prove that at-'br-P cf =1 Solution arbre, ty gt-Pye-Phagr-ayle- ie mater rercayecteneren cnr e erty Concept Strand 18 Find the value of zin terms of x and yf = 2" = 6 Given xeyez Solution Let3* Wg 2 kM; = kt => (3x2)=k* xk > 6a kite ake 1 zx y Inthe case of the given data, k# 0, k#1, k# -1 Se xy Hence, as bases are equal, equating the powers, we get Lait LOGARITHMS IFN isa positive number and there exists a number x such that at = N, where a > 0 and # 1, then x is called the loga- rithm of N to the base a and is written as x = log ,N. For example, log , 16 = 4, since 2*= 165 tog 248 & ince 9 =; tog ,(Y4,) = -3.since a= 1 Jog, { (aa) log, (0.008) = 3, since 0.008 = (0.2)° 1 : 5,since 1 Note that log, 1 = 0to any base a and log, @= 11.10 Prerequisites Logarithms to the base 10 and e Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms. Logarithms to the base e (¢ is called the exponential number and it is an irrational number lying between 2 and. 3) are called natural logarithms. log , N is sometimes writ- tenasinN. ‘The following results hold good. Results @ 0) Gi) (iv) o) (wi) (wit) (viii) CONCEPT STRANDS Jog, MN = log, M+og, N w(t) log, (M*) = nlog, M 8, M-log, N log, N= log, Nxlog, b Jogyaxlog, b 2log., N= log, N ame N IEN, and N, are positive and if log , N, > log , Ny then, N,>N, ifa> is N,N=a" (@) MN=aa=ary => log, MN=x+y Gi) (i) Mt =@"y = log (M" (iv) Let log, N=u = log,N ‘The results (v) to (vii) may similarly be derived. (vil) If the base a is > 1, a* increases as x increases. ‘Therefore, iflog, N, > log, N, where, a> 1, iffollows that N, > N,. If the base a is < 1, at decreases as x increases. ‘Therefore, if log, N, > log.N, where, a < 1, follows that N, log,,2° + log,,3? — log,,6? + log, 5 2° x3? x5 Concept Strand 23 Ise ge 6, find the value of x? Solution gue =36 = a4 36 a = G6)" xlog 3 logts x=log,48 Concept Strand 24 Iflog,x. log,3 .log,9 = 5. Find the value of x. Solution Jog, og log3 loa logx. "B Tog9 “Tog? log.x log,3 =5 log, = x=2=32 Prerequisites 1.11 Concept Strand 25 Ifx=1 + log,(be), y = 1 + log,(ca), z= 1 + log,(ab) prove that xyz=xy + yz+2x. Solution x=1 + log,(be) log.a + log,(be) log (abe) Similarly log,(abe) and z= log (abc) $= log (0) ; 10g. (0), 2 = 10g, (0) Lag sty togya+ logy +log,.c shy ty ena + logyb +8, ntmty EMEA log. (abe) Bo ays yore ay xy + yx4xz=xy2 Concept Strand 26 Find the value of x which satisfies the equation Jog? + log(x+2)— log(3x -5) = logs Solution From the given relation we obtain 2(x42) 269) sarsacoe-isox- 2 3x5 7 Concept Strand 27 iog( #22) (logaHogy) show that i Solution We have, from the given relation ~ 5 Ye ay Squaring both sides,1.12 Prerequisites Concept Strand 28 What is the value of x, ify = log, log, x and 5°" = 2? Solution logy (loyx) logy 5 > logx=2=>% Concept Strand 29 If log,, 27 = a, what isthe value of log,16? Solution log,,27=a 3log3 Jog3+2log2* 2alog? log3 = 8 -«) ana og? ‘log? log,16= 4082 __-__4leg2_ 518° foga + l0B3 ~ jog, ,28loR? Boa 4(-a) Jog, 16 = “B= 8) aarre’ Concept Strand 30 Find the real number x satisfying log , (2x +1) <-3 Solution Logarithm is defined only if 2x + 1>0=>x> Now, log (2x +1) <-3 = logy 2x41) 8 (since the bases es than 1). Hence x> 7 All real numbers greater than 5 satisty the given condition. Concept Strand 31 Prove that log,a xlog, bxlog,¢xlog, d Solution log, axlog, bxlog, ex log, d = log.axlog, exlog, d = logyaxlog, d Concept Strand 32 Show that ng2-2hg!25—sg! 11 gS 1 og Solution LHS = log? + 2log5? —2log2° —Slog2* +5log5 1og2+ 6log5 ~12log2~20log2+5log5 = -31 log2 +11 log5 = RHS Concept Strand 33, Solve the equation log,2x + 7 =log,5 og, 8 Solution Equation may be rewritten as log,2x + log,7 =log,5 => log,(14x) = log,5 => 14x =5 5 iv Common logarithms ‘As mentioned earlier, logarithms of numbers to the base 10 are called common logarithms. Since we use the decimal system for the representation of numbers it will bbe most appropriate to use common logarithms for the computation of products, quotients, exponentiation of numbers. We now explain how the common logarithm of a num- ber can be found by using logarithm table (or log-table) Characteristic and Mantissa Examine the following: 10*= 1000 = log,, 10000 = 4 10? = 100 = log,, 1000 = 310? = 100 => log,, 100 =2 10! = 10 = log,, 10= 1 10° => log,,1=0 10'=0.1 = log,, 10 107 = 0.01 = log,, 10° 10? = 0.001 => log,, 10° 10-*= 0.0001 => log, 10~ ‘We infer from the above that logarithm of a number between 1000 and 10000 lies between 3 and 4, ie. if N is ‘a number between 1000 and 10000, log N = 3 + a decimal. (a decimal means a number between 0 and 1) Logarithm of a number between 100 and 1000 lies be- tween 2 and 3 (= 2+a decimal) and so on. ‘We may present out findings in a tabular form given below: Table 1.1 ‘Numbers between 1000 and 10000 between 100 and 1000 between 10 and 100 between 1 and 10 Logarithm 3 +a decimal 24a decimal 1 +a decimal 0+ decimal between 0.1 and I 14a decimal between 0.01 and 0.1 2+ a decimal between 0.001 and 0.01 3 +a decimal ‘Thus, the log two parts: (i) integral part (ii) decimal part ‘The integral part of the logarithm is called its charac- teristic. The decimal part ofthe logarithm is called its man- tissa. Mantissa is always positive. ithm of any positive number consists of For example, log 400 = 2, . 6021 Characteristic Mantissa Method to find the characteristic and mantissa of a number (i) Characteristic of the logarithm of @ number greater than 1 is positive and is one less than the number of digits to the left of the decimal point. (ii) Characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than 1 is negative and its numerical value is one more than the number of zeros to the right of the decimal point between the decimal point and the first non zero digit (fist significant digit). Prerequisites 1.13 For example, Characteristic of log 7.93 is 0 Characteristic of log 249.18 is 2 Characteristic of log 1749628 is 6 Characteristic of log 0.79 is -1 (written as T) Characteristic of log 0.0004165 is —4 (written as 7) We observe that the characteristic of the logarithm of a number can be written down by inspection. Mantissa of the logarithm of a number (which is a positive decimal) is read from log table. For example, from the log table, we get mantissa of log 2125 = 0.3273, 3273 ‘mantissa of log 2.125 = 0.3273, ‘mantissa of log (0.002125) mantissa of log 21.25 3273 Note that the mantissa of the logarithm of a number depends only on the sequence of the significant digits in that number (read from left to right). We therefore have og 2125 = 3.3273 log 21.25 = 1.3273 log 2.125 = 0.3273 log (0.002125) = ~4 + 0.3273 which is written as 73273 =-4 40.3273 =~ 3.6727 Since four figure log tables are used normally for com- putation purposes, reading the mantissa of a number with 5 or more significant digits, it has to be rounded off to the nearest number with 4 significant digits. Let us consider the following three examples. (i) If the number is 32.271, the Characteristic of log 32.271 = 1. For reading the mantissa of the logarithm, we round off the number to 3227 and from the log table, the mantissa is found as 0.5088, Jog 32.271 = 1.5088 (i) Ifthe number is 719.67: log 719.67 = 2 + mantissa corresponding to 7197= 2.8571 (Gi) Ifthe number is 246.45, log 246.45 = 2 + mantissa corresponding to 2464 Antilogarithms: If log 549.6 = 2.7401, then 549.6 is called the antilogarithm, ~ 10°78" = 549.6)1.14 Prerequisites Suppose we want to compute the value of the product N,N, using logarithms. Letlog NN, = logN, + logN,=x(say) ‘The value of N,N, is the number whose logarithm to the base 10 is x, i.e., we have to find the antilogarithm of x. Suppose x = 1.8652 First leave the characteristic 1 and note that the ‘mantissa is 0.8652. From the antilog table, the reading CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 34 Given log,,2 = 0.3010, find the number of digits in 2". Solution Letx log,, x = 18 log,,2 = 18 x 0.3010 = 5.418 = "Number of digits in x (ce, in2") is = characteristic +1 =541=6 Concept Strand 35 3010 and log, 3 = 0.4771, find the number Given log,.2 = of digits in 36, Solution Letx =36™ log,,x = 100 log, 36 100 log,,9 + log, 4] = 100[2log3 + 2log2] 100[0.4771 + 0.3010] 100 x 0.781 = 155.62 => Number of digits in 36" is given by 155 + 1 = 156 corresponding to 0.8652 is obtained as 7331. Since the characteristic is 1, antilog (1.8652) = 7.331 x 10=73.31. Again, let x= -5 + 0.3196 (written as 5.3196). There- fore, characteristic is -5. Referring to the anti log table, reading corresponding to 0.3196, is 2087. This gives x as 2.087 x 10°*or 0.00002087 Concept Strand 36 If log,, 1234 = 3.0913, log,, 769874 = 5.88642, find the value of §/0.000000001234 . ‘Solution Let ¥0,000000001234 = x loggx= bg, 1254-12) =-111358 log, x =2.88642 =o log, 769874 = 5.88642 -@ Subtracting 7 form both sides, (log,,769874) - 7 2.88642 |As7 = log,10 and log p - log q= log the equation 4 becomes: log, 0.0769874 = 2.88642 0769874 POLYNOMIALS A polynomial of degree n (n is a positive integer) in x is of the form apayenteR If the above polynomial is denoted by P(x), P(x) represents the corresponding polynomial equation of de- wa, are called the coefficients of the +a, ,x+a,,where a, BREEN. ay ay a, « polynomial P(s). The value of the variable x satisfying P(x) =0, is called « root of the polynomial equation or a zero of the polyno- mial P(x). An nth degree polynomial has exactly n zeros and if xX) %, «« X,are the zeros then, P(x) = a, (x ~ x,) (1- x) o(a- x). n= 1 > Linear polynomial. General form is ax + b A linear polynomial has exactly one zero (or one root)n= 2+ Quadratic polynomial. General form is ax* + brte A quadrs roots) n= 3 ~» Cubie polynomial. General form is ax° + bx* + etd ‘A cubic polynomial has exactly 3 zeros (or three roots) and s0 on. ic polynomial has exactly 2 zeros (or two CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 37 Find the remainder when the polynomial P(x) = 2x' +x! + 6x! — 4x + 7is divided by (x +3) Solution Remainder = P(-3) = 2(-3)! + (-3)* + 6(-3)* - 4-3) +7 = 208 Concept Strand 38, ‘Show that (x ~ 4) is a factor of (x’ + 2x’ - 25x + 4). Solution Let P(x) =x" + 2x? - 25x +4. Then, Pld) =4°+ 24-25 x444=0 > (x-4)isa factor of P(x) Concept Strand 39, Ifx ~ 1 isa factor of 2x° + kx! + 3x° ~ 4x? + 6x +7, then find k. Solution Let flx) = 2x + kx! + 32 = dx + 6x +7 ‘Asx 1 isa factor of f(x), f(1) = 0. AL) = 2(1)° + (1) + 31)? ~ 41)! + 6(1) + 7 = remainder theorem. => 2+k+3-4464+ k=-14 =k+i= 1.15 Prerequisites Remainder theorem If P(x) is divided by (x ~ a), then the remainder is P(a) [P(@) denotes the value of P(x) when x is replaced by ain it] If P(a) = 0, (x ~ a) is factor of P(x) or (x - a) divides P(x) exactly. Concept Strand 40 If x ~ 1 isa factor of x' - ax +b and the remainder when x ~ ax + b is divided by x + 1 is 6 find the values of a andb. Solution Let f(x) =x ~ ax +b. Asx~ isa factor of x ~ ax +b, f(1) = 0 = l-at => abel -—a Also the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 1 is 6. => l+a+b=6 => atb=5 -@ Solving (1) and (2) =>a=3 andb=2 Concept Strand 41 Find the remainder when 2is divided by 5. Solution In the division, since the numerator is in terms of power of 2, the denominator should also be expressed in terms of power of 2 i.e. as (2 + 1). Now, as the denominator is in terms of 2, the numerator should also be rewritten in terms of 2? as (2)”. The problem reduces to finding the remainder when (2?)” is divided by 2 - (-1). This remainder, as per the Remainder Theorem is (-1)"” =I; and -1 +5 =4 (the divisor is added to get a positive remainder).1.16 Prerequisites MODULUS Modulus of a real number denotes the numerical value of that number. Modulus of a number, say x, is denoted by [x| and fr x20 ox, x<0 For example, x4, xB4 (iit) [x - 4J= at (iv) |x| < 1 means xlies between =I and I or 0) or negative (written as a < 0) or zero (written as a=0). ‘The symbol > means ‘greater than’ while the symbol > ‘means greater than or equal to. The symbol < means ‘less thar’ while the symbol < means less than or equal to. For any two non zero real numbers and b, a > bifa ~ bis positive and a bandb>c,thena>c Ifacbandbbthena+x>b+xanda-x>b-x Ifacbthena+x b then ax > brifx>0 ax 0 ax> bxifx<0 CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 42 Find the value of x for which the expression, (iv) Ifa>b, then 2<+ ifa and are of the same sign and 1, La andt area opponte ago acbythena, +a, a, by a, > by. byby. 18, > bys ANd ayy Ayeereenty a,> bb, +, are all positive, then ‘a, a, Note Ifa> band c> d,it does not always follow thata-c>b-d For example, we have 5 > 2 and 9 > 4. How ever, (5-9) is not greater than (2 - 4) ‘Again, 13 > 2 and7 > 1, (13 - 7) is greater than (2 - 1) Solution Jx-3| + 2 has the maximum value of 24 when 2 2 3] =0 ie, when xConcept Strand 43, For every x>0,show that x+122 Solution ‘We know that (x ~ 1)*2 0 for every x, and equality holds whenx=1 => ¥- 2x +120, dividing by x (x> 0), we get 1 x-24+=20 = x+122 and equality holds when x=. Concept Strand 44 Show that a? + b+ c~ ab be ~ ca 20. Solution Bb ena be— c= 2a # Db" 4 2c Yab - he ~ 2a) (a 2ab +b? + bt 2be+ +c ~ Dac + a’) 1.17 Prerequisites = ; [(a—b)? + @- 6}? + (c- a)? ] 20, and equality holds when a = Concept Strand 45 Solve the inequality x+2|x-2| <5. Solution Whenx <2, x+2]x-2|<5 = x-2(K-2)<5 = -xt4<5 = -x GM. Ifthe numbers aand b are equal, ie, ifa=b, then A.M =GM=a am-cM=2t0_ op We will be dealing with the generalization of the above 2 result ina later unit. DETERMINANTS ‘The four numbers a, by, ay by written in two rows and two columns as of second order. It stands for the value (a,b, ~ oe bene ab) be,1.18 Prerequisites For example, (@) The value of the determinant is (3 x 4) - (8x -1) =20. (Gi) The value of, 1 0 We can define a determinant of 3rd order as, are numbers. a,b; | ‘The value of this determinant can be computed by a simple method called “Method of Sarus’. 2 1 4 For example, the value of |I_ 32} is computed as 7 6 4 follows. We rewrite first and second columns to the right of the determinant as sho (first follow the dark line and then the dotted line) ‘The answer is 23 4+ -1x 2745 x1 6~ (73x 5 +6x2x244x1x-1)=-85 ‘We hasten to add that this method works only for third order determinants. Properties of determinants and the general methods of expansion will be dealt with in “Matrices and Determi- nants” IMPORTANT RESULTS IN GEOMETRY Triangles Let ABC be a triangle. () Centeoid Let D, E,F represent the mid points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Then, AD, BE and CF are called the medians of the triangle. The medians of a triangle are concurrent. (ie. all the three medians ass through a point). The point of concurrence is called the centroid of the triangle and this point is denoted by G. Also, the centroid divides each median internally in the ratio 2:1 AG _BG @ CE Fig.1.1 Gi) Orthocentre Let AX, BY, CZ be the perpendiculars from the vertices A, B, C of the triangle to the sides BC, CA, AB respectively. Then, AX, BY, CZ are called the altitudes of the triangle, The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is called the orthocentre of the triangle, denoted by 0. (Refer Fig. 1.2) (ii) Circumcentee ‘The perpendicular bisectors ofthe sides of a triangle are concurrent. ‘The point of concurrence is called the circum centre ofthe triangle and is denoted by S. (Refer Fig. 13) SA =SB= SC = circum radius1.19 Prerequisites (wv) Ww) The circle with centre at $ and radius equals SA (or SB or SC) is called the circum circle of the triangle This circle passes through the vertices A, B, C of the triangle. Incentre Let AD,, BE,, CF, represent the internal bisectors of the angles A, B, C of the triangle. The internal bisectors of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is called the incentre ofthe triangle and is denoted by I (Refer Fig. 1.4) Cc Incircle The circle with I as centre and radius equals the perpendicular from I to any of the sides will touch the sides ofthe triangle. This circle is called the incircle of the triangle and its radius is called the inradius of the triangle. BD, _ AB. CE, BC |, ARCA Also, or Dc ac’ EA BA” BB CB i.e, internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle divide the opposite sides in the ratio of the sides containing that angle. Circumeentre §, centroid G and ortho centre O of a triangle are collinear and G divides SO in the ratio 1:2.4€, SG:GO = 12 ‘Again, the perpendicular distance of $ from any side is equal to half the distance of © from the ‘opposite vertex, where S is the circum centre and O is the ortho centre of the triangle. Referring to 1 15, SD=1A0, e 2 (wi) (wit) (wit) (x) (Observe that both SD and AO are parallel to each other, both being perpendiculars to the side BC) In the case of an equilateral triangle, the centroid G, orthocentee O, circum centre $ and the incentre I coincide (or they are one and the same point) Consider a right angled triangle ABC right angled ata. 8 ‘The orthocentre of the triangle is at A and its circumeentre $ is the mid point of the hypotenuse BC. Also, circum radius of the triangle = tac=L Va rac 2 ABC isa right angled triangle right angled at A. AD isthe altitude through A. 8 D c ‘Then, (a) BD.DC (b) BD.BC=Al and (©) CD.CB=ACt Cyclic Quadrilateral Let ABCD be a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a circle (or the quadrilateral is circumscribed by @ circle). ABCD is known as a cyclic quadrilateral. AC and BD are its diagonals. (Refer Fig. 1.6)1.20 Prerequisites Gi) We have ZA + C= 180° and ZB + ZD = 180° Another property of the cyclic quadrilateral is, AB.CD + AD.BC = ACBD ‘This is known as Ptolemy’ theorem. a (&) Similarity of triangles If two triangles ABC and DEF are similar, then ww) () they are equiangular, ie, A= 2D; ZB= ZE; ZC= ZF (ii) their corresponding sides are proportional ie, BC_AB_AC “ER DE DF (ji) their areas are proportional to the squares ofthe corresponding sides ‘Area of ABC _ BC? ” Area of DEF EP? AB’ _ AC? DF DE Circles () AB is diameter of a circle whose centre is atc. Let P represent any point on the circle. Then, ZAPB = 90° ABisa chord of the circle whose centre is at C Let P,Q. denote points on the circle as shown in the figure. Then, ZAPB = ZAQB Q ZACB =2ZAPB ZARB = 180° — ZAPB AT is the tangent at A to a circle centered at C. AB is a chord of the circle. ZBAT = ZAPB. Cis the centre of a circle. LM and PQ are two chords of the circle such that LM = PQ CR and CS are perpendiculars from the centre C to the chords LM and PQ Then, CR = CS Conversely, if CR = CS, chord PQ = chord LM. Also, are PDQ = are LEM. koe rf M D a Let PQ and RS be two chords of a circle centered at C. Let these chords intersect at O. Then, PO.OQ = RO.OS(vi) OAB, OCD are lines through a point © where O is outside the circle centered at C. Then, OA.OB = orog (vii) OP is a tangent drawn from a point O to a circle centered at C. OAB is a line through O meeting the circle at A and B. Then, OA.OB = OP ‘We may use the section formula to obtain the coor- dinates of the centriod and incentre of a triangle whose vertices are at (x,y,). (tyy,) and (x,y,). Let ABC be the rangle. To find the coordinates of the Centroid of a triangle AY) (aya) 6 (0.8) ‘We know that the centroid divides each median of the tri- angle internally in the ratio 2:1 ‘AD is the median through A. Since D is the midpoint of BC, coordinates of D are ty vty ven by | 227%, Ya* Ys, giv by (22H, H EH) We have AG:GD = 2:1 Using the section formula, Coordinates of G are 1.21 Prerequisites ie, (BAR AE VitVe ts Les 5 si To find the coordinates of the Incentre of a triangle AD, and BE, are the internal bisectors of angles A and B. The incentre I is the point of intersection of the internal bisectors. Let the sides BC, CA, AB of the triangle be denoted by BD, _AB_¢ a,b and c respectively. Then, we have = ne Dc ac b (2.92) B ‘ %a.¥s) or D, is the point dividing BC internally in the ratio cb. By att) bre ex, +bx, bre BD, < — BD,+D,C (+b) BD, BC = = : BC (+b) (+b) From triangle ABD,, since BI is the internal bisector of ‘ALBA ec __ (b+0) "1D, BD, [ac a bre Using section formula, the coordinates of I are (setae snot ten) We have 22. = DC b arbre arbre ‘Area of the triangle whose vertices are given Let A(x,y,), Bx.) Clxyy,) represent the vertices of a triangle ABC. Draw AL, BM, CN perpendiculars to the1.22 Prerequisites Fig. 1.10 Ifwe denote the area ofthe triangle ABC by the symbol A (pronounced as delta’), ‘A= Area of trapezium ABML + Area of trapezium ALNC~ Area of trapezium BMINC 1 1 1 = Lal + BMxML +1 (AL + CNN - Lom + 5 DML +5 DLN ~ 5 ¢ CN)xMN 1 1 = SOF WHA) + FOF WE —m)~ FO4 &,-x) 1 = On WA WE YW A= F&O +4 0-1) +4 0,-9)} fe rt We may also represent the area as A= 2) x, yz 1 xy 1 CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 46 Prove that the triangle whose vertices are (2, 4), (5, 1) and (6,5) isan isosceles triangle. ‘Solution Let the vertices be A, B,C. Let A be (2,4), B be (5, 1) and Che (6,5). ‘The triangles isosceles if two ofits sides are equal. We shall compute AB, BC* and CA* AB =94+9=18,BC*=1 +16 = 17,CA*=16+1=17 Hence BC =CA. (ie, the formula for the area of a triangle is expressed as a determinant of 3rd order). For example, the area ofthe triangle whose vertices are (1-3), 5,2) and (3, 4) is given by A jlie-sese+s)+3-3-2 (i) Let one of the vertices of the triangle be the origin. Area of the triangle OAB where O is the origin and A and B have coordinates (x,,y,) and (x,y,) is given by Son-an] @ oO? If the order of the given points is asin (i) of Fig. 1.11, the computation of the area A using the formula gives a positive value while if it is as in (ii) of Fig. 1.11, the computation gives a negative value. In the latter case, we take the numerical value (or absolute value oF modulus) as the measure of the area. (iii) Ifthe three points are collinear (ie, the three points lie on the same line), itis clear thatthe area of the triangle formed by these three points is zero. Therefore, to see whether three points in a plane are collinear we check whether the area of the triangle formed by these points is zero. Concept Strand 47 Prove that the triangle whose vertices are (-9, 16), (2,6), (-6, 10) is right angled triangle. Solution If the vertices are denoted by A, B, C, we have AB: BC? = 80 and CA? = 685. Clearly, AB? + BC? = CA’Concept Strand 48 Show that points (11, 3), (-13, -7), (+1, ~15) and (4, -14) lie om a circle whose centre lies at the point (-1, -2).. Solution Let, denote the centre ofthe circle. Ifthe points are to lie ‘on the circumference, the distances of these points from C, must be equal, If these points are denoted by A, B, C, D, we have CA? = 169 = C.B*=C,C= C.D. Concept Strand 49 ‘The centre ofa circle is at (3,4) and one point on the circle is 8,6). Find the coordinates ofthe other end ofthe diam- eter through this point Solution If (x y) represents the coordinates of the other end of the diameter through (8, 6) itis clear that (3, 4), which is the centre of the circle must be the middle point of the line joining (x, y) and (8, 6) Wehave *8 -3, ¥+6 2 2 = x=-2y=2, Concept Strand 50 ‘The midpoints of the sides of a triangle are (~1, -2), (6,1) and (3, 5). Find the coordinates of its vertices. Solution Let A, B, C be the vertices of the triangle and D, E, F the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB. Let G be the centroid of the triangle ABC. Itis also the centroid of triangle DEF. Gis (a1t5+3 ~24145)_(8 4) 33 G divides AD in the ratio2:1. IFA is (x.y) 24x 8 n4ty 4 This givesx = 10, y= 8. or Ais (10, 8) 1.23 Prerequisites 124 ' 2ey 4 IfBis (x,y), 24% -8,?*¥ mesg PAYA Bis(-4,2) 303 3 ¢ ». Similarly, we get Cas (2, -6). Concept Strand 51 Show that the three points (-1, 6), (10, 12), (-16, 16) are collinear. Solution ‘Area of the triangle formed by the three points = 0, by using the formula for area. Concept Strand 52 Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are (-1, 5), (2, -3)s (I, 2) and (-2, 4), Solution If the vertices are denoted by A, B,C, D, ‘Area of the quadrilateral ABCD = the sum of the areas of the triangles ABC and ACD 7 27 2 Concept Strand 53 Find the values of ko that the three points (k, 2k), (2k, 3k) and (3, 1) are collinear. Solution ‘Area of triangle formed by the three points = - k’ - 2k =0, as the points are collinear. This gives k= 0 or -2, k =0 is trivial. Thus, k Concept Strand 54 Obtain the coordinates of the incentre of the triangle whose vertices are (3,-1), (2,1) and (-1, 2) Solution Let A,B,C represent the vertices of the triangle. The sides of the triangle are given by1.24 Prerequisites A(3,-1) 8 (2, 1) ‘C4, -2) a=BC= y(2+1) +(1-2) =Vi0 beca= (1-3) +41) c= AB= (3-2) +(-1-1) =V5 Using the formula for the incentre, its coordinates MOx3+5%24V5 x-1 (io+s+5) ( fio +10- V5 i s+viors 5+ Vio+v5 oxteyesaaeea) Vio+5+V5 Concept Strand 55 Find the length of side AD in the figure given below. > 5 units 3 units Solution BC? = AC?~ ABP =5*~3?= 16 > BC=4 units Let AD be x units. AB?~ AD? = BC? DC? Sax =4-G-x) Solving the above equation we obtain x = 1.8 units Alternate method: Asper the diagram, ZABC = 90° and BD is perpendic- ular to the hypotenuse. Hence, AB? = AD. AC => ¥=5AD => AD=18 LOCUS—EQUATION OF A LOCUS Locus means the path (or curve or a surface) traced out bya point, which moves ina plane (or in space) satisfying some given conditions. Fig. 1.12 For example, the locus of a point, which moves in a plane such that itis always at a constant distance from a fixed point in the plane, isa circle with the fixed point as its centre. [Refer Fig. 1.12] ‘Again, the locus of a point, which moves in a plane such that it is at equal distances from two fixed points in the plane, is the perpendicular bisector of the straight line joining the two fixed points. [Refer Fig. 1.13] Fig. 1.13, (Fis Equation ofa locus isthe relation satisfied by the x co- ordinate and y coordinate of a point on the locus. To find the equation of a locus: Step: Assume that P(x, y) isa point on the locus. Step II: Translate the given conditions (under which the point moves in the plane) into an algebraic relation between, x and y. (This means that every point on the locus is such that its x coordinate and y coordinate satisfy this relation.) We say that this relation represents the equation of that locus (or equation of that path or equation of that curve).CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 56 Find the equation of the locus of a point, which is equidis- tant from the points (I, -3) and (3, 8) Solution I£P(x, y) is a point on the locus, we have (x ~ 1)? + (y-+3)" =(x-3)+ (y- 8) ‘This gives the equation ofthe locusas4x + 22y- 63 =0. Concept Strand 57 Find the equation of the locus of a point, which moves such that it is always ata distance of 5 units form the point G6). Solution f(x,y) isa point on the locus, we have (x~ 3) + (y~ 6)" =25. The equation of locus is x? + y? -6x -12y +20 =0 1.25 Prerequisites Concept Strand 58 Obtain the equation of the locus of a point, which moves such that its distance from (~2,0) is twice its distance from. G3), Solution If P(x, y) isa point on the locus, we have (x +2)° + y' = Allx-3)' + (y-3)] ‘This simplifies to 3(x? + y?) ~ 28x ~ 2dy + 68 ‘We may be able to plot these loci on a graph paper by choosing points (x, y) satisfying the relations. It is obvi us that when the conditions under which the point moves are different, we get different loci. That is, the equations of these loci will be different. Identification of the nature of the locus (whether it is straight line ora circle or some other known curve) is pos- sible by examining the structure of its equation, Equations of loci, which are straight lines, have one particular structure while equations of loci, which are cir- cles, will have another structure. TRIGONOMETRY FUNDAMENTALS Definition of an angle ‘An angle is generated by rotating a ray about a point (called the vertex oF pole) from some initial position (called initial side) to some terminal position (called terminal side). The amount of rotation gives the measure of the angle. ‘When the rotation is in the counter clockwise sense(or anticlockwise sense), the measure of the angle is taken as positive (i.e, @ positive sign is associated with the angle: refer (i) of Fig. 1.14); and, if the rotation is clockwise, the measure of the angle is taken as negative (ie. a negative sign is associated with the angle: refer (ii) of Fig 1-14) We denote the angles by the letters 8, a % As Bs (which are the measures of the angles in some units). Itmay also be noted that angles having the same initial and terminal sides (known as coterminal angles) may have different measures [Refer Fig. 1.15] cS \ |o x7 |) A Fig. 1.151.26 Prerequisites Consider the following examples: Fig. 1.16 Units of measurement of an angle ‘One of the units of measurement of an angle is “degree’. ‘One degree (denoted by 1°) is defined as the measure of the angle formed by joining the centre of a circle to the extremities of an arc of the circle whose length is — of 360 its circumference. A degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes of arc and a minute of arcs divided into 60 ‘equal parts called seconds of arc (not to be confused with ‘minutes of time and seconds of time) 1 right angle = 90 degrees = 90° 1° (1 degree) = 0” 1 (1 minute of are) = 60 seconds of are = 60” 60 minutes of arc ‘There is another unit of measurement of an angle called the “circular measure” or “radian measure’, This s the unit of measurement of the angle used for all theoretical purposes. Definition of radian measure ‘The angle subtended at the centre of acicle by an arc equal in length to the radius ofthe circle is called one radian (de- noted by 19. Ifr isthe radius ofthe circle, and length of arc AB = r (Refer Fig. 1.17). then ZAOB = IF AOC is a diameter of the circle with centre O and ra- dius. The length of the arc varies as the angle subtended by the arc at the centre of the circle. Since the arc AC subtends an angle 180° at the centre and length of arc AC = ar (half the circumference), we have radians = 180° or 1 radian = “ = 57° 17" ( x = 3.14159) (x symbol ‘means “approximately equal to” ) 1 degree = 0.0175 radians Itmay be observed from the above that radian measure of an angle is independent of the radius of the circle. Below given are conversions of a few standard mea- sures of angles. (i) 90° = > radians (i) 45 = radians 4 (i) 30° = F radians x iv) © radians = 36° ws 36 -5m v) —* radians = -75° () <> radians x wi) © radians = 60° ws 60 Area of a sector an (Fig. 18 Let arc AC subtend angle @ at the centre, and arc AB sub- tend angle I radian at the centre. length of arcAC _ length of arcAB 0 1 => length of are AC =r We have,area of sector AOC Again, “ e => area of the sector AOC = Definitions of trigonometric functions (or circular functions) of an angle We are already familiar with the definitions for the six trig- ‘onometric ratios sine 8 (written as sin); cosine 6 (written 5 cos8); tangent 6 (written as tan®); cosecant 8 (written as and cot A= 3.1.30 Prerequisites Concept Strand 60 Given @ is in the third quadrant and tan @ =, find 2sin0~3e0s0 > Ssin0+7cos0"™ Solution ‘Since @ is the third quadrant, tan @ and cot @ are positive while all the other functions are negative. op =5? +12 Giving OP = 13 y @ ud x |O Pe (-12, -5) Concept Strand 61 For any angle @ prove that the following relations: (a) cos'® tan*® + sin*6 cot’ (b) (sin 0 + cos 6)? = 1 +2 sin 6 cos 0 (©) (sin0+c0s0)(tan0+ cotd)=secd + cosecd (a) 2280 e080 seco Solution (@) LHS =cos' x (3) sin cos = cos*Ox- a UF Pax cos = sin'@+cos*@ HS in? 0+ cas" 0+ 2sinO cos +2sinOcos8 HS (b) LHS (© LHS n0sconS2 2) . (novos Sse) (6in0 +c0s0) ‘sinOcos0 z vo coseci + secO sind” cos0 =RHS. cos0(1-sind)+ cos0(1+sind) (4) LHS = ~~ in0)(1~sin6) 26088 _ 2¢0s8 (i-sin?0) ~ cose =2secO =RHS i +cos® 1-cos6 (© LHS L+-cos0 © Vix cos6'Vi+ e050” (on multiplying numerator and denominator by ViFeos8) _ Leos _ 1+ 0s Vi-cos@ Vein? +080 sind osecO + cot LHS Concept Strand 62 Eliminate 0 between the relations x =a sec0, y= b tan0. Solution By elimination of 0, we mean, we have to obtain a relation independent of 0 by using the two given relations.‘We know that sec? @~tan?0=1. y sec0=* andtano= ¥ a b Bt on tatont ab e 7 = Lis the result of eliminating 0 between two given relation. This relation is called the eliminant. 1.31 Prerequisites Concept Strand 63 If xsin’ At-yeos? A Solution From the given relation, using sin® tain x(1-cos* A)+ yoos? A=2 giving cos? A Since tan’ A = sec’ A~1, we obtain, by substitution, w'a-(E5}1-(3) FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE A,B, Care three cities and a sales representative has to per- form journeys from A to B and then, from B to C in con- nection with his sales promotion work. r >) Car car aT : Bus Bus Fig. 1.23 CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 64 How many different four digit numbers can be formed us- ing the digits 2,3, 5, 6, 7,8 and 9 such that no digit occurs ‘more than once in the numbers thus formed? Solution x x 100081008108 unit's place place place__ place Suppose he can perform the journeys from A to B by train, car or bus and from B to C by car or bus. In oth- er words, he has 3 ways of performing the first leg of his journey (ie. by car or by bus or by train) and has 2 ways of performing the second leg (ie. by ear or by bus) (refer Fig, 1.23). It is clear that he can perform these two tasks in stc- cession in 3 x 2 or 6 ways. This is an illustration of the fun- damental counting principle. Ifa certain operation can be performed in m different ‘ways and having performed this, a second operation can be performed in n different ways, then the two operations can be performed in succession in mn different ways ‘This principle can be generalized for any number of successive operations. Forming a four digit number means filling the four plac- ¢s above using the given digits, ic., we need to perform A tasks () Let us first fill the 10008 place. Since we have 7 digits, any of these digits can be used to fill this place. . We have 7 ways of filling the 1000's place. (ii) After filing the 1000s place, we are let with 6 digits and therefore we ean fill the 100% place in 6 ways. (iii) Similarly the 10% place can be filled in 5 ways and (iv) finally the unit’ place can be filled in 4 ways. By invoking the fundamental counting principle, all1.32 Prerequisites the four tasks can be performed in succession in 7 x 6 x 5x4 = 840 ways. => We can form 840 four digit numbers using the given gts. Concept Strand 65, In how many ways can 5 prizes be given away to 3 boys when each boy is eligible for one or more prizes? Solution Let the prizes be P,, P,, P,, P, and P, P, can be dealt in 3 ‘ways ie, it can be given away to any of the 3 boys as each boy is eligible for one or more prizes. P, and infact each of P,,P, P, can be given away in 3 ways. Now using the fundamental theorem of counting, the 5 prizes can be given away in 3x3 x3x3x3=3"=243 ways Concept Strand 66 In how many ways can one arrange 5 books on one book shelf? Solution ‘The first of the books can be any one of the 5. Once we place a book in the first place, the second book can be any one of the remaining 4. Likewise tll the fifth book. Total number of ways of arranging books = 5 x 4x3 x 2x1=120.CHAPTER QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS Preview ‘STUDY MATERIAL CHAPTER OUTLINE Roots ofthe Quadratic Equation Concept Strands (1-2) ‘Symmetric Functions ‘© Concept Strands (3-5) Nature of Roots ofa Quadratic Equation Introduction to Complex Numbers Common Roots Concept Strand 6 ‘Quadratic Expressions Concept Strand 7 ‘Maximum and Minimum Values of a Quadratic Expression Concept Strands (8-9) Polynomial Equation of Degree n ‘© Concept Strand 10 CONCEPT CONNECTORS #20 Connectors ToPIc GRIP + Subjectve Questons (10) Straight Objective Type Guestions 6) Asserton-Reason Type Questions (5) Linked Comprehension Type Questions () Multiple Corect Obective Type Questons() Matrix Match Type Question (1) IT ASSIGNMENT EXERCISE + Stalght objcthe Type Questions @0) Ascerton-Reason Type Questions (3) Linked Comprehension Type Questions (3) Mutple Corect Objective Type Questions (3) Matti Match Type Question (1) [ADDITIONAL PRACTICE EXERCISE Subjoctve Questions (10) Straght Objective Type Questions (40) Asserton-Reason Type Questions (10) Linked Comprenension Type Questions (2) Muliple Correct Objective Type Questions (8) Matrix Match Type Questions (3)2.2. Quadratic Equations and Expressions ‘The second-degree polynomial equation ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0, where, a0 represents a quadratic equation. a,b, care called the coefficients of the equation. We as- ‘sume the coefficients to be real numbersi.e.,a,band¢ € R. A root of the quadratic equation is a value of x, which satisfies the equation. A quadratic equation has exactly two roots. ROOTS OF THE QUADRATIC EQUATION ‘The two roots of the above quadratic equation are abi vbi=aae ,, -b= vb¥ = tac 2a 2a usually denoted by a: and B. We see that, . These roots are +B =sumof the root p=coeiniteDtRoh x} a coefficient of x7 and constant term, a. i= product of the roots = £ = Constant term a coefficient of x If and B are the roots of a quadratic equation, (-a)(e-B)=0 or B= (a+ )x+ap=0 CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 1 Find the roots of the quadratic equation 10x*— Solution Using the formula for theroots, x = 1 3 => Roots are = and Alternatively, we may use method of factorization, lox 3) +1(5x-3) = (Qx+1) Gx-3) = Rootsare > and 5 or x2 (sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots) = 0 Recall that (x ~ a) and (x~ ) are called the factors of the quadratic polynomial ax? + bx + c, if and P are the roots of the corresponding quadratic equation. For example, the roots of the quadratic equation 2x! ~ 7x +5 =Oare given by x- 7tN8=0 =n ar 42 Also, for the quadratic equation, 3x? - 4x +7 =0, 4) Sum of the roots © Product of the roots = 2 Concept Strand 2 Find the equation whose roots are — and qv 2 Solution Ifo and Pare the roots of a quadratic equation, then the quadratic equation is given by x — (sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots) = 0‘Quadratic Equations and Expressions 2.3 SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS Using the sum and the product ofthe roots ofa given qua- dratic equation we can compute the values of symmetric functions of the roots like (a + B), (3 + * and.so on. ote By a symmetric function ofthe roots and B we mean 4an expression in o and fs whichis unaltered if. and B are interchanged. For example, a! + B+ aB* (a + B) is a symmetric expression in a and B, since, if we interchange a and , the expression remains the same. On the other hand, the expression («+ B) is nota symmetric expression in and B.lt becomes f+. if «and Bare interchanged. CONCEPT STRANDS Concept Strand 3 fc and f are the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢=0,find an expression for a ~ fin terms of a,b and . Solution ‘We know that, + B= sum of the root 0. = product of the roots Required expression ( — B) (a + B) if 2 \ sf +B) = Aap) W2)-£ ‘Simplifying further, we get, b op Concept Strand 4 Ifo and Bare the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx 4+ ¢=0, where a #0, ¢ #0, form the equation whose roots Symmetric functions of the roots, a, Bis expressible in terms of the sum (at + B) and product cB. ‘The following identities will be useful: (i) oF + B= (a+ BP - 208 (ii) 2 + B= (a+ B)?-3 a (a +B) Git) oo — B= (a - B)* + 3.08 (cr- B) fw & _ @+DG-)+ G+ 4-1) a @-D6=0 2a - 1) 1-(a+B)+ ap Solution Wehave a+ p= and ap=5. Therefore, ++ 2= 248 - = ana @ ape (: (i Lia a\B) abe ‘The required equation is x* product of the roots = 0 (sum of the roots) x + or ct +bx+a=0. Concept Strand 5 Ife and i are the roots of the equation 5x? + 7x form the equation whose roots are and B. Solution Ve e, -2 -3 Wehave,a+ P= andap= =. ‘Sum ofthe roots ofthe required equation = a? + f= (a+ B)—3af(a + p) - 2)-(2\2) = 8 “Uss ss 125