Submitted By:

Bipin Bhandari

Little
[COMPUTER PROJECT ON MS-
WORD, HTML AND MS-EXCEL]
Submitted To:
Kanchan Raj

Angles’ Chaudhary
Computer
Department

Collage
Hattibun Lalitpur
Acknowledgement

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my supporters, who supported

and helped me for the entire concept of the project, my friends for their
precious help and advices and to my motivators for their priceless
encouragements.

I would like to thank from the bottom of my heart to our teacher, “Mr.
Kanchan Raj chaudary” as well to all the computer teachers and all the
members of the computer department of Little Angels ‘ College for their
support and suggestions. Since this page may not accommodate all the names
of my friends and teachers in giving a solid from to the project as desired, so
the list of all the well-wishers and contributors are appended on the back of
this preface.

I am also grateful to my family for their patience and sparing their time for
preparing this project.

Since this project may contain some typing errors and unseen mistakes, I
welcome constructive comments and suggestions from all the interested ones,
which will help me to recorrect the errors for the betterment of the project.

I hope that this project will serve as to provide some knowledge about
computer in general.

Project work of computer Page 1

CONTENTS

1. COMPUTER INTRODUCTION……………………………..

1.1 introduction ………………………………………………………

1.2 History and Evolution………………………………………….

1.3 Computer features………………………………………………

1.4 Capabilities limitations………………………………………..

1.5 Generation of computers......……………………………….

1.6 Types of computers ……………….…………..……………

2. Microsoft Word (MS WORD)………………………………..

2.1 Introduction to MS-Word………………………………………

2.2 Basic Word Processing Concepts…………………………………..

2.3 Different Document Views…………………………………………..

2.4 Character Formatting……………………………………………….

2.5 Using Tables, Clip-Art and Pictures…………………………………

3. MS EXCEL………………………………………………………………

3.1 Overview of Spreadsheets……………………………………………

3.2 Using Excel…………………………………………………………………

3.3 Lab sheets of MS-EXCEL……………………………………………………

3.4 Spread sheet……………………………………………………………….

3.5 MARKSHEET………………………………………………………………..

3.6 BAR DIAGRAM……………………………………………………………….

3.7 PREPERATION OF PIE CHART…………………………………………………

4.1 HTML (Hyper Text Mark –UP language) Tags/cord……………………..

4.2 HTML TAGS ……………………………………………………………………..

4.3 Changing background ………………………………………………………………….

4.4 HTML DOCUMENT………………………………………………………………….

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4.5 HTML PROGRAMS……………………………………………………………………

Introduction of computer

A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and automatically

manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.

The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally,
they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern
personal computers (PCs).[1]

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable
than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small
enough to fit into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in
their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as
"computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to
fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

Computer features

Many components play a key role in how a computer performs, including the processor,
memory, operating system, hard drive, video adapter (with video memory), optical drive, and
display (monitor). Laptop computers have additional features and considerations that are
important. Where applicable, we've noted feature information that is important and distinctive to
the type of computers.

1. Processing

Also known as the CPU (central processing unit), the computer's

`brain' is responsible for processing information. Speed is the
most important factor when choosing a processor, so pay attention to
the processor's family, the number of cores, and the clock speed.

Intel and AMD are the dominant manufacturers of processors.

Intel's processor families include the low-end Atom, Celeron, and
Pentium; the mid-range Core 2 and Core i3; and the high-end
Core i5, and Core i7. AMD's processors range from the low-end
Neo, Sempron, Athlon, and Turion; to the mid-range Phenom and high-end Phenom II.

2. Huge storage Capacity

The computer's memory, or RAM (random access memory), is used to temporarily store data
while in operation. Computers with more memory tend to be faster than those with less, up to a
point. Memory is measured in GB (gigabytes). Most brand-name desktops and laptops sold today
have at least 4GB of memory. Computers with 3GB can be slightly faster. Any more than that is
probably not beneficial unless you plan to run multiple memory-intensive applications at the
same time and use a 64-bit operating system. Netbooks typically come with 1GB of memory,
which is adequate.

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 3. Security

For laptops: A growing number of notebooks include fingerprint

scanners as a convenient alternative to typing a password when
logging in. Some of Lenovo's laptops use face-recognition
technology, as do some from Toshiba and other manufacturers.
Lenovo's new IdeaPad uses VeriFace technology when you log in.
With VeriFace, your face is scanned, via the laptop's webcam, and
then scanned again to make sure it matches the initial scan every
time you log in.

Components of Computer Hardware

Video adapter and video memory

Also known as the video card, video accelerator, or graphics card, this is responsible for drawing
what you see on your screen. There are two types of video adapters: integrated and discrete. The
vast majority of computers sold have integrated video, which is slower and uses up part of your
system's memory. That said, integrated video is perfectly fine as long as you don't plan to play
complex 3D games like The Sims or World of Warcraft. Otherwise choose discrete video, which
is faster and uses its own video memory. If you choose discrete, make sure that it has at least
256MB of video memory. Hard-core gamers should get 512MB to 1GB of video memory.

Video outputs

If you're buying a desktop, check to see what video outputs it has. Almost all desktops have an
analog VGA output, which is compatible with flat-panel LCDs and older CRT monitors. Some
have a digital DVI output for use with LCDs; this delivers a much cleaner and crisper image on
the screen. If you're buying a laptop, a VGA output can be used with a projector for delivering
presentations. The newest desktops and laptops might have an HDMI (High-Definition
Multimedia Interface) output to feed video to an external HDTV.

Hard drive

Also known as a hard disk, this is where your programs, documents, music, photos, and videos
are stored. Bigger is better. Hard drive sizes are measured in gigabytes (GB) and commonly
range from 160 to 1,000GB. While size matters, speed is equally important. Speed is measured

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in RPMs (revolutions per minute). A slow hard drive will take longer to start up programs such
as Windows) and complete tasks (such as installing programs or scanning your hard drive for
viruses). For desktops, make sure it has a 7,200RPM hard drive. For laptops, make sure it has a
5,400RPM hard drive.

Hard drives often fail, and when they do you need to have a backup to recover your data. The
best option is an external hard drive. These connect to your computer through its USB, FireWire,
or eSATA port. Some desktops offer portable hard drive bays, which save space by letting you
insert a removable hard drive inside the desktop.

Some high-end desktops and laptops can be configured with a RAID (redundant array of
identical disks) array. These computers have two or more hard drives. There are several types of
RAID arrays, the most common being RAID 0 and RAID 1. RAID 0 distributes your data across
multiple hard disks, which can greatly improve speed. But if one drive fails, you'll lose data on
all of your hard disks. On the other hand, RAID 1 automatically copies data from one hard disk
to the other. There is no speed boost, but if one crashes, all your data will be safe on the other
one.SSDs (solid-state drives) are on the cutting edge of storage technology, allowing your
computer to access data without the moving parts required by a traditional hard drive. So-called
flash drives don't have the spinning disk of a conventional hard drive, so they use less power,
work quieter, and should be more resistant to damage from rugged use. And because there are no
moving parts, they promise quicker access to data Netbooks are an exception; they may be
bundled with very small solid-state drives that perform worse than traditional hard drives.

Optical Drive

This lets you read and write to CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray discs. DVD burners (also known as
DVD+/-RW) are standard gear on today's computers. DVD burners can read and write to CDs
and DVDs so you can backup your home-video footage or digital photos, for example.
Recordable CDs (CD-R) can hold up to 700MB of data. Recordable DVDs (DVD+R, DVD-R, or
DVD-RAM) can hold up to 4.7GB of data (single layer) or 8.5GB of data (dual layer).Blu-ray
Disc (BD) drives are the newest standard. BD drives are capable of playing the growing list of
Blu-ray movies and can store up to 25GB of data (single layer) or 50GB of data (dual layer),
almost six times the capacity of a DVD.

Monitor For desktopsUnless y ou're a graphic artist, there's little reason to choose an almost-
extinct CRT. LCDs offer numerous advantages over the CRT, chief among them their smaller
footprint. Sizes range from 15 to 24 inches and larger (measured diagonally). The most common
sizes are 19 and 20 inches.Most are widescreen, which are designed to fit widescreen movies
better without the black bars, but give you less screen area per inch over a non-widescreen
display. Those who plan to edit photos or videos may want to pay attention to differences in
color, viewing angle, contrast, and brightness. You can often obtain a discount on an LCD
monitor by buying it bundled with a new computer.

Display

For laptops, a 15- to 16-inch display, measured diagonally, should suit most people. Displays
that are 13, 14, and 17 inches are also common. The screens on most laptops are glossy instead
of matte. Glossy screens have more saturated colors and deeper blacks, but are also much more

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prone to glare. Like desktop displays, most laptops have widescreen displays to fit widescreen
movies better.

LED-backlighted displays provide more efficient use of power, resulting in longer battery life.
Color on LED-backlighted screens is in most cases not significatly different than that on other
types of displays.

Battery

For laptops: When not plugged into a wall outlet, laptops use a rechargeable lithium-ion battery
for power. Laptops go into sleep mode when used intermittently, extending the time between
charges. You can lengthen battery life if you dim the display, turn off wireless when not needed,
and use only basic applications. Playing a DVD movie uses more battery power than other
functions, but most laptops should be able to play one through to the end. Many laptops can
accept an "extended" battery, adding size and weight but giving as much as twice the battery life.

Case

For desktops: Form factors for computers are more varied now. In addition to the most common
tower format, you can find all-in-one and small-form-factor (SFF) computers. Mainstream
computers usually come in towers, which fit on top of or under a desk. The all-in-one form
factor, such as the Apple iMac, packs all the components into the same enclosure as the LCD
display. Only the keyboard and mouse are separate. Sony, HP, Dell, and Gateway also have all-
in-one models. SFF cases include the Dell Studio Hybrid and the Apple Mac mini.

Networking

For connecting to the Internet, all desktops come with an Ethernet port that lets you run a wire
between your desktop and your router. But if it's not possible to run such a wire through your
home, consider a Wi-Fi wireless adapter. Some desktops have this built-in, while others require
you to buy one and install it separately. You'll also need a wireless router. All laptops come with
wireless built-in, and most have a wired Ethernet port as well.

Wireless adapters mostly use the newer 802.11n standard (which is backward-compatible to the
older 802.11g). Unless you have an exceptionally large house, there's no reason to buy an
802.11n wireless adapter. 802.11g is slightly less expensive and fast enough for most people's
needs, and its range is wide enough to cover a medium-sized house. If you do select an 802.11n
adapter, make sure your router supports 802.11n as well.

Mouse

Desktops typically come with a mouse to move the cursor on the screen. Most mice bundled with
desktops are optical mice, which have light sensors on their underside to track movement. Apple
offers its Magic Mouse, which has a touch-sensitive top surface that works in a similar manner to
a multitouch touchpad. Mice come in all shapes and sizes. Some are ergonomically contoured to
match the shape of your palm, while others are designed to be stylish. They can also be either
wired or wireless. If you have a wireless mouse, you won't have to deal with a cord, but you will
have to recharge or replace the batteries every few months.

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Touchpad

Most laptops use a small touchpad in place of a mouse; you slide your finger across it to move
the cursor. You can also program the pad to respond to a `tap' as a `click,' or scroll as you sweep
your index finger along the pad's right edge. Touchpads come in various sizes; the larger ones let
you move the cursor farther across the screen without lifting your finger. Some models let you
use multi-fingered gestures for zooming and rotating images. An alternative system uses a
pointing stick the size of a pencil eraser in the middle of the keyboard. You can attach a USB or
wireless mouse or trackball if you prefer.

Keyboard

Most computers come with a standard wired keyboard. Some keyboards have CD (or DVD)
controls that let you pause, play back, change tracks, and change the volume. Some also have
additional keys to expedite getting online, starting a search, launching programs, or retrieving e-
mail. Like mice, keyboards can also be wireless.

Sound system

Computers for home use feature a high-fidelity sound system that plays CDs or downloaded
music files, synthesized music, game sounds, and DVD-movie soundtracks. Three-piece speaker
systems with a subwoofer have deeper, more powerful bass. Surround-sound systems can turn a
PC into a home theater. There are connections for an external audio source (such as a
microphone) and for headphones.For laptops: The small speakers built into laptops often sound
tinny. And a brand name like Altec Lansing or Harmon Kardon doesn't mean that they'll sound
good. Headphones or external speakers deliver much better sound. But some larger laptops
include much better speakers and even a subwoofer for deeper bass.

Touchscreens

Touchscreens are beginning to show up in some desktops and laptops. These allow you to use
your fingertip right on the display to control what you're doing, for example making the screen
larger or smaller, selecting menu items, and more.

Ports

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The ports to look for on a computer include USB, FireWire, Ethernet, and S-video or HDMI.
USB ports let you connect many add-on devices, such as digital cameras or external hard drives,
as well as a memory drive for copying files to and from the hard drive. Having these ports at the
front of the case makes connecting devices more convenient. An Ethernet port or wireless
network card lets you link several computers in the household to share files, a printer, or a
broadband Internet connection. FireWire or IEEE 1394 ports are used to capture video from
digital camcorders and connect to other peripheral devices. An S-video or HDMI output jack lets
you run a video cable from the computer to a television so you can use the computer's DVD
drive to view a movie on a TV instead of on the computer monitor. Media-center PCs (equipped
with TV tuners) can also capture video from a VCR, letting you copy tapes to DVDs. Other slots
to look for on a new computer are memory-card readers for flash cards.

For laptops: Most laptops let you attach those devices without the docking station. At least two
USB ports for easy hookup of, say, a printer, digital camera, or scanner are standard. A wired
network (Ethernet) port is also standard. A FireWire port for digital-video transfer is common.
An internal wireless-network (Wi-Fi) adapter is standard. Another option is an internal Bluetooth
wireless adapter to link to a Bluetooth-capable cell phone, camera, or another laptop.

Docking station

For laptops: Some notebooks offer a connection for a docking station, a $100 to $200 base that
makes it easy to connect an external monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, network, and power in
one step.

Advantages of Computers

I think that having more computers and having access to those computers while being in college
helps out greatly. Just think about the blackboard and its uses. How convenience is it for the
students to look up their grade in all of the classes they are taking, or even to email the teacher to
let them know that they won’t be attending the class today. Here are just some of the reasons
why we should have more computers.

1. Convenience

2. Look up grades whenever you want

3. Checkup financial aid

4. Email the instructors for emergency or stating you won’t be attending class

5. Research for projects and homework

6. Staying connected with classmates

7. Online classes

8. Self-operating because it’s capable of executing instructions

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9. Repetitiveness because they can perform same operation tirelessly

10. Accuracy because they have specific results

11. Can perform logical operations

12. They can store and recall info because it has data storage capability

13. Self-checking for they can verifies the accuracy of its own

Disadvantages of computers:

Computer disadvantages are as follows; Violation of Privacy, it is crucial that personal and
confidential records stored in computers be protected properly. Impact on Labor Force, although
computers have improved productivity and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands
of new jobs, the skills of hundreds of thousands employees are replaced by computers. Health
Risks, prolonged or improper computer use can lead to head injuries or disorders. Computer
users can protect themselves from health risks through proper workplace design, good posture
while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Impact on the Environment,
Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and
polluting the environment.

 Computers can make the mind lazy. You get used to not reading a book, or researching
something at the library... Just a few key-strokes and you have your answer.
 There are physical things like carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetititive strain
disorders, and eye strain (often necessitating glasses).
 It takes one away from socializing with others in person.
 Spending too much time playing online games or chatting over the computer instead of
reading books, taking walks, and doing homework.
 Being on a computer too much can also lead to anti-social behavior and depression.
 Unemployment
 Computer is not an intelligent machine. It works on our instructions. Whatever
instruction we would give him by software, he can act on it instantly. The best thing
about computer is its efficiency, fast processing and accurate results according to
instructions.

The most famous thing in computer world is internet which has made this world a global
village. Now if you have computer then you can connect to a person anywhere who also
has the computer. You can share information and resources in the real time.
Computer is now used as robots in many places replacing man power with machines.
Robots work fast and effectively 1.speed because they can process data faster

Limitations

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The computer can outperform human beings in speed, memory and accuracy but still the
computer has limitations. There are following limitations of a computer.

Programmed by human:
Though computer is programmed to work efficiently, fast and accurately but it is programmed by
human beings to do so. Without a program, computer is nothing. A program is a set of
instructions. Computer only follows these instructions. If the instructions are not accurate the
working of computer will not accurate.

Thinking:
The computer cannot think itself. The concept of artificial intelligence shows that the computer
can think. But still this concept is dependent on set of instructions provided by the human beings.

Self-Care:
A Computer cannot care itself like a human. A computer is dependent still to human beings for
this purpose.

Retrieval of memory:
A computer can retrieve data very fast but this technique is linear. A human being's mind does
not follow this rule. A human mind can think randomly which a computer machine cannot.

Feelings:
One of the main limits in the computer is of feeling. A computer cannot feel about some like a
human. A computer cannot meet human in respect of relations. Human can feel, think and caring
but a computer machine itself cannot. A computer cannot take place of human because computer
is always dependent of human.

History of computer

Computers and technology in general, have come a long way in today’s world. The modern
world is actually shaped and defined through the usage of computers, those neat little gadgets
that do the hard work for you. Modern computers are also perfectly capable of entertaining,
organizing, reminding, even surprising you. That wasn’t always the case. Here is glimpse of the
history of computers and their humble beginnings. These computers may not have been as
powerful as modern computers, but they’re old black and white photos are intriguing
nevertheless. If for no other reason, then because those old computers were capable of filling a
whole room with their robust circuitry. Enjoy these old photos of the first generation of
computers.

Ancient Civilations   
    Computers are named so because they make mathematical computations at fast speeds. As a
result, the history of computing goes back at least 3,000 years ago, when ancient civilizations
were making great strides in arithmetic and mathematics. The Greeks, Egyptians, Babylonians,
Indians, Chinese, and Persians were all interested in logic and numerical computation. The
Greeks focused on geometry and rationality, the Egyptians on simple addiction and subtraction,
the Babylonians on multiplication and division, Indians on the base-10 decimal numbering
system and concept of zero, the Chinese on trigonometry, and the Persians on algorithmic

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problem solving. These developments carried over into the more modern centuries, fueling
advancements in areas like astronomy, chemistry, and medicine

1. AVIDAC, Argonne’s first digital computer, began operation in January 1953. It was built
by the Physics Division for $250,000. Pictured is pioneer Argonne computer scientist Jean F.
Hall.

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2. A press conference for what is considered the first computer, the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), was held at the University of Pennsylvania on February 1,
1946. The machine (shown here with a technician) took up an entire room, weighed 30 tons and
used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes to perform functions such as counting to 5,000 in one
second. ENIAC, costing $450,000, was designed by the U.S. Army during World War II to make
artillery calculations. The development of ENIAC paved the way for modern computer
technology–but even today’s average calculator possesses more computing power than ENIAC
did.

Brief History of Computers

The Early days (1,000 B.C. to 1940)

Pascal, Leibnitz, and Jacquard

    During the first half of the 17th century there were very important advancements in the
automation and simplification of arithmetic computation. John Napier invented logarithms to
simplify difficult mathematical computations. The slide rule was introduced in the year 1622
and Blaise Pascal spent most of his life in the 1600's working on a calculator called the
Pascaline.  The Pascaline was mostly finished by 1672 and was able to do addition and
subtraction by way of mechanical cogs and gears. In 1674 the German mathematician Gottfried
Leibnitz created a mechanical calculator called the Leibnitz Wheel.  This 'wheel' could perform
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, albeit not very well in all instances.
    Neither the Pascaline or Leibnitz wheel can be categorized as computers because they did not
have memory where information could be stored and because they were not programmable. The
first device that did satisfy these requirements was a loom developed in 1801 by Joseph
Jacquard.  Jacquard built his loom to automate the process of weaving rugs and clothing. It did
this using punched cards that told the machine what pattern to weave. Where there was a hole in
the card the machine would weave and where there was no hole the machine would not weave.
Jacquard's idea of punched cards was later used by computer companies like IBM to program
softwar.

Von Neumann
    Though the computers developed in the second World War were definitely computers, they
were not the kind of computers we are used to in modern times. Jon Von Neumann helped work
on the ENIAC and figured out how to make computers even better. The ENIAC was
programmed externally with wires, connectors, and plugs. Von Neumann wanted to make
programming something that was internalized. Instead of rerouting wires and plugs, a person
could write a different sequence of instructions that changes the way a computer runs. Neumann
created the idea of the stored computer program, which is still implemented today in computers
that use the 'Von Neumann Architecture'.

programmable computing machine.  Many people consider this to be the first true computer
system even though it only ever existed on paper. The Analytical Machine had all the same basic
parts that modern computer systems have. While designing the Analytical Machine, Babbage
noticed that he could perfect his Difference Engine by using 8,000 parts rather than 25,000 and
could solve up to 20 digits instead of just 6. He drew schematics for a Difference Engine no. 2
between 1847 and 1849.
    After twelve years spent trying to get his Difference Engine No. 2 built, Babbage had to give
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up. The British Government was not interested in funding the machine and the technology to
build the gears, cogs, and levers for the machine did not exist in that time period. Babbage's
plans for the Difference Engine and Difference Engine No. 2 were hidden away after his death,
and finally resurfaced around 150 years after they'd each been conceived. In 1991 a team of
engineers at the Science Museum in London completed the calculating section of Babbage's
Difference Engine. In 2002 the same museum created a full fledged model of the Difference
Engine No. 2 that weighs 5 tons and has 8,000 parts. Miraculously, it worked just as Babbage
had envisioned. A duplicate of this engine was built and was sent to the Computer History
Museum in Mountain View, CA to be demonstrated and displayed until May 2009.
Hollerith
    In America during the late 1800's there were many immigrants pouring in from all over the
world. Officials at the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that it would take ten to twelve years to do
the 1890 census. By the time they finished it would be 1900, and they'd have to do the census all
over again! The problem was that all of the calculations for the census were performed manually.
To solve their problems the U.S. Census Bureau held a competition that called for proposals
outlining a better way to do the census. The winner of the competition was Herman Hollerith, a
statistician, who proposed that the use of automation machines would greatly reduce the time
needed to do the census. He then designed and built programmable card processing machines
that would read, tally, and sort data entered on punch cards. The census data was coded onto
cards using a keypunch. Then these cards were taken to a tabulator (counting and tallying) or
sorter (ordering alphabetically or numerically). 
    Hollerith's machines were not all-purpose computers but they were a step in that direction.
They successfully completed the census in just 2 years. The 1880 census had taken 8 years to
complete and the population was 30% smaller then, which meant that automated processing was
definitely more efficient for large scale operations. Hollerith saw the potential in his tabulating
and sorting machines, so he left the U.S. Census Bureau to found the Computer Tabulating
Recording Company. His punch-card machines became national bestsellers and in 1924
Hollerith's company changed its name to IBM after a series of mergers with other similar
companies. The computer age was about to begin.

Generations of Computer

First Generation (1950 - 1957)

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    The first computer to implement Von Neumann's idea was the EDVAC in 1951, developed in
a project led by Von Neumann himself. At the same time a computer using stored programs was
developed in England, called the EDSAC. The EDVAC was commercialized and called the
UNIVAC 1. It was sold to the U.S. Bureau of the Census in March, 1951. This was actually the
first computer ever built for sale. The UNIVAC 1 made a famous appearance on CBS in
November, 1952 during the presidential election.  The television network had rented the
computer to boost ratings, planning to have the computer predict who would win the election.
The UNIVAC predicted very early on that Eisenhower would beat Stevenson, which was correct.
Network executives were skeptical and did not go live with the prediction until they had arrived
at the same conclusion using manual methods. The UNIVAC sat right behind CBS staff during
the broadcast, and it was the first time that many people had the chance to see this elusive new
technology called the computer.
    IBM's first production computer was the IBM 701 Defense Calculator, introduced in April,
1952. The IBM 701 was used mostly for scientific calculation. The EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC
1, and IBM 701 were all large, expensive, slow, and unreliable pieces of technology-- like all
computers of this time.  Some other computers of this time worth mentioning are the Whirlwind,
developed at Massachussets Institute of Technology, and JOHNNIAC, by the Rand Corporation.
The Whirlwind was the first computer to display real time video and use core memory.  The
JOHNNIAC was named in honor of Jon Von Neumann. Computers at this time were usually
kept in special locations like government and university research labs or military compounds.
Only specially trained personnel were granted access to these computers. Because they used
vacuum tubes to calculate and store information, these computers were also very hard to
maintain. First generation computers also used punched cards to store symbolic programming
languages.  Most people were indirectly affected by this first generation of computing machines
and knew little of their existence.

Second Generation (1957 – 1965)

    The second generation of computing took place between 1957 and 1965. Computers were now
implementing transistors, which had been invented in 1947 by a group of reseachers at Bell
Laboratories, instead of vacuum tubes.  Because of the transistor and advances in electrical
engineering, computers were now cheaper, faster, more reliable, and cheaper than ever before.

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More universities, businesses, and government agencies could actually afford computers now.
    In 1957 the first FORTRAN compiler was released. FORTRAN was the first high-level
programming language ever made.  It was developed by IBM for scientific and engineering use.
In 1959, the COmmon Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) programming language was
released. Where FORTRAN was designed for science and engineering, COBOL was designed to
serve business environments with their finances and administrative tasks. These two
programming languages essentially helped to create the occupation of a programmer. Before
these languages, programming computers required electrical engineering knowledge.
    This generation of computers also had an increase in the use of core memory and disks for
mass storage. A notable computer to mention from this time period is the IBM System/360, a
mainframe computer that is considered one of the important milestones in the industry. It was
actually a family of computer models that could be sold to a wide variety of businesses and
institutions.

Third Generation (1965 - 1975)

    The third generation of computing spanned from 1965 to 1975. During this time integrated
circuits with transistors, resistors, and capacitors were etched onto a piece of silicon. This
reduced the price and size of computers, adding to a general trend in the computer industry of
miniaturization. In 1960 the Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the Programmed Data
Processor- 1 (PDP-1), which can be called the first minicomputer due to its relatively small size.
It is classified as a third generation computer because of the way it was built, even though it was
made before 1965. The PDP-1 was also the computer that ran the very first video game, called
Spacewar (written in 1962).
    The software industry came into existence in the mid 1970's as companies formed to write
programs that would satisfy the increasing number of computer users. Computers were being
used everywhere in business, government, military, and education environments. Because of
there target market, the first software companies mostly offered accounting and statistical
programs.  This time period also had the first set of computing standards created for
compatibility between systems.
    E-mail originated sometime between 1961 and 1966, allowing computer users to send
messages to each other as long as they were connected through a network. This is closely tied to

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the work that was being done on Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET),
networking technology and innovation that would one day bring the internet.

Fourth Generation (1975 - 1985)

    The fourth generation of computing spanned from 1975 to 1985. Computer technology had
advanced so rapidly that computers could fit in something the size of a typewriter. These were
called microcomputers, the first one being the Altair 8800. The Altair 8800 debuted in 1975 as a
mail-order hobby kit. Many people acknowledge the Altair 8800 as the computer that sparked
the modern computer revolution, especially since Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft
with a programming language called Altair BASIC-- made specifically for the 8800. Now that
computers could fit on desks they became much more common.
    A small company called Apple Computer, Inc. was established in 1976 and single handedly
changed the industry forever. Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs began to sell their Apple 1
computer that same year, and it quickly gained popularity. It came with a keyboard and only
required a monitor to be plugged into the back of the system, which was a novel idea for
computers at that time.  The Apple II was released the next year and was the first mass produced
microcomputer to be commercially sold, and also ushered in the era of personal computing.
    In 1981, Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) was released to run on the Intel 8086
microprocessor.  Over the next few years MS-DOS became the most popular operating system in
the world, eventually leading to Microsoft Windows 1.0 being released in 1985. In 1984 Apple
introduced their Mac OS, which was the first operating system to be completely graphical. Both
Mac OS and Windows used pull-down menus, icons, and windows to make computing more
user-friendly. Computers were now being controlled with a mouse as well as keyboard. The first
mouse was developed in 1981 by Xerox.
    Software became much more common and diverse during this period with the development of
spreadsheets, databases, and drawing programs. Computer networks and e-mail became much
more prevalent as well.The first truly portable computer, called the Osborne 1, was released in
1981. Portable computers like the TRS-80 Model 100 / 102 and  IBM 5155 followed afterward.  
Not all the computers of the time were small, of course. There were still being supercomputers
built with the aim of being as fast as possible. These supercomputers were sold to companies,
universities, and the military. An example of one such supercomputer is the Cray-1, which was
released in 1976 by Cray Research. It became one of the best known and most successful
supercomputers ever for its unique design and fast speed of 250 MFLOPS.

This generation was also important for the development of embedded systems. These are special
systems, usually very tiny, that have computers inside to control their operation. These
embedded systems were put into things like cars, thermostats, microwave ovens, wristwatches,
and more.

Fifth Generation (1985 - Present)

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    The changes that have occurred since 1985 are plentiful. Computers have gotten tinier, more
reliable, and many times faster. Computers are mostly built using components from many
different corporations. For this reason, it is easier to focus on specific component advancements.
Intel and AMD are the main computer processor companies in the world today and are constant
rivals. There are many different personal computer companies that usually sell their hardware
with a Microsoft Windows operating system preinstalled. Apple has a wide line of hardware and
software as well.  Computer graphics have gotten very powerful and are able to display full three
dimensional graphics at high resolution. Nvidia and ATI are two companies in constant battle
with one another to be the computer graphics hardware king.
    The software industry has grown a lot as well, offering all kinds of programs for almost
anything you can think of. Microsoft Windows still dominates the operating system scene. In
1995 Microsoft released Windows 95, an operating system that catapulted them to a new level of
dominance.  In 1999 Apple revamped its operating system with the release of Mac OS X.  In
1991 Linus Torvalds wrote the Linux kernel that has since spawned countless open source
operating systems and open source software.
    Computers have become more and more online orientated in modern times, especially with the
development of the World Wide Web. Popular companies like Google and Yahoo! were started
because of the internet.
    In 2008 the IBM Roadrunner was introduced as the fastest computer in the world at
1.026 PFLOPS. Fast supercomputers aid in the production of movie special effects and the
making of computer animated movies.

Conclusion

    This is a very exciting time to be alive since we all get to see how quickly computer
technology is evolving, and how much it is changing all of our lives for the better. I recommend
that you take the time to visit a computer history museum so you can see some of the machines
mentioned in this knol. I also suggest that you do in-depth research to learn more about any
specific areas of computing that interest you. It is a vast and exciting world that is always
changing. We are lucky to be alive to witness

1.6 Types of Computers

Computers come in a variety of types designed for different purposes, with different capabilities
and costs.

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Microcomputers

A microcomputer is a computer that has a microprocessor chip as its CPU. They are often called
personal computers because they are designed to be used by one person at a time. Personal
computers are typically used at home, at school, or at a business. Popular uses for
microcomputers include word processing, surfing the web, sending and receiving e-mail,
spreadsheet calculations, database management, editing photographs, creating graphics, and
playing music or games.

Personal computers come in two major varieties, desktop computers and laptop computers:

Desktop computers are larger and not meant to be

portable. They usually sit in one place on a desk or table
and are plugged into a wall outlet for power. The case of
the computer holds the motherboard, drives, power
supply, and expansion cards. This case may lay flat on the
desk, or it may be a tower that stands vertically (on the
desk or under it). The computer usually has a separate
monitor (either a CRT or LCD) although some designs
have a display built into the case. A separate keyboard and
mouse allow the user to input data and commands.

Desktop personal computer

Laptop or notebook computers are small and lightweight enough to be carried around with the
user. They run on battery power, but can also be plugged into a wall outlet. They typically have a
built-in LCD display that folds down to protect the display when the computer is carried around.
They also feature a built-in keyboard and some kind of built-in pointing device (such as a touch
pad).

While some laptops are less powerful than typical desktop machines, this is not true in all cases.
Laptops, however, cost more than desktop units of equivalent processing power because the
smaller components needed to build laptops are more expensive.

PDAs and Palmtop Computers

  

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Laptop personal computer

A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a handheld microcomputer that trades off power for small
size and greater portability. They typically use a touch-sensitive LCD screen for both output and
input (the user draws characters and presses icons on the screen with a stylus). PDAs
communicate with desktop computers and with each other either by cable connection, infrared
(IR) beam, or radio waves. PDAs are normally used to keep track of appointment calendars, to-
do lists, address books, and for taking notes.

A palmtop or handheld PC is a very small microcomputer that also sacrifices power for small
size and portability. These devices typically look more like a tiny laptop than a PDA, with a flip-
up screen and small keyboard. They may use Windows CE or similar operating system for
handheld devices.

Some PDAs and palmtops contain wireless networking or cell phone devices so that users can
check e-mail or surf the web on the move.

Workstations/Servers

  

Personal Digital Assistant

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Palmtop computer

A workstation is a powerful, high-end microcomputer. They contain one or more microprocessor

CPUs. They may be used by a single-user for applications requiring more power than a typical
PC (rendering complex graphics, or performing intensive scientific calculations).

Alternately, workstation-class microcomputers may be used as server computers that supply files
to client computers over a network. This class of powerful microcomputers can also be used to
handle the processing for many users simultaneously who are connected via terminals; in this
respect, high-end workstations have essentially supplanted the role of minicomputers (see
below).

Note! The term “workstation” also has an alternate meaning: In networking, any client computer
connected to the network that accesses server resources may be called a workstation. Such a
network client workstation could be a personal computer or even a “workstation” as defined at
the top of this section. Note: Dumb terminals are not considered to be network workstations
(client workstations on the network are capable of running programs independently of the server,
but a terminal is not capable of independent processing).

There are classes of computers that are not microcomputers. These include supercomputers,
mainframes, and minicomputers.

Minicomputers

  

Workstation computer

A minicomputer is a multi-user computer that is less powerful than a mainframe. This class of
computers became available in the 1960’s when large scale integrated circuits made it possible to
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build a computer much cheaper than the then existing mainframes (minicomputers cost around
$100,000 instead of the $1,000,000 cost of a mainframe).

The niche previously filled by the minicomputer has been largely taken over by high-end
microcomputer workstations serving multiple users (see above).

Mainframes

  A mainframe computer is a large, powerful computer that handles the processing for many
users simultaneously (up to several hundred users). The name mainframe originated after
minicomputers appeared in the 1960’s to distinguish the larger systems from the smaller
minicomputers. Users connect to the mainframe using terminals and submit their tasks for
processing by the mainframe. A terminal is a device that has a screen and keyboard for input and
output, but it does not do its own processing (they are also called dumb terminals since they can’t
process data on their own). The processing power of the mainframe is time-shared between all of
the users. (Note that a personal computer may be used to “emulate” a dumb terminal to connect
to a mainframe or minicomputer; you run a program on the PC that pretends to be a dumb
terminal).

Mainframes typically cost several hundred thousand dollars. They are used in situations where a
company wants the processing power and information storage in a centralized location.
Mainframes are also now being used as high-capacity server computers for networks with many
client workstations.

Supercomputers

    Mainframe computer (this IBM z-series computer is about 6 feet tall) A supercomputer is a
mainframe computer that has been optimized for speed and processing power. The most famous
series of supercomputers were designed by the company
founded and named after Seymour Cray. The Cray-1 was
built in the 1976 and installed at Los Alamos National
Laboratory. Supercomputers are used for extremely
calculation-intensive tasks such simulating nuclear bomb
detonations, aerodynamic flows, and global weather
patterns. A supercomputer typically costs several million
dollars.

Recently, some supercomputers have been constructed by

connecting together large numbers of individual processing
units (in some cases, these processing units are standard
microcomputer hardware).

Please note: All of this talk of which computers are more

powerful than others (i.e., mainframes are more powerful than minicomputers, which are more
powerful than microcomputers) is relative for any particular moment in time. However, all
classes of computers are becoming more powerful with time as technology improves. The
microprocessor chip in a handheld calculator is more powerful than the ENIAC was, and your
desktop computer has more processing power than the first supercomputers did.

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Microprocessors Everywhere

  

Supercomputer (this one is a Cray-2 from the 1980’s)

Computers are, in fact, all around you. Microprocessor chips are found in many electronic
devices (in your iPod, in your DVD player, in your microwave, in your car, in your phone).
These are special-purpose computers that run programs to control the equipment and optimize its
performance Do you know the different types of computers? See the next page to get started with
the first computer type.

Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed

to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks. It helps to solve problems
in the real world. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites,
graphics software, and media players.

Application of computers

Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware, which manage and
integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply them in the performance of
tasks that benefit the user. A simple, if imperfect, analogy in the world of hardware would be the
relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a
system). The power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to
an application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user.

The dawn of the new age - The Computer Era - glows before us with the promise of new and
improved ways of thinking, living and working. The amount of information in the world is said
to be doubling every six to seven years. The only way to keep up with these increased amounts
of data and information is to understand how computers work and the ability to control them for
a particular purpose.A computer can be defined as an electronic data processing device, capable
of accepting data, applying a prescribed set of instructions to the data, and displaying in some
manner or form. Any configuration of the devices that are interconnected and are programmed to
operate as a computer system. The computer is said to have literally revolutionised the way one

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person does his job or a whole multinational organisation operates their businesses. Together
with this reason and many more, computers are considered more than just an essential piece of
fancy equipment. Whether or not people know anything about it, they invoke computers in every
day lives when they make a bank withdrawal, buy groceries at the supermarket and even when
they drive a car. Today, millions of people are purchasing fully functional personal computers
for individual reasons.There are so many applications of computers, that it is impractical to
mention all of them. This is the Computer Age and these machines are beginning to affect out
lives in many ways. Computers are now becoming faster, more reliable, effective and whole lot
cheaper than they had been ever before.

Products from meats to magazines are packed with zebra-striped bar codes that can be read by
the computer scanners at supermarket checkout stands to determine prices and help manage
inventory. Thus, a detailed receipt of the groceries can be made, which is useful for both the
customer and the retail store, especially for the stock control system. This is referred as POS
(Point of Sale) transaction where a precise account of all the stocks available is recorded and
manipulated.

Health and Medicine.

Computers are helping immensely to monitor thee extremely ill in the intensive care unit and
provide cross-sectional views of the body. This eliminates the need for hired nurses to watch the
patient twenty-four hours a day, which is greatly tiring and error prone. Doctors use computers to
assist them in diagnosing certain diseases of the sort. This type of computer is called the Expert
System, which is basically a collection of accumulated expertise in a specific area of field.
Computers are now able to map, in exquisite detail, the structure of the human cold virus - the
first step towards the common cold. Furthermore, computers are used greatly in managing
patients, doctors, wards and medicine records, as well as deal with making appointments,
scheduling surgeries and other likes.

Agriculture
Farmers use small computers to help with billing, crop information, and cost per acre, feed
combinations, and market price checks. Cattle ranchers can also use computers for information
about livestock breeding and performance.

Training. It is much more cheaper and effective to teach pilots how to fly in a computerised
cockpit or simulators, than is real airplanes. This is because the learning pilots will feel much
more relaxed and confident due to the fact that no life is at risk at that moment. Railway
engineers can also be given some kind of training on how to run a train with the help of a
computerised system. Training simulations are relatively cheaper and are always available on
one-to-one basis making way for personal training.

Computers are all around us and avoiding them is virtually impossible. We have been exposed in
the world of computer hype, computer advertisements and computer headlines. We interact with
computers in our daily lives - whether we are at the cinemas, the school, or the public library.
The beginnings of computer literacy are already apparent.

2. Microsoft Word (MS WORD)

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2.1 Introduction to MS-Word
Whether you want to type a simple letter or produce a complex book, Word can handle the job
for you. These notes are only intended to get you going with the basic operation of Word. Books
of several hundreds of pages have been devoted to the "ins" and "outs" of Word and even the
most experienced Word users keep discovering new capabilities, features or possibilities. We just
aim to give you sufficient confidence to type simple documents such as essays and projects. As
you start using Word, you will discover new features as you go along. Do not be afraid to
experiment or share your experiences with your fellow students.
What Is Word Processing?
Word processing can be defined as the use of software to aid in the composition, revision, filing
and printing of text. You are not limited to text, however, you can also edit graphics, clip-art, and
word “art”. Why, your Word documents can even incorporate animation and sound!
Why Word Processing Instead of Using Typewriters?
Today's word processing software has rendered the typewriter almost completely obsolete. The
original purpose of a word processor was to produce simple printed documents such as business
correspondence and small reports. Nowadays word processors (and printers) are used for all but
the most demanding typesetting jobs including stunning full-colour productions and electronic
publications. The following are just some of
the advantages of word processing instead handwriting or typing.
> Easy editing and re-use of (parts of) previously created documents.
> Advanced graphic capabilities e.g. use of clip-art, drawings, pictures and “word art”.
> Assistance of electronic dictionaries, thesauruses and grammar checkers.
>Attractive layout elements are easily incorporated e.g. different fonts, borders, and watermarks.
> Automation of error-prone routines such as page numbering or constructing a table of
contents.
> Full integration with other productivity software (spreadsheets, databases, presentations).
How to Get Additional Help
Word 97 comes with a very comprehensive help system. Use it! You can get on-line assistance
in one of the
following ways.
 Leave the mouse cursor for 2 seconds above any icon and a small text box will explain its
function.
 Press the <F1> function key to search the help resource file on any specific topic
 Select the Help menu (click on the menu option or press <Alt>-H) to
display the various Help menu options, including an alphabetical
index of
all keywords and the contents organized in a logical way.
 Use the digital assistant or help wizard. They will look
up anything you want and even offer advice when they
see a better way of doing things .Depending on your
installation, you could have one of the following
.Clippit The Dot The Genius Power Pup2 Quick Start to
Word 97Other "Quick Starts" available for Win95,
Power point, 2 Excel and Access.
2.2 Basic Word Processing Concepts
Characters, Words and Paragraphs
The smallest element with which you will work is the character. A character can be a letter,
digit,punctuation symbol or any other symbol. Each letter can be formatted differently as in:
BUTTE

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RThe format of text refers to the way it looks (e.g. bold, large) and where it is positioned (e.g. on
the left).Several characters together make up a word. Words are separated by a blank <Space>.
Words are grouped together in sentences. One or more sentences make up a paragraph. A
paragraph isanything that ends with the <Return> or <Enter> -key. Paragraphs are a very
important entity in wordprocessors; they have their own special formatting characteristics such
as alignment, line spacing, bordersand indents.
All your paragraphs together will constitute your document, which is normally saved in a single
file. Verylarge documents may be split up in different files for convenience.
A big difference between typewriting and word processing is how lines of text are processed. As
you type, aword processor will automatically move a word that does not fit at the end of the line
to the beginning of thenext line. This is called "wrap-around": you don't have to (and shouldn’t!)
press <Return> to indicate the endof a line and move to the next one.
Document Layout: WYSIWYG?
A word processor displays your document more or less in the same way as it will appear in
printed form. The aim is that "What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get" (WYSIWYG). Since a monitor
does not have exactly the same characteristics as a printer, this may not always be the case.
Coloured text on screen will print out as a shade of gray on a laser printer; fuzzy letters on your
monitor will print out with sharp edges; what looks like a perfect picture may be far less clear on
paper. When you change printers, the word processor may adjust the page layout if it “knows”
that the printer cannot print beyond certain margins or uses a different size of Paper.
Word Processing Rules
There are a number of important rules with respect to word processing. If you are used to
typewriters, you may want to take special note of these rules.
1. Never use the <Enter>-key to mark the end of a line. Your word processor will automatically
wraparound to the next line. The <Enter>-key should only be used to end a paragraph. This is
important because every time you change the page side margins or the font size, your lines will
break at a different word.
2. If you want to align the beginning of a word or sentence at another place than the left margin,
don’t use the <Space>-bar to insert the required blank space to visually align the text. This will
result in a very ragged edge at best, or jumbled text at worst, when you make even the slightest
change at a later stage (e.g. inserting a new word or changing the formatting). Aligning text is
done using the <Tab>-key, paragraph indenting, or the table feature.
3. Save frequently and make regular backups of important documents on different disks. Even if
you don’t make any drastic mistakes, a bug in the software may corrupt your entire document.
No one that I know has ever adopted this rule before they’ve lost at least a solid week’s work.
May you be the first!

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 The Word

97 Window Elements
The editing window of Word can appear quite intimidating at first. It has indeed so many icons
and options.
But they are grouped together quite logically and consistently. A great advantage is that, once
you have got used to the Word interface, working with other Windows applications will go that
much quicker. You find a typical MS-Word screen below. Your screen may differ slightly,
depending on how your system is set up.
Toolbars
The toolbars have little
icons or buttons that
perform a variety of tasks. Just click the icon once to activate. If you are not quite sure what the
button does, hover your cursor for two seconds above the button and a small explanatory text
will appear. The screen above shows three toolbars: the standard toolbar (which you will find in
all Office 97 applications), the formatting toolbar (which contains the most used text formatting
commands) and, at the bottom, the drawing toolbar. You can add or delete toolbars by right-
clicking on any toolbar and (de-)selecting from the pop-up list of possible toolbars. You can also
move toolbars from top to bottom or turn them into “floating” toolbars by dragging them to the
desired location.

Menu bar
All commands, including those not
found on the toolbars, are
available from the menus. Choose any menu

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by clicking the desired menu option or press the <Alt>-key in combination with the underlined
letter of the
menu option. For example, to access a File command, press <Alt>-F.
Scroll bars
The use of the
scroll bars is
explained in “Quick Start to Windows 95”. Note the Find/Jump Page
buttons on the vertical scroll bar .Toolbar ,Menu bar ,Ruler bar ,Ruler bar ,Toolbar,Status Bar
Scroll Bar ,Tool Bar, Scroll Bar ,The Document Window ,title bar anddocument name
Task bar
4 Quick Start to Word 97
Other "QuickStarts" available for Win95, Powerpoint, 4 Excel and Access.
The Ruler Bars

The horizontal and vertical ruler bars indicate the position of the text in relation to the current
page: the whitespace indicates the text area and the gray area refers to the page margins. The
numbers give the position in
centimeters (or inches, depending on your preference). The ruler also provides you with a quick
way to setTabs: just double-click on the ruler where you want the new tab and right-click to set
the type of tab or dot
leader. You can also adjust your page margins and paragraph indent on the ruler bar. Remove the
rulers fromthe windows by selecting the View Ruler command.

2.3 Different Document Views

One of the main purposes of a Graphical User Interface operating
system, such
as Windows 95, is to ensure that “What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get”
a.k.a.
WYSIWYG. Word 97 tries to give you as close an approximation to
the final
printed product as possible. However, for editing purposes, you
may not always swish to see the exact same thing as the final print-
out. Select the desired document view from the View menu or click
its button on the right of thehorizontal scroll bar.
Normal: in this view, you see the main text area almost exactly the
way the wayit will be printed out, but leaves out page formatting
such as headers and footers.
On-line Layout: changes the layout in order to make it easier for
you to edit. Ithas a document layout window on the left which
shows you the documents structure and re-formats the document so that you can see as much text
aspossible within the window.
Page Layout: shows you exactly how it will be printed out, including page
numbers, headers, footers and page margins. This is the preferred view but may
slow you down when working with a big document.
Outline: does not show the actual text but just the various headings. Ideal if you
want to see or modify the overall structure of your document.
Full Screen: takes away all toolbars, rulers, menus and even the title bar so that you
can see as much of your document on screen as possible. The only remaining non document

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item is the floating “Full Screen” window. Click on it to close the full screen
and return back to the normal window view with all its toolbars.
There are another two document view-related options available from the standard toolbar.
Print Preview: gives you an exact view of how the printed page will look like. Select print
preview by clicking the Print Preview Icon on the standard toolbar or selecting the Print
Preview
option from the File menu.
Zoom factor: the percentage factor by which the screen should be enlarged (>100%) or
reduced (<100%). You can specify this factor with the Zoom option of the View menu (see
below) or by using the drop box on the standard toolbar (see right).
Quick Start to Word 97 5
Creating a New Document
There are various ways of creating a Word document.
How to Start Word
If you click on an existing Word document file on the desktop or Windows Explorer, Windows
will automatically load Word and open the document for you. You may also have the Create a
New Document icon on your Windows desktop or on the Start menu. Alternatively, you can load
Word directly from a
desktop icon or from the Program Start menu. In the latter case, you will face a blank screen,
which mean s you start creating a new document right away. The default name of your new
document is Document1. When you save your document the first time, Word will prompt you for
a new name.
Starting with another Blank Document
If you want to create another new document from scratch, you can click on the New Document
icon on the standard toolbar. This will open a second document, with the default name of
Document2. In fact, you can open as many documents as your system capacity will allow you to.
Switch between your documents by using the Window menu or, if your document windows are
not maximized, click on the window that contains the document you want.
Starting from a Template
Save yourself a lot of trouble and produce a much more professiona llooking
document by making use of the various templates that come
packaged with Word. These are pre-formatted and provide
clea rdirections where you have to provide the necessary
information .To create a new document based on a
template, select the New option
under the File menu, or press the <Alt>-N shortcut key
combination. This will open the New Document window
listing all templates. Click on a tab to selectthe type of
template Click on a template Preview template

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Click OK
when done
Preview the
template
6 Quick Start
to Word 97
Other
"QuickStarts"
available for
Win95,
Powerpoint, 6
Excel and
Access.
Entering and
Editing Text
Entering,
Deleting and
Correcting
Text
As you type,
the text gets entered into your document at the location of the text insertion cursor, which is a
vertical bar. When you get to the end of a line, Word will automatically wrap-around to the next
line. You should only press the <Enter>-key when you want to start a new paragraph.
Use the <Del>-key to delete text to the right or <Back Space> to delete text to the left of the
cursor. The cursor (or arrow) keys move the text insertion cursor around your document. You
can also position the text cursor to where the mouse arrow cursor is located by clicking the left
mouse button, as long as it is in the document window.
Selecting Text
To delete, move or copy a larger block of existing text, you must first select the text in one of the
following
ways. As you do so, the selected text will be highlighted in reverse, just like the current sentence.
 Drag the mouse cursor from the beginning to the end of the text.
 Move the text insertion cursor from the beginning to the end with the cursor keys while
holding down
the <Shift>-key.
 Press the <F8>-key a number of times in quick succession: twice to select the word
where the text
insertion cursor is located, three times to select the entire sentence, four times to select the
current paragraph. Left-clicking the mouse in quick succession also selects increasingly larger
sections of text. Pressing the <Del>-key when text is selected, deletes it. Alternatively, start
typing new text straight away.
Copying and Moving Text
You can use the clipboard to copy or move text. Use the clipboard icons, the shortcut keys or the
Edit menu. You can also drag selected text to a new position in your document.
Moving within a Document
You can move to another location in your document by using the arrow keys. If you want to
move quicker, use the <Pg Dn> or <Pg Up> keys to move one paragraph at a time or <Ctrl>-
<Pg Up> and <Ctrl>-<Pg

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Dn> to move you one screen at a time. The <Home> and <End> keys move you to the beginning
or end of the line, whereas <Ctrl>-<Home> and <Ctrl>-<End> move you to the start or end of
your document.. You can also use the mouse to click on or drag the scroll bar.
Undoing Mistakes
Word has a very powerful undo feature. If you delete something by accident or perform a
command by mistake, you can undo the damage and restore the document to its previous stage
by using the undo feature. Click on the Undo button on the standard toolbar to undo
your last action (or press <Ctrl>-Z). If you want to undo
more than one action, you can scroll through all the
editing tasks you have done since loading the document by clicking
on the adjacent drop-down button which lets you scroll through
your various commands. You can selectively undo any one of them
or undo a whole lot of them at once (illustrated).
If you have undone an action and decide that you did
want to take that action after all, click the Redo button.
Note: also refer to the section on Tools for Word’s AutoCorrect,
spell checking and grammar checking. Undo ,last ,action ,Redo
Undo all ,or any ,action(s) ,Quick Start to Word 97 7

2.4 Character Formatting

You have an extremely wide variety of formats that you can apply to your text. These formats
determine howa letter will look like: color, shape, size etc. These formats are also called the
attributes of the text. When you switch to a certain format, all the new text you type at that
location will inherit the attributes that are currently “active”. When you move the cursor to
another area, any new text you type will inherit the attributes from the surrounding
(neighbouring) text. You can also select existing text (see above) and apply special formatting to
it.
Choosing a Font Type and Font Size
One of the attractions of Windows-based word processors is the wide
variety of fonts from which you can choose. The following are just
some of the fonts that come standard with Windows 95. Algerian Arial
Book Antiqua Braggadocio BRITANNIC BOLD Brush Scr ipt
Century Gothic Colonna Comic Sans Desdemona FOOTLIGHT
Garamond Haettenschweiler Impact Kino Matura Script Playbill
Tahoma Wide Latin and of course Times New Roman.
Any of these can be selected by clicking on the Drop Box Icon next to
the Font Type Drop Box. Move your cursor down the list until you
find the desired font and click it. Special symbols are found under a
variety of headings, the best known being Wingdings:
. Also try out Map Symbols or Symbols.
You can change the font size in a similar way by using the Font Size Drop
Box and selecting on of the default sizes. You can also enter any number
directly in the box, allowing you to specify fractional font sizes (e.g. 12.5) or
very large sizes (e.g. 400). Font sizes are measured in points. A 30-point font
is 1 centimeter high. Examples of sizes are 5 10 15 and 20 points.
Applying Basic Font Styles In addition, you can apply various font styles to most fonts. The
most commonly used styles are available from the format toolbar: bold, italics and underline.

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You can also use the short-cut keys <Ctrl>-B, <Ctrl>-I and <Ctrl>-U respectively. Of course,
any COMBINATION of styles is also possible.
Exploring More
Advanced Font Styles
A wide variety of additional styles
and special effects is available using
thFont option of the Format menu.
Subscript Superscript
shadow outline
eeembbbooosssssseeeddd
eeennngggrrraaavvveeeddd
SMALLCAPS strikethrough and
more.In fact, you can even have
animated and coloured fonts
although these wil lobviously not
have their full impact when printed.
Go and experiment!
8 Quick Start to Word 97
Other "QuickStarts" available for Win95, Powerpoint, 8 Excel and Access.
Formatting Paragraphs
Certain types of formatting apply to paragraphs only. You can select the paragraph format before
you start typing a new paragraph, so that it will apply to the new paragraph (and any subsequent
paragraph you type until you change the format again). Alternatively, you can apply a format to
an existing paragraph by clicking anywhere on the paragraph and selecting the
paragraph format; there is no need to highlight or select the entire paragraph.
All paragraph formats can be selected from the Paragraph format window,
available under the Format menu. Due to space limitations, the Tab or the
Borders and Shading commands will not be discussed here.
Alignment
Paragraphs alignment refers to the position of the paragraph in relation to the
left and right margins. The alignment is selected by clicking the paragraph
alignment buttons on the formatting toolbar and can be one of the following.
Left aligned i.e. flush with the left page margin (click the Left Align Icon or press <Ctrl>-L),
centered (by clicking the Center Icon or pressing <Ctrl>-E), or finally they can be
right aligned i.e. flush with the right margin (by click the Right Align Icon or pressing <Ctrl>-R)
Fully justified text is flush with both the left and right page margins since Word will
automatically insert extra white space between words to produce straight text edges on both
sides. Although it looks more professional (just like typeset books), it is not as easy to read.
Line Spacing
You can set the spacing between the lines of a paragraph. A line spacing of 1 corresponds to
single spaced
text (<Ctrl>-1) i.e. normal text without any extra space between lines. Double-spacing (<Ctrl>-2
i.e. a line
spacing of 2) inserts an "empty" line between lines of text. The current paragraph is double-
spaced. You can also specify any other fractional part using the Format Paragraph menu. Line
spacing of 0.8 will move lines very close to each other as in the current paragraph whereas a line
spacing of 1.5 will leave half of a blank line between text lines. You can also set additional
spacing between paragraphs. The rest of this document has been printed with a line spacing of 1
in paragraphs and 1.5 between paragraphs.

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Indenting Paragraphs
To move text away from the left margin by (one or more) <Tab> stops, called
indenting, use the Increase Indent and Decrease Indent buttons on the formatting
toolbar. Additional indent options available from the Format Paragraph menu are to
indent the entire paragraph but not the first line or the Quotation Indent, which indents a
paragraph both from the left and the right-hand margin.
Numbered and Bullet Lists
If you wish to make a list of a number of items, consider using a bullet list. Click on
the Bullet List button when you type the first list item and Word will automatically
insert bullets for every list item whenever you press <Enter>. You return to normal
(body) text by clicking the Bullet List button again or pressing <Back Space> after
your last <Enter>. If your list items are in a particular order or sequence, use the Numbered List
button instead.
Page Layout
Word allows you to customize your page layout to the finest detail. Most page formatting can be
done on the Page Setup option of the File menu, though page numbering and headers/footers are
found on other menus.
Page Size and Orientation
Click the Paper Size Tab on the Page Setup window to specify which size of paper you
will be using. A common problem occurs when moving a document from a PC with a
dot-matrix printer to a PC with a laser printer or vice versa: dot-matrix printers
normally use tractor-feed continuous paper (11 inches long and 8 inches wide)
whereas laser printers use A4 cut paper sheets (29.7 cm or ±11.69 inches long and 21
cm wide). Word may change your page layout, or your document may
print out incorrectly. Another Page Setup option is the paper orientation:
landscape (“horizontal”) or portrait (“vertical”).
Page Margins
Page margins are the white space or borders around the
main text on a printed page. Select the Margins Tab on the Page Setup window to
specify the top, bottom, left and right margins. You can specify separate margins
for the header and footer. Note that Word may increase your margin settings if
your printer needs wider margins to “grip” the page. Margins are always specified
in relation to their side of the paper e.g. the right margin equals the distance
between the right border of the text and the right edge of the paper. You can also
adjust the page margins by dragging the margin marker on the ruler bar.
Headers and Footers
Headers/footers are lines of text (or graphics) that
appear recurrently at the top/bottom of each page. You
can specify the text of the header or footer using
the Header and Footer option of the View menu.
(Personally, I have never understood why
Microsoft
put it there.) You can edit your header or footer
directly in the document screen if you are in Page
Layout view mode. You can also change headers and
footers within the document or specify different
headers/footers for even and uneven pages. The
header/footer can also include a variety of special “variables” such as page numbers, total pages
in the

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document, date, time or filename.
Page Numbering
If you just want to number your pages, you can use the
Page Numbers option underneath the Insert menu (another illogical choice). Although you can
insert a page number also as part of the header / footer, the Page Number window allows you
much more advanced control of the page number format.
10 Quick Start to Word 97 Other "QuickStarts" available for Win95, Powerpoint, 10 Excel and
Access.
Printing Your Document
Printing a document is done the same way in most Windows 95 applications.
Printing an Entire Document

If you want to print your entire document, without changing any settings, just click the Printer
button on the standard toolbar. (Just hover your cursor for two seconds above the Printer button
and a message will show which will be your default printer.) Word will print your document in
the background, so that you can go straight back to your editing work. The status bar shows the
progress of the printing job and you can right-click the little printer icon on the taskbar to check
the status of your printing job – or cancel it.
Before printing a large job, you are advised to take a print preview so that you see what the final
document will look like. Click the Print Preview button on the standard toolbar and
Word will display a full-page preview of your document. You can move the cursor
over the document (where it will change into a magnifying glass) to zoom in.
Alternatively, you can preview several pages at once on your screen. Also very useful is the
shrink to fit option, which automatically adjusts the document size to reduce the number of pages
by one – great if e.g. you want to reduce a three-page document onto one double-sided sheet.
Printing Selected Pages
If you only want to print out part of a document, use the Print option of the File menu or press
the <Ctrl>-P
keyboard shortcut. You can specify the exact pages you wish to print by giving a page range (e.g.
5-12 means pages 5 to 12) or several page ranges separated by commas. If you want to print out
a selected area of
your document, select the area first and then call up the Print window. This window also allows
you to print
several copies of your document, collated (i.e. page order) or not.
Selecting a Printer
Normally your printer will be set up for you during the Windows 95 installation process or when
you log in to your network. Occasionally, you may need to change printers. You can select

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another printer or change the current printer settings via the Print window, by right-clicking the
Printer icon on the task bar or using the Settings option of the Start menu.
Click here to select ,another printer ,Select one or ,more copies Print only the text that was
selected before opening this window Print entire document Print a certainrange of pages
Saving and Loading Your Document
The procedure for saving a document is the same in most Windows applications.
Saving and Naming a Document
To save a document using the current document name, click the Save button on the standard
toolbar or press the <Ctrl>-S keyboard shortcut. If you opened a new document and the name is
still the default Document# name, you will be taken to the Save As … window. This window can
also be used to save an existing document under a different name or as a different type: select the
Save As option of the File menu.

Loading an Existing Document

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To load an existing Word document if you are cur

rently
in Word, click the Open File button on
the standard toolbar, select the Open option of the File menu, or use the <Ctrl>-O shortcut key.
The Open File window will appear. Most elements on this window are similar those of the Save
As window, though there are a number of additional options. Click here to save in another folder
Click here to select another folder Favourite folders Create a new folder folders Specify how to
list documents Save different versions of the same document(with comments)
List of documents Specify new
.
2.5 Using Tables, Clip-Art and Pictures
One of the greatest strengths of Word is the ease with which it handles more advanced word
processing
tasks. These will only be mentioned briefly below, but you are invited to check them our more
thoroughly.
Each feature has many options and commands for you to explore. The only way to learn about
them is to try
them out and experiment with the various options. As you start using them, you will slowly get
to know them
better as you seek for better or quicker ways to accomplish various tasks. Also don’t forget to use
the Help
function when you are stuck!
Inserting Tables
Tables are a grid-like structure consisting of rows and columns. They can

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have a great many different appearances and are highly customizable. Word will even calculate
totals. To insert a table, use the Insert Table button on the standard toolbar. To customize the
table, use the Table menu.
Using Clip-Art and Pictures
Make your documents even more attractive by incorporating attractive

clip-art: ready-made graphics, pictures and drawings. Word comes with an attractive collection
of clipart (though your particular system installation may not have made them available). Much
more clip-art and a variety of pictures can be found with commercial software or on the Internet.
To insert clip-art like the stick figure on the right, use the Insert Picture Clip Art/From File
command.
Using WordArt and AutoShapes
In addition to clip-art and pictures, you can create your own drawings
with Draw. Just click on the Drawing button, which will make the
drawing toolbar available. A useful option is AutoShapes, a collection of
pre-made drawings such as lines, flowcharts or callouts. You may also be
interested in the WordArt which allows you to stretch, deform, shape and generally
have fun with any text.
Using Word Processing Tools
Perhaps the most powerful features of Word, or any Windows word processor for that matter, are
their language tools that come bundled with the software. In fact, these tools should perhaps have
been introduced right at the beginning of this document! They are all available from the Tools
menu, though some are constantly watching “over your shoulder” to help you out.
Spell-checking
Word includes a large spelling dictionary and can be configured so that it checks your
spelling as you type. Any words not found in the dictionary will be underlined in red.
Right-click on the underlined word and Word will offer suggestions as to how the word
might be spelled. Closely associated with the spell-checking is the AutoCorrect feature,
which will automatically correct frequently misspelled words as you type. For instance,
if you type teh, Word will automatically correct it to the. AutoCorrect also checks if you
start sentences with a capital letter (but not two)! You can even use it to turn common
abbreviations into symbols (e.g. (tm) becomes ™ ) and you can add your own
abbreviations (e.g. jp becomes Jean-Paul). Also check out AutoFormat and AutoText.
Grammar

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Checking
Even more sophisticated than the spelling checker is the grammar checker.
Whenever Word thinks that something is grammatically not well-formed, it will underline the
text
(usually a sentence) with a
green wavy underline. It
may suggest a correction
and also explain the
grammar rule with an
example.
Thesaurus Lookup
Stuck for the right word? Use the thesaurus by pressing <Shift>-<F7> and Word will quickly
look up a whole lot of synonyms for you! Some words have different meanings and the
thesaurus will offer a list of synonyms for each meaning.
And Much, Much More …
AutoSummarize will generate a summary of a document for you! If your system is configured
with access to
Microsoft Bookshelf, you can lookup a reference from your document directly (and paste the
reference
material back in your document). With Mail Merge you can customize the content of your letters
or other
documents to a large number of individuals. With Visual Basic, you can even develop your own
program
within Word for unlimited customization. Word will follow you wherever you want to go!
Speled

3. MS Excel (introduction)
MS excel is an spreadsheet application developed for Microsoft user to perform calculations and
functions in systematic way.
Today ms-excel is recognized as
the best and widely used
spreadsheet application all over
the world. Ms excel is composed
of tables in the form of rows and
columns and it allows user to
perform complex calculation using
formulae and functions.
MS-Excel is used in Accounting,
Mathematical Engineering, 3D
design and many other
applications.

The Ribbon

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The Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to
complete a task. Commands are organized in logical groups, which are collected
together under tabs. Each tab relates to a type of activity, such as writing or
laying out a page. To reduce clutter, some tabs are shown only when needed.
For example, the Picture Tools tab is shown only when a picture is selected.
Microsoft Office Button
Here you will find the same basic commands available in earlier releases of
Microsoft Office to open, save, and print your file.
Quick Access Toolbar
The place to keep the items that you not only need to access quickly but want to
be immediately available regardless of which of the Ribbon's tabs you're working
on. If you put so many items on the Quick Access Toolbar that it becomes too big
to fit on the title bar, you can move it onto its own line.
Formula Bar
A place where you can enter or view formulas or text.
Expand Formula Bar Button
This button allows you to expand the formula bar. This is helpful when you have
either a long formula or large piece of text in a cell.
Worksheet Navigation Tabs
By default, every workbook has 3 sheets. You are able to navigate the sheets by
clicking on the sheet tab.
Insert Worksheet Button
Click the Insert New Worksheet button to insert a new worksheet in your
workbook.
Normal View
This is the “normal view” for working on a spreadsheet in Excel.
Page Layout View
View the document as it will appear on the printed page.
Page Break Preview
View a preview of where pages will break when the document is printed.
Zoom Level
Allows you to quickly zoom in or zoom out of the worksheet.
Horizontal/Vertical Scroll
Allows you to scroll vertically/horizontally in the worksheet.

Introduction
This document introduces you to the Excel spreadsheet. It outlines the general
structure of spreadsheets, then tells you specifically how to use Excel 2007.
Files produced in Excel 2007 have the file extension ".xlsx", and the files themselves
are very different from previous file formats. If you wish to use an old Excel
spreadsheet in Excel 2007, Excel will switch to compatibility mode, to let you work
on the old file with no problems. You can then save this file in Excel 97-2003 format,
or you can save it in the new Excel 2007 format.
If you give a copy of a new Excel file to a colleague who is using an older version,
they will not be able to read it initially. However, their Excel will detect this new
format, and will invite them to download and install a compatibility pack. Once they
have done this they will be able to work on Excel 2007 files in their older version.

3.1 Overview of Spreadsheets

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A spreadsheet is a numerical tool that is easy to use but deceptively powerful revolves around
collections of worksheets, each of which consists of rows labeled numerically, and columns
labelled alphabetically. At each intersection of a row and a column is a cell, referred to by its

position, A3, B1 C265, etc .

Into these cells you type data, and then operate on these numbers by adding functions.
These might produce running totals of columns, multiply numbers in adjacent rows
together, or do any kind of numerical operation. The clever part happens when you
change the data, however, because spreadsheets work dynamically. This means that
totals, or results of calculations, are updated automatically when any relevant number
in the worksheet changes. An obvious example of the use of a spreadsheet is a bank statement.
This contains a description of transactions in one column, credits in another column, and debits
in the third column. At the top of the sheet is the previous balance and at the bottom is the
new balance, which is worked out as new balance = previous balance -total debits + total credits
Following on from this, business balance sheets are another popular example of
spreadsheets at work. On a more imaginative level though, spreadsheets can be used to record
scientific measurements and dynamically calculate the parameter of interest, and at Corporate
Information and Computing Services a spreadsheet is used to record course bookings
and attendance in order to forecast demand for the next session.
Bob Booth Introduction to Excel 2007

3.2 Using Excel

Selecting Cells
If you click on a cell with the mouse you will see its name appear on the left hand
side of the formula bar. As you click on different cells the name in the formula bar
will change accordingly. Alternatively, you can select different cells in the worksheet
using the arrow keys or the Enter and Backspace keys.
You can select a range of cells by clicking on a single cell at one corner of the range
then, with the mouse button held down, drag the selection so that it extends over the
other cells. To select an entire row of cells you can click on the row number, and you
can select columns by clicking on the appropriate letter. Finally, you can select the
entire worksheet by clicking on the grey box against the letter A and number 1.

Changing to a New Worksheet

If you want to include some related data, but don’t want to overload your current
worksheet you can begin a new sheet. To do this click on any of the tags below the
cells to display the corresponding sheet. To make individual sheets of data easily recognisable
you can name each sheet that you use. To name the current sheet double click the sheet label
(Sheet1, Sheet2 etc) to select it, then enter a new name for that worksheet and press Enter. If
you need more than three worksheets, go to the Cells group on the Home tab and click the
Insert button. From the menu select Insert Sheet.

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Entering Data
To enter data into a cell first select the cell. As you start to type you will notice that
buttons materialise in the formula bar and that the data appears simultaneously in the
formula bar and in the selected cell.
Having typed the data for that cell you can then press the Enter key or click on the
tick button. The formula bar will then clear leaving only the cell reference displayed.
If you need to edit the contents of a cell you can do this via the formula bar. First
click on the cell in question so that its contents appear in the formula bar. Then click
within the formula bar to produce a cursor with which to edit the cell contents.
Bob Booth Introduction to Excel 2007

7
Formatting Text
A worksheet containing raw data is not very clear, but you can improve its
appearance by applying different formats to some key cells. The most popular
formats are available through tools in the Font and Alignment groups on the Home

bta .
The button in the lower-right corner is very useful for headings. If you select a single
cell, then extend the selection horizontally across adjacent cells you can then click on
this button to centre the single cell contents across the selected range.
Finally, you can adjust the width of any column by positioning the cursor between
two lettered column headings and dragging the column wider. To automatically adjust
any column to accommodate its widest entry, simply double click the column label.
Row heights can be adjusted in a similar way.
Formatting Text Using Styles
Excel 2007 offers a more powerful way to quickly format text, using the tools in the
Styles group on the Home tab. Select one or more cells, then from the Styles group,
click the Cell Styles button.

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Formatting Tables
Alternatively, you can select all of your data, or a self-contained subset, and format
the entire selection as a table.
Select your data, then from the Styles group on the Home tab, click the Format as
Table button. You will see a large choice of coloured table formats, choose and
format to apply to your selected data.
Bob Booth Introduction to Excel 2007
8

Formatting Numbers
To clarify your worksheet further you can specify the format in which selected
numbers are displayed. To do this, select the cells containing the numbers in question,
then from the Number group on the Home tab, click the drop down list.
Select any numbering style, or for more options, select the More Number Formats
option. In the dialog box that appears, you will see a list of categories of numbers and
for each category there will be a second list containing possible formats. You can
then choose a format for your selected data.
In addition, there are buttons in the Number group which will quickly format
numbers as currency, percentages, or fixed numbers of decimals.

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Formatting Dates
If you choose the date format for numbers, you have a great deal of control over how
your dates appear in the worksheet. If you select Date from the dialog box above you
will be offered a choice of formats, but you can create your own format by clicking
the Custom option. You can then build a date format using the letters d, m and y for
date month and year as follows dd two digit day number 01, 02, … 31 ddd three letter day Mon,
Tue, … Sun dddd full day name Monday Tuesday, … Sunday mm two digit month number 01,
02, …12 mmm three letter month name Jan, Feb, … Dec mmmm full month name January,
February, … December yy two digit year 98, 99, 00, … yyyy four digit year 1998, 1999, 2000,

3.3 Lab sheets of MS-EXCEL

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PROCESS OF PREPERING SPREADSHEET

1. Calculate the trade allowance (if basic salary =>12000then trade allowance is 10% of basic
salary and if basic salary <12000, then trade allowance is 15% of basic salary)

2. Calculate medicine allowance (if BS>=12000, then DA is 12% of BS and if BS <12000 then
DA is 5% of BS)

3. Calculate rent allowance (if BS>=12000, then rent allowance is 5% of BS and if BS <=12000
then rent allowance is 5% of BS)

4. Calculate tax (if BS >=12000, then income tax is 10% of BS, if BS <=12000 then income tax
is 10% of BS).

5. Calculate cash in hand.

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3.4 Spread sheet

PROCESS OF CALCULATION

1. Calculate the total cost of goods (=b2*c2)

2. Calculate the discount (=(d2/100)*10)
3. Calculate grand total (=d2-e2)

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3.5 MARKSHEET

PROCESS OF MARKSHEET

1. Total (h3):=sum (c3:g3)

2. Remarks (j3):=if(and(c3>=40,d3>=40,e3>=40,f3>=40,g3>=40),”pass”, “fail”
3. Percentage{i3):=(j3=”pass”,h3/500*100)
4. Division(k2):=if(j3=”pass”,if(i3>=80,”distinction”,if(i3>=60,”first division”,
if(i3>=50<”second division “,”third division”))))
5. Grade(l3):=if(j3+”pass”,if (i2>=80,”a+”,if(i3>=60,”a”,if (i3>=50,”b”,”c”))))

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3.6 BAR DIAGRAM

PROCESS OF PREPERATION OF BAR DIAGRAM

1. CALCULATE THE PRODUCT OF EACH YEAR

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3.7 PREPERATION OF PIE CHART

PREPERATION OF PIE CHART

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4. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used to create document on the World
Wide Web. It is simply a collection of certain key words called ‘Tags’ that are
helpful in writing the document to be
displayed using a browser on Internet.
It is a platform independent language that can be used on any platform such as
Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and so on. To display a document in web it is
essential to mark-up the different elements (headings, paragraphs, tables, and so
on) of the document with the HTML tags. To view a mark-up document, user has
to open the document in a browser. A browser understands and interpret the
HTML tags, identifies the structure
of the document (which part are which) and makes decision about
presentation (how the parts look) of the document.
HTML also provides tags to make the document look attractive using graphics,
font size and colors. User can make a link to the
other document or the different section of the same document

4.1 HTML(Hyper Text Mark –UP language) Taga/cord

f you're doing business on the Internet, taking the time to learn how to design your own web site
and write your own HTML code (hypertext markup language) will play a major role in your
success. Not only will learning HTML coding provide you with the freedom to update your own
HTML documents, but it will also save you a great deal of money, as you will be able to avoid
hiring a professional web designer.
If you're looking for some HTML tags to spice up your web site, you've come to the right place.
You will find a variety of HTML codes and tips to assist you below.
However, before reviewing the HTML tags, if you're new to HTML and web site design, the
following section will assist you in creating an HTML web page. For additional web site design
information, make sure you don't miss the web design articles and tutorials at the bottom of this
page.

Example

<html> - Begins your HTML document.

<head> - Contains information about the page such as the TITLE, META tags for proper Search
Engine indexing, STYLE tags, which determine the page layout, and JavaScript coding for
special effects.

<title> - The TITLE of your page. This will be visible in the title bar of the viewers’ browser.

</title> - Closes the HTML <title> tag.

</head> - Closes the HTML <head> tag.

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<body> - This is where you will begin writing your document and placing your HTML codes.

</body> - Closes the HTML <body> tag.

</html> - Closes the <html> tag.

4.2 HTML TAGS

.
HEAD Tag <HEAD> HEAD tag comes after the HTML start tag. It contains
TITLE tag to give the document a title that displays on the browsers title bar
at the top. The Format is:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Your title goes here
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
BODY Tag <BODY>
The BODY tag contains all the text and graphics of the document with all the
HTML tags that are used for control and formatting
of the page.
The Format is:
<BODY>
Your Document goes here
</BODY>
An HTML document, web page can be created using a text editor,
Notepad or WordPad. All the HTML documents should have the extension .htm
or .html. It require a web browser like Internet .Exp ioerer Ne tscape
Navigator/Communicator to view the document. Example: It is my first web page
Follow the steps to create and view in browser:
Step-1: Open text editor Notepad (click on Start® All
Programs® Accessor I .e .s®Notepad)
Step-2: Enter the following lines of code:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
My first Page
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
WELCOME TO MY FIRST WEB PAGE

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</BODY>
</HTML>
Step-3: Save the file as myfirstpage.html (go to File-Save As-give File name:
myfirstpage.html-choose save as type: All Files-click save) Step-4: Viewing
document in web browser (open Internet
Explorer-click on File-Open-Browse-select the file myfirstpage.html-click open-
click ok) Fig. 4.1 : Creating and Saving the HTML document using Notepad

Viewing HTML document

myfirstpage.html in browser
Attributes used with <BODY>
document Example:
<BODY BGCOLOR="yellow">
Your document text goes here.
</BODY>
TEXT: used to set the color of the text of the document
Example:
<BODY TEXT="red">
Document text changed to red color
</BODY>
MARGINS: set the left hand/right hand margin of the
document
. LEFTMARGIN: set the left hand margin of the document
Example: <BODY LEFTMARGIN="60">
This document is indented 60 pixels from the left hand side of the page.
</BODY> TOPMARGIN: set the left hand margin of the document
Example:
<BODY TOPMARGIN="60">
This document is indented 60 pixels from the top of the page.
</BODY>
BACKGROUND: It is used to point to an image file (the files with an extension
.gif, .jpeg) that will be used as the background of the document. The image file will
be tiled across the document.
Example: <BODY BACKGROUND="filename.gif">
Your document text goes here </BODY>
Example: An HTML document attribute.html that shows the use of attributes with
the <BODY> tag
Certificate in Web Designing
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Use of Attributes with the Body Tag

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</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODYBACKGROUND="computer.gif" text="blue"
TOPMARGIN ="75"
LEFTMARGIN="75">
Your document text will be indented 75 pixels from the
left hand and 75 pixels from the top of the page. The
background image computer.gif will be tiled across the
document. Your image and HMTL document should
present at the same place.
</BODY>
</HTML>
Fig. 4.3 : Viewing HTML document attribute.html in browser Container and
Empty Tags
All HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets ‘<’ and ‘>’ i.e. Opening Tag:
<HTML> and closing tag: </HTML> same as opening tag except a / (slash) mark.
Tags are not case-sensitive i.e . there is no difference in small and capital letters in
tags. There are two types of tags: Container Tags: Tags which have both the
opening and closing i.e. <TAG> and </TAG> are called container tags. They hold
the text and other HTML tags in between the tags. The <HTML>, <HEAD>,
<TITLE> and <BODY> tags are all container tags.
Example: Empty Tags: Tags, which have only opening and no ending, are called
empty tags. The <HR>, which is used to draw Horizontal, rule across the width of
the document, and line break <BR> tags are empty tags.
INTEXT QUESTION
Write True or False for the following:
(a) The HTML language is used to create document on the World Wide Web.
(b) Head part of a web page should the <TITLE> tag.
(c) HTML is a platform dependent language.
(d) HEAD is a container tag.
Certificate in Web Designing
FORMATTING WEB PAGE
HTML tags used for formatting a web page are:
SECTION HEADING: <H1>.............<H6>
HTML has six header tags <H1>, <H2>...........<H6> used to specify section
headings. Text with header tags is displayed in larger and bolder fonts than the
normal body text by a web browser. Every header leaves a blank line above and
below it when displayed in browser. Example: An HTML document,
headings.html shows the different section headings
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>

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Section Heading
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1> This is Section Heading 1 </H1>
<H2> This is Section Heading 2 </H2>
<H3> This is Section Heading 3 </H3>
<H4> This is Section Heading 4 </H4>
<H5> This is Section Heading 5 </H5>
<H6> This is Section Heading 6 </H6>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Fig. 4.4 : Viewing HTML document
headings.html in browser

Some peculiarities about the web browser on viewing HTML document text:
Browsers ignore extra space within HTML document Browsers ignore any
additional space you type, and compress the text as if the space did not exist. For
Example: You can have text "My First Page"
in HTML document but in browser it display, "My First
Page". Browsers ignore your extra line and paragraph breaks
Generally you press enter when you want to create line and paragraph breaks, but
they won’t show up when you view the document in browser.
<P> and
<BR> tags are used.
Certificate in Web Designing
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.<BR>
It is used for creating web page. It is very simple<BR> and easy to learn.<BR>
</P>
<PRE>
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language
It is used for creating web page. It is very simple
and easy to learn.
</PRE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Fig. 4.5
Using Horizontal Rule Tag: <HR>
An empty tag <HR> basically used to draw lines and horizontal
rules. It can be used to separate two sections of text. Example:
<BODY> Your horizontal rule goes here. <HR>
The rest of the text goes here.

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</BODY> <HR> accepts following attributes:
SIZE: Determines the thickness of the horizontal rule. The value is
givepixvalue.Example:<HRSIZE="3"> WIDTH: Specifies an exact width of HR
in pixels, or a relative width as percentage of the document width.
Example: <HR WIDTH="50%">, horizontal rule a width a 50
percent of the page width.
ALIGN: Set the alignment of the rule to LEFT, RIGHT and CENTER. It is
applicable if it is not equal to width of the page. NOSHADE: If a solid bar is
required, this attributeis used; it specifies that the horizontal rule should not be
shaded at all.
. COLOR: Set the color of the Horizontal rule.
Example: <HR COLOR="BLUE">
<HR ALIGN=''CENTER'' WIDTH=''50%'' SIZE=''3" NOSHADE
COLOR="BLUE">

Character Formatting Tags

The character formatting tags are used to specify how a particular text should be
displayed on the screen to distinguish certain characters within the document.
The most common character formatting tags are:
Boldface <B>: displays text in BOLD
Example: Welcome to the <B> Internet World </B>
Output: Welcome to the Internet World
. Italics <I>: displays text in Italic
Example: Welcome to the <I> Internet World </I>
Output: Welcome to the Internet World
. Subscript <SUB>: displays text in
Subscript Superscript <SUP>: displays text in Superscript
. Small <SMALL>: displays text in smaller font as compared to normal font
. Big <BIG>: displays text in larger font as compared to normal font
. Font Colors and Size:<FONT>
By using <FONT> Tag one can specify the colors, size of the text. Example:
<FONT> Your text goes here </FONT>
Attributes of <FONT> are: COLOR: Sets the color of the text that will appear on
the screen. It can be set by giving the value as #rr0000 for red (in RGB hexa
decimal l format), or by name.
Example: <FONT COLOR="RED"> Your text goes here </
FONT>
SIZE: Sets the size of the text, takes value between
, default is 3. Size can also be set relative todefault sze for example; SIZE=+X,
where X is any integer value and it will add with the default size.
Example: <FONT SIZE=5> Font Size changes to 5 </FONT>
<FONT SIZE=+2> Font Size changes to 5 i.e. default size (3) ±2</FONT>

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FACE: Sets the normal font type, provided it is installed on the user’s machine.
Example: <FONT FACE="ARIAL"> the text will bed is played in Arial</FONT>
Example: An HTML document formatText.html shows the use of Character
Formatting Tags.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Use of Character Formatting Text Tags
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1><I> Welcome to the world of Internet</I></H1>
It is a
<FONT COLOR="BLUE" SIZE="4">
<U>Network of Networks</U>
</FONT>
</BODY>
</HTML>

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4.3 Changing background
To change the doll looking background we need to make use of <body> tags attribute to be in
corporate color by specific color name by itself or by using hexadecimal to produce the color.

<html>

<head>

<body>

<title>

Example to change the background of colour

</title>

</head>

</body>

</html>

<html>
<head> yogendra</head>
<title> example to create the background</title>
<body bgcolor="blue"> <marquee> <h1> example to create background color </h1></marquee>
</body>
</html>

4.4 HTML DOCUMENT

HTML is written in the form of HTML element sconsisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets
(like <html>), within the web page content. HTML ta gs normally come in pairs like <h1> and
</h1>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called
opening tags and closing tags).The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and
compose them into visual or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags,
but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.HTML elements form the building blocks of
all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create
interactive forms . It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural
semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed
scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages.Web
browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of

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text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards,
encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup

Document title
The title tag defined the title for the html

<html>

<head>

<title>Hello World!</title>

</head>
<body>
<script> alert (document. title); // displays "Hello World!"
document. title = "Goodbye World!";
alert(document .title); // displays "Goodbye World!"
</script>
</body>
</html>

Html formatting

You may be familiar with some of the formatting options that are available in word processing
applications such as Microsoft Office, and desktop publishing software such as QuarkXpress.
Well, many of these formatting features are available in HTML too! This lesson contains some
of the more common formatting options.

Headings

There is a special tag for specifying headings in HTML. There are 6 levels of headings in HTML
ranging from h1 for the most important, to h6 for the least important.Typing this cod:<h1>Heading
1</h1>

<h2>Heading 2</h2>

<h3>Heading 3</h3>

<h4>Heading 4</h4>

<h5>Heading 5</h5>

<h6>Heading 6</h6>

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HTML -Image Links

Using graphics will liven up that tired, bland-looking text link. To make an image link simply
insert an image within the anchor tag. If you do not know how to use the image tag, skip ahead to
the image tutorial and come back after you feel comfortable with it.

HTML Code:

<a href="http://www.espn.com" target="_blank"> <img src="ahman.gif"> </a>

HTML Tables

Tables are defined with the <table> tag.

A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the
<td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain
text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML enables us to create forms. This is where our websites can become more than just a nice
advertising brochure. Forms allow us to build more dynamic websites that allow our users to
interact with it.

An HTML form is made up of any number of form elements. These elements enable the user to
do things such as enter information or make a selection from a preset options.

In HTML, a form is defined using the <form></form> tags. The actual form elements are defined
between these two tags.

The Input Tag

This is the most commonly used tag within HTML forms. It allows you to specify various types
of user input fields such as text, radio buttons, checkboxes etc.

Text

Text fields are used for when you want the user to type text or numbers into the form.
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<input type="text" />

1.Write the html on changing background color ?

To change the doll looking background we need to make use of <body> tags attribute to be in
corporate color by specific color name by itself or by using hexadecimal to produce the color.

<html>

<head>

<body>

<title>

Example to change the background of colour

</title>

</head>

</body>

</html>

<html>
<head> yogendra</head>
<title> example to create the background</title>
<body bgcolor="blue"> <marquee> <h1> example to create background color </h1></marquee>
</body>
</html>

4.5 HTML PROGRAMS

2.writ a program on html example to create table ?

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> EXAMPLE TO CREATE TABLE </TITLE> </HEAD>

<BODY>

<TABLE BORDER =”2”>

<TR>

<TD> THIS </TD>

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<TD> SI </TD>

<TD> SHOW </TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD>TO </TD>

<TD>CREATE </TD>

<TD>TABLE </TD>

</TD>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HTML>

3. write a program on html to create definition list <DL> ?

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<TD> QUESTION OF SCIENCS PHYSICS <BR>

<DD> PHYSIC OF BRANCH OF SCIENC

</DD>

<DT>CHEMISTRY IS RECATION OF SCIENC

</DT>
Project work of computer Page 59
<DD>BILOG IS ANIMAL’S LIFE </DD>

</BODY>

</HTML>]

4. Writ a Html on program to create row span and cols span ?

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> EXAMPLE OF ROW SPAN

</TITLE>

<BODY> TABLE BORDARE =2

<TR>

<TD ROW SPAN =2> TIME 1 </TD>

<TD> ITME 2 </TD>

<TD>ITME 3 </TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD> ITME 4 </TD>

<TD> ITME 5 </TD>

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</TR>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HEAD>

</HTML>

5.Write a html on program to create a table header ?

<<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> EXAMPLE OF TITLE HADER </TITLE>

<BODY> TABLE BORDER =1 </TR>

</TH> PHYSICS STUDENTS </TH>

<TH> CHEMISTARY STUDENTS </TH>

<TH> COMPUTER> STUDENTS </TH>

</TR>

<TD>SAUROV </TD>

<TD>SAJAN</TD>

<TD>YOGENDRA </TD>

<TR>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HEAD>

</HTML>
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6.write a html on program to create a table having two rows and three coloums ?

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>EXAMPLE TO CREATE A TABLE </TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<TABLE BORDER =”2” >

<TR>

<TH BG COLOR =”RED”> HEAD 1 </TH>

<TH BG COLOR =”ORANG”> HEAD 2 </TH>

</TH BG COLOR =”BLUE” >HEAD </TH>

</TR>

<TR BG COLOR =”GREEN”>

<TD>4 ITM </TD>

<TD>5 ITM </TD>

<TD> 6ITM </TD>

</TR>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HTML>

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5 .Limitations and recommendations

After the completion of the task provided to us ,we came to the end and got some
unseen limitations ;
1. We had to completion the task within 16 days .
2. The task were too much time consuming and tiredful to do .
3. The limitations of budget came forward as we are students and we don’t have our own
earning .
4. The major limiting agent in this project was the problem of enough electricity ,due to
load shedding ;we were unable to do our task properly and quick time .
After the completion of the task we got some help and advise for the heading of the
project .
1.the font could be raised as 13 for the sub heading while 15 for the heading .it gives
much attraction to the paper than the former one .
2. the project could be printed out in colored and other symbols.

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 Conclusion
Thus ,the project is totally ready ,full of knowledgeable matters of packages ,computers ,
history and evolution and the interfaces .this project is now ready and is able to provides
some general knowledge on computer .

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Bibliography

boor

Objectives

On computer of this project ,well be familiar able to address the following ;

1. Define computer , state and explain different characteristic `of computer and its
application .
2. Become familiar with history ,evolution and generation of computers .
3. Classify computers on different size ,basis storage capacity and memory.
4. Sis advantage and advantage of computer with limitation of computers .
5. Operate and produce works of word processing like preparing of documents ,letters ,mail
margining and designing .
6. Perform data processing and record maintaining in computer using Microsoft excel like
preparing of students’ result processing maintaining payroll and salary sheets etc .
7. Making web page with the heap of HTML code and tags .
8. Become know about the format a web page using section heading tags .

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Methodology
For the entire project ,different methods are applied .information is referenced from different
dooks and writes and from magazines and computer papers and booklets .some of the sources
are also from the internet like the Wikipedia ,Google, baycongroup, Bing etc . the heading are
bold and are 14 sized, while the sub heading are too bold but are 12 sized . the page are
completely filled with the computer contents. Various processes are applied to fill the project
with suitable information in order to make the project a 100% complete and a good one.

Project work of computer Page 66