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Parallel Coupled Line Notch Filter with Wide Spurious-Free Passbands

Conference Paper · July 2005

DOI: 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1516573 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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Richard Snyder Sanghoon Shin

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers United States Naval Research Laboratory
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 Parallel Coupled Line Notch Filter with
Wide Spurious-Free Passbands
Richard V. Snyder and Sanghoon Shin

RS Microwave, 22 Park Place, Butler, NJ, 07405

[email protected] and [email protected]

technique is obvious to this point, methods for

Abstract – A Parallel-coupled line notch filter is
obtaining the coupled line dimensions are not so well
introduced displaying a spurious-free passband region
known.
up to more than four times the stopband center
frequency. An example is presented with a 4.3 GHz
center frequency, with an upper passband extending
II. FILTER DESIGN
beyond 18 GHz.
Fig.1-(b) shows a proposed 4-pole PCL notch filter
Index term - notch filter, band reject filter, coupled-line
which has 200 MHz stop bandwiidth centered at 4.3
GHz. To get higher unloaded Q than the planar
I. INTRODUCTION structures (such as microstrip or stripline), the filter is
implemented in rectangular slabline with air
Parallel-coupled line (PCL) resonators are commonly dielectric. The ground plane spacing is 0.15 inches
used for narrow bandwidth bandstop filter design [1]. A and conductor thickness is 0.08 inches. The
grounded quarter-wavelength long coupled line pair dimensions are chosen to ensure a lack of spurious
resonates at the notch frequency and provides bandstop waveguide modes below the desired upper limit of
performance. From the inverter coupled filter or the passband. The response of this filter is shown in
Chebyshev prototype filters, equivalent circuits can be Fig.3. For this ground spacing and silver plated
expressed using the transformation formulae shown in conductor, the calculated (and measured) unloaded
Table.1 [2] and Kuroda’s identities. Qu is about 750.
Fig.1- (a) shows a conventional 90 degrees long PCL The coupled-line width and spacing of initial the
line notch filter with stop band from 4.2 to 4.4 GHz filter is synthesized based on the quarter-wave length
(4.7%) implemented in rectangular slabline with air parallel-coupled line design formulae shown in [2].
dielectric. In the implementation of coupled line notch Then, the line length is to be reduced to much less
filters using rectangular slab line, actual line length is less than quarter-wave length in order to move up the re-
than 90 degrees long due to the fringing capacitance [1]. entrant frequency response as required. In this case,
In this case about 84 degrees line length is used for the approximately 45 degrees long coupled lines are
quarter-wave long lines to get a bandstop center used. However, the effective electrical length of the
frequency at 4.3 GHz. The filter response of this filter is coupled lines must be 90 degrees at F0 in order to
shown in Fig.2 provide the bandstop response. To accomplish this,
As displayed in Fig.2, reentrant responses for quarter- the coupled lines are loaded with capacitive elements
wave resonators usually occur at approximately three similar to the technique used to design combline
times the first resonance, 12.8 GHz in this case. This is bandpass filters.
due to the spectral properties of tangential function in the The required loading capacitor is calculated
Richards transformation of the distributed elements. As a through an interactive process from a single resonator
result, occurrence of this reentrant stopband limits the using an EM-circuit co-simulated model to achieve
achievable pass bandwidths. In this paper, to extend the the 4.3 GHz resonant frequency [3]. The estimated
pass bandwidths, coupled line resonators are loading capacitor is about 0.57pF. The loading
foreshortened well below 90 degrees by the use of loading capacitor can be implemented using tuning screws.
capacitors at the end of the open ended parallel-coupled These tuning screws located near the open end of
lines. The obtained passbands provides much wider PCL line can also be used for temperature
spurious-free pass band range than the conventional compensation. Since the coupled line and tuning rod
quarter-wave length approach case. Although the length physical changing (with respect to a change in

0-7803-8846-1/05/$20.00 (C) 2005 IEEE

ambient temperature) directions are perpendicular to each forming a series resonant circuit to ground. It is
other, properly locating the tuning elements some distance necessary to limit the length of the tuning elements or
from the physical end of the PCL lines works to oppose to otherwise compensate for this resonance in the
the direction of thermal drift and stabilize the center design of the tuning capacitors, to avoid this
frequency of the bandstop filter. unwanted spurious response. Fig.6 displays the wide
An elliptic filter design procedure using PCL is well frequency sweep full 3D EM simulated response for
defined in [4] using L-shaped coupled line resonators. In the folded configuration and Fig.7 shows the
this paper to get a quasi-elliptic response, the filter is narrowband sweep response.
optimized to get desired equi-ripple rejected response as The measured data will be available at the
in [5]. Fig.3 shows the 4-pole in-line PCL notch filter Symposium presentation.
response. Fig.4 displays the electrical field distribution at
the notch frequency. Most of energy is concentrated in the
III. CONCLUSION
coupled-line resonators at the resonant frequency.
In some applications, it is required to combine the notch In this paper, a parallel-coupled line notch filter is
filters with DPDT switches to allow for selecting or presented extending the wider spurious-free
bypassing the filter. For that purpose the filter must be passbands as contrasted to more conventional
implement in a folded configuration as show in Fig.5. quarter-wave long resonators designs. A proposed
This figure displays a cascade of two cascaded 4-pole capacitive loaded PCL provides wider passband
folded coupled-line notch filter. To implement the folded regions, good thermal stability and compact size.
configuration requires the use of a connecting length of The design approach is well suited for high power
transmission line. This must be included in the final applications and has been field proven.
circuit model for the folded filter.
Using a direct approach to achieving essentially an 8th
REFERENCES
order response, the filter can be synthesized with 8-pole
design using a unit element in the middle of the filter, by [1] Schiffman, B.M.; Matthaei, G.L., "Exact
proper element extraction from the impedance function. Design of Band-Stop Microwave Filters", Microwave
However with that approach, the connecting transmission Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions, Volume:
line length is too long to provide operation over the entire 12, Issue: 1, pages: 6 – 15, Jan 1964.
pass bandwidth and the coupling is very sensitive to the [2] Wenzel, R.J., "Exact Design of TEM
transmission line length change, since the middle unit Microwave Networks Using Quarter-Wave Lines",
element is one of the contributing elements of the entire Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE
coupling structure. Transactions, Volume: 12, Issue: 1, Pages: 94 - 111,
Alternatively, two 4-pole PCL filters can be connected Jan 1964
through the transmission line to make an 8-pole [3] Shin, S.H., “Co-Simulation of
configuration (a non-ideal 8 pole design to be sure, with Microwave Networks” – EDS/C&S IEEE north
an approximately 7 pole selectivity). Fig.6 shows the Jersey Chapter technical seminar,
rejection depth comparison for 7-, 8-pole and cascaded 4- http://web.njit.edu/~ieeenj/slides.html
pole PCL Chebyshev bandstop filters using the quarter [4] Bell, H.C., "L-resonator bandstop filters",
wave coupled-line resonator circuit models. Folded two 4- Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE
pole PCL notch filter provides close to the 7-pole Transactions, Volume: 44, Issue: 12, Pages: 2669 -
rejection depth and slope. Noise floor effect is not 2672, Dec. 1996
considered in this simulation. [5] Snyder, R.V., "Quasi-elliptic compact high-
power notch filters using a mixed lumped and
In this case, the resonators before and after the
distributed circuit", Microwave Theory and
connecting transmission line are optimized to get a
Techniques, IEEE Transactions, Volume: 47 , Issue:
properly matched condition. The resulting connecting
4 , Pages:518 – 522 April 1999
transmission line is about 90 degrees long including two
right angle bend length and the impedance is close to a
quite convenient 50 ohm. This configuration is less
sensitive than the 8-pole direct designed approach and
more stable for temperature drift.
Another important factor limiting the wide passband for
notch filter design is the self-resonance of the loading
capacitors. In this case, a resonance appears around 15
GHz due to the lead inductance and loading capacitors
(a) Conventional PCL notch filter (b) proposed PCL notch

• Ground plane spacing = 0.15”

• Center conductor thickness = 0.08"
• Silver plated Fig. 2 Conventional 4-pole PCL notch filter
response shown in Fig.1-(a) (Full 3D EM
Fig. 1 4-pole in-line PCL notch filter using rectangular simulation)
slab line; (a) convention 90 degrees long line approach;
(b) proposed approach using shorter line length (about 45
degrees long PCL with loading capacitors)

Table.1 Grounded parallel-coupled line design formula for 1st

coupled line section. [2]
(a) TEM Circuit

Zoe1,Zoo1

L1 L2 L3
Zo1 Zo2 Zo3

Unit Unit Unit

Element Element Element
Fig. 3 Proposed 4-pole inline PCL notch response
shown in Fig.1- (b), Wide frequency sweep response
(b) Equivalent Circuit (Full 3D EM simulation)
Zoe1 = Zo1 + L1 + L1( Zo1 + L1)
Zo1 + L1 + L1( Zo1 + L1)
Zoo1 =
2 L1 2
1+ + L1( Zo1 + L1)
Zo1 Zo1
 Fig. 4 Electrical field distribution for the proposed 4-pole
PCL notch filter at the stopband frequency

Fig. 7 Two cascaded 4-pole PCL folded notch filter

wide frequency sweep using proposed PCL (Full 3D EM
simulation)

Fig. 5 Folded cascaded two 4-pole PCL notch filter with

loading capacitors

Fig. 8 Two cascaded 4-pole PCL notch filter narrow

frequency sweep response (Full 3D EM Simulation)

Fig. 6 Bandstop attenuation comparison for 7-, 8-pole, and

cascaded two 4-pole PCL notch using quarter wave resonators
neglecting noise floor

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