1

Modul 11

Response Spectrum
Analysis
Patria Kusumaningrum, ST, PhD
SI 3213 Dinamika Struktur
Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan & Rekayasa Gempa
2

Materi Term 2
Mg. Topik Sub Topik
General Dynamic Loading Response of SDOF system excited by impulsive loading. Numerical
9
and the Numerical Evaluation solution including Duhamel’s & step by step integration method
Earthquake Resistant General concept of earthquake resistant buildings and the
10 importance of ductility factor
Building
11 Response Spectrum Analysis Concept and application of Response Spectrum (RS) analysis
Assembling of mass and stiffnes matrix, eigen vectors, eigen
12 MDOF values
MDOF: Modal Superposition
General concept of using modal superposition analysis to
13 Analysis and Normalization determine the responses of MDOF system
Mode of Vibration
General concept of using CQC and SRSS method, to determine the
14 MDOF: Maximum Response responses of MDOF system
General concept and application of Spectrum Response analysis
15 MDOF: RSA and ELF and Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure.
16 UAS
3

Response Spectrum – FEMA 451

4

Recall: Deformation Concept

5

Development of Effective Earthquake Force

In an earthquake, no actual force is applied
to the building. Instead, the ground moves
back and forth (and up and down) and this
movement induces inertial forces that then
deform the structure. It is the displacements
in the structure, relative to the moving base,
that impose deformations on the structure.
Through the elastic properties, these
deformations cause elastic forces to develop
in the individual members and connections.
6

Earthquake Ground Motion, 1940 El Centro

0.4

0.3 Many ground motions now

Ground Acceleration (g's)

0.2
are available via the Internet.
0.1
40
0
30

Ground Velocity (cm/sec)

-0.1
20
-0.2
10
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0
Time (sec)
-10
15
-20
10
Ground Displacement (cm)

-30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
5
Time (sec)
0

-5
Earthquake ground motions usually are imposed
-10
through the use of the ground acceleration
-15
record or accelerogram. Some programs (like
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Abaqus) may require instead that the ground
Time (sec)
displacement records be used as input.
7

Development of Effective Earthquake Force

When the ground acceleration record is
used as input, total acceleration at the
center of mass is equal to the ground
Ground Acceleration Response History acceleration plus the acceleration of
0.40
the center of mass relative to the
GROUND ACC, g
0.20 moving base. The inertial force
0.00
developed at the center of mass is
equal to the mass times the total
-0.20 acceleration. The damping force in the
-0.40
system is a function of the velocity of
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 the top of the structure relative to the
TIME,SECONDS
moving base. Similarly, the spring force
is a function of the displacement at the
top of the structure relative to the
moving base. The equilibrium equation
𝒈 𝒓 with the zero on the response history
spectrum (RHS) represents the state of
the system at any point in time. The
zero on the RHS reflects the fact that
there is no applied load.
8

“Simplified” form of Equation of Motion

• Divide through by m:

• Make substitutions:

• Simplified form: Here we can see that the

response history 𝑢 𝑡 is uniquely
defined as the function of the
structure’s natural frequency
𝛚, damping ratio 𝛇, and the ground
acceleration record 𝒖̈ 𝒈 (𝐭) .
9

“Simplified” form of Equation of Motion:

For a given ground motion, the response history is function of the structure’s
frequency and damping ratio
Structural frequency

Damping ratio
Ground motion acceleration history

Thus, a response spectrum is indeed created for a particular ground motion and for a
structure with a constant level of damping. The spectrum is obtained by repeatedly
solving the equilibrium equations for structures with varying frequencies of vibration
and then plotting the peak displacement obtained for that frequency versus the
frequency for which the displacement was obtained.
10

Response to Ground Motion (1940 El Centro)

0.4
Excitation applied to structure Development of the 5% damped
with given  and 
0.3
response spectrum for the 1940 El
Ground Acceleration (g's)

0.2
Centro ground motion record:
0.1
The “solver” indicated here is a
0
routine, such as the Newmark
-0.1
SOLVER method, that takes the ground motion
-0.2
record, the damping ratio, and the
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 system frequency as input and
Time (sec)
6
reports as output only the maximum
absolute value of the relative
Structural Displacement (in)

4 Computed response displacement that occurred over the

2
Change in ground motion duration of the ground motion. It is
or structural parameters  important to note that by taking the
0

absolute value, the sign of the peak

and  requires re-
-2

-4 response is lost. As it’s not recorded,

calculation of structural Peak displacement the time at which the peak response
response -6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 occurred is also lost.
Time (sec)
11

The Elastic Displacement Response Spectrum

An elastic displacement response spectrum is a plot of the peak computed
relative displacement, ur, for an elastic structure with a constant damping , a
varying fundamental frequency (or period T = 2 /𝜔), responding to a given
ground motion.
5% damped response spectrum for structure
responding to 1940 El Centro ground motion
16
DISPLACEMENT, inches

12

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
PERIOD, Seconds
12
Computation of Response Spectrum for
El Centro Ground Motion
0.08
0.06
>> Only the frequency of vibration,
Displacement, Inches

0.04 Computed response

0.02 represented by period T, is changed.
0.00
-0.02 When T = 0.10 sec (circular frequency = 62.8
-0.04
-0.06
radians/sec), the peak computed relative
-0.08
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
displacement was 0.0543 inches. The
Time, Seconds response history from which the peak was
10.00
obtained is shown at the above fig. This peak
Elastic response spectrum occurred at about 5 sec into the response, but
𝜁 = 0.05
8.00
this time is not recorded. Note the high
T = 0.10 sec
Displacement, Inches

6.00
frequency content of the response. The first
Umax= 0.0543 in. point on the displacement response spectrum
4.00 is simply the displacement (0.0543 inches)
plotted against the structural period (0.1 sec)
2.00
for which the displacement was obtained.
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Period, Seconds
13
Computation of Response Spectrum for
El Centro Ground Motion
0.40
0.30
Displacement, Inches

Computed response
0.20
0.10
Again, the procedure is repeated for a period
0.00 of 0.2 sec. The computed displacement
-0.10
-0.20 history is shown at the top of the slide, which
-0.30
-0.40
shows that the peak displacement was 0.254
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
inches. This peak occurred at about 2.5 sec
Time, Seconds

10.00
into the response but, as before, the max
Elastic response spectrum resp. time is not recorded. Note that the
8.00 response history is somewhat smoother
Displacement, Inches

𝜁 = 0.05 than that in the previous slide. The second

6.00
point on the response spectrum is the peak
T = 0.20 sec displacement (0.254 inch) plotted against the
4.00

Umax = 0.254 in. system period, which was 0.2 sec.

2.00

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Period, Seconds
14
Computation of Response Spectrum
for El Centro Ground Motion
0.80

The third point on the response spectrum is

Displacement, Inches

0.60
0.40
Computed response
0.20
0.00 the peak displacement (0.622 inch) plotted
-0.20
-0.40
against the system period, which was 0.3
-0.60
-0.80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 sec. Again, the response is somewhat
Time, Seconds

10.00
“smoother” than before.
Elastic response spectrum
8.00
Displacement, Inches

= 0.05 6.00

T = 0.30 sec 4.00

Umax = 0.622 in. 2.00

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Period, Seconds
15
Computation of Response Spectrum
for El Centro Ground Motion
1.20
Displacement, Inches

0.90
0.60
Computed response The fourth point on the response spectrum is
0.30
0.00
-0.30
the peak displacement (0.956 inch) plotted
-0.60
-0.90 against the system period, which was 0.40
-1.20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time, Seconds
sec.
10.00

Elastic response spectrum

8.00
Displacement, Inches

= 0.05 6.00

T = 0.40 sec 4.00

Umax = 0.956 in. 2.00

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Period, Seconds
16
Computation of Response Spectrum
for El Centro Ground Motion
2.40
1.80
The fifth point on the response spectrum is
Displacement, Inches

1.20
Computed response
0.60
0.00 the peak displacement (2.02 inch) plotted
-0.60
-1.20
-1.80
against the system period, which was 0,50
-2.40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 sec.
Time, Seconds

10.00

Elastic response spectrum

8.00
Displacement, Inches

= 0.05 6.00

T = 0.50 sec 4.00

Umax = 2.02 in. 2.00

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Period, Seconds
17
Computation of Response Spectrum
for El Centro Ground Motion
3.20
2.40 The sixth point on the response spectrum is
Displacement, Inches

1.60
Computed response
0.80 the peak displacement (3 inch) plotted
0.00
-0.80
against the system period, which was 0,60
-1.60 sec. Note that only the absolute value of the
-2.40
-3.20 displacement is recorded.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time,Seconds
The complete spectrum is obtained by
10.00
repeating the process for all remaining
Elastic response spectrum
8.00
periods in the range of 0.7 through 2.0 sec.
For this response spectrum, 2/0.1 or 20
Displacement, Inches

= 0.05 6.00 individual points are calculated, requiring 20

T = 0.60 sec full response history analyses.
4.00

Umax= -3.00 in. A real response spectrum would likely be

2.00
run at a period resolution of about 0.01 sec,
0.00
requiring 200 response history analysis.
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Period, Seconds
18 Complete 5% Damped
Elastic Displacement Response Spectrum
for El Centro Ground Motion
12.00 Note that the displacement is nearly zero when T
is near zero. This is expected because the relative
10.00
displacement of a very stiff structure (with T near
zero) should be very small. The displacement
Displacement, Inches

8.00

then generally increases with period, although

6.00
this trend is not consistent. The reductions in
4.00 displacement at certain periods indicate that the
ground motion has little energy at these periods.
2.00
As shown later, different earthquake will have an
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 entirely different response spectrum.
Period, Seconds
19
Development of
Pseudovelocity Response Spectrum
35.00
An elastic (relative) velocity response spectrum could be
5% damping obtained in the same way as the displacement spectrum.
30.00 The only difference in the procedure would be that the peak
velocity computed at each period would be recorded and
25.00 plotted. Instead of doing this, the velocity spectrum is
Pseudovelocity, in/sec

obtained in an approximate manner by assuming that the

20.00
displacement response is harmonic and, hence, that the
15.00
velocity at each (circular) frequency is equal to the
frequency times the displacement. This comes from the
10.00 rules for differentiating a harmonic function.

PSV (T )  D
Because the velocity spectrum’s obtained is not exact, it is
5.00
called the pseudovelocity response spectrum. Note that it
0.00
appears that the pseudovelocity at low (near zero) periods
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 is also near zero (but not exactly zero).
Period, Seconds
20
Development of
Pseudoacceleration Response Spectrum
400.0
The pseudoacceleration spectrum is obtained from the
350.0 5% damping
displacement spectrum by multiplying by the circular
300.0
Pseudoacceleration, in/sec2

frequencies squared. Note that the acceleration at a

250.0
near zero period is not near zero (as was the case for
200.0
velocity and displacement). In fact, the
150.0 PSA (T )   D 2
pseudoacceleration represents the total acceleration
100.0
in the system while the pseudovelocity and the
50.0
displacement are relative quantities.
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Period, Seconds
21
Note About
the Pseudoacceleration Response Spectrum
The pseudoacceleration response spectrum represents the total acceleration of
the system, not the relative acceleration. It is nearly identical to the true total
acceleration response spectrum for lightly damped structures.
400.0

350.0 5% damping
300.0
For very rigid systems (with near zero
250.0
periods of vibration), the relative

Pseudoacceleration,
200.0
acceleration will be nearly zero and,
hence, the pseudoacceleration, which is 150.0

in/sec2
the total acceleration, will be equal to the 100.0
peak ground acceleration. Peak ground 50.0
acceleration
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Period, Seconds
22

PSA is TOTAL Acceleration

This explains why the

pseudoacceleration is
equal to the total
acceleration. The relative
displacement is multiplied
by omega to get Ground Acceleration Response History
pseudovelocity. The 0.40

pseudovelocity then is

GROUND ACC, g
0.20

multiplied by omega to get 0.00

the total acceleration.
-0.20

-0.40
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
TIME,SECONDS
23 Difference Between
Pseudo-Acceleration & Total Acceleration
(System with 5% Damping)

350.00
This shows total acceleration and
pseudoacceleration for a 5%
300.00
damped system subject to the El
Acceleration (in/sec2)

250.00
Centro ground motion. Note the
200.00 similarity in the two quantities. The
150.00 difference in the two quantities is
100.00 only apparent at low periods.
50.00 The difference can be much greater
0.00 when the damping is set to 10%,
0.1 1 10 20%, or 30% critical, and the
Period (sec)
differences can appear in a wider
Total Acceleration Pseudo-Acceleration range of periods.
24 Difference Between
Pseudo-Velocity & Relative Velocity
(System with 5% Damping)

40
This plot shows relative velocity and
35 pseudovelocity for a 5% damped system
30 subject to the El Centro ground motion.
Velocity (in/se c)

25 Here, the differences are much more

20 apparent than for pseudoacceleration,
and the larger differences
15
occur at the higher periods. The
10
differences will be greater for systems
5 with larger amounts of damping.
0
0.1 1 10
Period (sec)

Relative Velocity Pseudo-Velocity

25
Displacement Response Spectra
for Different Damping Values
Damping The higher the damping, the lower
25.00
0% the relative displacement. At a period
5% of 2 sec, for example, going from
20.00
Displacement, Inches

10% zero to 5% damping reduces the

20% displacement amplitude by a factor
15.00
of two. While higher damping
produces further decreases in
10.00
displacement, there is a diminishing
return. The % reduction in
5.00
displacement by going from 5 to 10%
damping is much less than that for 0
0.00
to 5% damping.
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Period, Seconds
 26
Pseudoacceleration Response Spectra
for Different Damping Values
Damping
4.00
0%
Damping has a similar effect on
5%
pseudoacceleration. Note, however,
Pseudoacceleration, g

3.00 10%
20% that the pseudoacceleration at a (near)
2.00
zero period is the same for all damping
values. This value is always equal to
the peak ground acceleration for the
1.00
ground motion in question.

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Peak ground
Period, Seconds
acceleration
27 Damping is Effective in Reducing the Response
for (Almost) Any Given Period of Vibration
(except at T=0)
• An earthquake record can be considered to be the combination of a large
number of harmonic components.

• Any SDOF structure will be in near resonance with one of these harmonic
components.

• Damping is most effective at or near resonance.

• Hence, damping will be effective and a response spectrum will show reductions
due to damping at all period ranges (except T = 0).
28
Damping is Effective in Reducing the Response
for Any Given Period of Vibration
• Example of an artificially generated wave to resemble a real time ground
motion accelerogram.

• Generated wave obtained by combining five different simple harmonic signals,

each having equal amplitude of 1.0.

4.00
2.00
Amplitude

0.00 `
-2.00
-4.00
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 90.0

Time (sec)
29
The Artificial Wave is
the Sum of Five Harmonics
1
0.5
0 ` T = 5.0 s  Each of the harmonics has
-0.5
-1
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 90.0 an amplitude of 1.0.
Amplitude

1
0.5
 The first three of the
0 ` T = 4.0 s
-0.5
-1 harmonics with T = 5, 4, and
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 90.0

3 sec are shown.

1
0.5
0 T = 3.0 s
`
-0.5
-1
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 90.0

Time (sec)
30
The Artificial Wave is
the Sum of Five Harmonics
1
0.5
0 `
T = 2.0 s
-0.5
-1
 The remaining two
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 90.0
harmonics with T = 2 and 1
Amplitude

1
0.5
0 T = 1.0 s sec and the sum are shown.
`
-0.5
-1
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 90.0

Summation
4.00
2.00
0.00 `
-2.00
-4.00
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0 60.0 66.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 90.0

Time (sec)
31
Damping Reduces the Response
at Each Resonant Frequency
14.00

Dynamic Response Amplifier

12.00 0.0% Damping
The Fourier amplitude spectrum of
5.0 % Damping
10.0% Damping
25.0 % Damping
the artificial ground motion is shown
10.00
at the left. This spectrum shows the
Fourier amplitude

8.00
five discrete harmonics that are in
6.00
the artificial motion. If the response
4.00
spectrum is run at intervals of 0.2
2.00
sec, there will be resonant response
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
at each of these frequencies.
Frequency Ratio,  Damping will be very effective in
reducing the response at each of the
frequencies.

Frequency (Hz)
FFT curve for the combined wave
32

Use of an Elastic Response Spectrum

12.00

Example Structure 10.00

Displacement, Inches
K = 500 k/in 8.00

6.00
W = 2,000 k
4.00

M = 2000/386.4 = 5.18 k-sec2/in 2.00

 = (K/M)0.5 =9.82 rad/sec 0.00

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

T = 2/ = 0.64 sec Period, Seconds

5% critical damping If the system is assumed to have 5% damping

(matching the spectrum) and the system period is
At T = 0.64 sec, displacement = 3.03 in. known, the peak displacement may be easily computed.
Note that the sign of the displacement (positive or
negative) and the time that the displacement occurred
is not known as this information was discarded when
the spectrum was generated.
33

Use of an Elastic PSA Response Spectrum

If the system is assumed to have 5% damping (matching the
Example Structure spectrum) and the system period and mass are known, the peak
base shear may be easily computed. Note that the sign of the shear
(positive or negative) and the time that the shear occurred is not
K = 500 k/in known as this information (related to pseudoacceleration) was
discarded when the spectrum was generated.
W = 2,000 k 400.0

350.0
M = 2000/386.4 = 5.18 k-sec2/in
300.0

 = (K/M)0.5 =9.82 rad/sec

Pseudoacceleration,
250.0

T = 2/ = 0.64 sec 200.0

150.0
5% critical damping

in/sec2
100.0

At T = 0.64 sec, pseudoacceleration = 301 in./sec2 50.0

0.0
Base shear = M x PSA = 5.18(301) = 1559 kips 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period, Seconds
34

Response Spectrum, ADRS Space

1.00 Another type of spectrum plot is the
Diagonal lines represent acceleration-displacement response
period values, T
0.80 spectrum (ADRS), which is also called a
T = 0.64s demand spectrum. Here, displacement is
Pseudoacceleration, g

0.60 plotted on the x-axis and pseudo-

acceleration is plotted on the y-axis.
0.40 Periods of vibration are represented as
radial lines. This kind of spectrum is
0.20
most commonly used in association with
“capacity spectra” developed from
nonlinear static pushover analysis. A
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
demand spectrum is also useful in
Displacement, inches assessing stiffness and damping
requirements of base-isolated systems
35

Four-Way Log Plot of Response Spectrum

Line of increasing
displacement Response spectra often are plotted on
100 four-way log paper. This type of
PSEUDOVELOCITY, in/sec

D=10.0 1.0 0.1 spectrum is often called a “tripartite

Line of constant spectrum” because the displacement,
displacement pseudovelocity, & pseudoacceleration
10
are all shown on the same plot.
1.0 0.01
PSV On the plot, pseudovelocity is plotted
D on the vertical axis. Lines of constant
1

0.1 .01 0.001

 and logarithmically increasing
displacement are generated as
shown. The use of circular frequency
0.1
on the horizontal axis is rarely used in
0.1 1 10 100 1000
practice but is convenient for
Circular
Circular Frequency  , Radiand per Second illustrating the development of the
Frequency 
(radians/sec) plot.
36

Four-Way Log Plot of Response Spectrum

Line of constant
acceleration
100
PSA=1000 10000 100000
Line of increasing
acceleration
PSEUDOVELOCITY, in/sec

10

100 10000
PSA  PSV 
1
Lines of constant and logarithmically
10 100 1000
increasing pseudoacceleration are
0.1 obtained in a similar manner.
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Circular Frequency
Circular Frequency  Second
, Radiand per
(radians/sec)
37

Four-Way Log Plot of Response Spectrum

100
This is a completed spectrum for the 5%
PSEUDOVELOCITY, in/sec

damped 1940 El Centro earthquake with

10

maximum acceleration = 0.35g.

0.1
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Circular Frequency
Circular Frequency  Second
 , Radiand per
radians/sec)
38
Four-Way Log Plot of Response Spectrum
Plotted vs Period

100.00
Response spectra usually are plotted versus structural

period or structural cyclic frequency. This is the same

PSEUDOVELOCITY, in/sec

10.00
spectrum as shown in the previous slide, but it is

plotted versus period.

1.00

0.10
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
PERIOD, Seconds
39
Development of
an Elastic Response Spectrum
100.00
Problems with Current Spectrum:
For a given earthquake, small variations in
structural frequency (period) can produce
PSEUDOVELOCITY, in/sec

significantly different results.

10.00

It is for a single earthquake; other earthquakes

will have different characteristics.
1.00
The use of a single earthquake spectrum in
structural design is not recommended for the
reasons shown here. The same site experiencing
0.10
different earthquakes (or different components of
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 the same earthquake) often will have dissimilar
PERIOD, Seconds spectra.
40

1940 El Centro, 0.35 g, N-S

100
For a given earthquake, small
variations in structural
frequency (period) can produce
Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec

10 significantly different results.

0% Damping
5% Damping
10% Damping
1 20* Damping

Note the significant changes (for any given

damping value) in the 1.5 sec period range.
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10
Period, Seconds
41
5% Damped Spectra for Four California Earthquakes
Scaled to 0.40 g (PGA)

Different earthquakes
100.0
will have different spectra.
Pseuso Velocity, in/sec

10.0 El Centro
Loma Prieta
North Ridge
San Fernando
1.0 Average

0.1
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Period, seconds
42
Smoothed Elastic Response Spectra
(Elastic DESIGN Response Spectra)
Because real ground motion spectra are difficult to work with in a design
office, a variety of empirical spectra have been generated:

• Newmark-Hall spectrum

One of the earliest of these empirical spectra. It was developed by Nathan Newmark.

• ASCE 7 spectrum

The spectrum used by ASCE 7-05 is simpler than the Newmark spectrum,
but explanation of the background of the ASCE 7 spectrum is more difficult.
43

Newmark-Hall Elastic Spectrum

100
0% Damping
5% Damping
10% Damping

10
Observations
Displacement (in)

max𝑢̇ g
max at short T
1
0
max𝑢 g
max 𝑢̈  max
at long T
0
0.1
0.01 0.1 Period1 (sec) 10 100

The Newmark spectrum is based on the following observations:

 The pseudoacceleration at very low periods is exactly equal to the peak ground acceleration.
 The relative displacement at very long periods is exactly equal to the peak ground displacement.
 At intermediate periods, the displacement, pseudovelocity, and
pseudoacceleration are equal to the ground values times some empirical constant.
44

Very Stiff Structure (T < 0.01 sec)

Relative displacement Zero

Total acceleration Ground acceleration
45

Very Flexible Structure (T > 10 sec)

Relative displacement Ground displacement

Total acceleration Zero
46

1940 El Centro, 0.35 g, N-S

100
0%Damping
5%Damping
10% Damping
20* Damping
Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec

10 Ground Maxima
The yellow line shows the maximum recorded ground
0.10
12.7 in/s displacement, velocity, and acceleration from the 1940 El
1

Centro earthquake. These lines clearly form a lower

1 4.25 in.
bound to the elastic response spectra. Note how the
0.35g building response displacements, velocities, and
accelerations are amplifications of the ground values.
0.1 Note also how the amplifications decrease with
0.01 0.1 1 10
Period, Seconds increased damping.
47
Newmark’s Spectrum Amplification Factors
for Horizontal Elastic Response
Newmark has developed a series
Damping One Sigma (84.1%) Median (50%)
% Critical aa av ad aa av ad of amplification factors to be used
.05 5.10 3.84 3.04 3.68 2.59 2.01 in the development of design
1 4.38 3.38 2.73 3.21 2.31 1.82 spectra. These are based on the
2 3.66 2.92 2.42 2.74 2.03 1.63
average of dozens of spectra
3 3.24 2.64 2.24 2.46 1.86 1.52
5 2.71 2.30 2.01 2.12 1.65 1.39 recorded on firm soil sites for the
7 2.36 2.08 1.85 1.89 1.51 1.29 western United States. Values
10 1.99 1.84 1.69 1.64 1.37 1.20 are shown for the median and
20 1.26 1.37 1.38 1.17 1.08 1.01
median plus one standard
deviation.
48

Newmark-Hall Elastic Spectrum

Based on these observations, it is logical to
divide the spectrum into three period ranges
(Fig). The long-period region to the right of
point d, Tn>Td, is called the displacement-
sensitive region because structural response
is related most directly to ground
displacement. The short-period region to the
left of point c, Tn<Tc, is called the
acceleration-sensitive region because
structural response is most directly related to
ground acceleration. The intermediate period
region between points c and d, Tc<Tn<Td, is
called the velocity-sensitive region because
structural response appears to be better
related to ground velocity than to other
ground motion parameters. For a particular
ground motion,
49

Newmark-Hall Elastic Spectrum

These data were generated for an ensemble of 10
earthquake records, and selected aspects of the
results are presented in Fig. 6.9.2. The quantities
ugo, ̇ugo, and u
̈ go in the normalized scales of Fig. 6.9.2
are the average values of the peak ground
displacement, velocity, and acceleration—averaged
over the ground motions. Statistical analysis of
these data provide the probability distribution for the
spectral ordinate, its mean value, and its standard
deviation at each period Tn. The probability
distributions are shown schematically at three
selected Tn values, indicating that the coefficient of
variation (=standard deviation÷mean value) varies
with Tn. Connecting all the mean values gives the
mean response spectrum. Similarly connecting all
the mean-plus-one-standard-deviation values gives
the mean-plus-one-standard-deviation response
spectrum.
50

Newmark-Hall Elastic Spectrum

2 4

6
5
1

Ta Tb Tc Td Te Tf

These are the steps in the development of the Newmark spectrum.

Note that actual values are not present.
51

Newmark-Hall Elastic Spectrum

Researchers have developed procedures to
construct such design spectra from ground
motion parameters. One such procedure,
which is illustrated in this Fig., will be
summarized later. The recommended period
values Ta=1/33s, Tb=1/8s,Te=10 s, and Tf=33 s,
and the amplification factors αA, αV, and αD for
the three spectral regions were developed by
the preceding analysis of a larger ensemble of
ground motions recorded on firm ground
(rock, soft rock, and competent sediments).
The amplification factors for two different non
exceedance probabilities, 50% and 84.1%, are
given in Table 6.9.1 for several values of
damping and in Table 6.9.2 as a function of
damping ratio. Observe that the period values
Ta, Tb, Te, and Tf are fixed; the values in Fig.
6.9.3 are for firm ground.
52

Newmark-Hall Elastic Spectrum

The amplification factors for two different non
exceedance probabilities, 50% and 84.1%, are
given in Table 6.9.1 for several values of
damping and in Table 6.9.2 as a function of
damping ratio. The 50% non exceedance
probability represents the median value of the
spectral ordinates and the 84.1% approximates
the mean-plus-one-standard-deviation value
assuming log normal probability distribution
for the spectral ordinates. Observe that the
period values Ta, Tb, Te, and Tf are fixed; the
values in Fig. 6.9.3 are for firm ground. Period
values Tc and Td are determined by the
intersections of the constant-A(=αA u ̈ go),
constant-V(=αV u̇ go), and constant-D(=αDugo)
branches of the spectrum. Because αA,αV, and
αD are functions of ζ (Tables 6.9.1 and 6.9.2), Tc
and Td depend on the damping ratio.
53

Newmark Ground Properties

Ground Acceleration Velocity Velocity Disp Disp

Properties (g) (mm/s) (in/s) (mm) (in/s)

Bed Rock
1.0 g 710,0 28 300,0 12

Soft Soil 1.0 g 1200,0 48 910,0 36

54

Example
55

Example
56
ASCE 7 Uses a Smoothed
Design Acceleration Spectrum
SDS
1 Sa = 0.6 T+ 0.4 SDS This shows the basic relationships used for the ASCE
T0
2 Sa = SDS 7 spectrum. Note that the vertical axis is
pseudoacceleration. The spectrum is derived from a
“Short period” SD1
3 Sa =
acceleration T series of maps giving spectral acceleration values for
SDS TS “short period” (T = 0.2 sec) or “long period” (T = 1 sec)
Sa = L 2D1
Spectral Response

2 4
Acceleration, Sa

T
“Long period” buildings. Note that the part of the spectrum to the
acceleration right of TL (Curve 4) was introduced in the 2003
1 3
SD1
NEHRP Recommended Provisions and in ASCE 7-05.
The maps are based on very stiff soils. For design
4
purposes, the acceleration spectra is not reduced to
TS T = 1.0 TL
Period, T the ground acceleration at low periods (Line 1 on the
plot). Damping is assumed to be 5% critical.
Note exceptions at larger periods
57

The ASCE 7 Response Spectrum

ASCE 7 response spectrum is a uniform hazard spectrum based on probabilistic

and deterministic seismic hazard analysis.

58

Parameter Gerak Tanah Ss: SNI 1726-2019

Perioda Ulang Gempa =2500 tahun;

T=0,2 detik ; Kelas Situs SB
59

Parameter Gerak Tanah S1: SNI 1726-2019

Perioda Ulang Gempa =2500 tahun;

T=0,2 detik ; Kelas Situs SB
60

SNI 1726: 2019

61
Recall: ASCE 7 –
Smoothed Design Acceleration Spectrum

“Short period”
acceleration
SDS
SDS 1 Sa = 0.6 T+ 0.4
Spectral Response

2
SDS T0
Acceleration, Sa

“Long period” 2 Sa = SDS

acceleration
1 3 SD1
SD1 3 Sa =
T
TS
4 Sa = L 2D1
4 T

TS T = 1.0 TL
Period, T

Note exceptions at larger periods

62
Respon Spektra Desain 2019: Kota Bandung
(2% Terlampaui dlm 50 Tahun ~ Perioda Ulang Gempa 2500 tahun)

http://rsapuskim2019.litbang.pu.go.id/ (Masukkan koordinat lokasi)

63
ASCE 7 Elastic Spectra as Adjusted
for Ductility & Overstrength
64

SNI 1726: 2019

65
SNI 1726: 2019
66