2021

2021
2021
World Health Statistics 2021
The World health statistics report is the World Health Organization’s (WHO) annual compilation of
the most recent available data on health and health-related indicators for its 194 Member States.
The 2021 edition features the latest data for 50+ health-related indicators from the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG) and WHO Triple Billion targets. The 2021 report additionally focuses on
the human toll and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, highlighting the
importance of tracking inequalities and the urgency to accelerate progress to get back on track and
recover equitably with the support of robust data and health information systems.
World health statistics 2021: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals
ISBN 978-92-4-002705-3 (electronic version)

ISBN 978-92-4-002706-0 (print version)
© World Health Organization 2021
Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).
Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as
indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the
WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a
translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health
Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic
edition”.
Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property
Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/).
Suggested citation. World health statistics 2021: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris.
Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on
rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing.
Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your
responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting
from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.
General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference
to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital
letters.
All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being
distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader.
In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.
CONTENTS
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Abbreviations and acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Key messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
1. The impact of COVID-19 on population health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Healthy life expectancy and burden of disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Risks to health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. Universal health coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5. Accelerating progress towards health-related SDGs and Triple Billion targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Annex 1. Regional highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Annex 2. Country, WHO region and global statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Annex 3. List of countries by WHO regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Annex 4. Availability of disaggregated data for GPW 13 outcome indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs iii

FOREWORD
W
hen the World health statistics was released last year, we were still in the early stages of the COVID-19
pandemic. Countries were responding rapidly under uncertain conditions, frontline health workers
were making heroic efforts to contain the spread of the virus, and governments and partners were
scrambling to assist those in need.
One year on, the world has made great strides. But the race against this coronavirus and its variants is still
on, and there is still much work to be done. At the time of writing, more than 160 million confirmed COVID-19
cases and 3.3 million deaths had been reported to WHO. Yet these numbers are only a partial picture, as many
countries have not been able to accurately measure and report on deaths that are either directly or indirectly
attributable to COVID-19.
One of the greatest lessons from the pandemic is the importance of timely, reliable, actionable and disaggregated
data. This requires strong country data and health information systems through collaboration between
governments, ministries of health, national statistical offices and registrar generals. It also requires engagement
with the private sector, academia, nonprofit organizations, and the scientific community to ensure data is
accessible as a public good.
WHO’s World health statistics report 2021 presents the latest data for more than 50 health-related indicators for
the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s “Triple Billion” targets.
It finds an overall increase in global life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth as a result of improvements
in several communicable diseases, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions, noncommunicable diseases,
injuries and their underlying determinants. Persisting inequalities also continue to impact population health
in most, if not all, aspects. Despite the overall improvement in service coverage, between and within countries
disadvantaged populations still have lower access to care and are at greater risk of facing catastrophic costs.
While premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases – the world’s leading cause of death – continue to
fall, progress has slowed in recent years and key risk factors including tobacco use and alcohol consumption,
hypertension, obesity and physical inactivity will require urgent and targeted intervention.
Deaths from communicable diseases have also declined but continue to claim millions of lives each year, particularly
in lower-resource settings where many people cannot access quality health services. There has also been a steady
decrease in mortality from suicide, homicide, unintentional poisoning and road traffic injuries, but many more of
these deaths can still be prevented and men are at higher risk of dying from these causes than women.
To close these gaps and meet the global goals, we must continue to focus on the
equitable distribution of services and access to quality, affordable healthcare and
effective interventions in all countries and for all populations. We must also be on
alert that COVID-19 has disrupted many essential services and that the distribution
of health and care workers varies widely, with the lowest density of medical doctors,
nurses and midwives in the areas where they are needed most. Out-of-pocket
spending on healthcare is also on the rise, with the most vulnerable populations at
greatest risk of being pushed into poverty, thus further widening inequalities.
Real-time, quality data to track population health is critical for every country to
improve health outcomes and eliminate health inequalities. WHO is committed to
work with countries and partners to strengthen health information systems and Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
support data-driven policies and interventions. COVID-19 is not the first pandemic Director-General
World Health Organization
and likely will not be the last. In order to be better prepared we must have better data.
iv WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AAR After Action Review

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AFR African Region
AMR Region of the Americas
ARR annualized rate of reduction
ASR age-standardized rate
BMI body mass index
CDR crude death rate
CI confidence interval
CIx concentration index
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
CRD chronic respiratory disease
CRVS civil registration and vital statistics
CVD cardiovascular disease
DALY disability-adjusted life year
DBP diastolic blood pressure
DHS demographic and health survey
DTP3 diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (third dose)
EMR Eastern Mediterranean Region
EUR European Region
FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
GHE global health estimates
GHO Global Health Observatory
GLASS Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System
GPMB Global Preparedness Monitoring Board
GPW 13 Thirteenth General Programme of Work
HALE healthy life expectancy
HCW health and care workers
HEPI Health Emergencies Protection Index
HIC high-income country
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HWF health workforce
IHR International Health Regulations (2005)
IHR MEF International Health Regulations Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
IPV intimate partner violence
IQR interquartile range
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs v

JMP WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring programme
KAP knowledge, attitudes and practices
LE life expectancy
LIC low-income country
LMIC lower-middle-income country
MCV2 measles second dose
MICS multiple indicator cluster survey
MMR maternal mortality ratio
MoPH ministry of public health
NCD noncommunicable disease
NHWA National Health Workforce Accounts
NTD neglected tropical disease
ODA official development assistance
PCV3 pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
PM2.5 particulate matter 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter
RHS reproductive health surveys
RMNCH reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health
SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SBP systolic blood pressure
SCI service coverage index
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SEAR South-east Asia Region
SII slope index of inequality
SPAR State Party self-assessment annual reporting tool
SPH Strategic Partnership for Health Security and Emergency Preparedness
TB tuberculosis
TFA trans-fatty acid
UHC universal health coverage
UI uncertainty interval
UMIC upper-middle-income
UN United Nations
UN-DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
WASH water, sanitation and hygiene
WHA World Health Assembly
WHO World Health Organization
WHS+ World Health Survey Plus
WPR Western Pacific Region
YLD years lived with disability
vi WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

INTRODUCTION
T
he World health statistics report is the World Health Organization (WHO) annual compilation of the latest
available data on health and health-related indicators for its 194 Member States. The report is produced by
the WHO Division of Data, Analytics and Delivery for Impact, in collaboration with WHO technical departments
and regional offices. The 2021 edition features the latest data for more than 50 health-related indicators from
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the WHO Triple Billion targets. In the WHO Thirteenth General
Programme of Work (GPW 13), all Member States are committed to deliver on the Triple Billion targets and to
accelerate progress towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as informed by national data and
health information systems.
As the COVID-19 pandemic is unfolding and countries are responding, critical inequalities have surfaced,
demanding global cooperation and concerted action to be better prepared to respond to this and other global
health threats. With newly-confirmed COVID-19 cases at an all-time high globally, the scale of transmission
elevates the risk of potentially more contagious, lethal and/or immune-evasive variants. The pandemic is entering
a new phase characterized by a dramatic shift of its epicentre to the developing world, jeopardizing the world’s
collective goal to end it and risking further setbacks to the entire sustainable development agenda.
The commitment to “leave no one behind” is a cornerstone of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
But within and between countries, high and rising inequalities act as both visible and concealed impediments to
progress in population health and human, social and economic development. Reducing inequality is a discrete
SDG (SDG 10) and is vital to achieving all SDGs including ending poverty (SDG 1), ending hunger (SDG 2), ensuring
healthy lives (SDG 3), ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education (SDG 4) and achieving gender equality
(SDG 5).
Using both between country and within country inequality lenses, this report presents in Section 1 the latest
available data on COVID-19, including cases, deaths, vaccination, disruptions to health services, impact on health
workers, migrants and refugees and related data gaps. Section 2 summarizes the recent trends and levels in life
expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and global and regional burden of disease and injuries. Section 3 addresses
various behavioural, environmental and metabolic risk factors that comprise the underlying drivers of existing
disease burden. Section 4 centres around universal health coverage (UHC), describing the trends in both service
coverage and financial protection, with a closer look at different types of tracer interventions, including services
for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH), services for communicable diseases, health
workforce (HWF) and health security. Section 5 concludes the report with a summary of recent progress towards
and projections for achieving the Triple Billion targets and opportunities for accelerating progress towards the
health-related SDGs by reducing health inequalities and strengthening data and health information systems.
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs vii

KEY MESSAGES
COVID-19 poses major challenges to population health and well-being globally and thwarts the
progress in meeting SDGs and the WHO Triple Billion targets.
Emerging only at the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has quickly become a global threat to population health,
infecting over 153 million people, devastatingly costing more than 3.2 million lives by 1 May 2021 globally. COVID-19
has become a leading cause of death, caused a considerable number of additional deaths indirectly at global,
regional and national levels and has inevitably shortened life expectancy in many countries, with still unknown
long-term impact on morbidity. Preliminary WHO estimates suggest the total global excess deaths attributable
to COVID-19, both directly and indirectly, amounts to at least 3 million in the year 2020. This is 1.2 million deaths
more than the reported 1.8 million global COVID-19 deaths.
Acceleration of development, production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines is under way in countries and
through international cooperation including the COVAX initiative. However, fair and equitable access to the vaccines
is far from being achieved, and the inequality across income groups is pronounced with only 1% of doses going to
low-income countries (LICs) as compared to the 19% administered in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs),
33% in upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) and 47% in high-income countries (HICs) as of 1 May 2021. Pre-
pandemic inequalities have driven the unequal global distribution of vaccines and run the risk of perpetuating
the pandemic, which in turn has amplified existing inequality and risks throwing the entire 2030 sustainable
development agenda off-track. Achieving equal global vaccination is imperative, or the risk of a more virulent or
transmissible variant remains high: no one is safe until everyone is safe.
Disruptions of essential health services due to COVID-19 have been widespread due to the shortage of medicines,
staff, diagnostics and public transport services. The second WHO “pulse survey” highlights persistent disruptions
at a considerable scale over one year into the COVID-19 pandemic, with 89% of 135 countries and territories
reporting one or more disruptions to essential health services. Improvements were seen within countries,
however, with average reported disruptions in essential health services decreasing from about half in 2020 to
just over one third in the first quarter of 2021. In response to service disruptions, the majority of countries are
implementing mitigation strategies and approaches including community communications, triaging to identify
priorities, recruitment of additional staff, and provision of home-based care.
COVID-19 is disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations, including the economically disadvantaged, older
adults and those who live in congregate residential settings or with existing underlying health conditions. This
draws further attention to persistent inequalities in both health outcomes and health determinants, including
risk factors, social determinants and access to health services, within and across countries. The pandemic
poses critical challenges to the health systems in low-resource settings and is jeopardizing the hard-won health
and development gains towards achieving the WHO Triple Billion targets and UN Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). However, the lack of disaggregated COVID-19 data and strong data infrastructure with good vital
registration systems limits the development of more effective and better targeted policies and the allocation of
resources that are data-driven for mitigating the pandemic situation and restoring progress towards the Triple
Billion targets and SDGs.
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, improvements in health were made. However, the progress is
inadequate for attaining the Triple Billion targets and health-related SDGs, calling for more effective
disease and injury prevention and control programmes.
The global population continues to live longer and live more years in good health. Between 2000 and 2019, global
life expectancy (LE) at birth increased from 66.8 years in 2000 to 73.3 years in 2019, and healthy life expectancy
(HALE) increased from 58.3 years to 63.7 years. Sharing similar increasing trends but starting with different
baselines, LE and HALE among females were consistently higher than males. LE and HALE also rise with national
income levels, however, the greatest improvements were observed in LICs, gaining over 11 years in LE and nearly
viii WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

10 years in HALE in 2000 to 2019, predominantly reflecting the remarkable progress made in reducing mortality
among children under 5 years of age. While both were rising, LE was improving moderately faster than HALE
worldwide, leading to a slightly higher proportion of years lived with disability.
These patterns were driven by the rapid transitions and associated inequalities in the evolution of mortality
and morbidity profiles since 2000. The dramatic decline in premature mortality due to communicable diseases,
particularly in low-resource settings, has shifted the disease burden to noncommunicable diseases (NCD),
increasing the global share of NCD deaths among all deaths from 60.8% in 2000 to 73.6% in 2019.
While NCDs accounted for up to over 85% of deaths in HICs – with heart disease, dementia and stroke being the
leading causes – communicable diseases along with maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions were still
responsible for nearly half of all deaths in LICs with lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria,
tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS remaining in the top 10 causes of death. LICs and LMICs bore the vast majority of
the burden of communicable diseases, including that attributable to tuberculosis (TB), HIV, malaria, neglected
tropical diseases (NTDs) and hepatitis B.
Despite the progress already made, the current pace of improvements is not rapid enough for many indicators to meet
the SDG targets by 2030, including premature mortality from NCDs, the incidence of TB and malaria, and new HIV
infections. These challenges underscore the need for strong disease and injury prevention and control programmes
to adequately accelerate the current progress for meeting various national and international health targets.
Indicators for health-related SDGs and the WHO Triple Billion targets have seen overall improvements,
but progress is not fast enough and risks being set back by COVID-19. Further acceleration is needed
for addressing risk factors, scaling up universal health coverage (UHC), and strengthening capacities
to detect, assess, report on and respond to public health emergencies.
To prevent diseases and injuries and keep the population healthy in the first place, the WHO Triple Billion
targets and SDGs both dedicate several indicators to addressing risk factors through the impact of multisectoral
interventions. Progress in reducing exposure to risk factors is mixed and also manifests inequalities. While there
has been success in reducing tobacco use globally, the prevalence of adult obesity was on the rise with up to a
quarter of the population in HICs being obese. The prevalence of hypertension also showed a mixed picture where
the prevalence declined worldwide between 2000 and 2015, except for LICs where a slightly upward trend was
seen. A notable decline for harmful use of alcohol was only seen recently after a plateau in 2010–2015. In addition,
lower-resource countries continue to be exposed to ambient and household air pollution at higher rates than more
developed countries. Children and women in LICs and LMICs are also at higher risk of malnutrition , including
stunting, wasting, and anaemia during pregnancy. UMICs are more susceptible to overweight.
Many countries are already making progress towards UHC, although everywhere the COVID-19 pandemic has
impacted the ability of health systems to provide undisrupted health services. Improvements in coverage of
essential health services have been recorded in all income groups and across different types of services, despite
persistent inequalities. The UHC service coverage index (SCI) increased from a global average of 45 (of 100) in
2000 to 66 in 2017. The greatest progress has been in LICs, driven mainly by interventions for infectious diseases
and, to a smaller extent, for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) services. Globally and
for many countries, however, the pace of progress has slowed since 2010, and the poorest countries and those
affected by conflict generally lag furthest behind. Continued progress requires considerable strengthening of
health systems, particularly in lower income settings. Unfortunately, the gains in service coverage have come at a
major cost to individuals and their families. Overall, financial protection prior to COVID-19 has been deteriorating.
The proportion of the population with out-of-pocket health spending exceeding 10% of their household budget
rose from 9% to 13%, and those exceeding 25% rose from 1.7% to 2.9%, over the period 2000–2015. The impact of
COVID-19 on the number of households spending a large share of their budgets on health care remains uncertain,
as there is evidence of income shrinking, poverty increasing and households forgoing health care.
The pandemic also glaringly demonstrates the crucial role of health workers in public health capacity, exposing
their inequitable availability, and unassured safety and well-being, adding new challenges to the already unevenly
distributed workforce within and between countries.
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs ix

In terms of global health security, trends in State Party self-assessment annual reporting tool (SPAR) show
stability and steady progress since 2018 in almost every core capacity except for a very small reduction observed
in 2020, compared to 2019, in the capacities related to zoonotic events and human–animal health interface
and chemical events. The COVID-19 experience shows the critical need for a coordinated multisectoral health
emergency surge capacity and preparedness at all levels within countries. In addition, continuing efforts are
needed to improve and maintain early warning systems to mitigate and manage public health risks within
the national context and to consider worldwide pandemic context for national health emergency operational
preparedness planning.
The Triple Billion targets are critical for helping countries to accelerate the delivery of the SDGs,
and require swift and enhanced political commitment and investment for achieving them by 2023.
Inequalities continue to impede the achievement of optimal and equitable health gains. Strong
health information systems with high-quality, timely and reliable disaggregated data are urgently
needed to identify the health gaps and inequalities and to inform targeted, effective and cost-
effective decision-making.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, none of the Triple Billion targets was projected to be met; with UHC, Healthier
Populations and Health Emergencies falling short of the one billion GPW 13 goals by 710, 100 and 80 million
respectively. These projections have not taken the full impacts of COVID-19 into account, which is expected to
further impede the attainment of many of the targets. COVID-19 has revealed that no country is prepared to deal
with a pandemic of such magnitude, scale and impact. Getting back on track and accelerating progress towards
meeting the Triple Billion targets requires multilateralism and equitable, rights-based and inclusive multisectoral
responses to global health challenges.
A strong health information system is crucial for monitoring and accelerating progress towards the SDGs,
GPW 13 Triple Billion targets, and national and subnational health priorities. It is critical that such a system can
generate timely, reliable, disaggregated comparable and actionable data, to measure and track population health
determinants and outcomes along with health inequality therein, and to ultimately drive strategic policy changes.
The WHO SCORE assessment showed that about 40% of the world’s deaths remain unregistered, and 50% of
countries have limited or less capacity for systematic monitoring of health care quality, and only 59% of countries
have good capacity to use data to drive policy and planning. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the
importance of closing existing data gaps with high-quality health data and strong health information systems for
guiding all stages of policy to respond to daily needs for improving population health and unpredictable health
emergencies.
Irrespective of the COVID-19 pandemic, existing inequalities, both within countries and between countries, impede
appropriately targeted interventions and the accrual of equitable health gains. As evidenced throughout this
report, populations in low-resource settings, those who are less educated, women, rural populations, racial and
ethnic minorities, and migrants continue to have higher exposures to many health risks, lower access to health
services and lower health literacy and consequently face poorer health outcomes.
Identifying health inequalities and their determinants is essential for achieving health equity and improving
programme delivery. Knowing who is being left behind relies on equity-oriented national health information
systems to produce and use inequality data for a fairer, healthier world. Yet, high-quality disaggregated data for
monitoring health inequalities and for ensuring equitable health service access and uptake are lacking worldwide.
In addition, even the available disaggregated data are often not made accessible to decision-makers as needed.
Only 51% of 133 studied countries include data disaggregation in published national health statistical reports,
ranging from 63% in HICs to only 46–50% for other income groups. Investment and political commitment are
vital to enhancing country health information systems that generate disaggregated data by multiple inequality
dimensions through various data sources including civil registration and vital statistics, population-based surveys,
routine health facility data and administrative data.
x WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

1 THE IMPACT OF
COVID-19 ON
POPULATION HEALTH
Emerging only at the end of 2019 and declared by WHO

as a global pandemic on 11 March 2020, the COVID-19
pandemic has wrought unprecedented devastation on
global population health, infecting over 153 million
people by 1 May 2021, and claiming more than
3.2 million lives globally. Available evidence indicates
that COVID-19 has sharply shortened life expectancy
and well-being of the world population in important,
indirect ways.
COVID-19 cases and deaths
As of 1 May 2021, more than 153 million confirmed

(LE) in many countries to a degree that has not been COVID-19 cases and 3.2 million related deaths have
seen in decades and is found to have long-term impact been reported to WHO (Figs 1.1 and 1.2). The Region of
on morbidity among some individuals, exacerbating the Americas and the European Region have been the
existing vulnerabilities linked to underlying inequity most affected, together comprising over three quarters
(1–5). In addition to the direct epidemiological impact, of cases reported globally, with respective case rates
the knock-on effects of the pandemic have resulted in per 100 000 population of 5999 and 5455.
disruptions to essential health services as observed
through widespread shortages of medicines, staff, Of the 23.1 million cases reported in the South-East
diagnostics and public transport services, as well as Asia Region to date, over 86% are attributed to India.
hesitancy to seek medical treatment due to fear of Almost half (48%) of all reported COVID-19-associated
infection. The pandemic poses critical challenges to deaths have occurred in the Region of the Americas,
weak health systems in low-resource settings and the and one third (34%) in the European Region.
lack of timely, reliable and disaggregated COVID-19
data has challenged effective and better targeted Despite the extensive spread of the virus, COVID-19
policies and resource allocation. Furthermore, the cases to date appear to be concentrated predominantly
pandemic also has remarkable social and economic in high-income countries (HICs). As of 1 May 2021, the
impacts that are beyond the health sphere, including 20 most impacted HICs account for almost half (45%)
economic recession, unemployment, school closing of the world’s COVID-19 cases, yet they represent only
and self-isolation, all of which have affected the health one eighth (12.4%) of the global population.
1
That said, a recent shift in distribution of cases and This is in contrast to the rise of the share of global
deaths from higher- to lower-resource settings is monthly new cases contributed by LMICs from 8% in
evident. For example, while HICs accounted for about January 2021 to 37% in April 2021, and the share for
64% and 59% of the global monthly new cases and new deaths from 8% to 22% between January and
deaths, respectively, in January 2021, the shares April 2021.
dropped to 31% and 27%, respectively, in April 2021.
a) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases (in thousands) b) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases, per 100 000 population
Americas 62248 Americas 6114
Europe 51891 Europe 5562
South-East Asia 23061 Eastern Mediterranean 1221
Eastern Mediterranean 8862 South-East Asia 1141
Africa 3281 Africa 293
Western Pacific 2462 Western Pacific 127
0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 0 1k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k
Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases
c) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases

N = 153 million
South
Un
ite
Af ric
d
St
a
Ira
te
In
s
a
n
d
of
on
Am
e si
er
a
ic
a
ia
Ind
AFR
EM
R
SE
AR
AMR
Brazil
EUR
Arg
en
Co tin
s lom a
nd
la M bia
h er hia ex
t c e Pe ico
Ne Cze ain ru
kr
d
Russian Federation
n
U
la
m
an
Po
Kingdo
rm
Fra
ain
T urk
Ge
nc
Sp
Ital
e
ey
U nited
Source: WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) surveillance dashboard (6).
Fig. 1.1. Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases as of 1 May 2021, by region: a) in thousands; b) per 100 000 population; and c) by location
2 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

a) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths (in thousands) b) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19, per 100 000 population
Americas 1520 Americas 149
Europe 1084 Europe 116
South-East Asia 284 Eastern Mediterranean 25
Eastern Mediterranean 181 South-East Asia 14
Africa 83 Africa 7
Western Pacific 37 Western Pacific 2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths
c) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths

N = 3.2 million
South
Un
ite
d
Africa
St
a te
Ira
so
In
fA
n
d
on
m
er
e
ica
si
a
In
d ia
AFR
EM
SE
R
AR
Brazil
AMR
ia
Czech EUR
ey
T urk e
ain
U kr
d
lan
Po Me
xic
ain o
Sp
a ny
ion
Co
m
er
lo
Ar
ce
G
rat
United Kingdom
m
g
an
bi
en
de
Pe
a
Fr
tin
e
ru
nF
Italy
a
sia
s
Ru
Fig. 1.2. Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths as of 1 May 2021, by region: a) in thousands; b) per 100 000 population; and c) by location
MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 3

COVID-19 cases (probable and confirmed)
a total of 49 032 510 cases
80+ 80+
75-79 75-79
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64
50-59 50-59
Age group
40-49 40-49
30-39 30-39
20-29 20-29
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
<5 <5
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of cases (millions)
Female (51.3%) Male (48.7%)
Fig. 1.3. Total number of COVID-19 cases (probable and confirmed), by age and sex, January 2020 to April 2021
Excess deaths Only a subset of countries has the mortality surveillance

capacity to track this measure in real time (10,11).
Excess mortality refers to the difference in the total Responding to this critical data gap, WHO and the
number of deaths in a crisis-related period, compared United Nations Department of Economic and Social
to those expected under non-pandemic conditions. Affairs (UN-DESA) has convened an expert group of
The excess mortality attributable to COVID-19 epidemiologists, biostatisticians, demographers and
provides a more accurate picture of the full impact officers from national statistical offices. The role of this
of the pandemic as it accounts for both the total technical advisory group (TAG) is to advise and assist
COVID-19 deaths directly attributable to the disease WHO and Member States to obtain accurate estimates
as well as the indirect impacts of the pandemic and of numbers of deaths attributable to the pandemic
responses to it, such as travel restrictions. The excess for all locations of the world, including those without
includes the deaths due to COVID-19 that are correctly timely data (12).
certified together with those that were not reported or
incorrectly attributed to other causes, as well as the With the support of the TAG, preliminary assessments
net effect of changes in other causes that are related of excess mortality estimate 1.34–1.46 million excess
to the pandemic and responses to it. The calculation deaths in the Region of the Americas during 2020 –
of excess deaths requires the observed numbers of about 60% more than the reported 860 000 COVID-19
deaths for a specified time and place to be compared deaths. Likewise, 1.11–1.21 million excess deaths
to those expected if the pandemic had not occurred. are estimated for the European Region – double
Available evidence from the countries with rapid the 590 000 reported COVID-19 deaths. There are
mortality surveillance systems suggests that in many significant data gaps in the African Region, the Eastern
locations the reported number of COVID-19 deaths is a Mediterranean Region, the South-East Asia Region and
significant undercount of the full toll of the pandemic, the Western Pacific Region, for which just over 360 000
and the estimated excess mortality can be many times total COVID-19 deaths were reported for this period.
higher (7–9). However, it is also clear that responses Only 16 of the 106 Member States making up these
to the pandemic in some locations have resulted in a regions have sufficient data from which to calculate
number of deaths being averted. the year 2020 excess mortality empirically. WHO is

actively engaging with Member States to improve the females (48.7% vs 51.3% of all reported cases), however
quality of their available data and the TAG is currently the number of deaths is markedly higher among males
exploring robust statistical frameworks to estimate than females (57.6% vs 42.4% of all deaths) (Figs. 1.3 to 1.6).
excess mortality in the locations for which this is not
currently feasible. A tentative extrapolation of the Among both males and females, the number of
results from the Americas Region and the European COVID-19 cases increases with age until age 30–39
Region assessments suggests that globally, over years, then decreases until age 75–79 years, but is
3 million excess deaths attributable to the COVID-19 slightly elevated again for those aged 80 years or older.
pandemic occurred in the year 2020. This is over For both sexes, the highest numbers of COVID-19 cases
1.2 million deaths more than the reported 1.8 million are observed for ages 30–39 years, representing about
COVID-19 deaths. However, further data collection and 20% of all cases. About 60% of all cases occur among
additional statistical modelling are needed to refine ages 20–60 years, for both males and females.
this estimate.
The number of COVID-19 deaths shows a very different
pattern: overall, the number of COVID-19 deaths
Age- and sex-related inequalities increases with age and is highest for those aged
80 years and older (representing one third of all deaths,
With the limited data available, the current analysis among both males and females).
shows COVID-19 cases and deaths not only vary
between countries, but also between population Available time trend data shows that, temporally, the
subgroups within countries, including between males number of cases was about the same between males
and females and between different age groups. and females (Fig. 1.4), while the number of deaths was
continually higher among males than females (Figs 1.5
Available global data show that the number of COVID-19 and 1.6).
cases does not differ significantly between males and
COVID-19 cases (probable and confirmed)
5
Number of cases (millions)
0
Jan 2020 Feb 2020 Mar 2020 Apr 2020 May 2020 Jun 2020 Jul 2020 Aug 2020 Sep 2020 Oct 2020 Nov 2020 Dec 2020 Jan 2021 Feb 2021 Mar 2021 Apr 2021
Female Male
Note: The illustrated April cases are only up to 12 April and not the complete month.
Fig. 1.4. Change over time in number of COVID-19 cases (probable and confirmed), by sex, January 2020 to April 2021

COVID-19 deaths (probable and confirmed)
a total of 1 050 250 deaths
80+ 80+
75-79 75-79
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64
50-59 50-59
Age group
40-49 40-49
30-39 30-39
20-29 20-29
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
<5 <5
250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250

Number of deaths (thousands)
Female (42.4%) Male (57.6%)
Fig. 1.5. Total number of COVID-19 deaths (probable and confirmed), by age and sex, January 2020 to April 2021
COVID-19 deaths (probable and confirmed)
80
Number of deaths (thousands)
60
40
20
0
Jan 2020 Feb 2020 Mar 2020 Apr 2020 May 2020 Jun 2020 Jul 2020 Aug 2020 Sep 2020 Oct 2020 Nov 2020 Dec 2020 Jan 2021 Feb 2021 Mar 2021 Apr 2021
Female Male
Note: The illustrated April deaths are only up to 12 April and not the complete month.
Fig. 1.6. Change over time in number of COVID-19 deaths (probable and confirmed), by sex, January 2020 to April 2021

COVID-19 already a leading cause of death
Table 1.1. COVID-19 as a leading cause of death
Cause 2019 2020

To put deaths due to COVID-19 into perspective along Ischaemic heart disease 8 880 000
with other leading causes of death, relative to causes Stroke 6 190 000
described in the WHO Global Health Estimates 2019 COPD 3 220 000
(11), the absolute number of reported deaths in 2020 Lower respiratory infections 2 590 000
would rank COVID-19 within the top 10 causes of death Neonatal conditions 1 960 000
globally, with only ischaemic heart disease, stroke, COVID-19 1 800 000
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 1 760 000
respiratory infections and neonatal conditions ranked Alzheimer's disease and other dementias 1 590 000
higher (Table 1.1) (12). Diabetes mellitus 1 490 000
Diarrhoeal diseases 1 450 000
COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination Note: Comparing total deaths estimated for leading causes in 2019 Global Health Estimates to the reported
COVID-19 deaths for the year 2020. Comparing quantities from two different periods and so does not account
for population growth or any epidemiological changes. However, gives an order of magnitude picture and
expected relative ranking of causes for 2020 assuming mortality risks and levels for other causes have not
In light of the still unfolding pandemic, global equitable changed significantly.
access to vaccines – with a focus on protecting priority Source: WHO Global Health Estimates 2019 (11) and WHO Covid-19 surveillance dashboard (6).
populations including health care workers and those

most at risk – is one of the most important measures
to mitigate the tragic health and economic impacts and As of 1 May 2021, just over a billion COVID-19 vaccine
bring the pandemic under control. This is anticipated doses had been administered globally (Fig. 1.7). The
to prevent the loss of US$ 375 billion to the global highest number of doses has been administered in the
economy every month. Multiple viable vaccines have Region of the Americas (33%) followed by the European
been developed in record time, however the world Region and Western Pacific Region (23% and 22%,
continues to face challenges to rapidly ramp up vaccine respectively). The remaining 23% were administered to
production to respond to the overwhelming demand the South-East Asia Region, the Eastern Mediterranean
globally. To accelerate development, production and Region and the African Region (accounting for 17%, 4%
delivery – and guarantee fair and equitable access to and 1%, respectively). The inequality across income
COVID-19 vaccines – WHO, in collaboration with GAVI, groups is pronounced with only 1% of doses going to
the Vaccine Alliance, and the Coalition for Epidemic LICs as compared to the 19% administered in LMICs,
Preparedness Innovations, co-led the COVAX initiative. 33% in UMICs and 47% in HICs (Fig. 1.8).
As of 1 May 2021, COVAX has shipped approximately
53 million doses to 121 participating countries (13).
Distribution of COVID-19 vaccine doses by WHO regions Distribution of COVID-19 vaccine doses by World Bank
income groups
50
48
50
48 45
41 43
40
40
40
38
34 34
30 32
30
30
26
24
%
20 20
20
18
16
15
14
10 9
10
6 6
4
3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
0 0
AMR EUR SEAR EMR AFR WPR LIC LMIC UMIC HIC
WHO regions World Bank income groups
% global cases % global deaths % global doses % global cases % global deaths % global doses
Note: WB = World Bank.

Fig. 1.7. Distribution of COVID-19 vaccine doses by WHO regions and World Bank income groups

COVID-19 new vaccinations by date and World Bank income groups
10M
8M
New vaccinations
6M
4M
2M
0
7 Dec 21 Dec 4 Jan 18 Jan 1 Feb 15 Feb 1 Mar 15 Mar 29 Mar 12 Apr 26 Apr
Date
LIC LMIC UMIC HIC
Notes: Timeline
Source: Ourshown is frominDecember
World data as2020
ofuntil
1 MayApril 2021.
2021 M = million; WB = World Bank.
Source: Our world in data (14).
Fig. 1.8. Distribution of new COVID-19 vaccination doses by World Bank income group and date
Unequal roll-out of vaccines amidst the spread of Disruption of essential health services
new variants puts lower-resourced settings at greater
risk and partly explains the recent shift of mortality The second round of the WHO “pulse survey” of
distribution from higher- to lower-resource settings. 135 countries and territories (April 2021) highlights
Pre-pandemic inequalities have driven the unequal persistent disruptions to health services at considerable
global distribution of vaccines and run the risk of scale over one year into the COVID-19 pandemic,
perpetuating the pandemic, which in turn has amplified with around 90% of countries reporting one or more
existing inequality and risks throwing the entire 2030 disruptions to essential health services. Improvements,
sustainable development agenda off-track. Global however, were seen within countries, with average
solidarity to boost the manufacturing of vaccines and reported disruptions falling from about half of essential
to guarantee their equitable access is critical to prevent health services in 2020 to just over one third in the
potentially more transmissible, lethal or immune- first quarter of 2021 (15,16). Health workforce-related
evasive variants from spreading and to eventually keep reasons, including reassignment within the health
the global community safe from the virus. system, remain the most common causes of service
disruption, affecting two thirds of the surveyed
However, vaccines alone will not be sufficient to end the countries. Disrupted supply chains was reported by
pandemic. Sustained downturns in weekly cases and nearly one third of surveyed countries, limiting the
deaths at global level are still yet to be seen: we need availability of essential medicines, diagnostics and the
to do everything possible – including social distancing, PPE required to safeguard health workers to effectively
wearing masks and frequently cleaning hands – to stop provide care. Another most frequently cited reason for
the spread of the virus and prevent mutations that may discontinuing or reducing services was cancellations of
compromise the efficacy of existing vaccines. planned prevention and treatment services.

On the demand side, patients not seeking care , including of additional staff (56%), redirection of patients to
due to community mistrust and fears of infections is alternate care sites, provision of home-based care
reported in over half of surveyed countries. Financial (51%) and replacement of in-person consultations with
challenges also exacerbate the situation, being the telemedicine (48%).
major reasons for disruptions in service utilization in
43% of the surveyed countries. Consequently, millions of
people are still missing out on vital health care. Provision Health workers are regularly reported among
of day-to-day primary care for preventing and managing COVID-19 cases
some of the most common health conditions is the most
impacted, affecting nearly half of surveyed countries. Health and care workers (HCW) are at the forefront of
Older and/or disabled people are severely affected due to any disease outbreak and their unwavering dedication
the disruptions in long-term care for chronic conditions, has been critical to national and local responses to
rehabilitation and palliative end-of-life care. the COVID-19 pandemic (17). A major proportion of
their functions and roles is associated with the risk of
The most extensively affected types of services are exposure to hazards having serious potential impacts
those for mental, neurological and substance use on their welfare and that of their families. Based on
disorders; neglected tropical diseases; tuberculosis case reporting forms from surveillance data submitted
(TB); human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis to WHO by Member States, HCWs have been regularly
B and C; cancer screening, and services for other reported as being among new cases of COVID-19
noncommunicable diseases including hypertension infection. Although these data are only a subset of all
and diabetes; family planning and contraception; urgent cases, they demonstrate that HCWs comprised more
dental care; and malnutrition. Over 40% of the surveyed than 10% of all new COVID-19 cases in the first three
countries reported disruptions in these types of services. months of the pandemic, declining to less than 5% by
June 2020, and to approximately 2.5% by September
Although significant progress was made in reducing 2020 (18). These data illustrate the burden of COVID-19
disruptions to immunization services in health facilities among HCWs, particularly at the early stages of the
and outreach immunization services by 20% and 30%, pandemic, suggesting that increased adoption and use
respectively, compared to 2020, more than one third of of protective measures decreased their risk.
the surveyed countries still report disruptions in these
services. Similarly, one or more malaria services were In addition to this risk of COVID-19 exposure, the
still disrupted in about 40% of surveyed countries, pandemic in 2020 was associated with further mental
notwithstanding the improvements compared to 2020. health challenges, burnout, adapting to reprogramming
of health services, and deteriorating working conditions
In response to the service disruptions, the majority of for HCWs, which all combined to lead to strikes as well
the countries surveyed are implementing mitigation as occupational stigma and discrimination. Together,
strategies and approaches. The most common ones these factors have further impacted the availability of
include use of community communications (66%), HCWs and disrupted the already fragile health services
triaging to identify priorities (60%), recruitment in many countries.

THE PANDEMIC ALSO IMPACTS REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS
Despite SDG target 17.18 calling for data to be

disaggregated by migratory status, as well as a
call for data on the health status of refugees and
migrants in numerous WHO (21, 22) and UN (23,24)
resolutions, very little can currently be said about
refugees and migrants in relation to health-related
indicators. Systematic studies and comprehensive
bibliometric analysis (25) showed that even when
there is some evidence, it is predominantly from HICs
and focused on certain disease categories. There is,
therefore, an urgent need for systematic, comparable
and representative qualitative and quantitative
evidence on health issues among refugees and
migrants.
In line with the Global Action Plan 2019–2023 (22),
WHO work for refugee and migrant health within the
Health and Migration Programme contributes to filling
the gaps in evidence including setting of a research
agenda to strengthen norms, standards and guidance
to help countries better monitor trends and progress
towards SDG and other development goals and
targets. The provision of policy measures to protect
migrant rights remains uneven, although more than
80% of responding governments indicate that they
provide non-nationals with equal access to essential
or emergency health care regardless of their legal
immigration status (26).
With one billion migrants globally – including
281 million international migrants, 80 million forcibly Notes: Number of respondents for each issue: 15 278 depression, 15 483 worry, 15 291 anxiety, 14 730 loneliness, 13 340 anger, 13 454
reminders, 12 344 physical stress reactions, 13 343 irritability, 13 314 hopelessness, 13 232 sleep problems, 8915 drugs and alcohol (survey
displaced population, 45.7 million internally displaced question used this term); number of participants differed by housing situation (e.g. for depression the numbers responding were 13 562 for
people and 26.3 million refugees (27) – the scale house/apartment, 359 for asylum centre, 1190 for refugee camp, 167 for on the streets or in insecure accommodation).
of global migration is enormous. Addressing the
Source: Apart Together survey (19).
health needs of refugees and migrants is critical for
managing health programmes, and response and
recovery operations, as well as to ensure human Fig. 1.9. Refugees and migrants identifying deterioration of mental health since the COVID-19
rights protection and equity considerations. pandemic, by housing type
The COVID-19 pandemic has further worsened the
already distressed living and health conditions of
refugees and migrants. In 2020, the ApartTogether
survey (28) captured self-reported data from 30 000
refugees and migrants in 170 countries, originating
from 159 countries or territories. The participants
indicated that since the start of the pandemic they
were feeling significantly more depressed, worried,
anxious, lonely, angry, stressed, irritated, hopeless,
were having more sleep-related problems and used
more drugs and alcohol (Fig. 1.9)
Among the participants reporting worsening of their
mental health status, refugees and migrants living
in asylum centres or on the streets reported greater
worsening than those in houses, apartments or even
refugee camps. About 1200 respondents reported
not seeking health care even when they showed
COVID-19 symptoms. Lack of financial means, fear
of deportation, lack of availability of health care
or no entitlement were cited as reasons by almost
two thirds (60%) of those not seeking health care
(Fig. 1.10).
Despite a significant focus on ensuring the inclusion
of refugees and migrants in the global response to
COVID-19 and related recovery reports, irregular
migrants remain among the most excluded from
access to health care. In most countries, they can
only access health services if they are able to cover
full related costs. Asylum seeker’s access to national
Note: Data from 1198 respondents.
health insurance schemes is also impacted by the
political and legal context in the host country. The Source: Apart Together survey (19).
UN Framework for the immediate socioeconomic
response to COVID-19 (29) highlights refugees and Fig. 1.10. Reasons for refugees and migrants not seeking medical care in case of (suspected)
migrants as at-risk populations experiencing the COVID‑19 symptoms
highest degree of socioeconomic marginalization
requiring specific attention and disaggregated data
collection.

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AFFECTS COVID-19 PREVENTION BEHAVIOURS
An ongoing survey conducted in a partnership between Facebook and the University of Maryland in 35 HICs shows that in the past 10 months (between May 2020 and
February 2021), the more deprived people are, the less they apply protective behaviours against COVID-19. Household overcrowding is an indicator of socioeconomic status,
with extremely overcrowded defined as more than five people per room used for sleeping, moderately overcrowded defined as more than two but less than or equal to five,
and uncrowded defined as two or less. Survey respondents constituted between 1% and 21% of the adult population living in moderately overcrowded conditions, and 0.01%
to 3.1% living in extremely overcrowded conditions across the 35 countries.
People living in overcrowded households are overall less likely to intentionally avoid contact with others, practice regular handwashing each day, and wear masks in public
when compared to people living in uncrowded households. Preventive behaviours decrease as the amount of overcrowding increases (Fig. 1.11).
Overall, 79% of people living in uncrowded households1 reported trying to physically distance themselves from others, compared to 71% in moderately overcrowded and
65% in extremely overcrowded households. Regular daily handwashing practices were also more common among people who lived in uncrowded households (93%) than in
moderately overcrowded (89%) and extremely overcrowded households (82%). In terms of mask wearing in public, overall, 87% of people living in uncrowded households
wore a mask all or most of the time when in public in the last seven days, compared to 80% of people living in moderately overcrowded conditions and 74% of people living in
extremely overcrowded conditions.
Physical distancing Handwashing Mask wearing

Intentionally avoiding contact with other people all the Washing hands with soap and water or using hand Wearing a mask all the time or most of the time when in
time or most of the time (%) sanitizer 3+ times in the last 24 hrs (%) public in the last 7 days (%)
100
92.5%
90 88.7%
86.8%
81.5% 80.2%
79.2%
80
73.5%
71.2%
70
65.3%
60
Median (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Extremely Moderately Uncrowded Extremely Moderately Uncrowded Extremely Moderately Uncrowded
overcrowded overcrowded (≤ 2 people per room) overcrowded overcrowded (≤ 2 people per room) overcrowded overcrowded (≤ 2 people per room)
(>5 people per room) (>2-5 people per room) (>5 people per room) (>2-5 people per room) (>5 people per room) (>2-5 people per room)
Note: Overcrowding is measured by the number of persons per room used for sleeping. The number of people per room considers rooms used for sleeping. P
Source: WHO calculations using COVID-19 World Symptoms Survey data.
Fig. 1.11. Combined data for preventive indicators: physical distancing, handwashing and wearing masks, by ‘household crowding’ in 35 HICs
Median value of 35 countries.

1
Data gaps From the onset of the pandemic, completed WHO case
report forms have provided an important source of
The main challenge to determining the factors that information for real-time monitoring and tracking of
are primarily associated with elevated COVID-19 the impact of the pandemic. These data are submitted
infection and related mortality risk is the paucity of to WHO by Member States in line with the Global
available data, particularly the absence of identifiers surveillance system for COVID-19 set up in January
such as sex and age in a significant proportion of the 2020 under the framework of the International Health
data that have been reported. Importantly, analysis Regulations (2005) (21). An interim case reporting form
of COVID-19 cases and deaths by sex and age relies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
on the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable 2 (SARS-CoV-2) confirmed and probable cases was
disaggregated data. Active COVID-19 surveillance posted on the WHO website and Member States were
represents a substantial additional burden for public requested to submit completed forms within 48 hours
health surveillance systems, especially in low- and of case identification. On 27 February 2020, a revised
middle-income countries. Countries have prioritized form was posted with the request to resubmit forms
reporting in different ways, and opportunities for sex when patient outcomes were known or 30 days after the
and age disaggregation have been limited for some first submission. Countries were requested to submit
countries, and at different stages of the pandemic. case report forms as feasible and data submitted up to

28 February 2021 have been assessed for quality and whereas 72 countries (30%) report sex-disaggregation
information gaps (Figs 1.12 and 1.13). for at least 70% of cases. Globally, sex was reported
for just over half of all cases (51%). Compared to the
Overall, between January 2020 and April 2021, only 41 year 2020, the percentage is higher for May and April
out of 236 countries, area or territories (17%) report of 2021, reflecting some improvement of surveillance
sex-disaggregated data for at least 95% of cases, and reporting.
Distribution of case report forms by region (%)

80
75.2
70
60
50
Percentage
40
30
20
13.7
10
5.8 5.2
0 0.1
0
AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR WPR
WHO region
Note: Data comprises 53 256 926 eligible case report forms.

Fig. 1.12. Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 case report forms, by WHO region (%)
Case report forms with missing attributes (%)

120
99.6 99.3
100
80
Percentage
60
50.5
44.2
40
20
8
6.3 5.4
2.5
0.3 0.2 0.2 0 0.3 0.4
0
AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR WPR Global
WHO region
Missing age Missing sex
Note: Data comprises 53 256 926 eligible case report forms.

Fig. 1.13. SARS-CoV-2 case report forms with missing attributes, by WHO region (%)

In addition, data gaps were evident through assessment integration with other existing routine surveillance,
of the proportion of countries reporting COVID-19 such as demographic and geographic monitoring
cases among the health workforce (HWF) (Table 1.2). systems. COVID-19 surveillance and monitoring must
Inclusion of HCW identifiers averaged 81% globally and also be combined with (and de-segregated as needed
ranged from 50% in the South-East Asia Region to 98% from) tracking of SDG goals and targets, UHC and IHR-
in the African Region. related national preparedness indicators, as well as
broader examination of coverage by vaccines and water,
It is over one year since the first recognition of the sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services.
COVID-19 pandemic, and many important lessons
remain to be fully documented and harnessed. Investment of attention and resources must be ensured
Looking ahead, numerous opportunities exist for so that development of COVID-19 surveillance systems
improving routine COVID-19 monitoring systems, can occur at a pace and scale similar to COVID-related
data collection and disaggregation. This includes vaccine and clinical research, and with a similar
alignment of COVID-19 surveillance with the continuous intensity of innovation (22,23).
strengthening of health information systems and its
Table 1.2. Health workforce data in SARS-CoV-2 case report forms, by WHO region
WHO region Number of countries Total cases reported Number of countries Proportion of countries Number of HWF cases
reporting cases reporting HWF data reporting HWF data
AMR 40 56 189 932 30 75% 1 118 000
EUR 54 45 551 551 40 74% 692 408
AFR 47 3 089 961 46 98% 104 625
EMR 21 5 807 616 17 81% 39 327
WPR 10 1 842 207 9 90% 23 244
SEAR 10 15 330 286 5 50% 660
Total 182 127 811 553 147 81% 1 978 264
Note: HWF = health workforce; AMR = Region of the Americas; EUR = European Region; AFR = African Region; EMR = Eastern Mediterranean Region; WPR = Western Pacific Region; SEAR = South-East Asia Region.

References
1. Arias E, Tejada-Vera B and Ahmad F. Provisional life expectancy estimates for January through June, 2020. Vital Statistics
Rapid Release. 2021;10 (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/VSRR10-508.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
2. Aburto JM, Kashyap R, Schöley J, Angus C, Ermisch J, Mills MC, Beam Dowd J. Estimating the burden of the COVID-19
pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality in England and Wales: a population-level analysis. J Epidemiol
Community Health. 2021 (published online). doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-215505.
3. Life expectancy by age and sex [online database]. Brussels: Eurostat; 2021 (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/
DEMO_MLEXPEC/bookmark/table, accessed 1 May 2021).
4. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nature Medicine.
2021;27:601–615 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01283-z, accessed 1 May 2021).
5. Post-COVID conditions. Atlanta: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-
ncov/long-term-effects.html, accessed 1 May 2021).
6. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (https://covid19.who.int,
accessed 1 May 2021).
7. Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries [online database]. The Economist. 16 April 2021 (https://www.economist.
com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-tracker, accessed 1 May 2021).
8. Excess mortality across countries in 2020. Oxford: The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; 2021 (https://www.cebm.net/
covid-19/excess-mortality-across-countries-in-2020/, accessed 1 May 2021).
9. Excess mortality during the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) [online database]. Oxford: Our World in Data; 2021 (https://
ourworldindata.org/excess-mortality-covid, accessed 1 May 2021).
10. Karlinsky A, Kobak D. The World Mortality Dataset: Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
[pre-print]. medRxiv. 2021. doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.27.21250604.
11. World Mortality Dataset [website] (https://github.com/akarlinsky/world_mortality, accessed 1 June 2021).
12. Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 Mortality Assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/
data/technical-advisory-group/covid-19--mortality-assessment/membership, accessed 1 May 2021).
13. Global health estimates 2019: Disease burden by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. Geneva, World
Health Organization; 2020. (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates, accessed 1
May 2021).
14. Just how do deaths due to COVID-19 stack up? ThinkGlobalHealth [website]. New York: Council on Foreign Relations; 2021
(https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/just-how-do-deaths-due-covid-19-stack, accessed 1 May 2021).
15. COVAX vaccine roll-out. Geneva: GAVI; 2021 (https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out, accessed 1 May 2021).
16. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations [online database]. Oxford: Our World in Data; 2021 (https://ourworldindata.org/covid-
vaccinations, accessed 1 May 2021).
17. Second round of the national pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS-continuity-survey-2021.1,
18. Pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim report, 27 August 2020.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS_continuity-
survey-2020.1, accessed 1 May 2021).
19. World Health Worker Week video message from Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General [website]. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/campaigns/annual-theme/year-of-health-and-care-workers-2021#,
20. Weekly epidemiological update - 2 February 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/
publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---2-february-2021, accessed 1 May 2021).
21. Resolution WHA61.17. Health of migrants. In: Sixty-first World Health Assembly, Geneva, 16–24 May 2011. Resolutions and
decisions, annexes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/23533/A61_
R17-en.pdf, accessed 1 June 2021).
22. Promoting the health of refugees and migrants. Draft global action plan, 2019–2023. In: Seventy-second World Health
Assembly, Geneva, 20–28 May 2019. Resolutions and decisions, annexes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://
apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA72/A72_25Rev1-en.pdf, accessed 1 June 2021).
23. UN Resolution A/RES/73/195. Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. New York: General Assembly of
the United Nations: Resolutions of the 73rd session; 2019 (https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/
RES/73/195, accessed 1 June 2021).

24. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Part II: Global compact on refugees. New York: General
Assembly of the United Nations: Official Records Seventy-third Session Supplement No. 12; 2019 (https://www.unhcr.org/gcr/
GCR_English.pdf, accessed 1 June 2021).
25. Sweileh WM, Wickramage K, Pottie K, Hui C, Roberts B, Sawalha AF et al. Bibliometric analysis of global migration health
research in peer-reviewed literature (2000–2016). BMC Public Health. 2018;18:777 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC6011263/, accessed 1 June 2021).
26. International migration: Highlights. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2020 (https://
www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_international_migration_
highlights.pdf, accessed 1 June 2021).
27. Mobility and migration. New York: United Nations Development Programme; 2010 (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/
nhdr_migration_gn.pdf, accessed 1 June 2021).
28. Apart Together survey. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240017924,
29. A UN framework for the immediate socio-economic response to COVID-19. New York: United Nations Sustainable
Development Group; 2020 (https://unsdg.un.org/resources/un-framework-immediate-socio-economic-response-covid-19,
30. International Health Regulations (2005) Third Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005 (https://www.who.int/
publications/i/item/9789241580496, accessed 1 May 2021).
31. Lang T. Plug COVID-19 research gaps in detection, prevention and care. Nature. 2020;583:333 (https://www.nature.com/
articles/d41586-020-02004-1, accessed 1 May 2021).
32. The need for data innovations in the time of COVID-19. In: The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. New York: United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2020 (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/the-need-for-data-
innovations-in-the-time-of-COVID-19/, accessed 1 May 2021).

2 HEALTHY LIFE
EXPECTANCY
AND BURDEN OF
DISEASE
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) is the overarching

indicator for the WHO Triple Billion targets and is a
critical measure to evaluate the progress towards
SDG 3. The average life expectancy (LE) and HALE
in 2019 have increased markedly since 2000. These
trends indicate the progress being made against many
diseases and injuries, both for the whole population
in 2019 (1). In 2019, LE and HALE for males reached
70.9 years and 62.5 years, respectively. For females,
the equivalent figures are 75.9 years and 64.9 years,
respectively (Fig. 2.1).
The African Region still had the lowest LE and HALE

among WHO regions in 2019, at only 64.5 and 56.0 years,
and/or targeted groups. This section describes the respectively, despite experiencing the largest gains
latest trends in LE, HALE and burden of disease for a over the past two decades. The Region of the Americas
list of communicable and noncommunicable diseases had the highest LE (74.1 years) in 2000 but dropped to
as well as injuries and related inequalities. third place (77.2 years) in 2019 as the European Region
and Western Pacific Region made accelerated gains,
reaching 78.2 and 77.7 years, respectively. The latter
Global trends in life expectancy and healthy two regions also had the highest HALE in 2019, at 68.3
life expectancy and 68.6 years, respectively.
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, population health was A metric to assess the health of older adults, LE at
improving globally, increasing the global average LE 60 years of age, has also improved globally from 18.8
at birth from 66.8 years in 2000 to 73.3 years in 2019, in 2000 to 21.1 in 2019. However, HALE at 60 years has
and HALE at birth from 58.3 years in 2000 to 63.7 years only risen from 14.1 to 15.8 in the same period.
16
Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth
AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR WPR Global
80
9.4 9.7 8.2 8.5 7.2 7.5 7.7

8.6 9 9.1 8 6.9 7 8.3
8.1 7.5 7.6 8.6 8.8 7.7 8.1
7.6 7.8 8.3 7.5
60 7.4 7.2 7.4 8.2 7.3
7.1 7.8
6.7
6.3
6
Male
40
64.2 65.6 66.6 62.9 63.9 65.4 66.5 67
62.5 63.5 63.4 64.6 64.8 61 62 60.1 61.1 61.7 62.5
53.4 55 56.3 57 58.4 59 60.2
54.4 56.4 58.1 57.1 58.5 60.2
47.6 51
45
20
Number of years
80
12.3 10.8 11 11.3 10 10.4 10.6
11.4 11.7 11.8 12.1 10.3 10.4 9.5 9.7 11
11.2 10.3 10.7
9.9 10.2 10.3 10.6 10.7 10.9 9.7 10
9.6 9.7 10.3
60 9.2 9.8
8.7
8
7.7
Female
40
65.7 66.4 66.6 67.4 67.5 66.4 67.2 68.5 69.3 70 65.8 67 68.8 69.9 70.2
59.3 60.8 61.9 61 62.9 64.2 64.9
57.1 57 57.8 59.1 59.8 60.7 54.7 57.1
59.6
52.6 55.5
46.6 48.8
20
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Year
Lost HALE HALE
Fig. 2.1. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, by sex, global and WHO region, 2000–2019
Inequalities in healthy life expectancy and life Despite the remarkable gains in LE and HALE in the
expectancy past 20 years, LICs remain behind the global average
with 65.1 and 56.7, respectively (Fig. 2.2). LICs have
Globally, LE and HALE for males were consistently been improving the fastest, gaining over 11 years
around 5 years and 2.4 years lower than females, and (21.0%) in LE and nearly 10 years (20.8%) in HALE since
there has been very little change in the gaps between 2000. However, in the latest 2015–2019 period, the pace
women and men in the past 20 years. of change in LICs has slowed down.
Across country income groups, however, there are In HICs, increases were only 3.2 (4.2%) years in LE and
different patterns of sex-related inequality in HALE. 2.1 years (3.1%) in HALE since 2000, reaching 80.9 and
HALE is lowest in LICs for both men and women and 69.8 years respectively in 2019.
has been improving the fastest of all income groups.
However, the situation has been improving slightly The marked gains in LE and HALE at birth in LICs and
faster for women than men, and the gap in HALE has LMICs, relative to UMICs and HICs, predominantly
consequently widened. Conversely, in HICs the gap reflect the significant progress made in the past 20
between women and men is narrowing, as HALE among years in reducing mortality among children under
men has improved at a faster pace. 5 years of age in these settings (2). The reduction is up
to 53% in LICs, down from 143.6 deaths per 1000 live
When examined according to WHO regions, the births in 2000 to 67.6 in 2019 (2).
European Region and Western Pacific Region observed
the widest male–female gaps in LE and HALE in 2019, at Examining LE and HALE at age 60 years, the income
6.2 and 6.1 years for LE and 3.4 and 3.2 years for HALE, gradient associated with improvements reversed, with
respectively. In contrast, the Eastern Mediterranean UMICs and HICs gaining more years than LMICs and
and South-East Asia regions had the narrowest gaps LICs between 2000 and 2019. For example, LE and
at 3.0 and 3.2 years for LE and 0.5 and 0.8 years for HALE at 60 years in LICs increased by 2.2 years (from
HALE, respectively. Compared to 2000, the gaps were 15.2 to 17.4 years) and 1.6 years (from 11.4 to 13.0
widening in the African, South-East Asia and Western years), respectively; whereas in UMICs the increase
Pacific regions, but closing in the Americas, European was 2.7 years (from 18.5 to 21.2 years) and 2.0 years
and Eastern Mediterranean regions. (from 14.0 to 16.0 years), respectively. This is in line with

Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth
LICs LMICs UMICs HICs Global
80
9.2 9.4 9.7
7.9 8.5 8.8
7.3 7.7 8.3
7 7.1 7.7 8.1
8.1 8.3 7.5
60 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.3
7 7.4
6.5 6.6
6.1
Male
40
64.7 65.5 66.1 66.9 67.9 68.4 68.7
59.3 60.8 61.7 63.4 60.2 61.7 62.5
55.7 55 56.7 58.4 57.1 58.5
51.6 54 53.3
46.2 49.4
20
Number of years
80
11.5 11.9 12 12.4
10.5 10.8 11.3
9.8 10.1 11
9.6 10.3 10.7
10.4 10.7 9.7 10
9.5 10.2
60 9.1 9.5 9.8
8.6
8.2
7.7
Female
40
66.9 68.1 68.6 69.3 69.9 70.6 70.8 70.9
64.1 65.1 61 62.9 64.2 64.9
57.7 58.3 59.7 60.6 59.6
53.5 56.2 54.3 56.2
47.6 50.7
20
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Year
Lost HALE HALE
Fig. 2.2. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy by sex, globally and by World Bank income group, 2000–2019
the greater mortality reduction at older ages in higher for a female infant, reaching 11.0 years. From 2000
resource settings since the beginning of the century, to 2019, the increases in the same figure at 60 years
mainly driven by a rapid decline in noncommunicable were 0.6 and 0.7 years, and reaching 4.7 and 6.0 years,
disease (NCD) mortality, partly because of the success respectively, for men and women. This shows that
in curbing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in many females, irrespective of age, on average live more
parts of the world. years in disability and that the sex gap is widening as
LE continues to grow overall.
Improvements in longevity, health and the These gains in LE and HALE reflect rapid transitions
changing disease burden in the mortality and morbidity profiles in the past
two decades. Globally, across WHO regions, age-
In relative terms, HALE as a proportion of overall LE at standardized rates (ASR) of deaths and disability-
birth – at global, regional and income levels – remained adjusted life years (DALYs) dropped between 2000 and
largely constant with a slight downward trend at 2019 across all three broad categories of causes of death:
approximately 87–90% for men and 84–87% for women. communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional
The trends for the HALE/LE ratio at age 60 years are conditions (communicable diseases hereafter); NCDs;
similar but with lower levels, at approximately 73–78% and injuries. This trend is underpinned by a dramatic
for men and 70–75% for women. The corresponding decline in communicable diseases, most significantly
downward trends in UMICs and HICs were greater than in LICs and LMICs with reductions in ASRs of over 50%,
other income groups, with up to a 1% decline between at least doubling the decline seen in NCDs and injuries
2000 and 2019. Similarly, the Region of the Americas, over the same period (1).
the European Region and the Western Pacific Region
also had a relatively higher rate of decline compared to The rapid decline in communicable diseases and
other regions, signalling the rising levels of disability attributable deaths – relative to NCDs and injuries –
partly due to extended longevity in higher-resourced has led to overall population ageing as more individuals
settings. survive to older ages at which NCDs become the
predominant health risks. Seven of the 10 leading
With improvements in longevity, the average number causes of deaths in 2019 were NCDs. Globally, NCDs
of years a male infant is expected to live in less than accounted for 60.8% of all deaths in 2000, rising to
full health has risen by about one year since 2000, to 73.6% in 2019, with nearly all increase shifted from the
8.3 years in 2019 at the global level, and by 1.3 years percentage decline in communicable diseases, while

Composition of causes of death by income groups
100
75
Percentage
50
25
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Composition of causes of death by WHO regions

AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR WPR
100
75
Percentage
50
25
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Year
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions Injuries Noncommunicable diseases
Fig. 2.3. Composition of causes of death, by World Bank income group and WHO region, 2000–2019
Age−standardized rates of disability by cause

7500
YLD per 100 000 population
5000
2500
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Year
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions Injuries Noncommunicable diseases
Fig. 2.4. Age-standardized rates of years lived with disability (YLD), by cause and World Bank income group, 2000–2019

the fraction for injuries remained relatively constant The world needs to remain alert to combat
at about 10% (Fig. 2.3). NCDs accounted for a large communicable diseases
proportion of deaths worldwide in 2019, as high as
over 85% of mortality in HICs. Notwithstanding the 2020 has shown the world how communicable diseases
rapid decline in ASR, communicable diseases were still can expand in a matter of days from a small cluster to
responsible for nearly half (46.4%) of all deaths in LICs, a health threat of international concern.
and while the proportion of deaths from injuries has
dropped in HICs, it has increased in LICs and LMICs. The global impact of communicable diseases1 has
been in steady decline since 2000 but they were still
In 2019, communicable diseases accounted for over responsible for more than 10.2 million (95% uncertainty
half (52.9%) of all deaths in the African Region, 24.3% interval (UI)2 6.2 million to 16.7 million) deaths in 2019,
in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and 22.6% in the representing 18% of all deaths (1).
South-East Asia Region. In the European Region, the
Western Pacific Region and the Region of the Americas, In the past 20 years, investments in diagnosis, treatment
NCDs have the highest toll of deaths with 89.6%, 86.8% and control of child and maternal conditions as well
and 81.3%, respectively. as major communicable diseases – such as HIV/AIDS,
malaria and TB – have had positive impacts and we have
Despite the decline in mortality, a comparable seen declines in their prevalence, incidence and mortality
improvement in morbidity was absent and in fact at the global level. However, these diseases persist in the
worsened to some extent because of decreased fatality top 10 causes of death in LICs in 2019 (Fig. 2.5).
of many health conditions. Globally, the ASR for years
lived with disability (YLDs) per capita remained at Declining trends confirm the effectiveness of prevention
approximately 0.15 years throughout 2000–2019, largely programmes that exist in many countries to combat HIV/
reflecting the stagnation of disability due to NCDs AIDS and the successful therapies that dramatically
and injuries, although the ASR due to communicable reduce viral load. They also confirm the effectiveness
diseases has declined by approximately 10.8% (Fig. 2.4). of early TB diagnosis, adequate treatment and focused
The trends by WHO regions and World Bank income efforts, including among vulnerable populations (e.g.
groups are more diverse. LICs, LMICs and countries in people living with HIV). Through a combination of vector
the African Region have seen declining ASR for total control, chemoprevention, diagnosis and treatment,
YLDs, primarily driven by the reduction in YLD rates 1.5 billion malaria cases and 7.6 million deaths are
from communicable diseases. In contrast, HICs and estimated to have been averted since 2000, despite
countries in the Region of the Americas have seen slowing of progress since 2015. Progress is also
small increases in ASR for total YLDs attributed to anticipated with the pilot implementation of the first
the upward trend for NCDs together with stagnation malaria vaccine in three countries of the African Region.
in injuries. Worldwide, the changes in ASR for YLDs
in 2000–2019 are small and independent of cause of Number of deaths (thousands)
disability, the exception being communicable diseases 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
for which considerable progress was seen in lower-
Neonatal conditions 519
resource settings.
Lower respiratory infections 416
Due to population growth and ageing, the total number Ischaemic heart disease 379
of years the global population lived with disability
Stroke 334
(YLDs) was 825 million years in 2019, an increase of
214 million years since 2000. In parallel, the share Diarrhoeal diseases 263
of YLDs as part of the total DALYs increased by 10%. Malaria 191

Among these, causes that constitute some of the Road injury 189
largest number of deaths – including diabetes, COPD,
Tuberculosis 171
stroke, road injuries, Alzheimer’s disease, ischaemic
heart disease, and cancers (e.g. lung, colorectal) – have HIV/AIDS 161
all undergone a marked – up to twofold – increase in Cirrhosis of the liver 114
disability as measured by YLDs.
Source: WHO Global Health Estimates, 2019 (1).
Fig. 2.5. Leading causes of death in LICs, 2019
1
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions.
2
All uncertainty intervals are presented using 95% limits, unless otherwise stated.

Child mortality disease, compared to adults. Nonetheless, they have
been severely affected by disruptions in essential
Remarkable declines were seen for child mortality, yet health, education and other services and by increasing
disparities remain. In 2019, an estimated 5.2 million poverty and inequality (3,4).
children (90% UI 5.0 to 5.6) died before reaching 5 years
of age, with 2.4 million (90% UI 2.3 to 2.7) (47%) dying
within the first 28 days of life (the neonatal period). Maternal mortality
Under-five and neonatal mortality rates have declined
considerably over the past 30 years. In 2019, the under- Maternal mortality has shown uneven burden and
five mortality rate was 38 per 1000 live births (90% progress. In 2017, an estimated 295 000 women (80%
UI 36 to 41), which is a 59% reduction from the 93 UI 279 000 to 340 000) died globally from causes related
per 1000 live births (90% UI 92 to 95) seen in 1990. to or aggravated by pregnancy and childbirth, with
Neonatal deaths reached 17 per 1000 live births (90% a maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 211 maternal
UI 17 to 19) in 2019, which is a 52% reduction from 37 deaths per 100 000 live births (80% UI 199 to 243). This
in 1990 (90% UI 36 to 38). Most of the under-five deaths represents a 35% reduction from the 451 000 (80%
were concentrated in two SDG regions: sub-Saharan UI 431 000 to 485 000) maternal deaths, and a 38%
Africa and Central and Southern Asia, which together reduction from the MMR of 342 (80% UI 327 to 368),
accounted for more than 80% of deaths in 2019 yet only estimated in 2000. LICs and LMICs accounted for 94%
52% of the under-five population. of the global maternal deaths in 2017 with an MMR of
462 (80% UI 437 to 540) and 254 (80% UI 226 to 307),
With the general declines in under-five mortality rates respectively. Examining SDG regions, the burden was
across all SDG regions and income groups, the lowest highest in sub-Saharan Africa with 196 000 (80% UI
levels of child mortality have been achieved in UMICs 180 000 to 235 000) maternal deaths and an MMR of 542
and HICs (Fig. 2.6) with under-five mortality rates at (80% UI 498 to 649) followed by Central and Southern
13 (90% UI 13 to 14) and 5 (90% UI 5 to 5), respectively. Asia with 58 000 (80% UI 50 000 to 69 000) maternal
122 countries and territories have already met the deaths and an MMR of 151 (80% UI 131 to 181) (Fig. 2.7).
SDG target for under-five mortality and 20 countries
are expected to do so by 2030. Intensified efforts are Intensified global efforts are needed to accelerate
needed in 53 countries, three quarters of which are in progress and achieve the global maternal mortality SDG
sub-Saharan Africa. target of less than 70 maternal deaths per 100 000 live
births by 2030. The current projection is that achieving
The COVID-19 pandemic risks reversing the remarkable this global goal will require countries to reduce their
improvements seen over the past two decades in child MMR by an average annualized rate of reduction (ARR)
and adolescent survival (2). There is evidence that of 6.1% per year between 2016 and 2030; currently only
children and adolescents experience milder symptoms 16 countries have demonstrated reductions at this rate
with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 or higher. The average ARR for the global MMR during
Sustainable Development Goal group World Bank income group
80 76
68
70
60
Deaths per 1000 live births
50 49
50 48
40 38
30 27 28
26
24
20
20 16
14 14 13
9 10
10 7 7
5 5
3
0
Sub-Saharan Africa Northern Africa and Central and Southern Eastern and South- Latin America and the Oceania Europe and Northern Low income Lower-middle income Upper-middle income High income
Western Asia Asia Eastern Asia Caribbean America
Neonatal mortality rate Under-five mortality rate Neonatal mortality rate Under-five mortality rate
Source: Levels and trends in child mortality: Report 2020. Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2).
Fig. 2.6. Estimates of under-five and neonatal mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) by Sustainable Development Goal regions and World Bank
income groups, 2019

the 2000–2017 period was 2.9%. For the countries with percentage reduction in MMR: 59% (from 384 to 157),
the highest MMRs, substantially higher annual rates which equates to an average ARR of 5.3%. Sub-Saharan
of reduction will be required to attain levels below 140 Africa – where the overall burden is greatest – achieved
maternal deaths per 100 000 live births by 2030, which an overall percentage reduction in the MMR of 38%
is the supplementary national target (7). Between 2000 between 2000–2017, equating to an average ARR of 2.8%.
and 2017, Southern Asia achieved the greatest overall
Sustainable Development Goal group World Bank income group
900 878
833
800
700
Maternal mortality ratio
600 542
500 462
428
400 375
300 254
200 158 151

114 95 106
84 69 73 69
100 60 43
17 12 12 11
0
Sub-Saharan Northern Africa Central and Eastern and Latin America and Oceania Europe and Low income Lower-middle income Upper-middle income High income
Africa and Western Asia Southern Asia South-Eastern the Caribbean Northern America
Asia
2000 2017 2000 2017
Sources: Maternal mortality: Levels and trends 2000 to 2017 (5); WHO Global Health Observatory (6).
Fig. 2.7. Estimates of maternal mortality ratio by Sustainable Development Goal regions and World Bank income group, 2000 and 2017

Communicable diseases
GLOBAL EFFORTS AND STRATEGIES TO ERADICATE/ELIMINATE MAJOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY 2030
WHO and the international community have jointly developed global strategies towards achieving the global health-related targets embodied within the SDGs and the WHO
Triple Billion targets. Several of these strategies focus on ending certain communicable diseases by 2030 such as TB, HIV, malaria, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and
polio, with a focus on sustained investments in countries (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1. Summary of selected global strategies on communicable diseases
Milestones 2030 Goal 2030 SDG target

End TB strategy (8)
TB deaths 2020:  35%*  95% “End the epidemic of TB
2025:  75% across all countries”
TB incidence rate 2020:  20%  80%
2025:  50%
TB-affected families facing catastrophic costs due to TB (%) 2020: 0% 0%
2025: 0%
Global health sector strategy on HIV 2016–2021 (9)
New HIV infections 2020: < 500 000/year  90% “End the epidemic of HIV
across all countries”
AIDS-related deaths 2020: < 500 000/year  90%
Global AIDS strategy 2021–2026 (10)
New HIV infections 2025: < 370 000/year  90% “End the epidemic of HIV
across all countries”
AIDS-related deaths 2025: < 250 000/year  90%
Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030 (11)
Malaria incidence 2020:  40% (at least)  90% (at least) “End the malaria epidemic
2025:  75% (at least) across all countries”
Malaria deaths 2020:  40% (at least)  90% (at least)
2025:  75% (at least)
Countries eliminating malaria 2020: 10 countries 35 countries
2025: 20 countries
Road map for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) 2021–2030 (12)
People requiring interventions against NTDs Disease-specific targets set  90% “End the NTDs epidemics
for each NTD include 2023 across all countries”
Disability-adjusted life years related to NTDs and 2025 milestones  75%
Countries eliminating at least one neglected tropical disease 100
NTDs eradicated 2
Polio endgame strategy 2019–2023 (13)
Wild poliovirus transmission 2030: Eradication of polio
Note: * % declines are relative to 2015 baselines.

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis remains the world’s leading cause of death
Two thirds of the global tuberculosis burden are concentrated from a single infectious agent, the leading killer of
in eight countries people with HIV and a major cause of deaths related
There were an estimated 10 million (UI 8.9 to 11.0) new to antimicrobial resistance. Although preventable and
(incident) TB cases worldwide in 2019, of which 56% curable, in 2019 approximately 1.2 (UI 1.1 to 1.3) million
occurred among men (aged 15+ years), 32% in women HIV-negative people died from TB, with an additional
and 12% in children (aged 0–14 years). People living with 208 000 (UI 177 000 to 242 000) deaths among people
HIV accounted for 8.2% of the global TB burden. Regions living with HIV. The highest reported TB mortality occurs
most heavily affected by TB in 2019 were the South-East in the African Region and South-East Asia Region.
Asia Region (44%), the African Region (25%) and the
Western Pacific Region (18%), with smaller proportions Nevertheless, the annual number of TB deaths globally
in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (8.2%), the Region has fallen by 45% between 2000 and 2019, but not
of the Americas (2.9%) and the European Region (2.5%). sufficiently fast to reach the 2030 SDG target of a 90%
Two thirds of all TB globally was attributed to just eight reduction of the 2015 mortality baseline. Only the
countries with the highest burdens: India, Indonesia, European Region is on track to reach the 2020 milestone
China, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh of a 35% decline, with a 31% reduction in TB deaths from
and South Africa (Fig. 2.8). 2015 to 2019.
Although global TB incidence declined by 25% from Drug resistant TB continues to be a public health threat.
174 (UI 145 to 205) new and relapsed cases per In 2019, 465 000 (UI 400 000 to 535 000) new cases of TB
100 000 population in 2000 to 130 (UI 116 to 143) per had resistance to rifampicin, the most potent first-line
100 000 population in 2019, large gaps in detection and anti-TB drug, of which over three quarters were also
treatment persist in some countries. Current progress resistant to isoniazid (multidrug-resistant TB). Few
is insufficient to meet the SDG target of ending the new drugs are in the development pipeline to address
TB epidemic by 2030. The European Region has made resistance.
progress towards the 2020 milestone of a 20% reduction
(from 2015) reporting a 19% decrease in the TB incidence
rate in 2019. The African Region has also made good
progress, with a reduction of 16%.
Source: Global tuberculosis report 2020 (14).
Fig. 2.8. Countries with the highest TB burden (at least 100 000 incident cases), 2019

HIV/AIDS of all new HIV infections in 2019. In sub-Saharan Africa,
Far from the 2020 milestone of <500 000 annual HIV 59% of all new HIV infections were among women and
infections girls. In some regions, women who have experienced
Although HIV/AIDS is no longer necessarily a life- physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) are
threatening condition, and people living with HIV can 1.5 times more likely to acquire HIV than women who
increasingly regard it as a chronic disease, there is still have not experienced such violence.
no cure or preventive vaccine.
HIV-related deaths have been reduced by 60% since the
In 2019, an estimated 38.0 million (UI 31.6 to 44.5 million) peak at 1.7 million (UI 1.2 to 2.4 million) deaths globally
people were living with HIV worldwide. An estimated in 2004 (Fig. 2.9). In 2019, around 690 000 (UI 500 000
36.2 million (UI 30.2 to 42.4 million) were adults (aged to 970 000) people died from HIV-related illnesses
15+ years) and 1.8 million (UI 1.3 to 2.2 million) were worldwide. This brings the world close to reaching the
children (0–14 years). New annual HIV infections have 2020 milestone of <500 000 deaths annually, although
been reduced by 40% since the peak at 2.8 million (UI that target is also likely to be missed, given current
2.0 to 3.7 million) infections in 1998. In 2019, around 1.7 trends. Coinfection with TB remains the leading cause
million (UI 1.2 to 2.2 million) people were newly infected of death among people living with HIV, accounting for
with HIV. Nevertheless, this is far from the 2020 global around one in three HIV-related deaths (15).
milestone of <500 000 new infections annually.
Globally, women and girls accounted for about half (48%)
Progress required to reach key 2025 and 2030 global HIV targets
2 500 000
Epidemiological progress until the end of 2019 Projected impact of scaling up and achieving 90% reduction by 2030
the 2025 targets (using 2010 as a baseline)
2 000 000
1 500 000
1 000 000
500 000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Annual number of people newly infected with HIV Annual number of people dying from HIV-related causes
Sources: AIDSinfo. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (16); and WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO) data (17).
Fig. 2.9. Global trends in HIV incidence and mortality, and progress required to reach key 2025 and 2030 global targets, 2010–2030

Malaria All WHO regions have shown reductions in malaria
Malaria case incidence and mortality declining in all WHO case incidence and mortality since 2000, and the entire
regions European Region has been free of malaria since 2015.
Malaria case incidence fell from 80 (UI 75 to 87) per 1000 The African Region continues to shoulder the heaviest
population at risk in 2000 to 57 (UI 52 to 62) per 1000 in burden of the disease. Globally in 2019, the region
2019. Although this led to a total estimated decline in accounted for 94% (215 million cases, UI 187 million
malaria cases – from 238 million (UI 222 to 259 million) to 237 million) of all malaria cases and 94% (386 000
in 2000 to 229 million (UI 211 to 252 million) in 2019 – deaths, UI 365 000 to 433 000) of all malaria deaths,
progress has stalled over the past 4 years, and only a 3% with Nigeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo
reduction in incidence was achieved in 2019 compared accounting for the heaviest share in both cases and
to the 2015 baseline. This is far from the milestone of a deaths (Fig. 2.10). Malaria is the fourth leading cause
40% reduction by 2020 and much too slow to meet the of DALYs lost in the region in 2019, accounting for 6%
SDG target of at least 90% reduction by 2030. of all DALYs (1). Malaria continues to take a heavy toll
on pregnant women and children, particularly in the
However, the malaria mortality rate (deaths per 100 000 African Region. In 2019, an estimated 11.6 million
population at risk) was reduced from 25 deaths per pregnant women living in 33 African countries with
100 000 population at risk in 2000 to 10 per 100 000 in moderate to high transmission were infected with
2019. The total number of deaths worldwide fell from malaria (35% of all pregnancies). As a result, an
736 000 (UI 697 000 to 782 000) in 2000 to 409 000 (UI estimated 822 000 children in these 33 countries were
387 000 to 460 000) in 2019. Despite this remarkable born with a low birth weight (18).
progress, only an 18% reduction in malaria mortality
rate was achieved in 2019 compared to 2015, far from Nonetheless, 21 countries reported at least three
the milestone of a 40% reduction by 2020, and off-track consecutive years of zero indigenous malaria cases,
to meet the SDG target of at least 90% reduction by 2030. and 10 of these countries were certified malaria-free
by WHO between 2000 and 2019. Malaria was prevented
from re-establishment in all malaria-free countries.
a) Others
5%
Burundi, Chad, South Sudan, Kenya, Zambia,
Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar, Togo,
Liberia, Central African Republic: 1% each
Guinea
2%
Malawi
2%
Rwanda
2% Nigeria
Benin 27%
2%
Ghana
2%
India
2%
Cameroon
3%
United Republic of Tanzania

3%
Mali
3%
Angola
3%
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Côte d’Ivoire
12%
3%
Burkina Faso
3%
Niger Uganda
3% Mozambique
5%
4%
Source: World malaria report 2020 (18).
Fig. 2.10. a) Global distribution of malaria cases, by country, 2019

b) Others
5%
Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Togo,
Madagascar, Senegal, Central African Republic,
Rwanda, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia : 1 % each
Malawi
b) 2%
Sierra Leone
2%
Benin
2% Nigeria
23%
India
2%
Zambia
2%
Guinea
2%
Chad
2%
Côte d’Ivoire
2%
Ghana
3%
Cameroon
3%
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mali
11%
3%
Kenya
3%
Uganda
3% United Republic of Tanzania
Angola 5%
3% Niger
Burkina Faso
Mozambique 4%
4%
4%
Source: World malaria report 2020 (18).
Fig. 2.10. b) Global distribution of deaths, by country, 2019
Neglected tropical diseases and areas since 2010. Dracunculiasis is on the verge
One in five people in the world require prevention, treatment of eradication, with 27 human cases reported in six
and care for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) countries in 2020; lymphatic filariasis and trachoma
The 20 WHO-defined NTDs mostly affect populations have been eliminated as public health problems in
living in poverty in tropical areas. In 2019, 1.74 billion 17 and 10 countries, respectively; onchocerciasis has
people were reported to require mass or individual been eliminated in four countries in the Region of
treatment and care for NTDs: down from 2.19 the Americas; the annual number of cases of human
billion people in 2010. Approximately half of those African trypanosomiasis fell from more than 7000 in
still requiring such interventions live in the South- 2012 to fewer than 1000 in 2019, halving the original
East Asia Region and about a third in the African target of 2000 cases by 2020; and the number of new
Region. The majority require mass treatment for the leprosy cases reported globally has continued to
diseases targeted with preventive chemotherapy: decline since 2010 at an average of 1% per year after
lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, soil-transmitted most endemic countries achieved elimination as a
helminthiases, schistosomiasis and trachoma. public health problem, defined as less than one case
on treatment per 10 000 population. While substantial
All regions have made progress in reducing the improvements have been made, not all of the 2020
proportion of their populations requiring treatment and targets have been met. The new WHO global roadmap
care for NTDs between 2010 and 2019, and since the first for NTDs (2021–2030) (12) underlines, in addition
WHO roadmap for the prevention and control of NTDs to disease-specific 2030 targets and intermediate
was launched in 2012 (19). milestones, four overarching and 10 cross-cutting
2030 targets, aligned both with the SDGs and with the
Advancement has been paralleled by elimination of at WHO GPW 13, and the multisectoral actions required
least one disease in each of 42 countries, territories to reach them.

Hepatitis B Antimicrobial resistance
Only one in 10 people with hepatitis B are aware of their Antimicrobial resistance is a global health and development
infection threat
WHO estimates that in 2019, 295.8 million people Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention
were living with chronic hepatitis B infection (defined and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections
as hepatitis B surface antigen positive); among them, caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. WHO
30.4 million people living with hepatitis B knew their launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use
hepatitis B status and 6.6 million people diagnosed with Surveillance System (GLASS) (23) in 2015 to continue filling
hepatitis B received treatment (20). In 2019, hepatitis B knowledge gaps and to inform strategies at all levels.
resulted in an estimated 820 000 (UI 450 000 to 950 000)
deaths, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular In 2020, two pathogens responsible for bloodstream
carcinoma (i.e. primary liver cancer). It is estimated infections were added to the SDG indicators. The first
that 1.5 million people were newly infected with chronic measure included in the indicator is the proportion
hepatitis B infection in 2019. of bloodstream infections due to Escherichia coli
that is resistant to third generation cephalosporins,
Hepatitis B prevalence is highest in the African Region reported by 60 countries for the year 2019 (global
and the Western Pacific Region, where 7.5% and 5.9% median, 37% with resistance, interquartile range (IQR)
of the adult population, respectively, are estimated to 17–58%). The second measure is the proportion of
be infected. In the South-East Asia Region, the Eastern methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, reported
Mediterranean Region and the European Region, by 54 countries for 2019 (global median 25% with
an estimated 3.0%, 2.5% and 1.46% of the general resistance, IQR 11–40%). Resistance rates for the
population are thought to be infected, respectively. In the two pathogens do not show interpretable time trends
Region of the Americas, prevalence is lower at 0.53%. but lower values are observed in HICs. National
representativeness of the reported data remains
Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are problematic, particularly in low-resourced countries
safe, available and effective. The global proportion of generally still at an early stage of antimicrobial
children under 5 years of age chronically infected with resistance surveillance (23).
hepatitis B virus dropped to 0.94% in 2019, down from
around 5% in the pre-vaccine era ranging from the
1980s to the early 2000s. Noncommunicable diseases
Poliovirus The world has seen progress in combating NCDs since

Wild poliovirus is still classified as endemic in only two 2000. However, the progress is not comparable to
countries that made for curbing communicable diseases and is
Of the three strains of wild poliovirus (i.e. type 1, type 2 unequal across regions and income groups.
and type 3), wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999
and no case of wild poliovirus type 3 has been found Global premature NCD mortality – as measured by
since the last reported case in Nigeria in November the probability of dying from one of the four major
2012. Both strains have officially been certified as NCDs (cancer, CVD), diabetes and chronic respiratory
globally eradicated with type 3 status declared as of diseases (CRD)) between the ages 30 and 70 years
October 2019 (21). (SDG indicator 3.4.1) – dropped over one fifth from
22.9% in 2000 to 17.8% in 2019. This is below the
As of 2020, wild poliovirus type 1 affects two countries approximately 30% decline seen in HICs and UMICs,
globally: Pakistan and Afghanistan, with 84 and but far exceeds the progress made in LICs and LMICs,
56 reported cases, respectively. No cases of wild where the decline was from 13% to 16% over the same
poliovirus type 1 have been reported in Nigeria since 20-year period. The South-East Asia Region and the
August 2016 and the WHO African Region was certified Eastern Mediterranean Region had the slowest 20-
free in 2020 (22). year declines at about 13%, less than half of that seen
in the European Region (31%) and the Western Pacific
Region (27%). The African Region and the Region of
the Americas had similar reductions, at 20% and 23%,
respectively (Fig. 2.11).

a. Probability of dying from major NCDs in ages 30−70 years b. Probability of dying from major NCDs in ages 30−70 years
25
25
Probability of dying 30−70 years (%)
Probability of dying 30−70 years (%)

Year
20 2000
2019
20
15
15
Afr Amr Emr Eur Sear Wpr LICs LMICs UMICs HICs Global
WHO Regions World Bank income groups
Fig. 2.11. Probability of premature mortality from major noncommunicable diseases, by WHO regions and World Bank income group, 2000–2019
The global ARR in premature NCD mortality has Trends in deaths due to the four major NCDs in all
decreased by 30% since 2015, to just below 1% (from ages (i.e. not only premature mortality) were driven by
the 1.4% ARR observed between 2000–2015). Without diverse changes across regions in 2000–2019. Globally,
effective acceleration strategies to bring the ARR back the greatest decline in mortality was seen for CRD,
in line with the required 2.7% annual decrease from with a 37% decline in age-standardized rates (ASR)
2015, the world is destined to fall short of the SDG for all ages, followed by CVD and cancer at 27% and
target with few countries on track to meet it. 16% respectively. However, the ASR for diabetes has
shown an unfavourable trend with a 3% increase in
But regional trends belie mixed underlying situations: ASR. The greatest success in lowering mortality from
WHO regions that had already achieved relatively low CRD occurred in the Western Pacific Region, showing
premature NCD mortality by 2019 tended to show the a decline of about 55%. In the Region of the Americas
most marked declines in ARR since 2015. In the Region and the European Region, CVD declines led to the
of the Americas and the Western Pacific Region, for greatest reduction in mortality by up to 43%, followed
example, the ARR declines were up to 40%, and 30% by cancer with a decline of around 20%. The mortality
in the European Region. In contrast, those with the from diabetes, however, has worsened in some parts of
persistently highest premature NCD mortalities by the world, ranging from an increase in ASR of less than
2019 saw more rapid decreases in mortality during 5% in the Region of the Americas and the South-East
2015–2019, as demonstrated by increases in ARR Asia Region, to over 20% in the Eastern Mediterranean
ranging from 14% in the South-East Asia Region to Region. Similar increases were seen when diabetes
86% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Fig. 2.12). mortality was assessed according to income groups,
increasing ASR by approximately 5% in UMICs and by
When examined according to World Bank income 13% in LMICs.
groups, the underlying variations were less distinct, with
the ARRs in LICs, UMICs and HICs slowing at similar Although the overall trends in mortality for the four
rates (24%, 26% and 30%, respectively). Acceleration major NCDs are heading downwards, as indicated by
was seen in LMICs, however, with ARRs rising by 22% the ASRs for all age groups, the total number of deaths
in 2015–2019 compared to 2000–2015. Despite the generally attributed to these causes have gone up
acceleration in a handful of regions, if the current rates because of population growth and ageing. Those four
of decline continue, meeting the SDG target in these diseases alone killed a total of 33.2 million people in
regions would remain a remote possibility. 2019, a 28% increase compared to 2000. The greatest

Annualized rate of reduction in probability of dying from major NCDs in ages 30−70 years (2019 values in parenthesis)
2.3
2.1
1.9
Annualized rate of reduction 2015−2019 (%)
1.7
1.5
Eur (16.3%)
Afr (20.8%) UMICs (17.2%)
1.3
HICs (11.8%)
Emr (24.5%)
1.1
Wpr (15.6%)
Global (17.8%)
0.9
LMICs (22.3%)
Amr (14.0%)
Sear (21.6%)
0.7
LICs (23.8%)
0.5
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3
Annualized rate of reduction 2000−2015 (%)
0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 a Global a WHO regions a World Bank income groups
Fig. 2.12. Annualized rate of reduction in noncommunicable disease mortality, by WHO regions and World Bank income group, 2000–2015 and 2015–2019
burden was borne by the Western Pacific Region with sufficiently to lead to an over 10% reduction in the total
14.6 million deaths, and by UMICs (10.0 million) and number of deaths (Fig. 2.13).
LMICs (10.5 million).
In summary, notwithstanding some reductions in
By disease, the total global CVD deaths grew by one the premature mortality risk from NCDs, progress is
quarter since 2000, reaching 17.9 million in 2019; insufficient to attain the corresponding SDG target. The
cancer deaths grew 37% to 9.3 million; CRD grew 10% COVID-19 pandemic is an additional wake-up call for
to 4.1 million; and diabetes by 72% to 2.0 million. The intensified NCD intervention, as patients with existing
greatest increase in absolute number of deaths was NCD conditions and comorbidities suffer from increased
from CVD with a rise of 1.8 million in the Western risk of severe illness and death from COVID-19.
Pacific Region (and 1.9 million in UMICs) compared to Populations that are already affected by NCDs now
2000. Increases in cancer were also highest from these become additionally vulnerable to a life-threatening
parts of the world, at 1.2 and 1.0 million respectively. condition that could cost their lives in a matter of
Although deaths from diabetes and its increase between days, potentially shortening the population level LE
2000 and 2019 were lower, the greatest percentage and erasing the hard-won progress made worldwide in
increases were seen for this disease in the South-East the past 20 years. Accelerated progress calls for more
Asia Region and the Eastern Mediterranean Region effective and cost-effective policies and actions for NCD
(and LMICs) with a doubling of deaths in 2019 relative prevention and control, through investments in health
to 2000. In contrast, the only observed declines were promotion, reducing the prevalence of risk factors and
CVD in the European Region (and HICs), and CRD in improving diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and
the Western Pacific Region (and UMICs) and for which palliation with strengthened health systems.
the mortality rates across the age span have dropped

Changes in age−standardized mortality rates for major NCDs, by type
12.8
3.4 3.3
0
−2.9
Change in ASR (%) −5.1
−13.5
−15.4 −16.4 −15.8
−17.2
−20 −18.9 −18.9
−23.4
−26.1 −26
−27.7 −27.4
−36.5
−40
−43.4
−54.1
Cardiovascular diseases Diabetes mellitus Malignant neoplasms Respiratory diseases
Changes in number of deaths for major NCDs, by type
100 97.2
78.9
75 72.3
67.2
Change in deaths (%)
60.1
48.5
50 45.6 44.7
40.1
36.8 35.9
30.9 31.7
25.1 23.5 25.3
25
17.4
10
0
−9
−15
Cardiovascular diseases Diabetes mellitus Malignant neoplasms Respiratory diseases
Fig. 2.13. Changes in age-standardized mortality rate and deaths for major noncommunicable diseases, by World Bank income group, 2000–2019
Injuries Homicides
Injuries account for 8% of global deaths (1). More than Nearly 475 000 (UI 337 000 to 668 000) people were
4 million people died because of injuries in 2019. killed by others in 2019: 80% of them were men.
Whether intentional or unintentional, these deaths can Corresponding crude death rates (CDRs) were in
be prevented. decline, falling by 20% from 7.9 (UI 6.5 to 9.7) per
100 000 population in 2000 to 6.2 (UI 4.4 to 8.7) per
Although there have been some spikes in death rates 100 000 population in 2019. The rates were highest in
from injuries in certain areas of the world due to UMICs with male homicide mortality of 13.4 (UI 10.8 to
natural disasters and armed conflicts, the overall trend 16.7) per 100 000 population, followed by LICs with 13.2
for injury deaths has been slightly declining since 2000. (UI 6.7 to 23.0) male homicide mortality.
Deaths from four specific types of injuries that are
addressed by the SDGs – homicide, road injury, suicide The WHO Region of the Americas reached the highest
and unintentional poisoning – have seen downward male homicide mortality with 34.0 (UI 28.0 to 41.5) per
trends in general from 2000 to 2019 (Fig. 2.14). 100 000 population, 250% higher than the global male
mortality rate. Homicide mortality has shown a strong
age pattern, with age-specific mortality rates peaking
at ages 20–29 years, at over 10 deaths per 100 000
population globally.

Crude death rates for injuries, by type
Interpersonal violence Road injury Self−harm Unintentional poisonings
40
30
28.3
27.5
Both Sexes
21
20 19.1
17.9
17.3 16.8 16.7
14 13.6 14
12.6 13.3 13
10.6
10.1
10 8.6 9.2 9.2
8 7.9 8.4 8 8.1
6.7
6.2 6.1
5.4
3.5
2.9
2.4 2.3 1.7 1.5
1.4 0.9 1.3 0.5 1.1
0.4
0
40
Deaths per 100 000 population
30
Female
20
17.9
17
11.1
9.7 10.4 10.1 10
10 8.9 8.5 9.2
7.9 7.7
6.7 6.9 6.8
5.7
4.6 4.9 4.7
4 3.9 4.4
3.4 2.6 3.4 3.4
2.5 1.6 2.5 2.4 1.7
1.1 1 0.7 1.2 1 1.1 0.8
0.3 0.3
0
39.8
40
37.3
30.7
30
27.6
25.7 25.7
25.5 24.8
20.5 21.2
19.9
Male
20
17.2 17.2 16.7
15.7
15
13.2 13.4 12.6
12.3 12.4 11.7
11.1 11.3
9.9 9.9
10 8.8
8.1
4.6
4.4 3.7
3
1.7 2.3 1.6 2
1.1 0.7 0.5 1.4
0
LICs LMICs UMICs HICs Global LICs LMICs UMICs HICs Global LICs LMICs UMICs HICs Global LICs LMICs UMICs HICs Global
2000 2019
Fig. 2.14. Crude death rate for all ages combined by injury type, by sex, 2000 and 2019
Unintentional poisoning in LICs at 2.3 (UI 0.9 to 5.1) per 100 000 population. The
A total of over 84 000 (UI 48 000 to 137 000) people, CDR in the WHO African Region was even higher at 2.5
equivalent to 1.1 (UI 0.6 to 1.7) per 100 000 population (UI 1.2 to 5.0). This, however, represents significant
died from unintentional poisoning in 2019. Men were progress compared to 2000, decreasing by one third
dying from poisoning at a rate that was 66% higher than and one quarter, respectively. Countries of the South-
women, and the population at both ends of the age span East Asia Region and European Region showed the
succumb to the highest mortality rates. Among World largest decline, dropping by approximately half and two
Bank income groups, the highest CDRs were observed thirds, respectively.

Road injury are in a relatively favourable position, suicide mortality
CDR for road injury deaths declined by nearly 13% has resulted in considerable life losses but has seen
globally to 16.7 (UI 13.1 to 20.2) per 100 000 population, little progress in many higher resourced settings since
even though the total number of road injury deaths 2000. In that time, the CDR for suicide mortality in HICs
increased slightly from 1.2 (UI 1.0 to 1.4) million in 2000 declined by less than 5%.
to 1.3 (UI 1.0 to 1.6) million in 2019. The greatest decline
occurred in the European Region with a 50% reduction Notably, the suicide rate in the Region of the Americas
since 2000, attaining the lowest values worldwide at increased by 28% in this period, and the European
approximately 7.4 (UI 5.9 to 9.2) deaths per 100 000 Region started and ended with the highest CDR for
population. The decline in other regions was slower. suicide among all WHO regions at 21.9 (UI 20.0 to
For example, the African Region had the highest CDR 24.2) per 100 000 population in 2000 and 12.8 (UI 10.1
in 2000 and the rates only decreased by less than 9% to 16.4) per 100 000 population in 2019, despite having
in 2019. The HICs CDR reduced by 40% in the same the most dramatic decline by over 40% during the past
period, attaining 8.4 (UI 7.2 to 9.6) deaths per 100 000 two decades.
population, while the LICs CDR increased by 3%.
Deaths due to each of these causes are preventable.
More effective and targeted multisectoral interventions
Suicide are vital for addressing related mortality and their
Global suicide deaths amounted to over 700 000 (UI respective underlying risk factors, including mental
516 000 to 966 000) in 2019 with men dying at about health issues, road safety and access to hazardous
twice the rates among women. Older adults are the pesticides, as well as social determinants that
population at the highest risk of suicide deaths. The are driving the inequalities in the related health
corresponding CDR declined by 29% from 13.0 (UI 10.4 outcomes across regions and income groups. Political
to 16.0) deaths to 9.2 (UI 6.7 to 12.6) deaths per 100 000 commitment and long-term investments are also
population between 2000 and 2019. Unlike many other essential to sustain and accelerate the existing progress
causes of death for which higher resourced settings for meeting the SDG targets.

References
1. Global Health Estimates 2019: Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability. Geneva,
World Health Organization; 2020. (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates,
2. Levels and trends in child mortality: Report 2020. Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child
Mortality Estimation. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2020 (https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-
child-mortality-report-2020, accessed 1 May 2021).
3. Every Woman Every Child. Protect the progress: rise, refocus, recover. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2020
(https://www.unicef.org/reports/protect-progress-rise-refocus-recover-every-woman-every-child-2020, accessed 1 May
2021).
4. UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia. Direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and response in South Asia.
Kathmandu: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2021 (https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/direct-and-indirect-effects-covid-19-
pandemic-and-response-south-asia, accessed 1 May 2021).
5. Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations
Population Division. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/
maternal-mortality-2000-2017/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
6. Maternal mortality (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.
int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/maternal-mortality, accessed 1 May 2021).
7. Strategies towards ending preventable maternal mortality (EPMM). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (https://www.
who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/maternal_perinatal/epmm/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
8. The End TB Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 (https://www.who.int/tb/strategy/End_TB_Strategy.pdf,

9. Global health sector strategy on HIV: 2016–2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (https://www.who.int/
publications/i/item/WHO-HIV-2016.05, accessed 1 May 2021).
10. End Inequalities. End AIDS. Global AIDS Strategy 2021–2026. Geneva: Joint United Nations AIDS Programme; 2021 (https://
www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2021/2021-2026-global-AIDS-strategy, accessed 1 May 2021).
11. Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (https://www.who.int/malaria/
publications/atoz/9789241564991/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
12. Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1326801/retrieve, accessed 1 May 2021).
13. The Polio Endgame Strategy 2019–2023: Eradication, Integration, Containment and Certification. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2019 (https://polioeradication.org/who-we-are/polio-endgame-strategy-2019-2023/, accessed 1 May 2021).
14. Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand
le/10665/336069/9789240013131-eng.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
15. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2020 fact sheet. Geneva: Joint United Nations AIDS Programme; 2020 (https://www.unaids.org/
en/resources/fact-sheet#, accessed 1 May 2021).
16. AIDSinfo [online database]. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/,
17. HIV/AIDS (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/data/
gho/data/themes/hiv-aids, accessed 1 May 2021).
18. World malaria report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/
item/9789240015791, accessed 1 May 2021).
19. Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases – A roadmap for implementation. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2012 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70809/WHO_HTM_NTD_2012.1_eng.pdf,
20. WHO (2021) Progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2019 (https://www.who.int/hiv/strategy2016-2021/progress-report-2019/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
21. Two out of three wild poliovirus strains eradicated. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/news-
room/feature-stories/detail/two-out-of-three-wild-poliovirus-strains-eradicated, accessed 1 May 2021).
22. Global Polio Eradication Initiative [website]. (https://polioeradication.org/, accessed 1 May 2021).
23. Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) [website]. (https://www.who.int/glass/en/, accessed 1 May
2021).

3
Childhood malnutrition (stunting, wasting and
RISKS TO HEALTH
overweight), anaemia, intimate partner violence (IPV),

tobacco use, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical
inactivity, trans-fatty acids (TFA), safely managed water
and sanitation, outdoor air pollution and household
(indoor) air pollution and hypertension (raised blood
pressure) all contribute to a considerable fraction
targets and the WHO Triple Billion targets, and WHO and
partners have collaboratively developed multisectoral
policies and action plans to accelerate progress in
achieving these targets. However, inequalities hinder
the progress towards minimizing exposure to these risk
factors, as the most vulnerable populations tend to be
exposed at a higher rate to these health risks yet are
of burden of disease and result in premature and less likely to have access to and benefit from effective
preventable deaths. Addressing these health risks interventions.
constitutes one of the priorities of SDG health-related

Child malnutrition to less than one third of the global under 5-year-old
population (Fig. 3.1).
No progress to decrease the rate of overweight while
stunting and wasting are concentrated in low- and The global prevalence of stunting, wasting and
lower-middle-income countries overweight in 2020 were respectively 22.0% (UI 21.3 to
In 2020, an estimated 149.2 million children under 22.7), 6.7% (UI 5.5 to 7.9) and 5.7% (UI 5.3 to 6.3). The
5 years of age were stunted (i.e. low height-for-age) and lowest prevalence of overweight was in LICs (3.7%),
45.4 million were wasted (i.e. low weight-for-height) while UMICs reported the highest (8.8%).
while 38.9 million were overweight or obese. With
nearly two thirds of the world’s stunted children and Between 2000 and 2020, the prevalence of stunting
three quarters of the world’s wasted children, LMICs declined globally from 33.1% in 2000 to 22.0% in
bore the highest share of malnourished children in 2020. The fastest declining countries were UMICs
2020, while having less than half of the world’s under (49% reduction) followed by LMICs (35% reduction).
5-year-old population. In turn, approximately half of In contrast, overweight increased across all income
all overweight children live in UMICs, which contribute groups, and globally from 5.4% to 5.7%.
Low income Lower-middle income Upper-middle income High income
Stunting 25% 59% 14% 2%
Wasting 17% 72% 10% 1%
Overweight 10% 31% 45% 13%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Notes: Share is relative to the total number affected across the four country-income groups; this varies from the global totals because the populations are based on the FY2021 World Bank income classification. The differences are
as follows: Stunting official global estimate of 149.2 million; sum of four country-income groups = 148.8 million. Wasting official global estimate of 45.4 million; sum of four country-income groups = 41.9 million. Overweight
official global estimate of 38.9 million; sum of four country-income groups = 38.7 million.
Source: UNICEF–WHO–The World Bank: Joint child malnutrition estimates –levels and trends – 2021 edition (1).
Fig. 3.1. Distribution of stunted, wasted and overweight children under 5 years of age, by World Bank income group, 2020

Anaemia in women The global decline in anaemia has been slow in pregnant
women and stagnant in reproductive age women, from
Limited and mixed progress the 2000 benchmarks of 40.9% and 31.2%, respectively.
In 2019, the global prevalence of anaemia was 29.9% (UI SDG regional trends varied from a modest decline in
27.0, 32.8) among reproductive age women, 36.5% (UI the prevalence in women of reproductive age in sub-
34.0, 39.1) among pregnant women and 29.6% (UI 26.6, Saharan Africa (from 46.8% (UI 43.0 to 50.5) in 2000 to
32.5) among non-pregnant women. Prevalence varied 40.7% (UI 37.0 to 44.5) in 2019), Latin America and the
considerably between countries and regions (Fig. 3.2). Caribbean (from 25.6% (UI 20.9 to 30.6) in 2000 to 17.2%
Among women of reproductive age, the prevalence was (UI 12.7 to 23.1) in 2019) and Western Asia and Northern
highest in the SDG regions of Central Asia and Southern Africa (from 36.7% (UI 31.7 to 42.4) in 2000 to 31.8%
Asia (47.5%; UI 40.5, 54.0) and sub-Saharan Africa (UI 25.5 to 38.7) in 2019) to a slight increase in other
(40.7%; UI 37.0, 44.5) and lowest in Northern America SDG regions. To achieve the global target of halving the
and Europe (14.6%; UI 11.1–19.0). prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age
by 2030, multisectoral efforts need to be accelerated.
Source: Global Health Observatory (GHO) data (2).
Fig. 3.2. Prevalence of anaemia among reproductive age women (15–49 years), 2019

Intimate partner violence 38 to 63), Micronesia (42%, UI 32 to 52) and Polynesia
(39%, UI 30 to 49)) followed by sub-Saharan Africa
Alarming levels and distribution (33%, UI 29 to 38) and the subregion of Southern Asia
Globally in 2018, about one in three women of (35%, UI 26 to 45).
reproductive age (15–49 years) had experienced
physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) IPV starts early in age, with nearly 1 in 4 (24%, UI 21
at least once in their lifetime since the age of 15 (27%, to 28) adolescent girls 15–19 years old and 26% (UI
UI 24 to 32), while 1 in 10 had experienced it in the 23 to 30) of young women aged 20–24 years who have
past 12 months (13%, UI 10 to 16). The prevalence of ever had a partner or been married being subjected
lifetime IPV varied by country and region (Fig. 3.3), already to this violence. Sixteen per cent of adolescent
with the highest burden being in least developed girls and young women (15–24 years old) have been
countries with a lifetime IPV prevalence of 37% (UI 33 subjected to current/recent physical and/or sexual
to 42). SDG regions with the highest prevalence were violence, or both, by a male partner (i.e. within the
the three subregions of Oceania (Melanesia (51%, UI past 12 months).
Prevalence estimates of lifetime physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV)
among ever-married/partnered women aged 15–49 years, 2018
Median prevalence (%)

10−14%
15−19%
20−24%
25−29%
30−34%
35−39%
≥40%
No data
Not applicable
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal
Source:ofViolence
status against women
any country, prevalence
territory, estimates,
city or area or of2018 (3).
its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent
approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
© WHO 2021. All rights reserved.
Fig. 3.3. Prevalence estimates of lifetime physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence among ever-married/-partnered women aged 15–49 years,
2018

Noncommunicable disease risk factors (5). In men, obesity reached 11.1% in 2016, which is a
66% increase from 6.7% in 2000. The prevalence of
Noncommunicable diseases now account for most obesity in women was 15.1% in 2016, a 70% increase
causes of premature death and disability worldwide, from 10.6% in 2000. The prevalence of obesity has
with most deaths concentrated in low- and middle- also risen in all World Bank income groups, reaching
income countries. Hypertension, obesity, physical the highest levels in HICs (24.7% in women and 24.5%
inactivity, tobacco use, harmful alcohol consumption in men) where gender differences were the smallest
and TFA intake are among the key risk factors (male-to-female ratio of 0.99). This contrasts with
underlying NCDs. Global estimates by WHO regions the lowest levels in LICs (9.9% in women and 3.6% in
and World Bank income groups are presented for the men) where the gender differences were the largest
indicators where applicable. (male-to-female ratio of 0.36).
The sex of an individual carries a range of biological, The age-standardized prevalence of insufficient
behavioural, social and economic consequences for physical activity (hereafter physical inactivity, defined
health that results in marked differences in exposure as not meeting the 2010 Global recommendations on
to risk factors between sexes. As such, sex-related physical activity for health) among adults aged 18 and
inequalities in hypertension, overweight and obesity, older (6) was 27.5% (UI 25.0 to 32.2) in 2016, with over
and physical inactivity are explored using comparable 8% difference between sexes: males 23.4% (UI 21.1
data from WHO STEPS surveys conducted between to 30.7), females 31.7% (UI 28.6 to 39.0) (7). Over the
2015 and 2019 in 32 countries (4). past 15 years, levels of physical inactivity have only
marginally and insignificantly decreased from the
Adult obesity and physical inactivity global prevalence at 28.5% (UI 23.9 to 33.9) in 2001.
The age-standardized prevalence of obesity among HICs showed levels of physical inactivity increasing over
adults aged 18 and older (defined as body mass index time in both males and females, reaching a level in 2016
(BMI) >30 kg/m2) has been rising globally over the that was more than double the prevalence seen in LICs:
past few decades with 650 million obese adults in from 31.6% (UI 27.1 to 37.2) in 2001 to 36.8% (UI 35.0 to
2016. The prevalence of obesity has increased 50% 38.0) in 2016 in HICs vs 16.0% (UI 12.0 to 19.6) in 2001
from 8.7% in 2000 to 13.1% (UI 12.4 to 13.9) in 2016 to 16.2% (UI 14.2 to 17.9) in 2016 in LICs.
Proportion of people who do not meet thresholds for recommended

Prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30) (%)
physical activity (%)
100
90
80
Percentage of men aged 18-69 years (%)
70
Nauru
Tonga
60
Lebanon
50 Tuvalu
40
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Brunei Darussalam Kiribati

30 Georgia Tonga Nauru
Lebanon Armenia Kiribati
Iraq Micronesia (Federated States of) African
Solomon Islands
20 Jordan Americas
Guyana
Mongolia
Eastern Mediterranean
Guyana Belarus
European
10 Afghanistan
Bhutan
Morocco Zambia
South-East Asia
Western Paciﬁc
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of women aged 18-69 years (%) Percentage of women aged 18-69 years (%)
Note: The further from the diagonal line, the more sex-related inequality.
Source: WHO STEPwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) 2015–2019 (4).
Fig. 3.4. Sex-related inequality in age-standardized prevalence of obesity and the proportion of people who do not meet thresholds for recommended
physical activity in 32 countries, 2015–2019

Within country inequality Hypertension (raised blood pressure)
In 32 study countries, 58% of women were overweight Hypertension or raised blood pressure2 is a known
(having a BMI equal to or greater than 25 kg/m2) and risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
27% were obese (with a BMI greater than or equal to (8). The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension
30 kg/m2). In contrast, the proportions among men among adults aged 18 and older was 22.1% (UI 20.4
were 50% and 14%, respectively. In parallel, overall, to 24.1) in 2015 (20.1% in women and 24.1% in men)
more women did not meet the recommended weekly (9). Hypertension was higher in men in HICs (male-
physical activity threshold compared to men, with a to-female ratio 1.54), UMICs (1.26) and LMICs (1.07).
large variation in this proportion across countries with However, in LICs, prevalence in women was slightly
available data. higher than in men (male-to-female ratio 0.98).
Between 2000 and 2015, hypertension generally
The sex inequality in obesity at global level also holds declined in both women and men in all World Bank
true in almost all of the 32 study countries (Fig. 3.4). income groups. The exception was in LICs, where the
Guyana, Kiribati and the Federated States of Micronesia prevalence of hypertension increased slightly from
are among the countries with the largest sex gaps in 27.7% in 2000 to 28.4% in 2015.
obesity, with an absolute difference between females
and males equal or larger than 20 percentage points. Within country inequality
A similar pattern can be observed for the indicator of Across 32 study countries, similar proportions of women
physical inactivity: in most countries, the proportion and men had hypertension at the time of the STEPS
who do not meet the recommended threshold for survey (medians of 25% and 28% respectively) (4) (Fig. 3.5).
physical activity was higher for women than for men.1 However, overall, only 37% of men and 51% of women
In Afghanistan and Iraq, the sex difference was around with hypertension had been previously diagnosed. Among
25 percentage points. those who had hypertension, women were also more
likely to be receiving treatment: overall, 33% of women
were taking medication for hypertension, compared to
19% of men. Moreover, 12% of women and 6% of men
with hypertension had their blood pressure controlled.
People with hypertension People with hypertension who

People with hypertension who People with hypertension who are
(sbp≥140 or dbp≥90 or taking have their hypertension controlled
have been diagnosed (%) on treatment (%)
medication) (%) (%)
Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

100
90
80
Age-standardized prevalence (%)
70
60
50.8
50
40 36.7
33.4
30 27.7
24.5
20 19.1
11.7
10
5.5
Notes: sbp= systolic blood pressure; dbp= diastolic blood pressure. Circles indicate countries – each country is represented by multiple circles (one for each subgroup). Horizontal black lines indicate the median value (middle
point of estimates).
Source: WHO STEPwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) 2015–2019 (4).
Fig. 3.5. Sex-related inequality in the diagnosis and treatment cascade for hypertension in 32 countries, 2015–2019
Insufficient physical activity is defined as less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity

1 2
Defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or
activity per week, or equivalent (6). taking medication for raised blood pressure.

16.0 15.2
14.0
11.9
12.0
(litres of pure alcohol per capita) 10.1
10.0
Alcohol Consumption
7.9
8.0 7.1
6.0
4.3
4.0 3.5
2.9
1.9 1.5
2.0 0.8
0.1
0.0
African Region Region of the Americas Eastern Mediterranean European Region South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region
Region
Male Female
Fig. 3.6. Annual alcohol consumption (litres pure alcohol per capita), by sex and WHO region, 2019
Harmful use of alcohol Tobacco use

In 2019, the global annual consumption of alcohol was Tobacco continues to be one of the leading risk factors
equivalent to 5.8 litres (UI 5.5 to 6.2) of pure alcohol per for premature deaths globally (11). Smoking cessation
capita (persons aged 15 and older). On average, men before age 40 reduces the risk of death by about 90% (12).
consumed 9.2 litres per capita, which is about 3.7 times In 2018, 23.6% of the global adult population (15 years of
the amount women consumed (2.5 litres per capita). age and older) were current tobacco users, down from
There has been an increase in alcohol consumption 33.3% in 2000 and projected to decline further to 20.9%
since 2000 and a plateau from 2010 to 2015, followed by 2025. Among women, the worldwide prevalence of
by a recent decline. The WHO regions with the highest tobacco use has declined from 16.7% in 2000 to 8.5% in
consumption among men and women in 2019 were 2018, and among men from 50% to 38.6% over the same
the European Region (15.2 litres per capita in men period. The sex differentials (male-to-female ratio) have
and 4.3 litres in women), the Region of the Americas been increasing noticeably with the proportion of men
(11.9 litres in men and 3.5 litres in women), and the using tobacco three times higher than women in 2000,
Western Pacific Region (10.1 litres in men and 2.9 litres 4.5 times higher in 2015 and projected to be 5.2 times
in women), while the lowest consumption was in the higher in 2025, highlighting the slower decline among
Eastern Mediterranean Region (0.8 litres in men and men in relative terms. The male-to-female ratio varies
0.1 litres in women) (Fig. 3.6). by region and in 2018 ranged from 1.8 in the European
Region to 13.2 in the Western Pacific Region (Fig. 3.7).
60
50 48.8
47.3
40
Age-standardized prevalence of Tobacco Use
33.6 34.3
30
24.3
21.3
19
20
12.8
10.9
10
4.1 4.3 3.7
0
African Region Region of the Americas Eastern Mediterranean European Region South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region
Region
Male Female
Sources: WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO) data (13); WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025, third edition (14).
Fig. 3.7. Age-standardized prevalence of tobacco use, by sex and WHO region, 2018

The age-standardized prevalence of tobacco use has Environmental risk factors
declined for men and women across all World Bank
income groups. Nevertheless, prevalence among men Regional inequalities are stark
is still on average over 30% in all income groups except Outdoor and household (indoor) air pollution are
LICs. Prevalence among women in HICs is showing environmental risk factors that have been linked to
the slowest decline of all income groups and was on several health conditions including cardiovascular
average three times the average rate among women illness, stroke, respiratory disease and cancer, leading
in LMICs in 2018. About 1.3 billion adults continued to to approximately 7 million deaths globally in 2016. Of
use tobacco in 2018. Countries should strengthen their these deaths, 4 million occurred in sub-Saharan Africa,
implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on most of Asia and Oceania (excluding Australia and New
Tobacco Control (FCTC), which is a key SDG target to Zealand), where the highest attributable mortality rates
be able to reduce tobacco use and prevent premature were concentrated.
deaths and disabilities.
Globally, in 2016, the concentration of fine particulate
Trans-fatty acids matter PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometres or
Intake of trans-fatty acids (TFA) is linked to higher risk less in diameter; an indicator of ambient or outdoor air
of heart attacks and death from coronary heart disease pollution exposure) was 34.7 µg/m3 (31.2 µg/m3 in urban
(15,16). In 2018, WHO called for the global elimination settings), which is several times higher than the annual
of industrially produced TFA by 2023 and released the mean WHO air quality safety standard of 10 µg/m3.
REPLACE action framework and also six REPLACE Regional variation is extensive with the lowest annual
action modules to support governments in taking mean PM2.5 concentrations reported in the Region of the
actions to eliminate industrially produced TFA from Americas (11.6 µg/m3) and the European Region (12.8
the food supply (17). WHO recommends that countries µg/m3) and the highest being in the South-East Asia
implement one of two best-practice policy options: Region (54.3 µg/m3) and the Eastern Mediterranean
mandatory national limit of 2 g of industrially produced Region (51.1 µg/m3).
TFA per 100 g of total fat in all foods; or, mandatory
national ban on the production or use of partially In 2019, about two thirds of the global population
hydrogenated oils as an ingredient in all foods. (84% urban and 42% rural) relied primarily on clean
fuels and technologies, which is about a 30% increase
Countries are taking various measures to reduce and from 50% (76% urban and 25% rural) in 2000. Despite
eliminate TFA, but there were only 14 countries that this gain, however, over 2.6 billion people – mainly
have implemented the best-practice TFA policy as from low- and middle-income countries – continue
of 2020. However, the number of countries that are to be exposed to household air pollution because of
implementing the best-practice TFA policy is increasing inefficient and polluting cooking systems. In the SDG
rapidly and, as of April 2021, the number has increased region of sub-Saharan Africa, population growth has
to 37. Inequalities by World Bank income group exist, as outpaced the increase in clean cooking access, leaving
best-practice TFA policies were passed or took effect it the region with the largest number of people without
in 35 HICs, seven UMICs, and one LMIC (18). access to clean fuels and technologies. Although the
annual rate of increase in access to clean fuel and
technologies has been 1.0% per year between 2010 and
2019, coverage levels and trends vary considerably by
WHO region (Fig. 3.8). The European Region and Region
of the Americas have reached more than 90%, while the
level was markedly lower in the African Region (19% in
2019) and seeing little progress. Coverage of clean fuels
and technologies has increased in the Western Pacific
Region and most notably in the South-East Asia Region
where the increase has been considerable from 20% in
2000 to 67% in 2019.

African Region Region of the Americas Eastern Mediterranean Region European Region South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region
100
90
80
70
60
Percentage (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Fig. 3.8. Trends in the percentage of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies, by WHO region, 2000–2019
Water, sanitation and hygiene In 2019, a quarter of health care facilities lacked basic
water services, exposing 1.8 billion people – including
Clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are health care workers and patients – to greater risk of
essential to human health and well-being and are infections. One in three health care facilities did not
especially important in the context of infectious disease have hand hygiene facilities at the point of care, and
outbreaks, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. 10% of facilities had no sanitation service at all. One
Unsafe drinking water, unsafe sanitation and lack of third did not segregate waste safely.
hygiene also remain important causes of death, with an
estimated 870 000 associated deaths occurring in 2016.1 Ensuring water and sanitation for all requires financial
The African Region suffered a disproportionate burden resources and technical capacity to support and sustain
from such deaths, with a mortality rate four times investments in infrastructure. From 2015 to 2019, official
higher than the global average. Available data from development assistance (ODA) disbursements to the
98 countries indicate that safely managed drinking- water sector increased slightly by 3% from US$ 9.0 to
water services – that is, located on premises, available US$ 9.2 billion. In the same period, ODA commitments
when needed and free from contamination – were to the water sector rose 11%. A 2018 survey found
enjoyed by only 71% of the global population (5.3 billion that more than 80% of countries reported insufficient
people) in 2017. Safely managed sanitation services – financing to meet national WASH targets (21).
with excreta safely disposed of in situ or treated off-site
– were available to only 45% of the global population Inequitable access to WASH impedes progress
(3.4 billion people). towards equitable recovery and building back better
Access to WASH services varies substantially across
In the same year, two in five households globally (40%) countries (21). Data for 98 countries from surveys over
lacked basic handwashing facilities with soap and the period of 2008–2017 show that while globally more
water in their home. Untreated household wastewater than nine out of 10 people use safely managed drinking-
contaminates drinking-water sources, posing risks water services (median of 92% across 98 countries),
to public health and the environment. Preliminary in two countries less than one out of 10 people have
estimates from 74 countries (excluding much of Africa access (Sierra Leone and Uganda). Similarly, while
and Asia) show that, in about a third of countries, less globally almost 80% of the population have access to
than 50% of all household wastewater flows are safely safely managed sanitation services (median of 78%
treated. across 88 countries), coverage is below 20% in seven
countries. Access to basic hygiene services varies
Data compiled in 2020 highlighted the inadequate from 1% to 100% across 77 countries with available
WASH status within many health care facilities, a data, with less than half of the population using these
potentially critical factor in the control of COVID-19 (20). services overall (median of 46% across 78 countries).
1
Deaths associated with diarrhoeal disease, soil-transmitted helminth infections and
malnutrition.

Within countries, not all population groups have equal Availability of WASH services in health care facilities
access to WASH services. Use of safely managed also varies between and within countries (22). Overall,
drinking-water and sanitation services is higher among the proportion of health care facilities with basic water
urban than rural populations, however the gap between services is higher among urban than rural areas
urban and rural areas narrowed between 2008 and 2017 (median of 82% vs 58% across 28 countries), more
due to faster improvements among rural areas (Fig. 3.9). common among hospital than non-hospital facilities
(median of 86% vs 65% across 34 countries) and more
likely among private than public facilities (median of
73% vs 57% across 18 countries) (Fig. 3.10).
Population using safely managed drinking water services (%) Population using safely managed sanitation services (%)
100
90
80
70
60
Coverage (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Rural Urban
Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) (22).
Fig. 3.9. Coverage of safely managed drinking-water and sanitation services by rural/urban place of residence: change over time
Place of residence Facility type Administration type

(28 countries) (34 countries) (18 countries)
Rural Urban Hospital Non-hospital Government Non-government
100
90
86.3
81.8
80
72.9
70
64.9
Coverage (%)
60 57.8 56.8
50
40
30
20
10
Note: Circles indicate countries – each country is represented by multiple circles (one for each subgroup). Horizontal black lines indicate the median value (middle point of estimates).
Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) (22).
Fig. 3.10. Percentage of health care facilities with basic water services by multiple dimensions of inequality: latest situation

References
1. UNICEF–WHO–The World Bank: Joint child malnutrition estimates — levels and trends – 2021 edition (https://data.unicef.org/
resources/jme-report-2021/, accessed 1 May 2021).
2. Prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-anaemia-in-women-
of-reproductive-age-(-), accessed 1 May 2021).
3. Violence Against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization, on behalf of the United Nations
Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence Against Women Estimation and Data (UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UNSD, UNWomen);
2021 (https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/violence-prevention/vaw_report_web_09032021_oleksandr.
pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
4. STEPwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) [website]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (https://
www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/steps, accessed 1 May 2021).
5. Prevalence of obesity among adults (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019
(https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/2389, accessed 1 May 2021).
6. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 (https://www.who.int/
publications/i/item/9789241599979, accessed 1 May 2021).
7. Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled
analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(10):e1077–e86.
8. Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, Ng M, Biryukov S, Marczak L et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure
of at least 110 to 115 mmHg, 1990–2015. JAMA. 2017;317(2):165–182. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19043.
9. Raised blood pressure (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.
who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/raised-blood-pressure-(sbp-=140-or-dbp-=90)-(age-standardized-
estimate), accessed 1 May 2021).
10. Alcohol data by country (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://apps.
who.int/gho/data/view.main.1800?lang=en, accessed 1 May 2021).
11. Global Burden of Disease 2015 Tobacco Collaborators. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries
and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2017;389:1885–1906
(https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2817%2930819-X, accessed 1 May 2021).
12. Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, Rostrong B, Thun M, Anderson R et al. 21st-Century Hazards of Smoking
and Benefits of Cessation in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:341–50 (https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/
NEJMsa1211128?articleTools=true, accessed 1 May 2021).
13. Prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older (Global Health Observatory) [online database].
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/age-
standardized-prevalence-of-current-tobacco-smoking-among-persons-aged-15-years-and-older, accessed 1 May 2021).
14. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019
(https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-global-report-on-trends-in-prevalence-of-tobacco-use-2000-2025-third-
edition, accessed 1 May 2021).
15. Draft guidelines on saturated fatty acid and trans-fatty acid intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2018
16. Brouwer I. Effect of trans-fatty acid intake on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2016 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246109/9789241510608-eng.pdf,
17. REPLACE trans fat webpage (https://www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/replace-trans-fat, accessed 1 May 2021).
18. WHO plan to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from global food supply. Geneva, World Health Organization,
2018 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/334170/9789240010178-eng.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
19. Air pollution (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/
data/gho/data/themes/theme-details/GHO/air-pollution, accessed 1 May 2021).
20. UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 report. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2019. (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516297, accessed 1 May 2021)
21. Global progress report on WASH in health care facilities: Fundamentals first. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020
(https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240017542, accessed 1 May 2021).
22. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) [website] (http://www.washdata.
org, accessed 1 May 2021).

4
Universal health coverage (UHC) is firmly based on
the 1948 WHO constitution that declares health a
fundamental human right and commits to ensuring
the highest attainable level of health for all. Achieving
UHC is a global commitment that is embodied in the
SDG agenda and is a major component of reducing
inequalities and fighting poverty worldwide. In addition,
UNIVERSAL HEALTH
COVERAGE
While considerable progress has been made in recent

decades, almost half of the world’s population still
does not benefit from a complete coverage of essential
health services and millions of people are still being
pushed into extreme poverty, because they have
to pay for health care. Progress towards the UHC
Billion by 2023 is predicted to be the slowest of all the
in the context of the Triple Billion targets, WHO works billions (Section 5). There is an urgent need to remove
with partners in supporting countries to develop and remaining barriers, to allow access to health care for
strengthen their health systems to advance and sustain all. This section presents the latest data on service
UHC around the world, which stresses not only the coverage and financial protection, the two pillars of the
coverage of health services, but also how they are UHC SDG indicator.
funded, managed and delivered.
46
Service coverage of progress and represents a heavier load to those
countries with weaker systems.
Improvements in coverage of essential health services
have been recorded in all regions and all income Achieving UHC requires multiple approaches.
groups, with the UHC service coverage index (UHC The primary health care approach and life course
SCI) increasing from a global average of 45 (of 100) approaches are critical. As a first point of entry between
in 2000 to 66 in 2017 (Fig. 4.1). Greatest progress patients and health systems, primary health care
has been in LICs, mainly driven by interventions for allows all people to benefit from basic health services
infectious diseases and, to some extent, for improved while reducing financial and geographic barriers.
reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health It is considered one of the most effective means to
(RMNCH) services. guarantee equitable progress on access to health
care. Its reinforcement at the community level is a
Globally and for many countries, however, the pace key aspect for the realization of UHC, and needs to be
of progress has slowed since 2010, and the poorest increasingly supported. Applying a life course approach
countries and those affected by conflict generally lag optimizes people’s health by addressing their needs
furthest behind. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, and maximizing opportunities across all phases of life
health care systems are experiencing increased so that they can be and do what they justifiably value
resource constraints and conflicting priorities. This at all ages, always guided by principles that promote
imposes challenges for the anticipated continuity human rights and gender equality.
Source: Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage: 2019 monitoring report (1).
Fig. 4.1. Variation of UHC service coverage index (UHC SCI), 2017

Financial protection 14
12
Financial protection is achieved when out-of-pocket 10
payments for health services do not cause financial 8

hardship. Unfortunately, the gains in service coverage 6
have come at a major cost to some individuals and
4
their families. The incidence of catastrophic health
2
expenditures – defined as large out-of-pocket spending
in relation to household consumption or income – 0
2000 2005 2010 2015
increased continuously between 2000 and 2015. The
10% threshold 25% threshold
proportion of the population with out-of-pocket health
spending exceeding 10% of their household budget Source: Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage: 2019 monitoring report (1).
rose from 9.4% to 12.7% over this period, and the
Fig. 4.2. Percentage of population with out-of-pocket health spending
proportion with out-of-pocket spending exceeding 25% exceeding 10% or 25% of the household budget, 2000 to 2015
rose from 1.7% to 2.9% (Fig. 4.2). Overall, financial
protection prior to COVID-19 has been deteriorating
not improving. The world cannot afford health systems on health is shown to have decreased, the reduction
without financial protection. cannot be interpreted as genuinely improved financial
protection. It must be analysed alongside changes in
For HICs and UMICs, with high service coverage and low service coverage, because many essential services
financial hardship, the major challenge is to continue may become unavailable due to COVID-19-related
to make efficiency, quality and equity gains. For disruptions, and people may be simply delaying or
LMICs, with high service coverage but also high levels avoiding seeking care due to diminished ability to pay
of financial hardship, ensuring inclusive, universal or fear of contracting COVID-19 in health care settings.
mechanisms to protect against high out-of-pocket
spending is the key challenge. Countries with low
service coverage and high financial hardship need A closer look at the coverage of essential
comprehensive reform of both their service delivery health services
and health financing arrangements, giving priority
to addressing inequities. Countries with low service In the SDGs framework, UHC is measured by the
coverage and low financial hardship – mainly highly coverage of tracer interventions that include RMNCH,
vulnerable and conflict-affected states – need to build infectious diseases, NCDs and service capacity and
the foundations of their health systems, including access, among the general and the most disadvantaged
human resources, supply chains and infrastructure. populations. Some of the corresponding indicators –
such as WASH and prevalence of hypertension and
The impact of COVID-19 on the number of households tobacco use – have already been described and this
spending a large share of their budgets on health section will therefore focus on the remaining and
care remains uncertain, as there is evidence of other related areas including RMNCH, communicable
income shrinking, poverty increasing and households diseases, health workforce (HWF), health security and
forgoing health care (2,3). But if household spending the implications of population ageing.

Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child may be negatively impacted by national public and social
health measures, transportation disruptions, resources being
diverted away from essential health services, and due to
The proportion of women of reproductive age who have safety fears associated with health centres and hospitals
their need for family planning satisfied with modern (5–7). Future data collection and analysis may reveal such
methods has only moderately increased worldwide indirect consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
between 2000 and 2021 from 73.7% to 76.8%. The
African Region has the lowest coverage at 57.1% in 2021. Adolescent girls, especially younger girls, are particularly
The region has nevertheless progressed, increasing vulnerable because they face the additional risks of
coverage by 52% in the past 21 years compared to premature pregnancy and childbirth. Adolescent fertility
a global increase of 4%. Some of the entrenched rates are an indicator of effectiveness of measures to
causes of this gradual progress are: limited choice of ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive
contraceptive methods; inadequate access to services, health care services. Maternal complications were the
particularly among young, poorer and unmarried people; second leading cause of death among girls aged 15–19
perceptions and experience of contraceptive side- globally in 2019 (8). The adolescent birth rate has fallen
effects; cultural or religious opposition; poor service worldwide from 56.4 births per 1000 adolescents aged
quality and acceptability; bias against some methods 15–19 years in 2000 to 41.2 per 1000 in 2020. Adolescent
among users as well as providers; and gender-based births have generally decreased globally and in individual
barriers to accessing services (4). WHO regions, except for the Western Pacific Region.
According to the data available for 2014–2020, 83% of Inequalities in the area of RMNCH
global births were assisted by skilled birth attendants, The RMNCH composite coverage index (9,10) summarizes
including medical doctors, nurses and midwives: an the level of coverage across the spectrum of RMNCH
increase of about 30% compared to data from 2000– interventions. It is calculated as a weighted average
2006. Despite this remarkable progress, regional of eight indicators in four stages of the continuum of
inequalities remain and the COVID-19 pandemic may be care: reproductive health (demand for family planning
undermining these advances. Evidence is emerging that satisfied); maternal health (antenatal care coverage – at
access to competent and quality care during childbirth least four visits –, and birth attended by skilled health
Economic status Education Place of residence

Quintile 1 Quintile 5 Secondary
Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 No education Primary school Rural Urban
(poorest) (richest) school +
100
90
80
74.9
73.4 72.6 72.6
71.0
70 66.8 67.1
64.9
61.3
60 56.8
Coverage (%)
50
40
30
20
10
Notes: Circles indicate countries – each country is represented by multiple circles (one for each subgroup). Horizontal black lines indicate the median value (middle point of estimates).
Sources: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) available from the WHO Health Equity Monitor database, 2020 (11).
Fig. 4.3. RMNCH composite coverage index by multiple dimensions of inequality: latest situation, 2010–2019

2010–2019
Economic status (32 countries)
2000–2009
2010–2019
Education (31 countries)
2000–2009
2010–2019
Place of residence (33 countries)
2000–2009
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Coverage (%)
Quintile 1 (poorest) Quintile 3 Quintile 5 (richest) Primary school Rural

Quintile 2 Quintile 4 No education Secondary school + Urban
Note: Circles indicate median values across countries – one circle for each subgroup.
Sources: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) available from the WHO Health Equity Monitor database, 2020 (11).
Fig. 4.4. RMNCH composite coverage index by multiple dimensions of inequality: change over time, 2000–2009 and 2010–2019
personnel); child immunization (Bacillus Calmette– coverage increased and economic-related inequality
Guérin (BCG), measles and diphtheria, tetanus and decreased for all indicators, albeit at varying degrees.
pertussis (third dose ) (DTP3) immunization coverage); While the gap between the richest and poorest did
and management of childhood illnesses (oral rehydration not change much in relation to demand for family
therapy for diarrhoea and care-seeking for suspected planning satisfied, the poorest quintile is nevertheless
childhood pneumonia symptoms). increasingly left behind. Great improvements can be
observed for skilled birth attendance, with coverage
The coverage of RNMCH interventions varies substantially increasing fastest among the poorest quintile and
across countries, with the composite coverage index leading to a large reduction in economic-related
ranging across 71 countries from 28% in Chad to 90% inequality over time (difference between the richest and
in Cuba (with a global median of 69%). Within countries, poorest quintile of 48 percentage points in 2000–2009
coverage also varies between population subgroups, with compared with 21 percentage points in 2010–2019).
a common pattern of higher coverage among advantaged Coverage of DTP3 immunization also increased over
groups. It increases with increasing economic status and time and inequalities reduced, leading to very little
education levels and is higher in urban than rural areas economic-related inequality in 2010–2019 (gap between
(Fig. 4.3). the richest and poorest quintile of 6 percentage points).
However, data from 33 countries shows that the Immunization

situation has improved over time, with overall coverage During 2019, about 85% of infants worldwide (116
increasing and inequalities between population million infants) received three doses of DTP3 vaccine,
subgroups reducing in the past decade (Fig. 4.4). protecting them against three infectious diseases that
For instance, the gap between median coverage in can cause serious illness, disability or death. By 2019,
the richest and the poorest population subgroups 125 countries had reached at least 90% coverage of
reduced from 27 percentage points in 2000–2009 to 15 DTP3 vaccine. However, an estimated 19.7 million
percentage points in 2010–2019. The pace of change children under the age of 1 year did not receive DTP3
of these improvements have tended to favour the vaccine in 2019. By the end of 2019, 85% of children had
disadvantaged subgroups more; that is, the changes received one dose of measles vaccine by their second
were for the most part pro-poor, pro-less educated birthday and 178 countries had included a second dose
and pro-rural. as part of routine immunization, with 71% of children
receiving two doses of measles vaccine according to
The situation varies for different component indicators national immunization schedules. Global coverage
of the composite coverage index (Fig. 4.5). Overall, levels of more recently recommended vaccines such

2010–2019
Demand for family planning
satisﬁed - use of modern and (47 countries)
traditional methods (%)
2000–2009
2010–2019
Births attended by skilled health
personnel (in the two or three (55 countries)
years preceding the survey) (%)
2000–2009
2010–2019
DTP3 immunization coverage

(52 countries)
among one-year-olds (%)
2000–2009
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Coverage (%)
Quintile 1 (poorest) Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 (richest)
Note: Circles indicate median values across countries – one circle for each subgroup.
Sources: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Reproductive Health Surveys (RHS) available from the WHO Health Equity Monitor database, 2020 (11).
Fig. 4.5. RMNCH indicators by economic status: change over time, 2000–2009 and 2010–2019
as rotavirus vaccine and pneumococcal-conjugated Inequalities in the area of communicable

vaccine were still under 50%. Human papillomavirus diseases
vaccine was introduced in 103 countries by the end of
2019, not counting three countries where it was only Socioeconomic inequalities exist in all countries and
partially introduced. Nearly a third of these Member have important impacts on health. There are systemic
States (33) also started to vaccinate boys. differences in infectious diseases between social
groups that differ by dimensions such as economic
Despite encouraging progress, improvements and status, education, place of residence, occupation and
expansions in immunization coverage may be under so on. Poor, more disadvantaged populations tend to
threat: preliminary data for the four months to April suffer from a higher burden of communicable diseases,
2020 indicate a substantial drop in DTP3 coverage for for instance due to low knowledge of protective
the first time in almost three decades (12). According behaviours, increased exposure due to living and
to the second round of the WHO “pulse survey”’ of 135 working conditions, poor health-seeking behaviours
countries (April 2021), three quarters of 82 responding and barriers to accessing health services, all of which
countries reported various reasons for COVID-19 related inhibit rapid detection and treatment.
disruptions in their immunization programmes. Even
when immunization services are offered, people may be HIV/AIDS
unable to access them because of reluctance to leave Overall, HIV knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP)
home, transport interruptions, economic hardships, tend to be better among the richest and most educated.
restrictions on movement, or fear of being exposed to For instance, in over half of countries with data available
COVID-19. Many health workers are also unavailable to between 2010–2019, there was a gap of at least 20
provide routine vaccination due to restrictions on travel percentage points between the richest and poorest for
or redeployment to COVID response duties, as well as KAP indicators. Knowledge about HIV was also at least
a lack of protective equipment. 20 percentage points higher among the most educated
than the least educated (Fig. 4.6).

Knowledge Attitudes Practice
Accepting attitudes (would buy fresh vegetables
Comprehensive correct knowledge about AIDS (%) Condom use at last high-risk sex (%)
from a shopkeeper with AIDS) (%)
Females Males Females Males Females Males
100
90
80
70 65.9 67.2
64.2
Percentage (%)
60
51.9
50
42.7 44.0
42.0 40.6 41.6
40
30
24.6
20.2
20 16.2
10
No or Secondary or No or Secondary or No or Secondary or No or Secondary or No or Secondary or No or Secondary or

primary higher primary higher primary higher primary higher primary higher primary higher
education education education education education education education education education education education education
Notes: Circles indicate countries – each country is represented by multiple circles (one for each indicator and subgroup). Horizontal black lines indicate the median value (middle point of estimates).
Sources: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and AIDS Indicator Surveys, 2010–2019 (11).
Fig. 4.6. Education-related inequalities in HIV knowledge, attitudes and practice among females and males: latest situation, 2010–2019
Tuberculosis surveyed (Fig. 4.7). TB is a disease of poverty; those

Overall, half of people affected by TB face catastrophic most at risk tend to be those with the most problems
costs (exceeding 20% of the household’s income) as a accessing care services and would be most adversely
result of the disease, ranging in 16 countries between affected by high out-of-pocket expenditures on health.
19% and 83%. For people with drug-resistant TB, Without strong mitigation measures (including social
this proportion rises to 80%. Probability of facing protection), an even higher proportion of people with
catastrophic costs was over 20 percentage points TB and their households will be at risk of facing
higher among the poorest households in most countries catastrophic costs.
Nigeria 2017
Lao People's Democratic Republic 2019
Viet Nam 2016
Uganda 2017
Kenya 2017
Lesotho 2019
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage (%)
Quintile 1 (poorest) Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 (richest)
Source: TB patient cost surveys 2016–2019 (13).
Fig. 4.7. Percentage of TB-affected households facing catastrophic costs due to TB by economic status in six countries: latest situation, 2016–2019

Economic status Education Place of residence Sex
Secondary or
Quintile 1 Quintile 5 No or primary
Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 higher Rural Urban Female Male
(poorest) (richest) education
education
70
60
50
46.7
45.6
Percentage (%)
41.3 41.6
40
37.1
35.4 34.6
32.9 32.6
31.7
30
25.9
20
10
Notes: Circles indicate countries – each country is represented by multiple circles (one for each subgroup). Horizontal black lines indicate the median value (middle point of estimates).
Sources: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS), 2010–2019 (11).
Fig. 4.8. Prompt care-seeking for children aged <5 years with fever by multiple dimensions of inequality in 28 countries: latest situation, 2010–2019
Malaria the share of youth aged 15 to 24 (13.7%) (14). The

Fever is the main symptom for suspecting malaria health challenges of an older person can include multi-
and triggering diagnostic testing of the patient in morbidity and complex care needs. Their declining
most malaria-endemic settings. A history of fever physical and functional capacities also create service
and subsequent steps taken to seek treatment have accessibility barriers and require considerably more
been the basis of measuring access to malaria case attention in provision of health service coverage for
management. Overall, there are large inequalities in ageing populations. In this context, UHC monitoring
care-seeking behaviour for children with fever, which is important to prepare health systems to respond to
tend to be lower among the poor, uneducated and rural people’s needs to maintain autonomy through the life
subpopulations. Prompt care-seeking for children aged course as they age (15).
under 5 years with fever was at least 20 percentage
points higher in the richest quintile than in the poorest The WHO Study on global ageing and adult health
quintile in over half of study countries (Fig. 4.8). This (SAGE) (16) showed varying rates of self-reported
inequality in access has remained persistent, with no unmet health care needs among people aged 65
or little apparent overall change in the past 10 years. and older across low- and middle-income countries.
Health systems may not be responding to the needs
of older people, partly because their perceptions of
Demographic transition to ageing population need are influenced by services available to them.
In some settings, this may also be a question of
Globally, population ageing continues at an financial protection. Data from SAGE showed that
unprecedented pace. In 2020, the share of older persons among uninsured persons aged 65 and older who
aged 65 years or over in the world population (9.3%) reported a health care need, the levels of unmet need
was already greater than that of children under the age are larger compared to insured populations. These
of five (8.7%). By 2050, the proportion of people who figures only refer to unmet need for health care and
are 65 years and older (15.9%) will be more than twice do not incorporate unmet needs for social care, which
that of children under five (7.1%) and will also surpass is also vital to the well-being of older people.

Inequity in distribution of health workers WHO recommendations focus on strategies to increase
the availability of health workers in remote and rural
The inequitable distribution of the HWF – in terms of areas through improved attraction, recruitment and
age, gender, place of employment – hinders national retention. Critical to ensuring equitable deployment of
capacities to achieve UHC . health workers are the selection of trainees from, and
delivery of training in, rural and underserved areas,
A study on gender equity analysed data from 104 countries financial and non-financial incentives, and regulatory
and revealed that 67% of those employed in the health measures of service delivery reorganization.
and social sector are women, indicating an increase over
time of women’s representation in the health sector, even
though gender pay gaps remain (17). The State of the world Access and delivery of health technologies
nursing report 2020 highlights that nurses constitute the
biggest single occupation among health workers (59% of Access to and delivery of medicines, vaccines and
total) (18). Although about 90% of the nursing workforce diagnostic tools are vital to addressing most established
are women, they are often underrepresented at senior and emerging health issues, and to recovering overall
management levels (17). Gender inequalities within the momentum towards the health-related SDGs. A sample
HWF remain a critical issue and are further uncovered of 25 countries, surveyed between 2008 and 2019,
by the COVID-19 pandemic. The lack of PPEs adapted for shows substantial variation in access, with a range
female bodies and an average gender pay gap of 28% – of 0 to 69.2% (median of 14.6%) of health facilities
from 21 countries for which this information was available providing an available and affordable (accessible) set
– are only some of them. of core essential medicines for treatment, prevention
and management of acute and chronic, communicable
The maldistribution of health workforces is central and noncommunicable diseases in primary health care
to the existing inequalities in health service coverage settings. Specifically, in 28% of countries none of the
and burden of disease for populations in need. Striking facilities provided accessible medicines.
variations in health worker availability are demonstrated
by recent National Health Workforce Accounts (NHWAs) Worldwide, the need to reduce face-to-face
(19). For example, there is a 366-fold difference in the consultations without compromising the quality and
density of medical doctors between the countries with access of essential health services has revitalized
the highest and lowest densities. There is also a 194- telemedicine and brought it to the forefront in the era of
fold difference in the density of nursing and midwifery COVID-19. Discussions on the necessity and feasibility
personnel between countries with the highest and of telemedicine have pervaded across a range of
lowest densities. Variations are also marked at the medical specialties and care settings. Health systems
regional level, with on average one medical doctor per have introduced regulatory flexibilities and incentives
232 people in the European Region compared to one to encourage adoption and implementation, with
medical doctor per 3619 people in the African Region; coordination from providers and technology companies.
for nursing and midwifery personnel there is one per Each year, billions of dollars are spent on research and
121 people in the Region of the Americas and one per development into new or improved health products,
973 people in the African Region. technologies and processes, ranging from medicines
and vaccines to diagnostics and assistive devices. But
The inequity in distribution of health workers observed the way research priorities are selected and funds
globally and regionally also exists within individual distributed are often poorly aligned with global public
countries. Fifty-eight countries have reported health needs, and access and delivery considerations
subnational nursing personnel distribution data for the are typically only included as an afterthought. Countries
most recent years. Among these countries, the average with comparable levels of income and health needs
staffing disparity (as measured by the Gini coefficient) receive different levels of ODA for medical research
for nursing personnel density at the subnational level and for maintaining basic health sectors. In 2018, LICs
is 0.12;1 this value varied from an average of 0.05 in the received only 0.2% of all direct grants for biomedical
European Region to 0.21 in the African Region. In these research by major funders (20).
58 countries, an average maximum/minimum ratio (i.e.
between the region with the highest density and the Globally, the average national percentage of domestic
region with the lowest density) of 16 (ranging from 1.1 to government expenditure devoted to health was 10% in
352) was observed. This indicated that countries already 2018, ranging from 7% in the African Region to 14% in
suffering from low HWF density also had more extensive the Region of the Americas. Most regional and global
within-country inequality in health worker distribution. proportions of investment have increased slightly in
the past decade.
A Gini coefficient of zero represents equality and an increasing coefficient reflects greater
1
inequality.

Health security progress since 2018 in almost every core capacity. The
exception is a small reduction in capacities related to
Health security is another important and indispensable zoonotic events and human–animal health interface
component of UHC and is assessed as one of the 14 and chemical events observed in 2020 compared to
sub-indicators in UHC SCI. The COVID-19 pandemic 2019 (Fig. 4.9). Considering only the 146 countries that
underlined that health security is a fundamental reported each year from 2018 to 2020, there is a verified
prerequisite to ensure basic health, achieve UHC, increase in all capacities, with stable scores from 2019
and consolidate the hard-earned health gains. The and 2020 in only two capacities: zoonotic events and
International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) require human–animal health interface, and also chemical
that all 196 signatory countries and territories (States events (Fig. 4.10). In general, despite the verified
Parties) work together for global health security and variation in 2020, the 13 capacities average level are
build their capacities to detect, assess, report and above 50% and three capacities reached the level near
respond to public health emergencies. or above 70%: IHR Coordination and National IHR Focal
Point Functions; Laboratory; and surveillance. Covid-19
WHO had supported IHR States Parties to assess, experience shows the clear need for a coordinated
evaluate and monitor their IHR capacities and multisectoral health emergency surge capacity and
developed a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework preparedness at all levels nationally. The 2020 IHR
(IHR MEF), consisting of the compulsory annual SPAR reports provided clear evidence of the strong
reporting to the World Health Assembly, using the political commitment to fulfil IHR obligations. They also
IHR State Party self-assessment annual reporting showed that continuing efforts are needed to improve
tool (SPAR) and other complementary and voluntary and maintain early warning systems, to mitigate and
instruments: The Joint External Evaluation, Simulation manage public health risks within national contexts, and
Exercises and After Action Reviews (AAR).1 to consider worldwide pandemic context for national
health emergency operational preparedness planning.
Based on the SPAR annual reporting from the
164 States Parties that reported their data for 2020 The IHR reviews, SPAR, the report of the Independent
– and considering averages of all of reports received Panel, and the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board
from 2018 to 2020 – trends show constancy and steady (GPMB) continue to inform avenues for improvement
80
76 2018 (n=183) 2019 (n=175)
74
73
72 71
70 70 70
70 67 67
66 66 66 66
65 65
62
63 63 63 64 63 63 63 63
61 60
59 60
60
57 56 57 55 54
53 53 52
52
50
50
40
30
20
10
0
7. Human resources
13. Radiation emergencies

Emergency Framework
5. Laboratory
2. IHR Coordination and
9. Health Service Provision

6. Surveillance
and the human–animal
1. Legislation and Financing
12. Chemical events

4. Food safety
11. Points of entry

10. Risk Communication
8. National Health
National IHR Focal
3. Zoonotic events
Point Functions
interface
Core capacities
Note: *Based on information of 146 States Parties reporting in 2018 (n=183), 2019 (n=175) and 2020 (n=164).
Source: As of 16 April, 164 States Parties reported for SPAR 2020 IHR annual report. For the latest update see: https://extranet.who.int/e-spar.
Fig. 4.9. International Health Regulations States Parties SPAR reports, 2018 to 2020
Activities from IHR MEF are disseminated regularly on weekly updates and also available
1
at the Strategic Partnership for Health Security and Emergency Preparedness (SPH)
Portal. See: https://extranet.who.int/sph/home.

80
75
74
72 73
2018 2019 2020
70 71 71
69
70 67 67 67 67
65 65 65 65 65 64 64
62 63 63 63
61 61
59 58 58 59
60 57 55 57 55
53 52 52 54
51 52
50
40
30
20
10
6. Surveillance
and the human–animal
7. Human resources
12. Chemical events
13. Radiation emergencies

Emergency Framework
4. Food safety
5. Laboratory
11. Points of entry

2. IHR Coordination and
9. Health Service Provision
10. Risk Communication

1. Legislation and Financing
8. National Health
3. Zoonotic events
National IHR Focal
Point Functions
interface
Core capacities
Note: *Based on information of 146 States Parties reporting in 2018 (n=183), 2019 (n=175) and 2020 (n=164).
Source: As of 16 April, 164 States Parties reported for SPAR 2020 IHR annual report. For the latest update see: https://extranet.who.int/e-spar.
Fig. 4.10. International Health Regulations State Parties SPAR reports on 13 core capacities average for 146 countries that reported in all three years
2018–2020
and next steps. It will be important to ensure that the the roll-out of COVID-related vaccines, to refocus
Prevent vaccination indicators continue to improve efforts on other priority vaccine-preventable diseases;
to ensure equitable roll-out of COVID vaccines. The and also, to address key factors of overall health
current pandemic offers a tangible opportunity to have systems readiness to prepare for, respond to, and
a substantial impact on protecting more lives through ultimately protect more lives from health emergencies.

References
1. Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage: 2019 monitoring report. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2019 (https://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/uhc_report_2019.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
2. Poverty and shared prosperity 2020: reversals of fortune. Washington D.C.: World Bank; 2020 (https://www.worldbank.org/en/
publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity, accessed 1 May 2021).
3. Pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim report, 27 August 2020.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS_continuity-
survey-2020.1, accessed 1 May 2021).
4. Family planning/contraception methods: Key facts. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception, accessed 1 May 2021).
5. Fore, H. A wake-up call: COVID-19 and its impact on children’s health and wellbeing. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8:7. doi.
org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30238-2.
6. Kotlar B, Gerson E, Petrillo S, Langer A, Tiemeier H. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health:
a scoping review. Reprod Health. 2021;18:10. doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-96736/v1.
7. Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y et al. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the
COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. Lancet
Glob Health. 2020;8:7. doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30229-1.
8. Global Health Estimates 2019: Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability. Geneva,
World Health Organization; 2020. (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates,
9. Countdown 2008 Equity Analysis Group. Mind the gap: equity and trends in coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health
services in 54 Countdown countries. Lancet. 2008;371(9620):1259–67. doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60560-7.
10. Wehrmeister FC, Barros AJD, Hosseinpoor AR, Boerma T, Victora CG. Measuring universal health coverage in reproductive,
maternal, newborn and child health: an update of the composite coverage index. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0232350. doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232350.
11. WHO Health Equity Monitor database [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/data/
gho/health-equity, accessed 1 May 2021).
12. WHO and UNICEF warn of a decline in vaccinations during COVID-19. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.
who.int/news/item/15-07-2020-who-and-unicef-warn-of-a-decline-in-vaccinations-during-covid-19, accessed 1 May 2021).
13. Global TB Programme, World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/tb/about/en/
14. World Population Prospects 2019: highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/423). New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, Population Division; 2019 (https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-
2019-highlights.html, accessed 1 May 2021).
15. Gasper D. Needs and human rights. In: Smith R, van den Anker C (eds). The essentials of human rights. London: Hodder &
Stoughton; 2005.
16. WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.
who.int/healthinfo/sage/en, accessed 1 May 2021).
17. Gender equity in the health workforce: analysis of 104 countries. Health Workforce Working Paper 1. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/gender_equity-health_workforce_analysis/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
18. State of the world’s nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019
(https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331673/9789240003293-eng.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
19. National Health Workforce Accounts data portal [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://apps.who.int/
nhwaportal/, accessed 1 May 2021).
20. Investments on grants for biomedical research by funder, type of grant, health category and recipient (Global Health
Observatory) [online database]. (https://www.who.int/observatories/global-observatory-on-health-research-and-
development/monitoring/investments-on-grants-for-biomedical-research-by-funder-type-of-grant-health-category-and-
recipient, accessed 1 May 2021).

5
The world was already off-track to meet the SDGs and the WHO Triple Billions, and COVID-19 has
upended recent progress (Fig. 5.1). Delivering on the WHO Triple Billion targets is imperative to get
back on track, be better prepared and recover equitably.
ACCELERATING
PROGRESS
TOWARDS HEALTH-
RELATED SDGS AND
TRIPLE BILLION
TARGETS
Notes: Analysis does not yet account for impact of COVIS-19 on Triple Billion targets; m = million people.
Source: Triple Billion dashboard https://www.who.int/data/triple-billion-dashboard (1).
Fig. 5.1. Projected world population shortfall in reaching WHO Triple Billion targets by 2023 in comparison to 2018
58
Triple Billion targets people with noncommunicable diseases and other
underlying risk factors have been reported to be
The WHO Triple Billion targets are a shared vision at higher risk of severe illness and death since the
among WHO and Member States, which help countries pandemic began in 2020 (6–7). Multisectoral action must
to accelerate the delivery of the SDGs. They aim to be strengthened at the global, regional and national
improve the health of billions of people by 2023 through levels to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19, and address
achieving: 1) One billion more people enjoying better social, behavioural, metabolic and environmental
health and well-being; 2) One billion more people determinants of health.
benefiting from universal health coverage (UHC);
3) One billion more people better protected from health UHC Billion
emergencies. These targets are aligned closely with One billion more people benefiting from universal health
the SDGs and are the foundation of the WHO Thirteenth coverage (UHC)
General Programme of Work (GPW 13), acting as both a The UHC Billion target is assessed with a set of 14
measurement tool and a policy roadmap to accelerate health service coverage (SDG 3.8.1) and financial
progress towards health-related SDGs. The ongoing hardship tracer indicators (SDG 3.8.2). Between 2018
COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance and 2023, both LICs and other countries are projected
of investing in health to have populations that are to have similar progress towards the UHC target with
healthier and are able to withstand or recover quickly 4% more of the population with UHC (1). However, the
from health risks; to have resilient health systems that percentage of population with UHC in LICs overall is
deliver to all people essential health services of good projected to be 50% in 2023, remaining low compared to
quality without incurring financial hardship; and to the projection of 66% among other countries (Fig. 5.2).
have well-functioning mechanisms to efficiently and
effectively prepare for, prevent, detect and respond to At the current rate of progress, it is projected that
health emergencies. 290 million more people would be covered by health
services without experiencing financial hardship by
Healthier Population Billion 2023, compared to the 2018 baseline value, leaving
One billion more people enjoying better health and well-being a gap of 710 million until the UHC Billion is reached
The Healthier Population Billion target aims for one (1). This projection does not account for the impact of
billion more people to live in better health by 2023 COVID-19. Given reported disruptions in health services
by encouraging healthier behaviours, lifestyles and and global economic contraction due to the pandemic,
environments. Progress towards this target is measured progress towards the UHC Billion is very likely under
using the Healthier Population Index, which consists of threat, and urgent investment is necessary to maintain
17 tracers from the GPW 13 outcome indicators mainly the progress (8,9).
derived from the SDGs. These indicators cover clean air,
safe water, sanitation and roads, tobacco and alcohol Health Emergencies Billion
use, obesity, domestic violence, child nutrition and child One billion more people better protected from health
development, trans-fats, and mental health (2). emergencies
The Health Emergencies Billion target is based on
The current projected number of people living healthier SDG 3 and accounts for the need to prepare for,
lives by 2023 is about 900 million more than the 2018 prevent, detect and respond to health emergencies. It is
baseline value, still 100 million short of the one billion measured through the Health Emergencies Protection
target (1). Economic development affects progress Index (HEPI) that comprises three component indicators
towards the target across countries. Just 2% more of – Prepare, Prevent, Detect and Respond – representing
the population in LICs is projected to live a healthier life the key elements of WHO health emergencies activities.
by 2023, compared to 12% more among other countries Prior to the onset of COVID-19, early estimates showed
and 11% more globally. However, the majority of global that the world was on track to achieve one billion
progress occurs in just a few countries. If the current people better protected from health emergencies by
trend continues without intentional intervention, there 2023 with a positive trend across all three component
is risk of deepening inequalities between LICs and indicators. Although the full impact of the COVID-19
other countries. pandemic is yet to be determined, latest estimates
that include observed data from 2020 suggest that
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is not reflected the current trajectory will result in 920 million people
in this projection but will be accounted for in future better protected from health emergencies by 2023 –
work. The pandemic may have reversed some of the just 80 million short of the target (1). In LICs, 23% more
progress and worsened existing health inequalities, of the population are projected to be protected from
with increases in reported substance and alcohol use, health emergencies from 2018 to 2023, compared to
domestic violence and mental illness (3–5). Moreover, 10% among other countries.

Low-income countries Other countries
+3.5
percentage
points
+3.8
percentage
points
62.9% 66.4%
45.9% 49.7%
2018 2023 2018 2023
Fig. 5.2. Increase in proportion of population projected to have universal health coverage by 2023 in comparison to 2018
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic suggests that the regarding health, in order to inform equity-oriented
world was not prepared for health emergencies of such policies, programmes and practices that ensure that
a scale. Further monitoring and analysis are required to disadvantaged or hard-to-reach populations are not
determine the longer-term consequences of COVID-19 for left behind. This relies on the collection, analysis and
the attainment of the Health Emergencies billion target. reporting of health data disaggregated by inequality
dimensions, such as sex, age, economic status,
However, investments driven by the response to education, place of residence, ethnicity and other
COVID-19, and particularly those related to country context-specific population subgroups. In this light,
preparedness, disease surveillance and COVID-19 health information systems are the foundation for
vaccination roll-out, may be leveraged to accelerate monitoring health inequality.
progress towards achieving the target of 1 billion people
better protected from health emergencies. Global data availability on health inequality
A WHO global assessment found that only 51% of the 133
participating countries included data disaggregation
Monitoring health inequality: an essential in their published national health statistical reports
step to achieve health equity (ranging from 63% of HICs to 46–50% of countries in
other income groups) (Fig. 5.3) (10). Household surveys
“Leaving no one behind” is the overarching refrain of the are one of the main sources of data for assessing
SDGs. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development health inequality. Of the 673 conducted in these
recognizes that high and rising inequalities, both countries between 2013 and 2018, 91% collected data
within countries and between countries, are not only disaggregated by sex, 83% by age, and only 74% by
an impediment to growth and human development, education, 70% by urban–rural place of residence and
but are also a violation of shared norms, values and 58% by wealth.
fairness.
Data disaggregation continues to be lacking in many
Relying solely on national level data to monitor countries and inequality data are often not being made
health may lead to biased conclusions and some accessible to the decision-makers who need them.
subpopulations being overlooked. Inequality monitoring Investment in robust health information systems is vital
is the process of generating evidence on how various to ensure that health service access and uptake, and
subpopulations within a country are performing ultimately health outcomes, are equitable.

Percentage of countries that included disaggregated health data in published national statistical reports
Global n=133 51%
High-income countries n=32 63%
Upper middle-income countries n=34 47%
Lower middle-income countries n=41 46%
Low-income countries n=26 50%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of health surveys that included data disaggregation
Age n=133 83%
Education n=133 74%
Sex n=133 91%
Subnational n=133 67%
Urban–rural n=133 70%
Wealth n=133 58%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Source: SCORE for health data technical package: global report on health data systems and capacity, 2020 (10).
Fig. 5.3. Availability and reporting of disaggregated health data in 133 countries, 2013–2018
Availability of disaggregated data for GPW 13 Building capacity for monitoring inequality
outcome indicators Disaggregated data enable policy-makers to identify
Out of the 46 outcome indicators defined by WHO GPW populations that are vulnerable to being left behind, and
13 impact measurement, 38 can be disaggregated by direct resources and design programmes accordingly.
nature. Based on data that were recently published The availability of high-quality disaggregated data
(survey data conducted within the past 10 years and continues to be a challenge in many countries,
estimates from latest year(s) available), and comparable hindering the monitoring of health inequalities both
across countries, only 22 of the 38 indicators have data within and between countries. This requires great
disaggregated by at least one dimension of inequality efforts to enhance country health information systems
(i.e. age, economic status, education level, place of that collect data to produce disaggregated data by
residence or sex) available in the public domain. multiple inequality dimensions through various data
sources including civil registration and vital statistics
Of the 22 GPW 13 outcome indicators, six had data (CRVS), population-based surveys, routine health
disaggregated by age, eight by economic status, facility data and administrative data.
eight by level of education, 11 by place of residence
(urban–rural) and 17 by sex (Annex 4, Table A4.1). Sex- Countries’ capacity to analyse and report health
disaggregated data are available for the largest number inequality data also needs to be strengthened. WHO
of countries in general, largely because these are based has developed a package of tools and resources to
on data that are estimated or modelled by organizations support countries for developing inequality monitoring
including WHO. Population-based household surveys capacities, including a step-by-step manual (11), a
are the main data source for data disaggregated by handbook (12), statistical codes to facilitate the
economic status, education and place of residence. calculation of disaggregated estimates from household
However, the frequency and timeliness of this data vary survey data (13), the Health Equity Monitor database
considerably across countries. Of the eight outcome (one of the largest databases of disaggregated health
indicators with disaggregation by economic status or data), and the Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT
education, data are only available for 64 to 93 countries and HEAT Plus) (14), an interactive software application
for at least one year between 2010 and 2019. that enables countries to assess inequalities at national
and subnational levels.
Data disaggregation is also not available for many of
the indicators used to calculate progress against the
Triple Billion targets (Annex 4, Table A4.2).

WHO also provides direct support to build country SCORE for Health Data Technical Package
capacity to conduct and interpret health inequality The WHO SCORE for Health Data Technical Package
analysis at national and regional levels. For example, provides a one-stop solution for assessment,
WHO supported Indonesia’s first national report on the interventions and tools to help countries strengthen
state of health inequality (15,16). their health information systems. It covers five essential
interventions of a functioning health information
Health inequality data are useful only when they are system: Survey populations and health risks; Count
used to inform national policies and programmes to births, deaths and report causes of death; Optimize
effectively reduce and eliminate health inequalities. health service data; Review progress and performance;
This is a highly context-dependent and iterative process, and Enable data use for policy and action (18). It can
requiring in-depth knowledge about local settings as guide investments in the areas that can produce most
well as intersectoral collaboration and strong political impact, and track progress towards the SDGs and other
commitment. The Innov8 approach (17) helps countries national and subnational health priorities.
to identify ways to take concrete and evidence-based
actions to make health programmes more equitable. SCORE assessment identifies data gaps and tracks progress
Continuous monitoring of inequalities is needed to The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance
assess the impact of actions taken and make course- of identifying public health threats. SCORE reviewed
adjustment accordingly. countries’ capacities to use data from international
health regulation reports before the pandemic started.
The result showed that only 27% of countries have
Strengthening health information systems sustainable capacity to survey public health threats
(10). The SCORE assessment also indicated that about
Timely, reliable, disaggregated and actionable data, 40% of the world’s deaths remain unregistered, 50% of
comparable statistics and country-specific evidence are countries have limited or less capacity for systematic
critical to driving strategic policy changes. Assessable monitoring of health care quality, and only 59% of
information is essential to monitor and accelerate countries have good capacity to use data to drive policy
progress towards the health-related SDGs, GPW 13 and planning.
Triple Billion targets, and national and subnational
health priorities. The COVID-19 pandemic has
WORLD HEALTH SURVEY PLUS (WHS+): A NEW DATA COLLECTION
highlighted the importance of health data and health
PLATFORM
information systems in guiding all stages of policy
response to the crisis, with life and death consequences.
WHS+ is a versatile multi-topic, multi-modal health data collection
It has magnified many long-standing and acute gaps in platform to fill the essential data gaps in progressing towards health-
country data and information systems. Essential data related SDGs and new health priorities with the flexibility to adapt
to countries’ unique data needs (19). It enables rapid high frequency
are often absent, and the dire consequences are well surveys with the application of mobile technologies. In line with the
displayed even in the most prepared countries. UN and WHO’s position for data transparency and data sharing, WHS+
will include an open data repository to make data available for the
broadest audience for maximized data usage. Countries and partners
Without high-quality data, it will not be possible to can first use the SCORE package to assess and identify critical data
have a swift recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic gaps, then strategically select survey modules to obtain data that
are lacking but would be most impactful. In conjunction with SCORE
and to fulfil the promise of the United Nations 2030 package, WHS+ can form the foundation of a sustainable strategy
SDG agenda. For every Member State, a strong health to strengthen health information systems for informed public health
policy and programmes.
information system is crucial for measuring and
tracking population health determinants and outcomes,
as well as health inequalities. Decision-makers need
timely data to better prepare, develop and implement Population-based surveys are one of the essential
policies and allocate resources effectively. tools to measure population health and health-
related trends. However, many countries rely heavily
on external support for implementing health surveys.
SCORE results indicated that only 8% of the surveys
in LMICs and 3% in LICs were fully funded by the
respective national government (Fig. 5.4). This would
very likely cause data disruption in tracking health-
related SDGs and other health priorities when external
support is not available or is insufficient.

Low income 3
Lower-middle income 8
Upper-middle income 35
High income 78
Global 33
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Percentage (%)
Fig. 5.4. Percentage of health surveys that are fully funded by government, by World Bank income group, 2013–2018
A well-functioning civil registration and vital statistics accurate counts of COVID-19-related deaths since the
(CRVS) system is vital as accurate birth and death start of the pandemic.
registration provide essential data for service planning
and resource allocation. SCORE data showed that 44% Health service data are essential for patient monitoring,
of the countries have only poor capacity or no capacity at facility management and evaluating service delivery as
all to fully register the births, deaths and report causes well as ensuring quality of care. UHC and global health
of death (Fig. 5.5). In the African Region, less than half security are only possible when people in need have
of the births and only 10% of deaths were registered access to services provided by skilled health workers.
annually. Causes of death were reported for only 8% of SCORE evaluated the density and distribution for five
deaths registered in LICs. These findings were echoed of the most common health occupations including
by reports of many governments struggling to compile physicians, pharmacists, dentists, nurses and midwives.
96 98 98
100
Births Deaths 91 91
90
82
78
80
72
69
70
62 61
60 55
Percentage (%)
50 44
40
30
20
10
10
0
European Region
South-East Asia Region
Western Pacific Region

Global
Region of the Americas

African Region
Eastern Mediterranean Region
Fig. 5.5. Percentage of births and deaths registered, by WHO region

Robust health information systems are essential
ENHANCING CIVIL REGISTRATION AND VITAL STATISTICS
SYSTEMS (CRVS) WHO is currently developing the World Health Data Hub
– a one-stop source for global health data that brings
together data across WHO regions and Member States.
Multiple health-related SDG indicators require reporting of causes
of death. CRVS is the primary data source for fertility and mortality The hub will support data collection, storage, analysis
statistics. The new WHO CRVS strategic implementation plan supports and dissemination. It will be the WHO corporate solution
countries to improve the registry of births, deaths and report of causes
of death with minimal time lags and sufficient details to better inform to reducing countries’ reporting burden, facilitating
decision-making (20). In response to the demand to support reporting data exchange, and creating a collaborative workspace
of weekly death counts arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO and
partners have developed guidelines on rapid mortality surveillance and for all stakeholders. In addition, a data governance
calculation of excess mortality (21). WHO has also developed standards mechanism has been formed; data governance
for the medical certification and coding of causes of death attributable
to COVID-19 (22), and established an online data portal for Member
principles and policies on data sharing and privacy
States to report total and COVID-19 attributable deaths on a weekly protection have been established for both emergency
basis as medically-certified reports by age and sex (23). In addition, a and non-emergency contexts. A global data governance
technical advisory group on COVID-19 mortality assessment has been
formed to determine the excess deaths that can be directly and/or summit is planned for 2021 to review these data
indirectly attributed to the pandemic (24). principles and policies and make recommendations
for international communities.
It showed that for all five occupations combined, The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the weakness of
national data were available in 71% of countries, while existing health information systems. Every country
data disaggregated by subnational units were available deserves a strong health information system that
in only 55% of countries (10). The number is even lower can inform policies to save lives and allow people to
when disaggregated by public and private sector, at only live a healthier life without the burden of excessive
34%. The lack of data on health workforce limits the health care costs. Countries need to increase their
development of effective plans and policies to ensure investments in such systems in order to build strong
sufficient health worker capacity. and robust health information systems that can prevent
the next pandemic and stride towards the health-
Data are only useful when they are applied to informing related SDGs and Triple Billion targets.
change. Effective use of data and evidence ensures
accountability and transparency at all levels and enables
policy actions that deliver impact. SCORE data showed
that only 5% of countries have sustainable capacity to
enable data for policy and action (10). It was reported
by news outlets that government offices in some of
the most technologically advanced countries still
used fax machines to report time-sensitive COVID-19
data. A strong country-led data governance system
would have accelerated the changes by establishing
necessary legal frameworks, regulations and inter-
agency mechanisms to ensure the most effective data
exchange, sharing and access.
SYNTHESIZING HEALTH SERVICE DATA
Health service data can be generated through routine health facility

and community reporting systems, health facility assessments and
health resource data including on health financing and the health
workforce. These systems should be integrated and interoperable to
ensure synergized monitoring, analysis and management of health
services to support patient care, facility management and health
sector planning to improve primary health care and UHC. The WHO
Harmonized facility and community data toolkit and related digital
packages – such as the District Health Information Software 2 –
provide reliable and actionable data to improve the access to quality of
health care (25).

References
1. Triple Billion dashboard [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/data/triple-billion-
dashboard, accessed 1 May 2021).
2. Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13) methods for impact measurement. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/thirteenth-general-programme-of-work-(gpw13)-methods-for-impact-
measurement, accessed 1 May 2021).
3. Domestic violence during Covid-19: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice.
2021;74:101806 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004723522100026X, accessed 1 May 2021).
4. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55–
64. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7413844/pdf/main.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
5. Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open.
2020;3(9):e2022942. (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2770975, accessed 1 May 2021).
6. Smoking and COVID-19: Scientific Brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/
handle/10665/332895/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Smoking-2020.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, accessed 1 May 2021).
7. Prevalence of co-morbidities and their association with mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:1915–1924. (https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/
dom.14124, accessed 1 May 2021).
8. Second round of the national pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS-continuity-survey-2021.1,
9. Monitoring global poverty. In: Poverty and shared prosperity 2020: reversals of fortune. Washington D.C.: World Bank; 2020
(https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34496/9781464816024_Ch1.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
10. SCORE for health data technical package: Global report on health data systems and capacity, 2020. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-report-on-health-data-systems-and-capacity-2020,
11. National health inequality monitoring: a step-by-step manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (https://www.who.int/
gender-equity-rights/knowledge/national-health-inequality-monitoring/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
12. Handbook on health inequality monitoring with a special focus on low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2013 (https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/gho-documents/health-equity/handbook-on-health-inequality-
monitoring/handbook-on-health-inequality-monitoring.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
13. Statistical codes to calculate disaggregated estimates using household surveys. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017
(http://www.who.int/gho/health_equity/statistical_codes/, accessed 1 May 2021).
14. Hosseinpoor AR, Nambiar D, Schlotheuber A, Ross Z. Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT): software for exploring and
comparing health inequalities in countries. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16:141.
15. Hosseinpoor AH, Nambiar D, Tawilah J, Schlotheuber A, Briot B, Bateman et al. (2018) Capacity building for health inequality
monitoring in Indonesia: enhancing the equity orientation of country health information systems. Glob Health Action.
2018;11(suppl1):7-12 doi.10.1080/16549716.2017.1419739.
16. State of health inequality: Indonesia. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (https://www.who.int/gho/health_equity/
report_2017_indonesia/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
17. Innov8 approach for reviewing national health programmes to leave no one behind: Technical handbook. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 2016 (https://www.who.int/life-course/partners/innov8/innov8-technical-handbook/en/, accessed 1 May
2021).
18. SCORE for Health Data Technical Package: essential interventions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://apps.
who.int/iris/handle/10665/334005, accessed 1 May 2021).
19. World Health Survey Plus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/world-
health-survey-plus, accessed 1 May 2021).
20. Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Strategic Implementation Plan 2021-2025. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
21. Revealing the toll of COVID-19: a technical package for rapid mortality surveillance and epidemic response. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/revealing-the-toll-of-covid-19, accessed 1 May 2021).
22. International guidelines for certification and classification (coding) of COVID-19 as cause of death. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/Guidelines_Cause_of_Death_COVID-19.pdf, accessed 1 May
2021).
23. Global COVID-19 weekly mortality data entry platform. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://covidmortality-who.
hub.arcgis.com/, accessed 1 May 2021).
24. Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 mortality assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/
data/technical-advisory-group/covid-19--mortality-assessment/membership, accessed 1 May 2021).
25. WHO Health Data Toolkit. Oslo: DHIS2 (https://dhis2.org/who/, accessed 1 May 2021).

ANNEX 1
Regional highlights of health-related SDG indicators
Explanatory notes
Unless otherwise noted, the statistics shown below represent official World Health Organization (WHO) statistics
for selected health-related Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators and selected Thirteenth General
Programme of Work (GPW 13) indicators, based on evidence available in early 2021. They have been compiled
primarily from publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO or by United Nations (UN) groups
of which WHO is a member. Unless otherwise noted, all statistics presented here are available in Annex 2. Owing
to limited space, indicators are often referred to using SDG targets, along with a shorter indicator name (Annex 2
has a full summary of indicator names and relevant references).
Comparable estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty, especially for countries where the availability and
quality of the underlying primary data are limited (1). Uncertainty intervals and other details on the indicators and
statistics presented here can be found at the WHO Global Health Observatory1.
Reference
1. World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring health for the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (https://www.who.int/
gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/, accessed 20 April 2021).
The Global Health Observatory is a WHO online portal that provides access to data and analyses for monitoring the global health situation (available at https://www.who.int/gho/en/).
1

African Region
Key statistics
Innovating to generate evidence for policy with limited data – understanding and
guiding health system functionality
Overall health system performance index
Countries are making efforts to attain essential health gains in the context of
changing social, economic, environmental, political and cultural situations. To
achieve this, health sectors are grappling with providing services in constantly
shifting environments, where disease, economic and environmental shocks occur
frequently. As a result, determining where and what to focus on is complex,
with countries required to make varying investments to overcome their most
immediate challenges and ensure effective, efficient and equitable achievement
of specific health-related goals. Determining and meeting the information needs
of this process, and adjusting to changing and unique country needs in a manner
that ensures appropriate evidence is available, is an equally complex challenge.
The WHO Regional Office for Africa is focusing on use of functional indices
constructed from multiple related indicators to generate this essential information,
focusing on understanding ongoing contexts and where effort needs to be
concentrated (1,2). The approach determines and assesses the level of functionality
of systems in the region, as important predictors of health outcomes. Functionality
is based on understanding relative capacities to ensure access to the quality
essential services demanded by a given population, in a manner resilient to
shocks and similar events. Based on indices for various functional capacities, Overall system functionality
succinct guidance is available to countries on where efforts need to be placed <40
to continue momentum towards their health goals. Emerging evidence on the 40.1−45
45.1−50
relative status of different functional capacities is both valid and sensitive to 50.1−55
country specificities, even in contexts of limited data availability, and the average 55.1−60
60.1−65
of the four combined indices in the areas of access, quality, demand and resilience 65.1−60
>70
shows a high correlation with the current status of health outcomes (r=0.778, Not applicable
P<0.005) (Fig. A1.1).
Relative functionality is distinct by country, allowing for specific prioritization and

actions (Fig. A1.2).
The system provides countries with the evidence to guide where focused
investments are needed across the health system to attain UHC and other health
outcomes given current contexts. The evidence is specific for overall functionality
Cabo Verde Comoros Mauritius Sao Tome and Principe Seychelles
and in relation to the status of contributing capacities. Relevant capacities include:
ensuring better access (overcoming physical, financial or cultural barriers); The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of
strengthening quality of care (improving user experiences, care processes and any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of
Source: Report on the performance of health systems in the WHO African Region (1).
its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps
effectiveness of outcomes); demand for services (improving healthy actions and represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. © WHO 2021. All rights reserved.
health-seeking behaviours); and resilience to shocks. Each country can therefore Fig. A1.2. Relative functionality of health systems across countries of the
focus its health systems development by focusing on addressing the most essential WHO African Region, 2015–2020
capacity gaps.
90
80
Overall system functionality, 2015–2020
70
60
50
Low-income
Lower-middle-income
40
Upper-middle-income
30 High-income
20 Note: UHC service coverage index does not include

the service capacity and access components. Income
groups are according to World Bank Income Groups
10 (July 2020).
Sources: Report on the performance of health
systems in the WHO African Region (1) and Primary
0 health care on the road to universal health coverage:
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2019 Monitoring report (3).
UHC service coverage index, 2017
Fig. A1.1. Functionality index correlation with UHC service coverage index in countries of the WHO African Region, by income group

Summary of SDG 3 indicators for which country-level values are reported as comparable estimatesᵃ
3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5.2 3.6.1 3.8.1 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.a.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1
Probability of dying from the four major NCDsʰ
Unintentional poisoning mortality rateᵉ

UHC service coverage index
Air pollution mortality rateʲ

Road traffic mortality rateᵉ
Under-five mortality rateᶜ
Maternal mortality ratioᵇ
Tobacco use prevalenceᵏ

Neonatal mortality rateᶜ
Hepatitis B prevalenceᵍ
Tuberculosis incidenceᵉ
Suicide mortality rateᵉ
WASH mortality rateᵉ
MCV2 immunizationᵐ
Alcohol consumptionⁱ
New HIV infectionsᵈ
DTP3 immunizationˡ
PCV3 immunizationˡ
Malaria incidenceᶠ
HPV vaccineⁿ
Member State 2017 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2017 2016 2016 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019
Algeria 112 23 16 0.05 61 0.0 0.08 13.9 2.5 0.6 20.9 78 49.7 1.9 0.7 18.8 91 77 91
Angola 241 75 28 0.84 351 235.2 4.57 22.2 6.1 7.8 26.1 40 118.5 48.8 2.0 57 45 53
Benin 397 90 31 0.31 55 406.7 2.87 22.6 7.8 2.2 26.8 40 205.0 59.7 2.6 7.2 76 73
Botswana 144 42 18 4.78 253 0.2 0.18 27.0 16.1 6.6 26.4 61 101.3 11.8 1.8 23.7 95 76 92 47
Burkina Faso 320 88 26 0.14 47 386.7 1.66 23.9 7.5 11.0 31.0 40 206.2 49.6 3.1 16.0 91 71 91
Burundi 548 56 21 0.17 107 296.0 1.35 25.0 6.2 7.5 35.5 42 179.9 65.4 3.2 12.6 93 80 93
Cabo Verde 58 15 9 0.19 46 0.0 0.26 17.4 12.9 6.4 26.8 69 99.5 4.1 0.4 96 91
Cameroon 529 75 26 0.69 179 243.1 1.75 23.9 9.0 5.5 30.2 46 208.1 45.2 2.6 9.3 67 67
Central African Republic 829 110 40 1.10 540 345.0 3.75 36.0 12.3 1.7 37.7 33 211.9 82.1 2.8 47 47
Chad 1140 114 33 0.34 142 202.1 10.79 22.7 6.4 1.3 32.4 28 280.1 101.0 3.5 11.8 50
Comoros 273 63 30 <0.01 35 20.7 1.16 20.6 5.4 1.1 26.6 52 172.4 50.7 2.4 19.5 91
Congo 378 48 19 1.55 373 230.8 2.56 22.6 6.5 9.2 29.7 39 130.7 38.7 1.3 16.1 79 9 68
Cote d'Ivoire 617 0.51 137 300.6 21.7 8.9 3.0 24.1 47 269.1 47.2 2.5 13.0 84 84
Democratic Republic of the Congo 473 85 27 0.22 320 325.8 3.28 24.0 6.7 1.1 34.9 41 163.9 59.8 2.0 57 58
Equatorial Guinea 301 82 29 4.06 181 237.1 6.07 22.1 7.9 6.9 27.2 45 177.7 22.3 1.6 53
Eritrea 480 40 18 0.11 86 57.3 1.02 26.8 10.9 2.1 37.9 38 173.7 45.6 3.3 7.2 95 88 95
Eswatini 437 49 18 4.90 363 0.7 35.2 29.4 8.8 33.5 63 137.0 27.9 3.3 10.7 90 75 87
Ethiopia 401 51 28 0.16 140 34.3 1.59 17.1 5.4 2.2 28.2 39 144.4 43.7 3.3 4.6 69 41 63 84
Gabon 252 42 20 0.74 521 211.9 2.12 21.3 8.4 8.1 23.9 49 76.0 20.6 1.3 70
Gambia 597 52 27 1.06 158 50.5 1.60 21.1 4.8 3.4 29.6 44 237.0 29.7 1.8 14.4 88 61 87
Ghana 308 46 23 0.70 144 161.5 2.13 22.5 6.6 2.8 25.7 47 203.8 18.8 1.7 3.7 97 83 97
Guinea 576 99 30 0.39 176 296.9 6.07 24.9 7.0 1.1 29.7 37 243.3 44.6 2.3 47
Guinea-Bissau 667 78 35 1.15 361 86.9 2.11 24.9 7.0 5.5 32.2 40 214.7 35.3 2.3 84 84
Kenya 342 43 21 0.92 267 57.0 0.40 21.0 6.1 2.1 28.3 55 78.1 51.2 2.4 11.8 92 45 92
Lesotho 544 86 43 6.43 654 1.22 42.7 72.4 5.1 31.9 48 177.6 44.4 5.2 29.7 87 82 87
Liberia 661 85 32 0.46 308 366.6 4.66 17.8 4.4 5.4 38.9 39 170.2 41.5 1.7 8.4 74 13 74
Madagascar 335 51 20 0.23 233 76.1 2.13 26.0 5.5 2.0 29.2 28 159.6 30.2 2.1 28.9 79 79
Malawi 349 42 20 1.94 146 207.7 1.39 22.6 5.4 4.1 33.4 46 115.0 28.3 1.7 12.8 95 75 95
Mali 562 94 32 52 333.7 4.62 22.3 4.1 1.3 22.7 38 209.1 70.7 2.9 12.0 77 4 74
Mauritania 766 73 32 89 43.4 3.35 16.1 3.1 0.0 25.6 41 169.5 38.6 1.5 81 77
Mauritius 61 16 10 0.57 12 0.41 23.2 9.5 4.8 12.2 63 38.3 0.6 0.8 26.9 96 99 97 80
Mozambique 289 74 29 4.68 361 308.4 0.59 30.6 13.6 2.7 30.0 46 110.0 27.6 3.7 14.4 88 85 80
Namibia 195 42 19 3.10 486 2.8 0.36 22.6 9.7 3.1 34.8 62 145.0 18.3 1.9 17.9 87 56 57
Niger 509 80 24 0.06 84 343.2 3.44 21.0 5.3 0.5 25.5 37 251.8 70.8 3.3 8.6 81 58 81
Nigeria 917 117 36 0.52 219 303.3 2.94 16.9 3.5 6.2 20.7 42 307.4 68.6 3.3 4.8 57 9 57
Rwanda 248 34 16 0.44 57 366.1 0.49 20.2 5.6 8.0 29.4 57 121.4 19.3 1.7 13.3 98 92 98 94
Sao Tome and Principe 130 30 14 114 11.4 1.31 21.0 1.5 5.8 27.9 55 162.4 11.4 0.7 5.4 95 81 95
Senegal 315 45 22 0.09 117 50.5 0.93 19.5 6.0 0.7 23.5 45 160.7 23.9 1.9 9.1 93 78 92 25
Seychelles 53 14 9 16 0.09 21.1 8.1 8.8 11.3 71 49.3 0.2 0.5 21.1 99 99 92 68
Sierra Leone 1120 109 31 0.65 295 334.8 1.98 23.5 6.7 5.3 33.0 39 324.1 81.3 2.8 19.8 95 72 94
South Africa 119 34 11 3.98 615 0.5 3.10 24.1 23.5 9.5 22.2 69 86.7 13.7 1.7 31.4 77 54 76 56
South Sudan 1150 96 39 1.50 227 272.0 13.03 16.8 3.8 36.7 31 165.1 63.3 2.3 49
Togo 396 67 25 0.59 37 225.0 3.27 23.9 8.8 2.7 28.7 43 249.6 41.6 1.9 7.6 84 67 83
Uganda 375 46 20 1.38 200 262.7 0.96 21.2 4.6 12.5 29.4 45 155.7 31.6 1.7 9.8 93 92 64
United Republic of Tanzania 524 50 20 1.46 237 111.2 17.4 4.3 12.0 31.1 43 139.0 38.4 2.0 13.3 89 72 83 49
Zambia 213 62 23 3.17 333 147.7 1.32 24.6 7.3 4.5 20.5 53 127.2 34.9 2.6 14.7 88 66 89
Zimbabwe 458 55 26 2.81 199 67.9 2.74 28.4 14.1 4.5 41.2 54 133.0 24.6 3.5 13.9 90 75 90 67
ᵃ Comparable estimates refer to country values of the same reference year, which may be adjusted or modelled to allow comparisons between countries and are produced for countries with underlying
primary data and, in some cases, for those without. Refer to Annex 2 for the full set of SDG 3 indicators. Shading from blue to orange represents low to high for mortality, incidence and prevalence indicators;
and from high to low for immunization coverage and service index indicators. Each indicator is graphed on an individual scale.
ᵇ per 100 000 live births ᵉ per 100 000 population ʰ betwe en ages 30 and 69 (%) ᵏ age-standardized, among adults 18+ (%) ⁿ among 15-year-old girls (%)
ᶜ per 1000 live births ᶠ per 1000 population at risk ⁱ litres of pure alcohol per capita ≥15 years ˡ among 1-year-olds (%)
ᵈ per 1000 uninfected population ᵍ among children under 5 years (%) ʲ age-standardized, per 100 000 population ᵐ by the nationally recommended age (%)

Region of the Americas
Key statistics
Regional trends and income-related inequalities in the incidence of tuberculosis

in the Region of the Americas
The Region of the Americas experienced a steady decline in tuberculosis (TB) from first decade of the century (corresponding to a 2.9% annual average reduction in
1990 to 2015, cutting its prevalence and mortality by half over that period. It was absolute between-country inequality) has been reversed (averaging a 2.6% annual
the first region in the world to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target increase from 2011 onwards). The corresponding relative inequality, as measured
for halting the spread of TB.1 However, progress in closing gaps in the prevention, by the concentration index (CIx), showed a slightly better prospect, with a steady
detection and reporting of incident TB cases, multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) 1% annual average reduction in between-country relative inequality in the period
and TB/HIV coinfection has been slow, and the disease remains a serious public observed (Fig. A1.3c). This change in CIx equates to a reduction from 81% to 76%
health problem, posing a critical challenge to meeting the SDG 3.3.2 target (5). in the TB incidence burden among the poorest half of countries in the Americas
from 2000 to 2019, respectively.
In 2019, the regional TB incidence rate (all forms, both sexes) was 28.6 per
100 000 population [95% CI: 26.6 to 30.7], up from 27.5 per 100 000 population The observed deceleration of the regional efforts to reduce TB incidence in the past
[25.5 to 29.5] in 2015, representing an annual average increase of almost 1%. five years, along with its sizeable income-related inequalities across countries, will
Despite an apparent 2018–2019 stabilization, this unwanted trend contrasts with no doubt be amplified by the multidimensional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
the one observed from 2000 to 2015, during which a steady -1.9% annual average in the region. Attaining SDG 3.3.2 will demand, therefore, truly stepped-up efforts
reduction was observed (Fig. A1.3a). with an explicit focus on inequality, including territories and populations living
under conditions of social and health vulnerability. To enhance accountability
Income-related inequalities in TB incidence between countries in the Region of for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’s overarching pledge that
the Americas continue to be extremely high. The extra TB burden associated with no one will be left behind, the Region of the Americas is implementing a health
this social gradient, as measured by the slope index of inequality (SII), went from inequality monitoring system for all its SDG 3 related indicators,2 informing the
-99.5 excess TB incident cases per 100 000 population (between the richest and adoption of equity-sensitive targets, policies and interventions. This approach is
poorest countries) in 2000 to -77.0 in 2010 and back to -99.6 in 2019 (Fig. A1.3b). critical for a region with extreme wealth-related inequality, and especially for the
This means that the favourable downward trend (i.e. towards zero) observed in the post-COVID-19 scenario.
1
Unless otherwise noted the data found here are from the Global tuberculosis report
2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/teams/global- 2
For information regarding PAHO’s SDG 3 related health inequality monitoring, please visit:
tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2020) (4). https://www.paho.org/ods3.
a)
40
TB incidence rate per
100 000 population
35
30
25
20
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Regional average (x̅)
b)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
0
Absolute inequality: slope index of inequality (SII)
Increasing -25
inequality -50
favouring the
richest -75
countries -100
-125
c)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
0
Increasing Relative inequality: concentration index (CIx)
inequality -10
favouring the -20
richest
-30
countries
-40
-50
Notes: The slope index of inequality (SII) represents an estimate of the difference in TB incidence rates between the richest and the poorest countries, while taking into consideration the other countries in the region. The
Concentration Index (CIx) indicates the extent to which TB incidence is concentrated among the richest or the poorest countries. In the lower two panels, SII and CIx negative values account for negative inequality (i.e. TB incidence
disproportionately concentrated among the most socially disadvantaged (i.e. poorest) countries: the closer to zero (0), the lower the inequality).3
Sources: Global tuberculosis report 2020 (4); Gross domestic product per capita 2000–2019 estimates (6).
Fig. A1.3. Regional trends (a) and cross-country income-related inequalities (b and c) in the incidence of tuberculosis (SDG 3.3.2) in the Region of the
Americas, 2000–2019
Cross-country inequalities in TB incidence (all forms, both sexes) were measured across the social hierarchy defined by the gross domestic product per capita (in 2018 constant,
3
international dollars). For information regarding the calculation of the SII and the CIx as summary measures of absolute and relative inequality, please refer to the WHO’s Handbook for
health inequality monitoring (https://www.who.int/gho/health_equity/handbook/en/).

3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5.2 3.6.1 3.8.1 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.a.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1



DTP3 immunizationˡ
PCV3 immunizationˡ
HPV vaccineⁿ
Member State 2017 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2017 2016 2016 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019
Antigua and Barbuda 42 7 4 0.0 0.19 17.5 0.4 9.4 0.0 73 29.9 0.1 0.7 95 95
Argentina 39 9 6 0.13 29 0.0 0.01 15.7 8.4 9.5 14.1 76 26.6 0.4 0.4 21.8 86 89 88 59
Bahamas 70 13 7 15 0.16 19.9 3.5 4.8 7.7 75 19.9 0.1 0.2 10.9 86 82 86 9
Barbados 27 13 8 0.18 0.0 0.18 16.0 0.6 10.4 8.2 77 31.1 0.2 0.7 8.7 90 77 93 29
Belize 36 12 8 27 0.0 0.60 16.5 7.1 6.4 22.6 64 68.6 1.0 0.4 98 95 63
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 155 26 15 0.08 106 2.4 0.14 17.9 6.2 3.9 21.1 68 63.7 5.6 0.6 75 44 75 70
Brazil 60 14 8 0.23 46 4.2 0.03 15.5 6.9 7.3 16.0 79 29.9 1.0 0.1 16.5 73 54 84 69
Canada 10 5 3 5.5 0.34 9.6 11.8 8.8 5.3 89 7.0 0.4 0.3 17.5 91 87 81 83
Chile 13 7 5 0.27 18 0.03 10.0 9.0 8.9 14.9 70 25.3 0.2 0.4 44.7 96 91 95 82
Colombia 83 14 7 0.25 35 10.7 0.15 9.7 3.9 5.5 15.4 76 37.0 0.8 0.1 7.9 92 88 94 39
Costa Rica 27 9 6 0.19 10.0 0.1 0.02 9.5 8.1 4.1 14.8 77 23.3 0.9 0.1 9.8 95 93 95 39
Cuba 36 5 2 0.14 6.5 0.03 16.6 14.5 6.3 8.9 83 49.5 1.0 0.2 27.1 99 99
Dominica 35 28 16 7.2 99 92
Dominican Republic 95 28 19 0.27 42 0.3 0.10 19.1 4.9 6.7 64.6 74 43.0 2.2 0.4 9.4 89 60 70 7
Ecuador 59 14 7 0.14 46 3.6 0.09 11.0 7.6 3.3 20.1 77 24.5 0.6 0.3 85 76 83 54
El Salvador 46 13 7 0.14 58 0.0 0.02 10.7 6.1 4.1 20.9 76 41.9 2.0 0.2 12.7 81 87 82
Grenada 25 17 11 3.1 0.12 23.3 0.7 9.0 8.0 72 45.3 0.3 0.1 92 82 41
Guatemala 95 25 12 0.07 26 0.2 0.03 16.5 5.9 1.6 22.9 55 73.8 6.3 1.6 85 78 88 24
Guyana 169 29 19 0.42 79 33.7 0.40 29.2 40.3 5.3 22.3 72 107.8 3.6 0.1 12.2 99 92 98 13
Haiti 480 63 25 0.52 170 1.4 1.04 31.3 9.6 3.0 18.8 49 184.3 23.8 1.4 8.3 51 41 42
Honduras 65 17 9 0.11 31 0.1 0.03 18.7 2.1 3.9 16.1 65 60.7 3.6 0.5 87 85 87 59
Jamaica 80 14 10 0.58 3.2 0.55 16.9 2.4 4.2 15.1 65 25.4 0.6 0.1 11.0 96 92 9
Mexico 33 14 9 23 0.2 0.03 15.6 5.3 5.0 12.8 76 36.7 1.1 0.4 13.9 82 73 86 95
Nicaragua 98 17 10 0.06 43 5.9 0.09 15.3 4.3 5.1 16.9 73 55.7 2.2 0.3 98 99 98
Panama 52 15 9 37 0.4 0.07 10.7 2.9 7.8 13.9 79 25.8 1.9 0.1 6.9 88 97 96 73
Paraguay 84 19 11 0.16 46 0.0 0.42 16.0 6.0 7.0 22.0 69 57.5 1.5 0.2 12.8 86 83 89 61
Peru 88 13 6 0.10 119 3.6 0.06 9.7 2.8 6.8 13.6 77 63.9 1.3 0.4 9.6 88 66 80 76
Saint Kitts and Nevis 15 10 1.5 6.3 96 98
Saint Lucia 117 22 13 3.8 0.22 17.7 7.9 9.6 29.8 68 30.0 0.6 0.1 92 75 46
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 68 15 9 4.2 0.15 20.7 1.0 7.2 7.4 71 47.6 1.3 0.0 97 99 10
Suriname 120 18 11 0.45 29 1.1 0.07 22.7 25.4 7.4 15.3 71 56.7 2.0 0.3 77 58 38
Trinidad and Tobago 67 18 12 0.07 18 0.19 17.1 8.7 6.5 9.3 74 38.6 0.1 0.1 93 92 93 9
United States of America 19 6 4 3.0 0.01 13.6 16.1 10.0 12.7 84 13.3 0.2 0.5 25.1 94 95 92 39
Uruguay 17 7 4 35 0.15 16.5 21.2 6.9 14.8 80 17.5 0.4 0.5 21.8 94 99 95 38
Venezuela
Venezuela(Bolivarian
(BolivarianRepublic
Republicof)
.. 125 24 15 0.19 45 32.8 0.15 14.8 2.1 3.6 39.0 74 34.6 1.4 0.2 64 13

South-East Asia Region
Key statistics
Maintaining high quality essential health services during the COVID-19 crisis
and recovery
The WHO South-East Asia Region is home to 2.02

billion people – more than one quarter of the Quality of health care: cleaner and safer health facilities
world’s population (7) – and is central to global
Effective services Safe facilities
health improvement. With the region prone to
Less is better
natural disasters, disease outbreaks and health risks
associated with climate change, a key WHO priority
Progress towards UHC will be
NA NA Regular electricity National 46%
is to strengthen emergency risk management for seriously constrained without Frontline service 69%
sustainable development. Committed to building a improvement in the quality of health
Children prescribed
better, healthier future in the region, WHO is working care
Health care associated antibiotics for common
Vacancy rate Doctors 19%
with the 11 Member States to address persistent infection rate cold

Nurses 6%
and emerging epidemiological and demographic
challenges in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. 58 % 61 % 75 % 8 % Essential medicines National 58%
available
Frontline service 55%
COVID-19 has brought increased focus to the Children with
Antenatal care diarrhoea received TB treatment success
importance of maintaining functioning and quality coverage ORS or equivalent rate for new and Hypertensives are IPC committee or National
essential health services during a crisis and recovery. (4 visits) advice relapse case treated and controlled focal point
Poor-quality health care remains common, especially More is better Frontline service
in developing countries, and exacts a heavy toll on Clean facilities

health and the economy. Progress towards UHC and Basic WASH services at health facilities
National policy on quality/safety of health care exists Yes
the health-related SDGs will be seriously constrained
Water Sanitation Waste management Cleaning National guidelines exist: Yes Partly No
without improvement in the quality of health care 100
delivery at all levels. Disadvantaged groups are Surgical care Medication
80
particularly affected by poor quality of health care.
Monitoring service quality is beginning to get more 60 Child birth , Blood
attention. Assessments of quality of care involve 40
many dimensions, all of which suffer from severe Injection Medical devices
20 35
data limitations in low- and middle-income countries. 0 11 9
31
A regional fit-for-service dashboard of quality of National Non- National Non- National Non- National Non- 1.33 Outpatient visit/ 57% of indicators are
health care indicators has been developed to address hospital hospital hospital hospital person/year monitored and reported
various dimensions of effective services, and cleaner Basic service Limited service No service
and safer health facilities (Fig. A1.4).

Note: Data shown in the dashboard are for 2018–2019. IPC: Infection prevention and control. ORS: Oral rehydration salt solution. Blank: there is
Avoidable maternal, newborn and child mortality insufficient data for those indicators.
and stillbirths are one of many ongoing priorities Source: Monitoring progress on universal health coverage and the health‐related Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO South‐East Asia Region:
in the region. Between 2000 and 2017, the region 2020 update (8).
experienced the largest decline in maternal deaths,
witnessing a 57.3% reduction in maternal mortality Fig. A1.4. Quality of care: Summary of effective services, cleaner and safer health facilities in the
ratio (MMR) compared with a global decline South-East Asia region
of 38% (9). From 2000 to 2019, stillbirths were
reduced by 50% (10), and both under-five mortality
and neonatal mortality continued to decline (11).
The under-five mortality rate in the region reduced Table A1.1. Status of maternal, newborn and child mortality and stillbirths in the South-East Asia
from 36 per 1000 live births in 2018 to 34 in 2019, Region, 2019
while neonatal mortality further declined to 20 per
1000 live births. Table A1.1 highlights the progress Achieved the SDG/EPMM/ENAP/Global Strategy Target in 2018
of all 11 Member States towards achieving targets Expected to achieve the SDG/EPMM/ENAP/Global Strategy Target in 2030
in reducing maternal, newborn and child mortality Need to increase current efforts and attain faster annualized rate of reduction (ARR)
and stillbirths.
Under-five
Maternal mortality Stillbirth rate Neonatal mortality mortality rate
ratio* (per 100 (deaths per 1000 rate (deaths per (deaths per 1000
000 live births) births) 1000 live births) live births)
Bangladesh 173 24 19 31
Bhutan 183 10 17 28
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 89 8 10 17
India 145 14 22 34
Indonesia 177 9 12 24
Maldives 53 6 5 8
Myanmar 250 14 22 45
Nepal 186 17 20 31
Sri Lanka 36 6 4 7
Thailand 37 6 5 9
Timor-Leste 142 13 20 44
South-East Asia Region 152 14 20 32
* Data are for 2017.

Sources: Maternal mortality report (9); WHO MNCAH data portal (10); Levels and trends in child mortality (11).

3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5.2 3.6.1 3.8.1 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.a.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1



DTP3 immunizationˡ
PCV3 immunizationˡ
HPV vaccineⁿ
Member State 2017 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2017 2016 2016 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019
Bangladesh 173 31 19 221 1.2 0.51 18.9 3.7 0.0 15.3 48 149.0 11.9 0.3 39.1 98 95 97
Bhutan 183 28 17 165 <0.1 0.14 18.5 4.6 0.2 16.2 62 124.5 3.9 0.2 97 92 26 73
Democratic People's 89 17 10 513 0.2 0.20 23.9 9.4 4.2 24.2 71 207.2 1.4 1.4 18.8 97 98
Republic of Korea
India 145 34 22 193 4.3 0.16 21.9 12.7 5.6 15.6 55 184.3 18.6 0.3 27.0 91 84 15
Indonesia 177 24 12 312 2.4 1.30 24.8 2.4 0.2 11.3 57 112.4 7.1 0.3 37.9 85 71 3 1
Maldives 53 8 5 36 0.21 11.6 2.7 2.8 1.6 62 25.6 0.3 0.0 99 99
Myanmar 250 45 22 0.19 322 2.3 1.11 24.9 2.9 2.1 20.4 61 156.4 12.6 1.3 45.5 90 80 90
Nepal 186 31 20 0.03 238 0.1 0.16 21.5 9.0 0.6 16.3 48 193.8 19.8 1.7 31.9 93 76 83
Sri Lanka 36 7 4 <0.01 64 0.0 0.34 13.2 14.0 2.9 19.7 66 79.8 1.2 0.4 22.9 99 99 82
Thailand 37 9 5 0.08 150 0.3 0.27 13.7 8.8 8.5 32.2 80 61.5 3.5 0.2 22.8 97 87 66
Timor-Leste 142 44 20 0.15 498 0.0 0.72 19.9 3.7 0.5 11.9 52 139.8 9.9 0.4 38.2 83 80

European Region
Key statistics
How countries are using equity-sensitive data to build back more healthy
and equitable societies
Over the past year, the impacts of COVID-19 have set back the mission of levelling policies aimed at supporting those most negatively impacted. Data disaggregated
up health and closing inequities in health and well-being in countries around as part of the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation show that 1.6 times more Welsh
the world. The pandemic has disproportionately impacted already vulnerable residents in the most deprived quintile reported a worsening of their financial
communities and may have widened pre-existing health and socioeconomic situation due to the impacts of COVID-19 compared to those in the least deprived
inequities (Fig. A1.5). These include inequities in physical and mental health, and quintile (Fig. A1.6) (12). The financial impact of COVID-19 has additionally affected
in the essential conditions needed for good health and well-being, such as access gender and age inequities, since women and young people were more likely to
to and quality of health care services, income security and social protection, living work in a sector that was shut down (18% of women compared to 14% of men,
and neighbourhood conditions, opportunities for social and human capital building, and 27% of young people compared to 12% of the general workforce).
and decent employment and working conditions.
Recognizing that these newly emerging inequities compound baseline inequities
In the WHO European Region, collection of data disaggregated by demographic that existed prior to COVID-19, the United Kingdom and Welsh Governments have
and socioeconomic status during the pandemic has made it possible to monitor implemented an extensive support framework to address the loss of income to
and assess its impacts on inequities. Using a four-step approach, policy-makers individuals and businesses. This support has protected more than 500 000 jobs
can use this data to identify and prioritize policies and investments for recovery in Wales through job retention and self-employed schemes, and over 40 000
that mitigate the most pressing equity gaps, both in health and in the essential businesses in Wales through more than £1.4 billion in loans.
conditions needed for good health and well-being. The steps comprise: 1) assessing
the pre-COVID trends or baseline status of inequities between socioeconomic Identifying directly comparable data since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
groups, using disaggregated indicators of health and the essential conditions can be a challenge in many countries. In the absence of directly comparable data,
for health; 2) identifying pathways of health, social and economic impact from drawing from different data sources can still provide meaningful comparisons
COVID-19 and its containment measures; 3) mapping these impacts to relevant and crucial insights about the impact of COVID-19 and its containment measures
disaggregated indicators to assess changes in inequities over the period of the on inequities.
pandemic; 4) identifying and prioritizing policy actions that reduce the most severe
impacts on inequities from the assessment. Combining the assessments of baseline status with COVID-19 impacts, this
INSECURITY IN THE 5 ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS IS HARMFUL TO HEALTH
strategy provides quantitative evidence supporting the need for both short-term
For example, equity-sensitive data from Wales prior to and since the COVID-19 emergency income support as well as longer-term wage and social protection
pandemic on income security – one of the essential conditions for health – has policies to close these inequities, to enable all people in society to meet their
allowed monitoring of existing and newly emerging inequities, helping to inform basic needs for a healthy life irrespective of demographic or socioeconomic status.
Insecure and inadequate conditions include:
Inadequate access to Income insecurity and Poor quality, unsafe or Poor quality education, and Job insecurity, poor working
good quality, affordable inadequate social unaffordable housing, fuel, lack of trust, belonging and conditions and long-term
health services protection food, and neighbourhoods political participation unemployment
Fig. A1.5. Socioeconomic inequities that contribute to inequities in health and well-being
These lead to risks to health
Survey respondents who reported being in a worse financial situation as a result of the
coronavirus restrictions, by Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation fifth, percentage,
Wales, Welsh residents 18+, 15 June to 25 July 2020 (survey weeks 11 – 16)
95% Confidence Interval

I
1 - Most deprived 33.7 The WHO European Health Equity Status Report Initiative
2 25.9
3 24.8
4 24.8
5- Least deprived 21.7
Source: Welsh COVID-19 National Public Engagement Survey, Public Health Wales
Source: Placing health equity at the heart of the COVID-19 sustainable response and recovery: Building prosperous lives for all in Wales (12).
Fig. A1.6. Proportion of Welsh residents (18+) reporting being in a worse financial situation as
a result of COVID-19 restrictions, by Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation quintiles, 15 June to
25 July 2020

3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5.2 3.6.1 3.8.1 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.a.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1

Probability of dying from

Tobacco use prevalenceʲ

Unintentional poisoning
Hepatitis B prevalenceᶠ
Air pollution mortality

Alcohol consumptionʰ

UHC service coverage
the four major NCDsᵍ
Road traffic mortality
DTP3 immunizationᵏ
PCV3 immunizationᵏ
MCV2 immunizationˡ
mortality rateᵉ
HPV vaccineᵐ
index
rateᵉ
rateⁱ
Member State 2017 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2017 2016 2016 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019
Albania 15 10 8 0.03 16 0.29 11.4 4.3 6.8 11.7 59 68.0 0.2 0.3 29.2 99 96 96
Andorra 3 1 7.5 12.3 33.8 99 95 96 64
Armenia 26 12 6 0.05 26 0.06 19.9 3.3 4.7 20.0 69 54.8 0.2 0.7 26.7 92 96 92 7
Austria 5 3 2 6.2 0.16 10.4 14.6 11.9 4.9 79 15.3 0.1 0.2 29.1 85 84
Azerbaijan 26 20 11 0.06 60 0.06 27.2 4.1 1.0 6.7 65 63.9 1.1 0.9 19.6 94 97 95
Belarus 2 3 1 0.20 29 0.29 23.8 21.2 11.0 7.6 76 60.7 0.1 3.3 26.6 98 98
Belgium 5 3 2 8.9 0.09 10.6 18.3 10.8 5.8 84 15.7 0.3 0.4 25.0 98 85 94 67
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 6 4 27 0.63 18.7 10.9 7.8 13.5 61 79.8 0.1 0.4 38.3 73 76
Bulgaria 10 7 3 0.04 21 0.09 24.2 9.7 12.5 9.2 66 61.8 0.1 0.5 38.9 92 87 88 4
Croatia 8 5 3 0.02 8.0 0.12 16.1 16.4 8.7 7.9 71 35.5 0.1 0.4 36.6 94 95
Cyprus 6 2 1 5.3 0.34 8.2 3.6 10.8 5.8 78 20.1 0.3 0.3 36.7 96 88 81 64
Czechia 3 3 2 4.9 0.13 14.3 12.2 14.3 5.9 76 29.6 0.2 0.4 31.5 97 84
Denmark 4 4 3 5.0 0.68 10.8 10.7 10.1 3.7 81 13.2 0.3 0.1 18.6 97 90 97 62
Estonia 9 2 1 13 0.29 14.9 14.9 10.8 4.5 75 25.0 <0.1 0.6 30.5 91 90 45
Finland 3 2 1 4.7 0.81 9.6 15.3 10.7 3.9 78 7.2 <0.1 0.4 19.7 91 93 89 60
France 8 4 3 8.7 0.15 10.6 13.8 12.2 5.1 78 9.7 0.3 0.3 34.6 96 83 92 24
Georgia 25 10 5 74 0.06 24.9 9.2 9.5 12.4 66 101.8 0.2 0.6 29.7 94 97 84 11
Germany 7 4 2 5.8 0.21 12.1 12.3 12.8 3.8 83 16.0 0.6 0.3 28.0 93 93 84 43
Greece 3 4 2 4.3 0.14 12.5 5.1 10.5 8.3 75 27.6 <0.1 0.2 39.1 99 83 96
Hungary 12 4 2 6.3 0.90 22.1 16.6 11.1 7.7 74 38.8 0.2 0.5 30.6 99 99 99 78
Iceland 4 2 1 4.4 0.15 8.7 11.9 9.2 2.0 84 8.7 0.1 1.0 13.8 91 95 90 93
Ireland 5 3 2 5.8 0.04 9.7 9.6 12.7 3.1 76 11.9 0.1 0.3 23.6 94 86 69
Israel 3 4 2 2.9 0.05 8.8 5.3 4.4 3.9 82 15.4 0.2 0.0 25.5 98 96 95 52
Italy 2 3 2 0.04 7.1 0.33 9.0 6.7 8.0 5.3 82 15.0 0.1 0.3 23.4 95 88 92 40
Kazakhstan 10 10 5 0.20 68 0.15 22.4 17.6 5.0 12.7 76 62.7 0.4 1.9 24.4 97 98 89
Kyrgyzstan 60 18 12 0.14 110 0.15 20.3 7.4 4.9 12.7 70 110.7 0.8 0.9 27.9 95 98 96
Latvia 19 4 2 0.19 26 0.27 21.6 20.1 13.2 8.1 71 41.3 <0.1 1.2 36.7 99 96 84 54
Lithuania 8 4 2 0.09 42 0.05 19.3 26.1 12.8 8.1 73 34.0 0.1 1.7 27.1 92 93 79 66
Luxembourg 5 3 1 9.0 0.06 9.7 11.3 12.4 4.1 83 11.6 <0.1 0.2 21.7 99 90 96 14
Malta 6 7 5 14 0.20 10.5 6.1 8.3 4.1 82 20.2 <0.1 0.1 25.1 98 95 81
Monaco 3 2 0.0 99 79
Montenegro 6 2 1 0.05 15 0.67 22.3 21.0 12.2 7.6 68 78.6 <0.1 0.6 86 86
Netherlands 5 4 3 0.02 5.0 0.08 10.3 11.8 9.7 4.0 86 13.7 0.2 0.1 23.4 94 90 93 53
North Macedonia 7 6 4 12 22.7 9.4 6.4 5.1 72 82.2 0.1 0.5 92 94 40
Norway 2 2 1 3.3 0.02 8.7 11.8 7.1 2.1 87 8.6 0.2 0.3 18.4 97 95 95 91
Poland 2 4 3 15 0.01 17.0 11.3 11.9 9.4 75 37.9 0.1 0.5 26.0 95 92 60
Portugal 8 4 2 19 0.02 11.0 11.5 12.1 8.2 82 9.8 0.2 0.3 27.9 99 96 98 81
Republic of Moldova 19 14 11 0.23 80 0.20 24.1 14.7 12.9 7.3 69 78.3 0.1 5.5 25.3 91 95 80 31
Romania 19 7 3 0.04 66 0.29 21.0 9.7 12.3 10.3 74 59.3 0.4 1.9 25.5 88 76 88
Russian Federation 17 6 3 50 0.55 24.2 25.1 10.5 12.0 75 49.4 0.1 3.8 28.3 97 97 85
San Marino 2 1 0.0 88 79 76 50
Serbia 12 5 3 0.02 14 0.04 22.0 11.4 8.9 7.5 65 62.5 0.7 0.3 40.6 97 91 93
Slovakia 5 6 3 4.5 0.31 15.5 12.1 11.1 6.1 77 33.5 <0.1 0.5 32.3 97 98 96
Slovenia 7 2 1 5.4 1.12 11.4 19.8 12.1 5.1 79 22.6 <0.1 0.2 22.7 95 94 65 59
Spain 4 3 2 0.06 9.3 0.13 9.6 7.7 12.7 3.9 83 9.9 0.2 0.4 27.9 96 94 95 79
Sweden 4 3 1 5.5 0.13 8.4 14.7 9.0 3.1 86 7.2 0.2 0.2 28.8 98 95 97 80
Switzerland 5 4 3 0.03 5.4 0.16 7.9 14.5 11.2 2.2 83 10.1 0.1 0.2 25.1 96 90 84 59
Tajikistan 17 34 15 0.17 83 0.18 28.3 4.3 0.9 15.7 68 129.3 2.7 0.4 97 97
Turkey 17 10 5 16 0.11 15.6 2.4 1.8 6.7 74 46.6 0.3 0.4 29.3 99 88 97
Turkmenistan 7 42 24 45 0.07 27.7 5.7 3.1 13.5 70 79.3 4.0 0.6 99 99 99
Ukraine 19 8 5 0.28 77 0.25 25.5 21.6 8.3 10.2 68 70.7 0.3 2.5 25.5 80 92
United Kingdom 7 4 3 8.0 0.41 10.3 7.9 11.4 3.2 87 13.8 0.2 0.3 19.2 93 87 91 82
Uzbekistan 29 17 10 0.13 67 0.16 25.3 8.0 2.6 11.7 73 81.1 0.4 0.8 12.3 96 99 99
primary data and, in some cases, for those without. Malaria incidence is not included in the this graph because all countries in this region are certified malaria free, or considered to have eliminated malaria.
Refer to Annex 2 for the full set of SDG 3 indicators. Shading from blue to orange represents low to high for mortality, incidence and prevalence indicators; and from high to low for immunization coverage and
service index indicators. Each indicator is graphed on an individual scale.
ᵇ per 100 000 l ive births ᵉ per 100 000 population ʰ litres of pure alcohol per capita ≥15 years ᵏ among 1-year-olds (%)
ᶜ per 1000 live births ᶠ among children under 5 years (%) ⁱ age-standardized, per 100 000 population ˡ by the nationally recommended age (%)
ᵈ per 1000 uninfected population ᵍ between ages 30 and 69 (%) ʲ age-standardized, among adults 18+ (%) ᵐ among 15-year-old girls (%)

Eastern Mediterranean Region
Key statistics
Monitoring mortality and cause of death in Lebanon
The Lebanese Republic began interventions to improve civil registration and MoPH and hospitals. The comprehensive and decentralized system allows coding
vital statistics (CRVS) systems in the 1990s, with several initiatives involving the of all causes of death to be done in individual hospitals in addition to using the
Ministry of Interior and Municipalities (the authority mandated by law to issue death Analysing mortality levels and causes-of-death (ANACoD) tool for assessment
certificates) and the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). WHO has been supporting of data quality and automatic coding and IRIS to facilitate accurate selection of
the MoPH to enhance its CRVS system to generate timely and reliable data on underlying cause of death.
birth and deaths, including causes of death. This is important because 15 out of 17
SDG targets require vital registration data for measurement of indicators. Current In 2019, the number of recorded deaths was 18 544, of which 70% were due
efforts are also focusing on supporting statistical capacity-building in line with the to noncommunicable diseases, 14% to communicable, maternal, perinatal and
WHO Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13) goal of better supporting nutritional conditions, 6% to external causes of injury and 10% to ill-defined
countries to strengthen information systems for health at all levels and the use of conditions (Fig A1.7) (13).
data for evidence-based decision-making.
The death registration system that the MoPH is implementing covers more than
A first review of death certificates took place in 1999 as part of the Burden 80% of registered deaths according to national sources (13). Efforts are being made
of disease study and preparatory work for health sector reforms. The review to address the remaining gaps and increase reporting to include the remaining
showed: most death certificates were incomplete in some way (e.g. address, 20%, believed to have occurred outside health facilities. In collaboration with
year of birth and/or underlying cause of death); cardiac arrest was the immediate the Order of Physicians, a doctor in each district will be contracted to notify the
cause of death in the majority of cases; and reporting forms were not unified. underlying cause of death on all deaths occurring outside health facilities.
Lebanon conducted a CRVS assessment in 2013, and its recommendations led
to implementation of activities aimed at building national capacities in adaptation To improve quality of cause of death data, ongoing training workshops have also
and use of global standardized death certificate, training of physicians and medical been conducted for doctors from all hospitals in collaboration with WHO and the
staff in identifying and reporting cause of death, as well as using electronic Order of Physicians.
approaches to automating death registration, selecting the underlying cause of
death and improving data quality. During the COVID-19 pandemic, investments in the cause of death registration
system were highly effective and timely in facilitating and supporting the
Building on those previous efforts, recent initiatives included development of a surveillance system for COVID-19-related deaths. The system contributes to better
national hospital mortality system (HMS) in 2016 covering 150 hospitals (more than understanding and monitoring of the pandemic situation in Lebanon.
90% of functioning hospitals). This consists of death notification and registration
of basic demographic information for deaths that occur among nationals and Collaborative initiatives between MoPH and WHO for system improvement are
non-nationals in hospital settings. Such reports are submitted, compiled, cleaned aimed at scaling up system coverage, reporting of non-national mortality rates
and utilized at the central MoPH level. by age and cause of death, responding to data needs for monitoring of epidemic
diseases through integration with surveillance systems and regular data updates,
After almost 17 years of incomplete reporting of cause of death data – with in addition to data quality improvement and feedback at the national, regional and
the last report published in 2000 without reliable medically certified causes of global levels. The country is planning a phased implementation of the International
death – Lebanon produced cause of death data from 2017–2019, disaggregated classification of diseases (ICD-11) as part of a broad agenda to enhance the
by age and sex. One of the major related achievements was the development functionality of the national health information system in line with latest standards
of an electronic death registration system through a collaboration between the and guidelines.
75+
55–74
35–54
25–34
Age group
15–24
5–14
1–4
<1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Per cent of total
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional Noncommunicable diseases

External causes of injuries Ill-defined diseases
Source: Based on data reported by the Ministry of Public Health Lebanon to the WHO mortality database (13).
Fig. A1.7. Major causes of death in Lebanon, 2019

3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5.2 3.6.1 3.8.1 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.a.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1



DTP3 immunizationˡ
PCV3 immunizationˡ
HPV vaccineⁿ
Member State 2017 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2017 2016 2016 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019
Afghanistan 638 60 36 0.04 189 14.5 0.39 35.3 4.1 <0.1 15.9 37 211.1 13.9 1.0 66 39 65
Bahrain 14 7 3 12 0.03 16.1 8.9 1.1 5.2 77 40.1 <0.1 0.3 25.1 99 99 97
Djibouti 248 57 31 0.14 234 67.7 0.26 22.0 9.6 0.4 23.5 47 159.0 31.3 2.5 85 81 85
Egypt 37 20 11 0.05 12 0.0 0.20 28.0 3.0 0.1 10.1 68 108.9 2.0 0.2 21.4 95 94
Iran (Islamic 16 14 9 0.05 13 0.0 0.05 14.8 5.2 1.0 21.5 72 50.9 1.0 1.0 14.0 99 98
Republic of)
Iraq 79 26 15 41 0.0 0.29 23.5 3.6 0.4 27.3 61 75.1 3.0 0.2 22.2 84 86 37
Jordan 46 16 9 5.5 0.56 15.3 1.6 0.5 17.0 76 51.2 0.6 0.5 89 96
Kuwait 12 8 5 22 0.03 11.9 2.9 0.0 15.4 76 103.8 <0.1 0.4 22.1 91 94 91
Lebanon 29 7 4 0.03 13 0.07 19.9 2.8 1.5 16.4 73 51.4 0.8 0.6 42.6 83 63 82
Libya 72 12 6 0.07 59 0.43 18.6 4.5 <0.1 21.3 64 71.9 0.6 0.8 73 72 73
Morocco 70 21 14 0.02 97 0.0 0.16 24.1 7.2 0.5 17.0 70 49.1 1.9 0.7 14.7 99 99 98
Oman 19 11 5 0.04 8.5 0.0 0.13 21.5 4.9 0.9 10.6 69 53.9 <0.1 0.9 9.6 99 99 99
Pakistan 140 67 41 0.12 263 3.3 0.91 29.4 8.9 0.3 13.0 45 173.6 19.6 1.6 20.0 75 71 75
Qatar 9 7 3 35 0.05 10.7 5.8 1.5 7.3 68 47.4 <0.1 0.3 14.0 98 95 98
Saudi Arabia 17 7 4 9.9 <0.1 0.00 20.9 6.0 0.0 35.9 74 83.7 0.1 0.8 16.6 96 96 96
Somalia 829 117 37 0.03 258 49.1 6.32 30.4 7.9 0.0 27.4 25 212.8 86.6 4.9 42
Sudan 295 58 27 0.08 67 55.4 1.66 22.8 3.8 26.8 44 184.9 17.3 1.7 93 74 93
Syrian Arab 31 22 11 <0.01 19 0.0 0.69 22.1 1.9 0.2 14.9 60 75.2 3.7 0.6 54 54
Republic
Tunisia 43 17 12 0.05 35 0.12 15.7 3.3 2.0 16.5 70 56.1 1.0 0.7 26.0 92 93
United Arab 3 7 4 1.0 0.0 0.02 18.5 6.4 3.8 8.9 76 54.7 <0.1 0.4 18.2 99 99 99 27
Emirates
Yemen 164 58 27 0.04 48 46.4 1.76 27.6 5.8 <0.1 29.4 42 194.2 10.2 1.8 20.9 73 46 72

Western Pacific Region
Key statistics
Impact measurement using systematic surveillance combining data

from multiple sources
The Western Pacific Region vision for managing future health challenges is laid its fourth meeting in August 2020, recommended that WHO should accelerate its
out in For the Future: towards the healthiest and safest region. Grounded in support to countries on data collection, reporting and analysis. This should also
an operational shift towards driving and measuring country impact, the vision include equity-focused analysis of disaggregated data to support monitoring and
contextualizes the SDGs and GPW 13 to the Western Pacific Region. Over the past policy decision-making on regional UHC enhancements for reaching the unreached.
few decades, Member States have made significant investments in improving their
strategic health information systems, reorienting them progressively from simply Currently, WPRO has combined data from multiple COVID-19 surveillance sources
measuring inputs and processes to documenting results. The ongoing challenge for rapid and concrete COVID-19 responses. A multi-source COVID-19 dashboard
remains that systems lack cohesive measurement frameworks and struggle with has been developed for a broader set of users for aiding COVID-19 responses in
maximizing data use for strategic dialogue and decision-making. countries (Fig. A1.8). Meanwhile, a comprehensive data analysis approach has
also been adopted in health-related SDG monitoring in the region. The ongoing
The complexities of the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the pre-existing regional country-focused SDG analysis is integrating health information from
demands for new data analytic approaches. Flexible measurement frameworks multiple sources with estimates generated within countries, as well as at the global
that can efficiently generate and integrate data across sources and sectors are or regional levels, to strategically link different health areas and programmes in
needed to accurately measure population impact and to inform the pursuit of a cohesive measurement framework and to draw a systematic picture of country
national goals. The Universal Health Coverage Technical Advisory Group, during progress for policy decision-making.
Source: COVID-19 Situation in WHO – Western Pacific Region (14).
Fig. A1.8. Multi-source COVID-19 surveillance dashboard for Western Pacific Region

3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5.2 3.6.1 3.8.1 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.a.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1 3.b.1



DTP3 immunizationˡ
PCV3 immunizationˡ
HPV vaccineⁿ
Member State 2017 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2017 2016 2016 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019
Australia 6 4 2 0.03 6.9 0.13 8.6 12.5 10.4 4.9 87 8.4 0.1 0.1 16.2 95 94 96 79
Brunei Darussalam 31 11 6 64 0.10 18.5 2.7 0.5 7.5 81 13.3 <0.1 0.0 15.5 99 98 90
Cambodia 160 27 14 0.05 287 12.0 0.19 22.5 4.9 7.8 19.6 60 149.8 6.5 0.5 21.8 92 82 89
China 29 8 4 58 0.0 0.22 15.9 8.1 6.0 17.4 79 112.7 0.6 1.8 24.7 99 98
Cook Islands 8 4 13 10.9 26.6 98 98 73
Fiji 34 26 11 0.14 66 0.13 37.7 9.0 3.7 13.5 64 99.0 2.9 0.3 26.7 99 94 99 56
Japan 5 2 1 13 0.96 8.3 15.3 10.1 3.6 83 11.9 0.2 0.2 21.9 98 93 97 0
Kiribati 92 51 22 436 1.57 50.8 28.3 2.3 1.9 41 140.2 16.7 2.6 52.0 97 91 97
Lao People's Democratic Republic 185 46 22 0.11 155 2.8 0.68 26.8 5.4 12.1 17.9 51 188.5 11.3 0.6 37.8 68 57 56
Malaysia 29 9 5 0.20 92 0.0 0.06 18.4 5.7 0.9 22.5 73 47.4 0.4 0.7 21.8 98 87 85
Marshall Islands 32 15 483 79 64 63 24
Micronesia (Federated States of) 88 29 16 100 0.40 46.3 28.2 2.5 0.2 47 151.8 3.6 0.9 78 52 73 57
Mongolia 45 16 8 0.01 428 0.47 35.0 17.9 5.9 21.0 62 155.9 1.3 2.8 27.6 98 98 49
Nauru 31 20 182 4.2 52.1 96 95
New Zealand 9 5 3 0.03 7.5 0.77 10.3 11.0 10.7 9.6 87 7.2 0.1 0.2 14.8 92 90 91 67
Niue 23 13 0.0 9.9 99 99 99
Palau 17 9 38 23.7 97 88 74 67
Papua New Guinea 145 45 22 0.38 432 156.4 1.36 36.0 2.9 2.1 12.6 40 152.0 16.3 1.4 35 20 35
Philippines 121 27 13 0.14 554 0.7 0.38 24.5 2.2 7.0 12.0 61 185.2 4.2 0.2 24.3 65 40 43 0
Republic of Korea 11 3 2 59 0.1 0.09 7.3 28.6 8.5 8.6 86 20.5 1.8 0.2 22.0 98 96 98 52
Samoa 43 15 8 11 0.34 31.2 12.6 2.8 13.0 58 85.0 1.5 0.4 28.9 58 44
Singapore 8 3 1 0.03 41 0.13 9.5 11.2 2.0 2.1 86 25.9 0.1 0.0 16.5 96 84 82 0
Solomon Islands 104 20 8 66 247.9 0.87 39.2 14.7 1.7 16.5 47 137.0 6.2 2.3 37.9 94 54 94
Tonga 52 17 7 11 0.89 24.8 3.8 0.4 33.0 58 73.3 1.4 1.1 30.2 99 99
Tuvalu 24 16 296 1.3 48.7 92 92
Vanuatu 72 26 11 41 3.5 2.25 39.7 18.0 2.1 14.9 48 135.6 10.4 0.7 24.1 90
Viet Nam 43 20 10 0.05 176 0.1 0.64 21.2 7.5 7.9 30.6 75 64.5 1.6 0.9 89 92

References
1. Report on the performance of health systems in the WHO African Region. Regional Committee for Africa (AFR/RC70/13).
Brazzaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa; 2020 (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333713,
accessed 30 April 2021).
2. Karamagi HC, Tumusiime P, Titi-Ofei R, Droti B, Kipruto H, Nabyonga-Orem J et al. Towards universal health coverage in
the WHO African Region: assessing health system functionality, incorporating lessons from COVID-19. BMJ Global Health.
2021;6:e004618. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004618.
3. Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage: 2019 Monitoring report. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2019 (https://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/2019/en/, accessed 30 April 2021).
4. Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-
programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2020, accessed 30 April 2021).
5. Health in the Americas+, 2017 Edition. Summary: Regional outlook and country profiles. Washington DC: Pan American
Health Organization; 2017 (https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/34321, accessed 30 April 2021).
6. Gross domestic product per capita 2000–2019 estimates. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2020 (http://
ghdx.healthdata.org/, accessed 30 April 2021).
7. World population prospects 2019. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2019 (https://
population.un.org/wpp/, accessed 30 April 2021).
8. Monitoring progress on universal health coverage and the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO South-
East Asia Region: 2020 update. New Delhi: World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2020 (https://apps.
who.int/iris/handle/10665/334213, accessed 30 April 2021).
9. Maternal mortality: Levels and trends 2000 to 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/
reproductivehealth/publications/maternal-mortality-2000-2017/en/, accessed 30 April 2021)
10. Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing data portal [online database]. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2021 (https://www.who.int/data/mncah, accessed 30 April 2021).
11. Levels and trends in child mortality 2019. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund/United Nations Inter-agency Group for
Child Mortality Estimation; 2019 (https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2019, accessed 30
April 2021).
12. Placing health equity at the heart of the COVID-19 sustainable response and recovery: Building prosperous lives for all
in Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Health Equity Status Report initiative (WHESRi)/ Public Health Wales NHS Trust; 2021 (https://
phwwhocc.co.uk/resources/welsh-health-equity-status-report-whesri/, accessed 30 April 2021).
13. Based on data reported by Ministry of Public Health Lebanon to the WHO mortality database as of 20 March 2021 (https://
www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/who-mortality-database, accessed 30 April 2021).
14. COVID-19 Situation in WHO - Western Pacific Region [online database]. Manila: World Health Organization Regional Office for
the Western Pacific; 2021 (https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/e1a2a65fe0ef4b5ea621b232c23618d5; accessed 30 April
2021).
15. For the future: towards the healthiest and safest Region: a vision for the WHO work with Member States and partners in the
Western Pacific. Manila: WHO regional office for the Western Pacific; 2020 (https://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/14476,
accessed April 30 2021).

ANNEX 2
Tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally
Explanatory notes
The statistics shown below represent official (WHO) statistics for selected health-related Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG) indicators and selected Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13) indicators, based on evidence
available in early 2021. In addition, summary measures of health, such as (healthy) life expectancy and total
population, are included to provide a general indication of the current situation.
These statistics have been compiled primarily from publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO,
or United Nations (UN) groups of which WHO is a member. Some statistics have been derived from data produced
and maintained by other international organizations and in each instance the source of the data series is provided.
The type of data used for each data series (comparable estimate or primary data) is also provided (1). Comparable
estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty, especially for countries where the availability and quality of
the underlying primary data are limited. Uncertainty intervals and other details on the indicators and statistics
presented here can be found at the WHO Global Health Observatory.1
Although every effort has been made to maximize the comparability of statistics across countries and over time,
data series based on primary data may differ in terms of the definitions, data collection methods, population
coverage and estimation methods used. For indicators with a reference period expressed as a range, country
values refer to the latest available year in the range unless otherwise noted; the accompanying footnotes provide
more details. In some cases, as SDG indicator definitions are being refined and baseline data are being collected,
proxy indicators have been presented in this annex; where this is the case, proxy indicators have been clearly
indicated as such through accompanying footnotes.
Unless otherwise stated, the WHO regional and global aggregates for rates and ratios are presented as weighted
averages when relevant, whereas for absolute numbers they are the sums. Aggregates are shown only if data are
available for at least 50% of the population (or other denominator) within an indicated group. For indicators with
a reference period expressed as a range, aggregates are for the reference period shown in the corresponding
table column heading above the WHO regional values. Some WHO regional and global aggregates may include
country estimates that are not individually reported.
Changes in the values shown for indicators reported in previous editions of the World Health Statistics Series
should not be assumed to accurately reflect underlying trends. This applies to all data types (comparable estimates
and primary data) and all reporting levels (country, regional and global). The data presented here may also differ
from, and should not be regarded as, the official national statistics of individual WHO Member States.
Note: – indicates that data is not applicable or not available.
Reference
1. World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring health for the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (https://www.who.int/
gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/, accessed 1 May 2021).
1
The Global Health Observatory (GHO) is a WHO online portal that provides access to data and analyses for monitoring the global health situation (available at https://www.who.int/gho/en/).

3.1
ANNEX 2
Part 1 Maternal
PA R T 1
mortality
ratiod (per
100 000 live
Total populationa (000s) Life expectancy at birthb,c (years) Healthy life expectancy at birthb,c (years) births)
Data type Comparable estimates Comparable estimates Comparable estimates Comparable
estimates
Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2017
Afghanistan 19 530 18 512 38 042 63.3 63.2 63.2 54.7 53.2 53.9 638
Albania 1 467 1 414 2 881 76.3 79.9 78.0 68.0 70.3 69.1 15
Algeria 21 750 21 303 43 053 76.2 78.1 77.1 66.7 66.1 66.4 112
Andorra – – 77 – – – – – – –
Angola 15 745 16 081 31 825 60.7 65.5 63.1 53.6 56.2 54.8 241
Antigua and Barbuda 47 50 97 74.9 78.0 76.5 66.2 67.7 67.0 42
Argentina 21 841 22 939 44 781 73.5 79.5 76.6 65.4 68.8 67.1 39
Armenia 1 391 1 566 2 958 72.5 79.2 76.0 64.9 69.1 67.1 26
Australia 12 551 12 652 25 203 81.3 84.8 83.0 70.2 71.7 70.9 6
Austria 4 409 4 546 8 955 79.4 83.8 81.6 69.9 71.9 70.9 5
Azerbaijan 5 016 5 032 10 048 68.8 74.1 71.4 62.1 65.2 63.6 26
Bahamas 189 200 389 69.9 76.6 73.2 62.3 66.5 64.4 70
Bahrain 1 055 586 1 641 75.0 77.0 75.8 66.0 65.5 65.9 14
Bangladesh 82 474 80 572 163 046 73.0 75.6 74.3 64.2 64.4 64.3 173
Barbados 139 148 287 74.3 77.7 76.0 66.2 67.7 67.0 27
Belarus 4 400 5 052 9 452 69.7 79.6 74.8 62.3 69.4 66.0 2
Belgium 5 711 5 828 11 539 79.3 83.5 81.4 69.8 71.3 70.6 5
Belize 194 196 390 71.4 77.8 74.4 63.5 67.3 65.3 36
Benin 5 891 5 910 11 801 61.2 65.7 63.4 54.5 56.6 55.5 397
Bhutan 405 358 763 72.0 74.4 73.1 63.2 63.5 63.4 183
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 5 780 5 733 11 513 71.1 73.1 72.1 63.2 63.3 63.3 155
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 617 1 684 3 301 74.4 79.1 76.8 65.7 68.7 67.2 10
Botswana 1 114 1 190 2 304 58.9 65.5 62.2 51.9 55.8 53.9 144
Brazil 103 733 107 316 211 050 72.4 79.4 75.9 63.4 67.4 65.4 60
Brunei Darussalam 225 208 433 73.4 75.4 74.3 65.2 66.1 65.6 31
Bulgaria 3 400 3 600 7 000 71.6 78.6 75.1 63.9 68.7 66.3 10
Burkina Faso 10 148 10 174 20 321 60.1 65.2 62.7 53.4 56.3 54.9 320
Burundi 5 719 5 812 11 531 61.5 66.1 63.8 54.0 57.2 55.6 548
Cabo Verde 276 274 550 69.9 77.9 74.0 62.2 67.2 64.8 58
Cambodia 8 047 8 439 16 487 67.2 72.7 70.1 59.8 63.0 61.5 160
Cameroon 12 940 12 936 25 876 60.3 64.5 62.4 53.5 55.6 54.5 529
Canada 18 564 18 848 37 411 80.4 84.1 82.2 70.5 72.0 71.3 10
Central African Republic 2 352 2 393 4 745 50.2 56.3 53.1 44.5 48.4 46.4 829
Chad 7 961 7 986 15 947 58.0 61.3 59.6 51.3 52.8 52.0 1140
Chile 9 342 9 610 18 952 78.1 83.2 80.7 69.0 71.1 70.0 13
China 739 350 702 510 1 441 860 74.7 80.5 77.4 67.2 70.0 68.5 29
Colombia 24 713 25 626 50 339 76.7 81.9 79.3 67.4 70.5 69.0 83
Comoros 429 422 851 65.9 68.9 67.4 58.3 59.6 58.9 273
Congo 2 687 2 693 5 381 63.8 65.6 64.7 56.4 56.1 56.2 378
Cook Islands – – 18 – – – – – – –
Costa Rica 2 523 2 525 5 048 78.3 83.4 80.8 68.6 71.3 70.0 27
Côte d'Ivoire 12 974 12 742 25 717 60.5 65.8 62.9 53.4 56.5 54.8 617
Croatia 1 990 2 140 4 130 75.5 81.6 78.6 66.7 70.5 68.6 8
Cuba 5 628 5 706 11 333 75.4 80.3 77.8 66.6 69.2 67.8 36
Cyprus 599 599 1 199 81.1 85.1 83.1 71.8 73.0 72.4 6
Czechia 5 261 5 429 10 689 76.3 81.9 79.1 67.0 70.6 68.8 3
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 12 553 13 113 25 666 69.3 75.7 72.6 63.3 66.6 65.0 89
Democratic Republic of the Congo 43 319 43 471 86 791 60.0 64.8 62.4 52.8 55.4 54.1 473
Denmark 2 870 2 902 5 772 79.6 83.0 81.3 70.7 71.4 71.0 4
Djibouti 512 462 974 64.1 67.8 65.8 57.2 58.9 58.0 248
Dominica – – 72 – – – – – – –
Dominican Republic 5 366 5 373 10 739 69.8 76.2 72.8 62.1 66.1 64.0 95
Ecuador 8 690 8 683 17 374 76.4 80.5 78.4 67.7 69.3 68.5 59
Egypt 50 723 49 665 100 388 69.6 74.1 71.8 62.3 63.7 63.0 37
El Salvador 3 023 3 430 6 454 70.6 79.1 75.0 61.6 67.8 64.9 46

3.1 3.2 3.3
Hepatitis
B surface
antigen Reported
Proportion New HIV Malaria (HBsAg) number
PA R T 1
of births Under-five Neonatal infectionsg Tuberculosis incidencei prevalence of people
attended by mortality ratef mortality ratef (per 1000 incidenceh (per 1000 among requiring
skilled health (per 1000 live (per 1000 live uninfected (per 100 000 population at children under interventions
personnele (%) births) births) population) population) risk) 5 yearsj (%) against NTDsk
Primary data Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Primary data
estimates estimates estimates estimates estimates estimates
2011–2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2018 2019 2019 Member State
59 60 36 0.04 189 14.5 0.39 16 222 053 Afghanistan
100 10 8 0.03 16 – 0.29 0 Albania
99 23 16 0.05 61 0.0 0.08 10 339 Algeria
100 ai 3 1 – 7.5 – – 0 Andorra
50 75 28 0.84 351 235.2 4.57 15 362 008 Angola
100 ai 7 4 – 0.0 – 0.19 1 223 Antigua and Barbuda
100 9 6 0.13 29 0.0 0.01 160 777 Argentina
100 ai 12 6 0.05 26 0.0 0.06 17 Armenia
97 aj 4 2 0.03 6.9 – 0.13 13 700 Australia
98 aj 3 2 – 6.2 – 0.16 29 Austria
99 ai 20 11 0.06 60 0.0 0.06 686 000 Azerbaijan
99 ai 13 7 – 15 – 0.16 27 Bahamas
100 ai 7 3 – 12 – 0.03 5 Bahrain
59 31 19 – 221 1.2 0.51 56 339 394 Bangladesh
99 ai 13 8 0.18 0.0 – 0.18 44 Barbados
100 3 1 0.20 29 – 0.29 0 Belarus
– 3 2 – 8.9 – 0.09 22 Belgium
94 ai 12 8 – 27 0.0 0.60 13 317 Belize
78 90 31 0.31 55 406.7 2.87 6 070 676 Benin
96 ai 28 17 – 165 <0.1 0.14 229 846 Bhutan
81 ai 26 15 0.08 106 2.4 0.14 190 910 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
100 6 4 – 27 – 0.63 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina
100 aj 42 18 4.78 253 0.2 0.18 238 203 Botswana
99 aj 14 8 0.23 46 4.2 0.03 9 560 959 Brazil
100 ai 11 6 – 64 – 0.10 0 Brunei Darussalam
100 7 3 0.04 21 – 0.09 193 Bulgaria
80 88 26 0.14 47 386.7 1.66 3 652 080 Burkina Faso
85 56 21 0.17 107 296.0 1.35 3 418 124 Burundi
97 ai 15 9 0.19 46 0.0 0.26 137 073 Cabo Verde
89 ai 27 14 0.05 287 12.0 0.19 5 068 956 Cambodia
69 ai 75 26 0.69 179 243.1 1.75 16 891 418 Cameroon
98 aj 5 3 – 5.5 – 0.34 0 Canada
40 ai 110 40 1.10 540 345.0 3.75 4 442 825 Central African Republic
24 ai 114 33 0.34 142 202.1 10.79 6 270 047 Chad
100 7 5 0.27 18 – 0.03 33 Chile
100 ai 8 4 – 58 0.0 0.22 22 841 China
99 14 7 0.25 35 10.7 0.15 3 186 736 Colombia
82 63 30 <0.01 35 20.7 1.16 788 813 Comoros
91 48 19 1.55 373 230.8 2.56 1 407 153 Congo
– 8 4 – 13 – – 0 Cook Islands
99 9 6 0.19 10 0.1 0.02 10 011 Costa Rica
74 – – 0.51 137 300.6 – 21 713 670 Côte d'Ivoire
100 5 3 0.02 8.0 – 0.12 1 Croatia
100 5 2 0.14 6.5 – 0.03 3 445 Cuba
99 aj 2 1 – 5.3 – 0.34 0 Cyprus
100 aj 3 2 – 4.9 – 0.13 0 Czechia
100 17 10 – 513 0.2 0.20 5 418 928 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
85 85 27 0.22 320 325.8 3.28 53 320 501 Democratic Republic of the Congo
95 aj 4 3 – 5.0 – 0.68 0 Denmark
87 ai 57 31 0.14 234 67.7 0.26 110 561 Djibouti
100 ai 35 28 – 16 – – 1 066 Dominica
100 aj 28 19 0.27 42 0.3 0.10 2 749 409 Dominican Republic
96 14 7 0.14 46 3.6 0.09 9 608 Ecuador
92 20 11 0.05 12 0.0 0.20 6 894 411 Egypt
100 13 7 0.14 58 0.0 0.02 1 443 743 El Salvador

3.1
ANNEX 2
Part 1 Maternal
PA R T 1
mortality
ratiod (per
100 000 live
estimates
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2017
Equatorial Guinea 754 602 1 356 60.9 63.6 62.2 53.4 54.1 53.9 301
Eritrea 1 753 1 744 3 497 61.3 67.1 64.1 53.9 57.7 55.7 480
Estonia 627 699 1 326 74.7 82.6 78.9 66.4 71.7 69.2 9
Eswatini 563 585 1 148 53.4 63.2 57.7 47.1 53.8 50.1 437
Ethiopia 56 069 56 010 112 079 66.9 70.5 68.7 59.0 60.8 59.9 401
Fiji 451 439 890 65.9 70.3 68.0 58.5 60.7 59.6 34
Finland 2 727 2 805 5 532 79.2 84.0 81.6 69.9 72.0 71.0 3
France 31 524 33 605 65 130 79.8 85.1 82.5 71.1 73.1 72.1 8
Gabon 1 106 1 066 2 173 63.6 69.7 66.5 56.0 59.3 57.6 252
Gambia 1 164 1 183 2 348 63.4 67.7 65.5 56.4 57.7 57.0 597
Georgia 1 906 2 091 3 997 68.8 77.8 73.3 61.4 67.9 64.7 25
Germany 41 249 42 268 83 517 78.7 84.8 81.7 69.7 72.1 70.9 7
Ghana 15 416 15 002 30 418 63.7 69.2 66.3 56.5 59.6 58.0 308
Greece 5 141 5 333 10 473 78.6 83.6 81.1 69.9 71.9 70.9 3
Grenada 56 56 112 70.6 75.3 72.9 62.6 65.4 63.9 25
Guatemala 8 660 8 922 17 581 69.0 75.0 72.0 60.5 64.1 62.3 95
Guinea 6 166 6 605 12 771 59.5 62.3 61.0 52.9 53.7 53.3 576
Guinea–Bissau 939 982 1 921 57.4 63.0 60.2 51.1 54.1 52.6 667
Guyana 393 390 783 62.5 69.4 65.7 55.1 59.7 57.2 169
Haiti 5 558 5 705 11 263 63.3 64.8 64.1 55.9 55.8 55.8 480
Honduras 4 869 4 877 9 746 70.7 73.2 71.9 62.7 63.3 63.0 65
Hungary 4 608 5 076 9 685 73.1 79.6 76.4 65.0 69.3 67.2 12
Iceland 170 169 339 80.8 83.9 82.3 71.7 72.3 72.0 4
India 710 130 656 288 1366 418 69.5 72.2 70.8 60.3 60.4 60.3 145
Indonesia 136 270 134 356 270 626 69.4 73.3 71.3 61.9 63.8 62.8 177
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 41 890 41 024 82 914 75.7 79.1 77.3 66.0 66.5 66.3 16
Iraq 19 892 19 418 39 310 69.9 75.0 72.4 61.6 63.7 62.7 79
Ireland 2 422 2 460 4 882 80.2 83.5 81.8 70.7 71.4 71.1 5
Israel 4 237 4 282 8 519 80.8 84.4 82.6 72.0 72.7 72.4 3
Italy 29 461 31 089 60 550 80.9 84.9 83.0 71.2 72.6 71.9 2
Jamaica 1 464 1 485 2 948 74.4 77.7 76.0 65.9 67.3 66.6 80
Japan 61 950 64 910 126 860 81.5 86.9 84.3 72.6 75.5 74.1 5
Jordan 5 113 4 988 10 102 77.0 78.8 77.9 68.1 67.2 67.6 46
Kazakhstan 9 000 9 552 18 551 70.0 77.6 74.0 62.4 67.4 65.0 10
Kenya 26 122 26 452 52 574 63.7 68.4 66.1 56.4 58.9 57.7 342
Kiribati 58 60 118 56.1 62.8 59.4 50.5 54.9 52.6 92
Kuwait 2 563 1 644 4 207 79.3 83.9 81.0 69.5 71.1 70.1 12
Kyrgyzstan 3 174 3 242 6 416 70.7 77.3 74.2 63.6 67.7 65.8 60
Lao People's Democratic Republic 3 599 3 570 7 169 66.2 70.9 68.5 59.2 61.9 60.5 185
Latvia 878 1 029 1 907 70.6 79.8 75.4 62.9 69.3 66.2 19
Lebanon 3 449 3 406 6 856 74.0 79.2 76.4 65.1 67.0 66.0 29
Lesotho 1 048 1 077 2 125 47.7 54.2 50.7 42.3 46.4 44.2 544
Liberia 2 481 2 456 4 937 63.2 65.0 64.1 54.9 55.0 54.9 661
Libya 3 423 3 355 6 777 74.2 77.3 75.8 64.9 65.5 65.2 72
Lithuania 1 276 1 483 2 760 71.2 80.4 76.0 63.4 69.7 66.7 8
Luxembourg 311 305 616 80.6 84.2 82.4 71.1 72.0 71.6 5
Madagascar 13 453 13 516 26 969 64.1 66.6 65.3 56.9 57.7 57.3 335
Malawi 9 185 9 443 18 629 62.3 68.9 65.6 55.1 59.0 57.1 349
Malaysia 16 423 15 527 31 950 72.6 77.1 74.7 64.5 66.9 65.7 29
Maldives 336 195 531 78.6 80.8 79.6 69.7 70.0 70.0 53
Mali 9 845 9 813 19 658 62.2 63.4 62.8 54.8 54.5 54.6 562
Malta 221 220 440 79.9 83.8 81.9 70.9 71.9 71.5 6
Marshall Islands – – 59 – – – – – – –
Mauritania 2 272 2 254 4 526 68.1 68.7 68.4 60.2 59.4 59.8 766
Mauritius 627 643 1 270 71.0 77.3 74.1 62.0 65.9 63.9 61

3.1 3.2 3.3
Hepatitis
B surface
antigen Reported
PA R T 1
2011–2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2018 2019 2019 Member State
68 ai 82 29 4.06 181 237.1 6.07 429 326 Equatorial Guinea
– 40 18 0.11 86 57.3 1.02 427 112 Eritrea
100 2 1 – 13 – 0.29 0 Estonia
88 49 18 4.90 363 0.7 – 406 184 Eswatini
50 51 28 0.16 140 34.3 1.59 76 238 251 Ethiopia
100 ai 26 11 0.14 66 – 0.13 919 387 Fiji
100 aj 2 1 – 4.7 – 0.81 8 Finland
98 aj 4 3 – 8.7 – 0.15 55 France
89 ai 42 20 0.74 521 211.9 2.12 937 923 Gabon
84 52 27 1.06 158 50.5 1.60 168 211 Gambia
100 10 5 – 74 0.0 0.06 48 Georgia
99 aj 4 2 – 5.8 – 0.21 113 Germany
79 46 23 0.70 144 161.5 2.13 17 220 101 Ghana
100 ai 4 2 – 4.3 – 0.14 0 Greece
100 ai 17 11 – 3.1 – 0.12 106 Grenada
70 ai 25 12 0.07 26 0.2 0.03 4 957 871 Guatemala
55 ai 99 30 0.39 176 296.9 6.07 7 480 197 Guinea
54 78 35 1.15 361 86.9 2.11 1 232 549 Guinea–Bissau
96 ai 29 19 0.42 79 33.7 0.40 685 176 Guyana
42 63 25 0.52 170 1.4 1.04 5 921 717 Haiti
74 aj 17 9 0.11 31 0.1 0.03 2 214 843 Honduras
100 ai 4 2 – 6.3 – 0.90 0 Hungary
98 aj 2 1 – 4.4 – 0.15 0 Iceland
81 ai 34ak 22ak – 193 4.3 0.16 733 660 997 India
95 24 12 – 312 2.4 1.30 98 728 063 Indonesia
99 ai 14 9 0.05 13 0.0 0.05 8 251 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
96 26 15 – 41 0.0 0.29 2 170 486 Iraq
100 aj 3 2 – 5.8 – 0.04 0 Ireland
– 4 2 – 2.9 – 0.05 0 Israel
100 aj 3 2 0.04 7.1 – 0.33 1 Italy
100 14 10 0.58 3.2 – 0.55 7 560 Jamaica
100 aj 2 1 – 13 – 0.96 8 Japan
100 16 9 – 5.5 – 0.56 70 Jordan
100 aj 10 5 0.20 68 0.0 0.15 55 Kazakhstan
70 43 21 0.92 267 57.0 0.40 8 321 398 Kenya
92 ai 51 22 – 436 – 1.57 122 769 Kiribati
100 aj 8 5 – 22 – 0.03 0 Kuwait
100 18 12 0.14 110 0.0 0.15 2 169 854 Kyrgyzstan
64 46 22 0.11 155 2.8 0.68 2 256 885 Lao People's Democratic Republic
100 aj 4 2 0.19 26 – 0.27 5 Latvia
– 7 4 0.03 13 – 0.07 2 Lebanon
87 86 43 6.43 654 – 1.22 382 336 Lesotho
84 ai 85 32 0.46 308 366.6 4.66 3 175 460 Liberia
100 ai 12 6 0.07 59 – 0.43 6 774 Libya
100 ai 4 2 0.09 42 – 0.05 51 Lithuania
– 3 1 – 9.0 – 0.06 1 Luxembourg
46 ai 51 20 0.23 233 76.1 2.13 21 125 732 Madagascar
90 ai 42 20 1.94 146 207.7 1.39 12 393 153 Malawi
100 ai 9 5 0.20 92 0.0 0.06 127 602 Malaysia
100 8 5 – 36 – 0.21 5 013 Maldives
67 94 32 – 52 333.7 4.62 7 735 946 Mali
100 aj 7 5 – 14 – 0.20 1 Malta
92 32 15 – 483 – – 19 594 Marshall Islands
69 73 32 – 89 43.4 3.35 826 827 Mauritania
100 16 10 0.57 12 – 0.41 0 Mauritius

3.1
ANNEX 2
Part 1 Maternal
PA R T 1
mortality
ratiod (per
100 000 live
estimates
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2017
Mexico 62 403 65 172 127 576 73.1 78.9 76.0 64.3 67.2 65.8 33
Micronesia (Federated States of) 58 56 114 60.3 66.0 63.0 54.4 57.8 56.0 88
Monaco – – 39 – – – – – – –
Mongolia 1 590 1 635 3 225 63.8 72.8 68.1 57.1 63.8 60.3 45
Montenegro 311 317 628 73.2 78.7 75.9 65.2 68.7 67.0 6
Morocco 18 093 18 379 36 472 71.7 74.3 73.0 63.7 63.7 63.7 70
Mozambique 14 746 15 620 30 366 54.5 61.7 58.1 47.9 52.8 50.4 289
Myanmar 26 045 28 001 54 045 65.9 72.2 69.1 58.8 62.8 60.9 250
Namibia 1 209 1 286 2 495 60.6 68.4 64.6 53.4 58.6 56.1 195
Nauru – – 11 – – – – – – –
Nepal 13 047 15 562 28 609 68.9 72.7 70.9 60.6 62.1 61.3 186
Netherlands 8 515 8 582 17 097 80.4 83.1 81.8 71.3 71.5 71.4 5
New Zealand 2 351 2 432 4 783 80.4 83.5 82.0 69.6 70.8 70.2 9
Nicaragua 3 226 3 320 6 546 72.1 77.9 75.0 63.7 67.2 65.5 98
Niger 11 714 11 596 23 311 62.1 64.6 63.3 55.3 55.8 55.5 509
Nigeria 101 832 99 132 200 964 61.2 64.1 62.6 53.9 54.9 54.4 917
Niue – – 2 – – – – – – –
North Macedonia 1 042 1 041 2 083 72.8 76.9 74.8 65.1 67.3 66.1 7
Norway 2 717 2 662 5 379 81.1 84.1 82.6 71.0 71.6 71.4 2
Oman 3 284 1 691 4 975 73.0 75.3 73.9 64.5 64.5 64.7 19
Pakistan 111 448 105 118 216 565 64.6 66.7 65.6 56.9 56.8 56.9 140
Palau – – 18 – – – – – – –
Panama 2 126 2 120 4 246 76.6 82.1 79.3 67.4 70.0 68.7 52
Papua New Guinea 4 480 4 296 8 776 63.4 67.4 65.3 56.2 58.1 57.1 145
Paraguay 3 581 3 464 7 045 73.1 78.8 75.8 64.5 67.3 65.8 84
Peru 16 148 16 362 32 510 78.5 81.3 79.9 69.2 69.8 69.5 88
Philippines 54 316 53 801 108 117 67.4 73.6 70.4 60.1 63.9 62.0 121
Poland 18 361 19 527 37 888 74.5 81.9 78.3 65.9 71.3 68.7 2
Portugal 4 837 5 390 10 226 78.6 84.4 81.6 69.6 72.2 71.0 8
Qatar 2 134 699 2 832 78.0 76.6 77.2 68.1 65.1 67.1 9
Republic of Korea 25 649 25 576 51 225 80.3 86.1 83.3 71.3 74.7 73.1 11
Republic of Moldova 1 938 2 105 4 043 69.3 77.1 73.3 61.9 67.1 64.5 19
Romania 9 418 9 946 19 365 72.0 79.3 75.6 64.3 69.4 66.8 19
Russian Federation 67 603 78 269 145 872 68.2 78.0 73.2 60.7 67.5 64.2 17
Rwanda 6 206 6 421 12 627 66.9 71.2 69.1 59.0 61.4 60.2 248
Saint Kitts and Nevis – – 53 – – – – – – –
Saint Lucia 90 93 183 71.3 77.7 74.3 63.0 66.6 64.7 117
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 56 54 111 71.3 75.3 73.2 62.9 65.1 64.0 68
Samoa 102 95 197 69.2 71.8 70.5 61.8 62.5 62.1 43
San Marino – – 34 – – – – – – –
Sao Tome and Principe 108 107 215 68.8 72.0 70.4 60.9 62.2 61.6 130
Saudi Arabia 19 784 14 485 34 269 73.1 76.1 74.3 63.8 64.4 64.0 17
Senegal 7 946 8 350 16 296 66.8 70.1 68.6 58.8 59.9 59.4 315
Serbia 4 297 4 475 8 772 73.5 78.3 75.9 65.4 68.4 66.9 12
Seychelles 50 48 98 70.0 77.1 73.3 61.9 66.4 64.0 53
Sierra Leone 3 898 3 915 7 813 59.6 61.9 60.8 52.5 53.3 52.9 1120
Singapore 3 038 2 766 5 804 81.0 85.5 83.2 72.4 74.7 73.6 8
Slovakia 2 657 2 800 5 457 74.8 81.4 78.2 66.2 70.8 68.5 5
Slovenia 1 035 1 044 2 079 78.6 84.1 81.3 69.0 72.5 70.7 7
Solomon Islands 341 329 670 62.9 67.9 65.2 56.5 59.1 57.8 104
Somalia 7 700 7 743 15 443 54.0 59.2 56.5 48.3 51.3 49.7 829
South Africa 28 859 29 699 58 558 62.2 68.3 65.3 54.6 57.7 56.2 119
South Sudan 5 537 5 526 11 062 60.8 64.8 62.8 52.9 54.5 53.7 1150
Spain 22 961 23 776 46 737 80.7 85.7 83.2 71.3 72.9 72.1 4
Sri Lanka 10 233 11 090 21 324 73.8 79.8 76.9 65.1 69.0 67.0 36

3.1 3.2 3.3
Hepatitis
B surface
antigen Reported
PA R T 1
2011–2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2018 2019 2019 Member State
97 14 9 – 23 0.2 0.03 19 900 177 Mexico
– 29 16 – 100 – 0.40 70 736 Micronesia (Federated States of)
– 3 2 – 0.0 – – 0 Monaco
99 ai 16 8 0.01 428 – 0.47 0 Mongolia
99 2 1 0.05 15 – 0.67 0 Montenegro
87 21 14 0.02 97 0.0 0.16 5 576 Morocco
73 74 29 4.68 361 308.4 0.59 21 517 399 Mozambique
60 ai 45 22 0.19 322 2.3 1.11 23 748 613 Myanmar
88 42 19 3.10 486 2.8 0.36 1 094 020 Namibia
– 31 20 – 182 – – 10 774 Nauru
77 ai 31 20 0.03 238 0.1 0.16 14 118 850 Nepal
– 4 3 0.02 5.0 – 0.08 0 Netherlands
96 aj 5 3 0.03 7.5 – 0.77 6 New Zealand
96 ai 17 10 0.06 43 5.9 0.09 1 611 101 Nicaragua
39 aj 80 24 0.06 84 343.2 3.44 14 046 246 Niger
43 ai 117 36 0.52 219 303.3 2.94 134 545 208 Nigeria
100 ai 23 13 – 0.0 – – 0 Niue
100 6 4 – 12 – – 0 North Macedonia
99 aj 2 1 – 3.3 – 0.02 3 Norway
99 11 5 0.04 8.5 0.0 0.13 80 Oman
71 ai 67 41 0.12 263 3.3 0.91 25 234 450 Pakistan
100 17 9 – 38 – – 3 Palau
93 15 9 – 37 0.4 0.07 51 175 Panama
56 ai 45 22 0.38 432 156.4 1.36 6 982 087 Papua New Guinea
98 aj 19 11 0.16 46 0.0 0.42 1 974 836 Paraguay
94 13 6 0.10 119 3.6 0.06 342 185 Peru
84 27 13 0.14 554 0.7 0.38 47 496 283 Philippines
100 4 3 – 15 – 0.01 46 Poland
100 4 2 – 19 – 0.02 11 Portugal
100 7 3 – 35 – 0.05 22 Qatar
100 aj 3 2 – 59 0.1 0.09 4 Republic of Korea
100 14 11 0.23 80 – 0.20 0 Republic of Moldova
95 7 3 0.04 66 – 0.29 0 Romania
100 ai 6 3 – 50 – 0.55 1 Russian Federation
94 ai 34 16 0.44 57 366.1 0.49 5 015 979 Rwanda
100 aj 15 10 – 1.5 – – 46 Saint Kitts and Nevis
100 ai 22 13 – 3.8 – 0.22 26 Saint Lucia
99 ai 15 9 – 4.2 – 0.15 702 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
89 15 8 – 11 – 0.34 191 219 Samoa
– 2 1 – 0.0 – – 0 San Marino
97 30 14 – 114 11.4 1.31 201 114 Sao Tome and Principe
99 ai 7 4 – 9.9 <0.1 0.00 1 113 Saudi Arabia
75 45 22 0.09 117 50.5 0.93 8 815 619 Senegal
100 5 3 0.02 14 – 0.04 0 Serbia
99 ai 14 9 – 16 – 0.09 0 Seychelles
87 109 31 0.65 295 334.8 1.98 6 910 107 Sierra Leone
100 ai 3 1 0.03 41 – 0.13 15 998 Singapore
98 6 3 – 4.5 – 0.31 11 Slovakia
100 aj 2 1 – 5.4 – 1.12 1 Slovenia
86 ai 20 8 – 66 247.9 0.87 493 611 Solomon Islands
32 ai 117 37 0.03 258 49.1 6.32 2 286 299 Somalia
97 34 11 3.98 615 0.5 3.10 18 807 465 South Africa
– 96 39 1.50 227 272.0 13.03 8 472 338 South Sudan
100 3 2 0.06 9.3 – 0.13 7 Spain
100 7 4 <0.01 64 0.0 0.34 106 353 Sri Lanka

3.1
ANNEX 2
Part 1 Maternal
PA R T 1
mortality
ratiod (per
100 000 live
estimates
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2017
Sudan 21 388 21 425 42 813 67.6 70.8 69.1 59.6 60.3 59.9 295
Suriname 292 289 581 68.5 74.6 71.5 60.7 64.2 62.4 120
Sweden 5 026 5 011 10 036 80.8 84.0 82.4 71.7 72.1 71.9 4
Switzerland 4 261 4 331 8 591 81.8 85.1 83.4 72.2 72.8 72.5 5
Syrian Arab Republic 8 555 8 516 17 070 71.2 74.3 72.7 62.5 63.3 62.9 31
Tajikistan 4 698 4 623 9 321 67.6 71.5 69.5 60.9 63.2 62.0 17
Thailand 33 905 35 721 69 626 74.4 81.0 77.7 65.9 70.6 68.3 37
Timor-Leste 654 640 1 293 67.9 71.4 69.6 59.8 62.0 60.9 142
Togo 4 021 4 062 8 082 61.5 67.2 64.3 54.7 57.8 56.2 396
Tonga 52 52 104 69.8 75.6 72.6 62.7 65.5 64.0 52
Trinidad and Tobago 689 706 1 395 72.5 79.9 76.1 64.0 68.6 66.2 67
Tunisia 5 798 5 897 11 695 74.9 79.2 77.0 66.1 67.7 66.9 43
Turkey 41 174 42 256 83 430 76.4 80.7 78.6 67.8 69.0 68.4 17
Turkmenistan 2 926 3 016 5 942 66.5 73.0 69.7 59.9 64.3 62.1 7
Tuvalu – – 12 – – – – – – –
Uganda 21 807 22 462 44 270 63.2 70.1 66.7 56.0 60.4 58.2 375
Ukraine 20 379 23 615 43 994 68.0 77.8 73.0 60.6 67.8 64.3 19
United Arab Emirates 6 767 3 004 9 771 75.1 78.4 76.1 65.8 66.2 66.0 3
United Kingdom 33 351 34 179 67 530 79.8 83.0 81.4 69.6 70.6 70.1 7
United Republic of Tanzania 28 981 29 025 58 005 65.4 69.3 67.3 57.6 59.3 58.5 524
United States of America 162 826 166 239 329 065 76.3 80.7 78.5 65.2 67.0 66.1 19
Uruguay 1 672 1 790 3 462 73.5 80.6 77.1 65.4 69.5 67.5 17
Uzbekistan 16 450 16 532 32 982 70.8 75.2 73.0 63.5 65.8 64.7 29
Vanuatu 152 148 300 62.7 68.3 65.3 56.4 59.4 57.8 72
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 14 045 14 471 28 516 69.9 78.2 73.9 61.9 67.1 64.4 125
Viet Nam 48 151 48 311 96 462 69.6 78.1 73.7 62.4 68.3 65.3 43
Yemen 14 692 14 470 29 162 64.4 68.9 66.6 56.9 58.2 57.5 164
Zambia 8 843 9 018 17 861 59.5 65.4 62.5 52.5 56.3 54.4 213
Zimbabwe 6 983 7 662 14 645 57.5 63.6 60.7 51.2 54.8 53.1 458
WHO region 2019 2019 2019 2017

African Region 545 008 546 751 1 091 759 62.4 66.6 64.5 55.0 57.1 56.0 525
Region of the Americas 497 928 511 897 1 009 950 74.5 79.8 77.2 64.8 67.5 66.2 57
South-East Asia Region 1 026 050 975 896 2 001 946 69.9 73.1 71.4 61.1 61.9 61.5 152
European Region 451 018 478 998 930 167 75.1 81.3 78.2 66.6 70.0 68.3 13
Eastern Mediterranean Region 367 791 344 485 712 276 68.3 71.3 69.7 60.2 60.7 60.4 164
Western Pacific Region 982 936 947 812 1 930 867 74.8 80.8 77.7 67.0 70.2 68.6 41
Global 3 870 732 3 805 840 7 676 965 70.8 75.9 73.3 62.5 64.9 63.7 211

3.1 3.2 3.3
Hepatitis
B surface
antigen Reported
PA R T 1
2011–2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2018 2019 2019 Member State
78 ai 58 27 0.08 67 55.4 1.66 12 015 065 Sudan
98 ai 18 11 0.45 29 1.1 0.07 241 Suriname
– 3 1 – 5.5 – 0.13 28 Sweden
– 4 3 0.03 5.4 – 0.16 0 Switzerland
– 22 11 <0.01 19 0.0 0.69 2 440 286 Syrian Arab Republic
95 34 15 0.17 83 0.0 0.18 3 161 746 Tajikistan
99 ai 9 5 0.08 150 0.3 0.27 129 102 Thailand
57 ai 44 20 0.15 498 0.0 0.72 1 327 038 Timor-Leste
69 ai 67 25 0.59 37 225.0 3.27 4 311 460 Togo
98 ai 17 7 – 11 – 0.89 37 131 Tonga
100 ai 18 12 0.07 18 – 0.19 442 Trinidad and Tobago
100 17 12 0.05 35 – 0.12 7 085 Tunisia
99 aj 10 5 – 16 0.0 0.11 0 Turkey
100 ai 42 24 – 45 0.0 0.07 105 Turkmenistan
– 24 16 – 296 – – 11 500 Tuvalu
74 46 20 1.38 200 262.7 0.96 24 639 995 Uganda
100 ai 8 5 0.28 77 – 0.25 0 Ukraine
100 ai 7 4 – 1.0 0.0 0.02 55 United Arab Emirates
– 4 3 – 8.0 – 0.41 5 United Kingdom
64 ai 50 20 1.46 237 111.2 – 27 086 592 United Republic of Tanzania
99 6 4 – 3.0 – 0.01 1 158 United States of America
100 ai 7 4 – 35 – 0.15 13 Uruguay
100 ai 17 10 0.13 67 0.0 0.16 405 951 Uzbekistan
89 ai 26 11 – 41 3.5 2.25 291 481 Vanuatu
99 ai 24 15 0.19 45 32.8 0.15 8 062 142 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
94 20 10 0.05 176 0.1 0.64 7 368 702 Viet Nam
45 ai 58 27 0.04 48 46.4 1.76 10 471 813 Yemen
80 ai 62al 23al 3.17 333 147.7 1.32 12 032 435 Zambia
86 55 26 2.81 199 67.9 2.74 10 660 813 Zimbabwe
2014–2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 WHO region
65 74 27 0.94 226 225.2 2.53 590 380 426 African Region
96 13 7 0.17 29 6.4 0.07 63 062 825 Region of the Americas
81 32 20 0.08 217 3.9 0.38 933 812 197 South-East Asia Region
99 8 4 0.21 26 0.0 0.26 6 424 369 European Region
81 46 25 0.07 114 10.4 0.84 77 874 457 Eastern Mediterranean Region
98 11 6 0.06 93 2.3 0.30 71 521 277 Western Pacific Region
83 38 17 0.22 130 56.8 0.94 1 743 075 551 Global

ANNEX 2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
Probability of Suicide Total alcohol Road traffic Proportion Adolescent birth UHC: Service
Part 2 dying from any mortality ratec,l per capita (≥15 mortality ratec,l of women of rateo (per 1000 coverage indexp
of CVD, cancer, (per 100 000 years of age) (per 100 000 reproductive age women aged
diabetes, CRD population) consumptionm population) who have their 15–19 years)
between age 30 (litres of pure need for family
and exact age alcohol) planning satisfied
70c,l (%) with modern
methodsn (%)
Data type Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Primary data Primary data Comparable
estimates estimates estimates estimates estimates
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2020 2011–2020 2017
Afghanistan 35.3 4.1 <0.1 15.9 42.2am 62.0 37
Albania 11.4 4.3 6.8 11.7 6.3 14.2 59
Algeria 13.9 2.5 0.6 20.9 77.2am 12.0 78
Andorra – – 12.3 – – 2.7 –
PA R T 2
Angola 22.2 6.1 7.8 26.1 29.8 163.0 40

Antigua and Barbuda 17.5 0.4 9.4 0.0 – 27.7 73
Argentina 15.7 8.4 9.5 14.1 – 49.9 76
Armenia 19.9 3.3 4.7 20.0 40.2am 18.9 69
Australia 8.6 12.5 10.4 4.9 – 9.4 87
Austria 10.4 14.6 11.9 4.9 – 5.5 79
Azerbaijan 27.2 4.1 1.0 6.7 – 48.1 65
Bahamas 19.9 3.5 4.8 7.7 – 29.0 75
Bahrain 16.1 8.9 1.1 5.2 – 12.5 77
Bangladesh 18.9 3.7 0.0 15.3 77.4am 74.0 48
Barbados 16.0 0.6 10.4 8.2 69.9am – 77
Belarus 23.8 21.2 11.0 7.6 73.0am 11.7 76
Belgium 10.6 18.3 10.8 5.8 – 5.5 84
Belize 16.5 7.1 6.4 22.6 64.9 58.2 64
Benin 22.6 7.8 2.2 26.8 28.0 108.0 40
Bhutan 18.5 4.6 0.2 16.2 – – 62
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 17.9 6.2 3.9 21.1 50.3am 71.0 68
Bosnia and Herzegovina 18.7 10.9 7.8 13.5 21.9am 10.1 61
Botswana 27.0 16.1 6.6 26.4 – 51.9 61
Brazil 15.5 6.9 7.3 16.0 – 49.1 79
Brunei Darussalam 18.5 2.7 0.5 7.5 – 9.9 81
Bulgaria 24.2 9.7 12.5 9.2 – 38.9 66
Burkina Faso 23.9 7.5 11.0 31.0 52.6 132.3 40
Burundi 25.0 6.2 7.5 35.5 39.6 58.2 42
Cabo Verde 17.4 12.9 6.4 26.8 – 12.0 69
Cambodia 22.5 4.9 7.8 19.6 56.5 30.0 60
Cameroon 23.9 9.0 5.5 30.2 44.9 122.2 46
Canada 9.6 11.8 8.8 5.3 – 6.6 89
Central African Republic 36.0 12.3 1.7 37.7 27.6 – 33
Chad 22.7 6.4 1.3 32.4 17.5am 179.4 28
Chile 10.0 9.0 8.9 14.9 – 22.6 70
China 15.9 8.1 6.0 17.4 – 9.2 79
Colombia 9.7 3.9 5.5 15.4 86.6 57.9 76
Comoros 20.6 5.4 1.1 26.6 28.8 70.3 52
Congo 22.6 6.5 9.2 29.7 43.2 111.3 39
Cook Islands – – 10.9 – – 41.9 –
Costa Rica 9.5 8.1 4.1 14.8 80.8 40.9 77
Côte d'Ivoire 21.7 8.9 3.0 24.1 43.5 123.3 47
Croatia 16.1 16.4 8.7 7.9 – 8.6 71
Cuba 16.6 14.5 6.3 8.9 86.9 53.3 83
Cyprus 8.2 3.6 10.8 5.8 – 7.8 78
Czechia 14.3 12.2 14.3 5.9 – 10.8 76
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 23.9 9.4 4.2 24.2 89.6am 1.0 71
Democratic Republic of the Congo 24.0 6.7 1.1 34.9 33.0 109.0 41
Denmark 10.8 10.7 10.1 3.7 – 2.0 81
Djibouti 22.0 9.6 0.4 23.5 – 21.0 47
Dominica – – 7.2 – – – –
Dominican Republic 19.1 4.9 6.7 64.6 81.7 53.5 74
Ecuador 11.0 7.6 3.3 20.1 79.4am 63.5 77
Egypt 28.0 3.0 0.1 10.1 80.0am 51.8 68
El Salvador 10.7 6.1 4.1 20.9 80.0 69.7 76

3.8 3.9 3.a
Population Population Age-standardized Mortality rate Mortality Age-standardized
with household with household mortality rate attributed to rate from prevalence of
expenditures on expenditures on attributed to exposure to unintentional tobacco use
health >10% of health >25% of household unsafe WASH poisoningc,l among persons
total household total household and ambient servicesc,r (per 100 000 15 years and
expenditure or expenditure or air pollutionc,r (per 100 000 population) olders (%)
incomeq (%) incomeq (%) (per 100 000 population)
population)
Primary data Primary data Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable
estimates estimates estimates estimates
2011–2018 2011–2018 2016 2016 2019 2018 Member State
14.6 2.0 211.1 13.9 1.0 – Afghanistan
16.7 5.0 68.0 0.2 0.3 29.2an Albania
– – 49.7 1.9 0.7 18.8 Algeria
– – – – – 33.8an Andorra
PA R T 2
– – 118.5 48.8 2.0 – Angola
– – 29.9 0.1 0.7 – Antigua and Barbuda
– – 26.6 0.4 0.4 21.8 Argentina
16.1 4.9 54.8 0.2 0.7 26.7an Armenia
– – 8.4 0.1 0.1 16.2 Australia
– – 15.3 0.1 0.2 29.1an Austria
– – 63.9 1.1 0.9 19.6an Azerbaijan
2.7 0.2 19.9 0.1 0.2 10.9an Bahamas
– – 40.1 <0.1 0.3 25.1 Bahrain
24.7 9.5 149.0 11.9 0.3 39.1 Bangladesh
16.4 3.8 31.1 0.2 0.7 8.7 Barbados
9.2 0.7 60.7 0.1 3.3 26.6an Belarus
– – 15.7 0.3 0.4 25.0an Belgium
– – 68.6 1.0 0.4 – Belize
10.9 5.4 205.0 59.7 2.6 7.2 Benin
1.8 0.4 124.5 3.9 0.2 – Bhutan
6.0 1.1 63.7 5.6 0.6 – Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
8.2 1.4 79.8 0.1 0.4 38.3an Bosnia and Herzegovina
– – 101.3 11.8 1.8 23.7 Botswana
– – 29.9 1.0 0.1 16.5 Brazil
– – 13.3 <0.1 0.0 15.5an Brunei Darussalam
– – 61.8 0.1 0.5 38.9an Bulgaria
3.1 0.4 206.2 49.6 3.1 16.0 Burkina Faso
3.3 0.4 179.9 65.4 3.2 12.6 Burundi
– – 99.5 4.1 0.4 – Cabo Verde
15.3 5.2 149.8 6.5 0.5 21.8 Cambodia
10.8 3.0 208.1 45.2 2.6 9.3 Cameroon
– – 7.0 0.4 0.3 17.5 Canada
– – 211.9 82.1 2.8 – Central African Republic
– – 280.1 101.0 3.5 11.8 Chad
14.6 2.1 25.3 0.2 0.4 44.7an Chile
19.7 5.4 112.7 0.6 1.8 24.7 China
8.2 2.2 37.0 0.8 0.1 7.9an Colombia
8.8 1.6 172.4 50.7 2.4 19.5 Comoros
4.6 0.7 130.7 38.7 1.3 16.1 Congo
– – – – – 26.6an Cook Islands
9.8 1.7 23.3 0.9 0.1 9.8an Costa Rica
12.4 3.4 269.1 47.2 2.5 13.0 Côte d’Ivoire
– – 35.5 0.1 0.4 36.6an Croatia
– – 49.5 1.0 0.2 27.1an Cuba
– – 20.1 0.3 0.3 36.7an Cyprus
– – 29.6 0.2 0.4 31.5an Czechia
– – 207.2 1.4 1.4 18.8an Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
4.8 0.6 163.9 59.8 2.0 – Democratic Republic of the Congo
– – 13.2 0.3 0.1 18.6an Denmark
– – 159.0 31.3 2.5 – Djibouti
– – – – – – Dominica
– – 43.0 2.2 0.4 9.4an Dominican Republic
10.3 2.4 24.5 0.6 0.3 – Ecuador
26.2 3.9 108.9 2.0 0.2 21.4 Egypt
1.7 0.3 41.9 2.0 0.2 12.7 El Salvador

ANNEX 2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
methodsn (%)
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2020 2011–2020 2017
Equatorial Guinea 22.1 7.9 6.9 27.2 20.7am – 45
Eritrea 26.8 10.9 2.1 37.9 – – 38
Estonia 14.9 14.9 10.8 4.5 – 9.6 75
Eswatini 35.2 29.4 8.8 33.5 82.9 87.1 63
PA R T 2
Ethiopia 17.1 5.4 2.2 28.2 63.6 79.5 39

Fiji 37.7 9.0 3.7 13.5 – 23.1 64
Finland 9.6 15.3 10.7 3.9 – 4.3 78
France 10.6 13.8 12.2 5.1 – 8.6 78
Gabon 21.3 8.4 8.1 23.9 44.0 91.0 49
Gambia 21.1 4.8 3.4 29.6 39.7am 67.5 44
Georgia 24.9 9.2 9.5 12.4 50.5am 29.4 66
Germany 12.1 12.3 12.8 3.8 – 7.2 83
Ghana 22.5 6.6 2.8 25.7 40.4 78.0 47
Greece 12.5 5.1 10.5 8.3 – 8.6 75
Grenada 23.3 0.7 9.0 8.0 – 35.9 72
Guatemala 16.5 5.9 1.6 22.9 66.1 77.4 55
Guinea 24.9 7.0 1.1 29.7 37.7 120.0 37
Guinea–Bissau 24.9 7.0 5.5 32.2 60.0am 84.0 40
Guyana 29.2 40.3 5.3 22.3 51.5 73.7 72
Haiti 31.3 9.6 3.0 18.8 45.4 54.8 49
Honduras 18.7 2.1 3.9 16.1 76.0 88.7 65
Hungary 22.1 16.6 11.1 7.7 – 22.0 74
Iceland 8.7 11.9 9.2 2.0 – 5.3 84
India 21.9 12.7 5.6 15.6 72.8 12.2 55
Indonesia 24.8 2.4 0.2 11.3 77.0 36.0 57
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 14.8 5.2 1.0 21.5 68.6am 31.1 72
Iraq 23.5 3.6 0.4 27.3 53.7am 70.0 61
Ireland 9.7 9.6 12.7 3.1 – 6.2 76
Israel 8.8 5.3 4.4 3.9 – 8.2 82
Italy 9.0 6.7 8.0 5.3 – 4.1 82
Jamaica 16.9 2.4 4.2 15.1 – 51.7 65
Japan 8.3 15.3 10.1 3.6 – 3.1 83
Jordan 15.3 1.6 0.5 17.0 56.7am 27.0 76
Kazakhstan 22.4 17.6 5.0 12.7 73.2am 23.2 76
Kenya 21.0 6.1 2.1 28.3 74.4 96.0 55
Kiribati 50.8 28.3 2.3 1.9 53.1am 50.6 41
Kuwait 11.9 2.9 0.0 15.4 – 5.0 76
Kyrgyzstan 20.3 7.4 4.9 12.7 64.6 37.7 70
Lao People's Democratic Republic 26.8 5.4 12.1 17.9 72.3 83.4 51
Latvia 21.6 20.1 13.2 8.1 – 12.1 71
Lebanon 19.9 2.8 1.5 16.4 – 11.7 73
Lesotho 42.7 72.4 5.1 31.9 82.8 90.8 48
Liberia 17.8 4.4 5.4 38.9 41.0am 128.0 39
Libya 18.6 4.5 <0.1 21.3 24.0am 10.9 64
Lithuania 19.3 26.1 12.8 8.1 – 11.2 73
Luxembourg 9.7 11.3 12.4 4.1 – 4.6 83
Madagascar 26.0 5.5 2.0 29.2 65.9 150.8 28
Malawi 22.6 5.4 4.1 33.4 73.9 137.6 46
Malaysia 18.4 5.7 0.9 22.5 – 8.8 73
Maldives 11.6 2.7 2.8 1.6 29.2 8.9 62
Mali 22.3 4.1 1.3 22.7 41.2 164.0 38
Malta 10.5 6.1 8.3 4.1 – 12.1 82
Marshall Islands – – – – – 84.5 –
Mauritania 16.1 3.1 0.0 25.6 30.4am 84.0 41
Mauritius 23.2 9.5 4.8 12.2 40.8am 23.2 63
Mexico 15.6 5.3 5.0 12.8 79.8 62.0 76

3.8 3.9 3.a
population)
2011–2018 2011–2018 2016 2016 2019 2018 Member State
– – 177.7 22.3 1.6 – Equatorial Guinea
– – 173.7 45.6 3.3 7.2 Eritrea
– – 25.0 <0.1 0.6 30.5an Estonia
– – 137.0 27.9 3.3 10.7 Eswatini
PA R T 2
4.9 1.4 144.4 43.7 3.3 4.6 Ethiopia
– – 99.0 2.9 0.3 26.7an Fiji
– – 7.2 <0.1 0.4 19.7an Finland
– – 9.7 0.3 0.3 34.6an France
– – 76.0 20.6 1.3 – Gabon
0.2 <0.1 237.0 29.7 1.8 14.4 Gambia
29.2 9.0 101.8 0.2 0.6 29.7an Georgia
– – 16.0 0.6 0.3 28.0an Germany
1.1 0.1 203.8 18.8 1.7 3.7 Ghana
16.9 1.6 27.6 <0.1 0.2 39.1an Greece
– – 45.3 0.3 0.1 – Grenada
1.4 <0.1 73.8 6.3 1.6 – Guatemala
7.0 1.3 243.3 44.6 2.3 – Guinea
– – 214.7 35.3 2.3 – Guinea–Bissau
– – 107.8 3.6 0.1 12.2an Guyana
11.5 4.0 184.3 23.8 1.4 8.3an Haiti
– – 60.7 3.6 0.5 – Honduras
– – 38.8 0.2 0.5 30.6an Hungary
– – 8.7 0.1 1.0 13.8an Iceland
17.3 3.9 184.3 18.6 0.3 27.0 India
2.7 0.5 112.4 7.1 0.3 37.9 Indonesia
15.8 3.8 50.9 1.0 1.0 14.0 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
3.3 0.4 75.1 3.0 0.2 22.2 Iraq
– – 11.9 0.1 0.3 23.6an Ireland
6.7 1.0 15.4 0.2 0.0 25.5an Israel
– – 15.0 0.1 0.3 23.4an Italy
– – 25.4 0.6 0.1 11.0 Jamaica
4.4 0.6 11.9 0.2 0.2 21.9an Japan
– – 51.2 0.6 0.5 – Jordan
2.6 0.1 62.7 0.4 1.9 24.4an Kazakhstan
5.4 1.5 78.1 51.2 2.4 11.8 Kenya
– – 140.2 16.7 2.6 52.0an Kiribati
– – 103.8 <0.1 0.4 22.1 Kuwait
3.5 0.7 110.7 0.8 0.9 27.9 Kyrgyzstan
– – 188.5 11.3 0.6 37.8 Lao People’s Democratic Republic
– – 41.3 <0.1 1.2 36.7an Latvia
– – 51.4 0.8 0.6 42.6 Lebanon
– – 177.6 44.4 5.2 29.7 Lesotho
– – 170.2 41.5 1.7 8.4 Liberia
– – 71.9 0.6 0.8 – Libya
– – 34.0 0.1 1.7 27.1an Lithuania
– – 11.6 <0.1 0.2 21.7an Luxembourg
– – 159.6 30.2 2.1 28.9 Madagascar
4.2 0.9 115.0 28.3 1.7 12.8 Malawi
2.0 0.2 47.4 0.4 0.7 21.8an Malaysia
10.3 4.1 25.6 0.3 0.0 – Maldives
6.5 1.1 209.1 70.7 2.9 12.0 Mali
– – 20.2 <0.1 0.1 25.1an Malta
– – – – – – Marshall Islands
11.7 3.0 169.5 38.6 1.5 – Mauritania
8.9 1.8 38.3 0.6 0.8 26.9 Mauritius
1.6 0.2 36.7 1.1 0.4 13.9an Mexico

ANNEX 2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
methodsn (%)
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2020 2011–2020 2017
Micronesia (Federated States of) 46.3 28.2 2.5 0.2 – – 47
Monaco – – – – – – –
Mongolia 35.0 17.9 5.9 21.0 63.6 30.5 62
Montenegro 22.3 21.0 12.2 7.6 32.9am 10.0 68
PA R T 2
Morocco 24.1 7.2 0.5 17.0 72.0am 19.0 70

Mozambique 30.6 13.6 2.7 30.0 55.5 180.0 46
Myanmar 24.9 2.9 2.1 20.4 74.9 28.0 61
Namibia 22.6 9.7 3.1 34.8 80.4 63.9 62
Nauru – – 4.2 – – 94.0 –
Nepal 21.5 9.0 0.6 16.3 61.9am 63.0 48
Netherlands 10.3 11.8 9.7 4.0 – 2.6 86
New Zealand 10.3 11.0 10.7 9.6 – 13.3 87
Nicaragua 15.3 4.3 5.1 16.9 89.8am 102.6 73
Niger 21.0 5.3 0.5 25.5 45.5am 154.0 37
Nigeria 16.9 3.5 6.2 20.7 35.6 106.0 42
Niue – – 9.9 – – 20.0 –
North Macedonia 22.7 9.4 6.4 5.1 29.6am 15.1 72
Norway 8.7 11.8 7.1 2.1 – 2.6 87
Oman 21.5 4.9 0.9 10.6 39.6am 8.1 69
Pakistan 29.4 8.9 0.3 13.0 48.6am 54.0 45
Palau – – – – – 33.8 –
Panama 10.7 2.9 7.8 13.9 65.2 74.1 79
Papua New Guinea 36.0 2.9 2.1 12.6 49.2 68.0 40
Paraguay 16.0 6.0 7.0 22.0 78.9 72.0 69
Peru 9.7 2.8 6.8 13.6 66.6am 44.0 77
Philippines 24.5 2.2 7.0 12.0 56.0 36.4 61
Poland 17.0 11.3 11.9 9.4 – 10.3 75
Portugal 11.0 11.5 12.1 8.2 – 7.3 82
Qatar 10.7 5.8 1.5 7.3 68.9am 7.2 68
Republic of Korea 7.3 28.6 8.5 8.6 – 0.9 86
Republic of Moldova 24.1 14.7 12.9 7.3 63.9 21.4 69
Romania 21.0 9.7 12.3 10.3 – 36.4 74
Russian Federation 24.2 25.1 10.5 12.0 72.4am 21.5 75
Rwanda 20.2 5.6 8.0 29.4 62.9 41.0 57
Saint Kitts and Nevis – – 6.3 – – – –
Saint Lucia 17.7 7.9 9.6 29.8 72.0am 25.3 68
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 20.7 1.0 7.2 7.4 – 52.3 71
Samoa 31.2 12.6 2.8 13.0 39.4am 39.2 58
San Marino – – – – – 1.4 –
Sao Tome and Principe 21.0 1.5 5.8 27.9 57.7 86.0 55
Saudi Arabia 20.9 6.0 0.0 35.9 – – 74
Senegal 19.5 6.0 0.7 23.5 53.2 68.0 45
Serbia 22.0 11.4 8.9 7.5 38.4am 12.0 65
Seychelles 21.1 8.1 8.8 11.3 – 68.3 71
Sierra Leone 23.5 6.7 5.3 33.0 53.0 102.0 39
Singapore 9.5 11.2 2.0 2.1 – 2.1 86
Slovakia 15.5 12.1 11.1 6.1 – 26.3 77
Slovenia 11.4 19.8 12.1 5.1 – 3.8 79
Solomon Islands 39.2 14.7 1.7 16.5 38.0am 78.0 47
Somalia 30.4 7.9 0.0 27.4 2.1am 118.0 25
South Africa 24.1 23.5 9.5 22.2 79.7 40.9 69
South Sudan 16.8 3.8 – 36.7 – – 31
Spain 9.6 7.7 12.7 3.9 – 6.2 83
Sri Lanka 13.2 14.0 2.9 19.7 74.3am 21.0 66
Sudan 22.8 3.8 – 26.8 30.1am 86.8 44
Suriname 22.7 25.4 7.4 15.3 57.5 53.9 71

3.8 3.9 3.a
population)
2011–2018 2011–2018 2016 2016 2019 2018 Member State
– – 151.8 3.6 0.9 – Micronesia (Federated States of)
– – – – – – Monaco
2.4 0.5 155.9 1.3 2.8 27.6 Mongolia
10.3 0.8 78.6 <0.1 0.6 – Montenegro
PA R T 2
– – 49.1 1.9 0.7 14.7 Morocco
1.6 0.4 110.0 27.6 3.7 14.4 Mozambique
14.4 2.8 156.4 12.6 1.3 45.5 Myanmar
– – 145.0 18.3 1.9 17.9 Namibia
– – – – – 52.1 Nauru
10.7 2.4 193.8 19.8 1.7 31.9 Nepal
– – 13.7 0.2 0.1 23.4an Netherlands
– – 7.2 0.1 0.2 14.8an New Zealand
14.8 3.0 55.7 2.2 0.3 – Nicaragua
6.6 1.9 251.8 70.8 3.3 8.6 Niger
15.1 4.1 307.4 68.6 3.3 4.8 Nigeria
– – – – – – Niue
– – 82.2 0.1 0.5 – North Macedonia
– – 8.6 0.2 0.3 18.4an Norway
– – 53.9 <0.1 0.9 9.6 Oman
4.5 0.5 173.6 19.6 1.6 20.0 Pakistan
– – – – – 23.7 Palau
– – 25.8 1.9 0.1 6.9 Panama
– – 152.0 16.3 1.4 – Papua New Guinea
7.1 1.9 57.5 1.5 0.2 12.8an Paraguay
9.2 1.3 63.9 1.3 0.4 9.6an Peru
6.3 1.4 185.2 4.2 0.2 24.3an Philippines
14.1 1.3 37.9 0.1 0.5 26.0an Poland
– – 9.8 0.2 0.3 27.9an Portugal
– – 47.4 <0.1 0.3 14.0 Qatar
21.8 3.9 20.5 1.8 0.2 22.0an Republic of Korea
18.7 3.6 78.3 0.1 5.5 25.3an Republic of Moldova
13.4 2.2 59.3 0.4 1.9 25.5an Romania
4.9 0.6 49.4 0.1 3.8 28.3an Russian Federation
1.2 0.1 121.4 19.3 1.7 13.3 Rwanda
– – – – – – Saint Kitts and Nevis
– – 30.0 0.6 0.1 – Saint Lucia
– – 47.6 1.3 0.0 – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
– – 85.0 1.5 0.4 28.9an Samoa
– – – – – – San Marino
– – 162.4 11.4 0.7 5.4 Sao Tome and Principe
– – 83.7 0.1 0.8 16.6 Saudi Arabia
3.3 0.2 160.7 23.9 1.9 9.1 Senegal
8.1 0.5 62.5 0.7 0.3 40.6an Serbia
3.5 1.6 49.3 0.2 0.5 21.1 Seychelles
54.2 22.2 324.1 81.3 2.8 19.8 Sierra Leone
9.0 1.5 25.9 0.1 0.0 16.5an Singapore
– – 33.5 <0.1 0.5 32.3an Slovakia
2.9 0.3 22.6 <0.1 0.2 22.7an Slovenia
– – 137.0 6.2 2.3 37.9an Solomon Islands
– – 212.8 86.6 4.9 – Somalia
– – 86.7 13.7 1.7 31.4 South Africa
– – 165.1 63.3 2.3 – South Sudan
– – 9.9 0.2 0.4 27.9an Spain
5.4 0.9 79.8 1.2 0.4 22.9 Sri Lanka
– – 184.9 17.3 1.7 – Sudan
4.9 1.4 56.7 2.0 0.3 – Suriname

ANNEX 2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
methodsn (%)
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2020 2011–2020 2017
Sweden 8.4 14.7 9.0 3.1 86.7am 4.2 86
Switzerland 7.9 14.5 11.2 2.2 – 2.3 83
Syrian Arab Republic 22.1 1.9 0.2 14.9 – – 60
Tajikistan 28.3 4.3 0.9 15.7 52.1am 54.3 68
PA R T 2
Thailand 13.7 8.8 8.5 32.2 88.2 23.0 80

Timor-Leste 19.9 3.7 0.5 11.9 45.9 41.9 52
Togo 23.9 8.8 2.7 28.7 39.6 79.0 43
Tonga 24.8 3.8 0.4 33.0 49.9am 30.0 58
Trinidad and Tobago 17.1 8.7 6.5 9.3 58.2am 32.0 74
Tunisia 15.7 3.3 2.0 16.5 62.7am 7.0 70
Turkey 15.6 2.4 1.8 6.7 60.1am 19.2 74
Turkmenistan 27.7 5.7 3.1 13.5 79.6am 22.0 70
Tuvalu – – 1.3 – – 26.6 –
Uganda 21.2 4.6 12.5 29.4 55.1 111.4 45
Ukraine 25.5 21.6 8.3 10.2 68.0am 18.0 68
United Arab Emirates 18.5 6.4 3.8 8.9 – 3.8 76
United Kingdom 10.3 7.9 11.4 3.2 86.5am 11.9 87
United Republic of Tanzania 17.4 4.3 12.0 31.1 55.1 138.9 43
United States of America 13.6 16.1 10.0 12.7 78.4am 17.4 84
Uruguay 16.5 21.2 6.9 14.8 – 35.8 80
Uzbekistan 25.3 8.0 2.6 11.7 – 18.9 73
Vanuatu 39.7 18.0 2.1 14.9 50.7am 51.2 48
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 14.8 2.1 3.6 39.0 – 94.5 74
Viet Nam 21.2 7.5 7.9 30.6 69.6 35.0 75
Yemen 27.6 5.8 <0.1 29.4 40.5 67.2 42
Zambia 24.6 7.3 4.5 20.5 65.9 135.0 53
Zimbabwe 28.4 14.1 4.5 41.2 84.8 107.9 54
WHO region 2016 2016 2018 2016 2020 2015–2020 2017

African Region 20.8 6.9 4.8 27.2 57.1 102.1 46
Region of the Americas 14.0 9.6 7.6 15.3 82.4 49.9 79
South-East Asia Region 21.6 10.1 4.3 15.8 75.3 26.1 56
European Region 16.3 12.8 9.5 7.4 76.9 17.1 77
Eastern Mediterranean Region 24.5 5.9 0.5 17.8 61.6 46.5 57
Western Pacific Region 15.6 8.7 6.5 16.4 87.2 14.4 77
Global 17.8 9.2 5.8 16.7 76.8 42.5 66

3.8 3.9 3.a
population)
2011–2018 2011–2018 2016 2016 2019 2018 Member State
– – 7.2 0.2 0.2 28.8 Sweden
– – 10.1 0.1 0.2 25.1an Switzerland
– – 75.2 3.7 0.6 – Syrian Arab Republic
– – 129.3 2.7 0.4 – Tajikistan
PA R T 2
2.2 0.4 61.5 3.5 0.2 22.8 Thailand
2.9 0.5 139.8 9.9 0.4 38.2 Timor-Leste
– – 249.6 41.6 1.9 7.6 Togo
– – 73.3 1.4 1.1 30.2an Tonga
3.9 1.9 38.6 0.1 0.1 – Trinidad and Tobago
18.4 2.7 56.1 1.0 0.7 26.0 Tunisia
3.2 0.4 46.6 0.3 0.4 29.3an Turkey
– – 79.3 4.0 0.6 – Turkmenistan
– – – – – 48.7 Tuvalu
15.3 3.8 155.7 31.6 1.7 9.8 Uganda
7.8 0.9 70.7 0.3 2.5 25.5an Ukraine
– – 54.7 <0.1 0.4 18.2 United Arab Emirates
1.6 0.5 13.8 0.2 0.3 19.2an United Kingdom
3.8 1.2 139.0 38.4 2.0 13.3 United Republic of Tanzania
4.8 0.8 13.3 0.2 0.5 25.1 United States of America
– – 17.5 0.4 0.5 21.8an Uruguay
– – 81.1 0.4 0.8 12.3an Uzbekistan
– – 135.6 10.4 0.7 24.1 Vanuatu
– – 34.6 1.4 0.2 – Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
9.4 1.9 64.5 1.6 0.9 – Viet Nam
15.8 4.2 194.2 10.2 1.8 20.9 Yemen
– – 127.2 34.9 2.6 14.7 Zambia
– – 133.0 24.6 3.5 13.9 Zimbabwe
2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2018 WHO region

7.3 1.8 180.9 45.8 2.5 12.7 African Region
11.3 1.8 29.7 1.1 0.4 18.6 Region of the Americas
16.0 3.8 165.8 15.4 0.3 29.1 South-East Asia Region
7.4 1.2 36.3 0.3 1.1 26.3 European Region
11.7 1.9 125.0 10.6 1.1 19.3 Eastern Mediterranean Region
15.9 4.2 102.8 1.0 1.4 26.3 Western Pacific Region
12.7 2.9 114.1 11.7 1.1 23.6 Global

ANNEX 2 3.b 3.c
Diphtheria- Measles- Pneumococcal Human Total net Proportion of Density of Density of Density of
Part 3 tetanus- containing- conjugate 3rd papillomavirus official health facilities medical nursing and dentistsw
pertussis vaccine dose (PCV3) (HPV) development with a core doctorsw midwifery (per 10 000
(DTP3) second-dose immunization immunization assistance set of relevant (per 10 000 personnelw population)
immunization (MCV2) coverage coverage to medical essential population) (per 10 000
coverage immunization among estimates research and medicines population)
among coverage by 1-year-oldst among basic health available and
1-year-oldst the nationally (%) 15-year-old sectors per affordable on
(%) recommended girlst (%) capitau (US$), a sustainable
age (%)
t
by recipient basisv (%)
country
Data type Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Primary data Primary data Primary data Primary data Primary data
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2019 2011–2019 2010–2019 2010–2019
Afghanistan 66 39 65 – 6.90 – 2.8 4.5 0.7
Albania 99 96 96 – 2.21 – 16.5 50.9 10.3
Algeria 91 77 91 – 0.02 – 17.2 15.5 3.7
Andorra 99 95 96 64aq – – 33.3 40.1 8.2
Angola 57 45 53 – 1.35 – 2.1 4.1 –
Antigua and Barbuda 95 95 – – 0.03 – 27.7 90.8 0.4
Argentina 86 89 88 59 0.06 – 39.9 26.0 15.3
Armenia 92 96 92 7 1.89 – 44.0 43.7 5.6
Australia 95 94 96 79 – – 37.6 132.4 6.0
Austria 85 84 – – – – 52.1 70.9 5.7
Azerbaijan 94 97 95 – 0.40 – 34.5 64.3 2.7
Bahamas 86 82 86 9ar – – 19.4 45.7 2.6
PA R T 3
Bahrain 99 99 97 – – – 9.3 24.9 1.0

Bangladesh 98 95 97 – 1.75 – 6.4 3.9 0.6
Barbados 90 77 93 29 – – 24.9 5.1 3.1
Belarus 98 98 – – 0.65 – 51.9 110.0 6.2
Belgium 98 85 94 67at – – 59.6 118.1 10.8
Belize 98 95 – 63 5.02 – 10.8 23.4 1.4
Benin 76 – 73 – 6.28 – 0.6 3.0 –
Bhutan 97 92 26 73 7.54 – 4.6 18.3 0.9
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 75 44 75 70 1.53 23.1as 10.3 15.6 1.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 73 76 – – 2.57 – 21.6 57.3 2.4
Botswana 95 76 92 47 4.88 – 2.9 54.6 0.7
Brazil 73 54 84 69 0.03 – 23.1 74.0 6.4
Brunei Darussalam 99 98 – 90 – – 16.1 59.0 2.5
Bulgaria 92 87 88 4 – – 42.1 47.9 14.0
Burkina Faso 91 71 91 – 9.19 0.0as 0.9 9.3 –
Burundi 93 80 93 – 14.06 0.0as 1.0 6.6 –
Cabo Verde 96 91 – – 2.87 – 7.8 13.0 2.2
Cambodia 92 82 89 – 5.26 – 1.9 10.1 0.9
Cameroon 67 – 67 – 4.14 – 0.9 0.1 0.1
Canada 91 87 81 83at – – 24.4 118.1 5.2
Central African Republic 47 – 47 – 12.80 – 0.7 2.1 –
Chad 50 – – – 5.90 – 0.5 1.4 –
Chile 96 91 95 82 – 36.4as 51.8 133.2 12.5
China 99 98 – – 0.06 – 19.8 26.6 4.5
Colombia 92 88 94 39 0.07 8.3as 38.4 13.9 10.1
Comoros 91 – – – 5.57 – 1.7 6.3 0.4
Congo 79 9 68 – 3.35 0.0as 1.1 9.3 0.1
Cook Islands 98 98 – 73 10.79 – 14.1 80.0 3.4
Costa Rica 95 93 95 390 0.09 – 28.9 9.0 1.4
Côte d'Ivoire 84 – 84 – 5.14 – 1.6 6.6 0.1
Croatia 94 95 – – – – 30.0 81.2 12.2
Cuba 99 99 – – 0.11 – 84.2 75.6 16.7
Cyprus 96 88 81 64at – – 19.5 2.8 8.0
Czechia 97 84 – – – – 41.2 84.2 7.4
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 97 98 – – 0.63 – 36.8 44.5 2.2
Democratic Republic of the Congo 57 – 58 – 7.47 – 0.9 11.1 –
Denmark 97 90 97 62 – – 42.2 105.5 7.2
Djibouti 85 81 85 – 4.84 – 2.2 7.3 0.2
Dominica 99 92 – – – – 11.0 61.0 1.1
Dominican Republic 89 60 70 7 0.38 – 14.5 14.6 2.3
Ecuador 85 76 83 54 0.21 50.0as 22.2 25.1 3.0

3.c 3.d 1.a 2.2
Density of Average of 13 Percentage of Percentage of Domestic Prevalence Prevalence Prevalence of
pharmacistsw International bloodstream bloodstream general of stunting in of wasting in overweight in
(per 10 000 Health infections due infections due government children under children under children under
population) Regulations to methicillin- to Escherichia health 5aa (%) 5aa (%) 5aa (%)
core capacity resistant coli resistant expenditure
scoresx Staphylococcus to 3rd- (GGHE-D) as
aureusy generation percentage
(MRSA) (%) cephalosporin of general
(e.g., ESBL- government
E. coli)y (%) expenditure
(GGE)z (%)
Primary data Primary data Primary data Primary data Comparable Comparable Primary data Comparable
estimates estimates estimates
2010–2019 2020 2019 2019 2018 2020 2011–2020 2020 Member State
0.3 47 – – 1.8 35.1 5.1ao,ap 3.9 Afghanistan
10.8 73 – – 9.7 9.6 1.6 14.6 Albania
4.5 68 – – 10.7 9.3 2.7 12.9 Algeria
10.1 41 – – 18.6 – – – Andorra
– 65 – – 5.4 37.7 4.9 3.5 Angola
– – – – 11.7 – – – Antigua and Barbuda
– 64 42 19 15.2 7.8 1.6 12.9 Argentina
0.5 84 – – 5.3 9.1 4.4 10.8 Armenia
8.9 92 18 13 17.9 2.1 – 18.5 Australia
7.1 67 5 9 15.5 – – – Austria
2.0 86 – – 2.8 16.3 3.2ap 9.4 Azerbaijan
5.6 65 – – 15.9 – – – Bahamas
PA R T 3
1.6 – 40 54 7.2 5.1 – 6.4 Bahrain
1.8 70 – 93 3.0 30.2 9.8 2.1 Bangladesh
– – – – 9.9 6.6 6.8 11.4 Barbados
3.6 – – – 10.6 3.9 – 6.8 Belarus
19.4 81 – – 15.0 2.3 0.4ap,au 5.1 Belgium
6.8 48 – – 12.5 13.3 1.8 8.0 Belize
0.3 35 – – 3.0 31.3 5.0 2.2 Benin
0.6 71 21 57 7.6 22.4 – 5.2 Bhutan
2.2 58 – – 12.1 12.7 2.0 8.8 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
1.3 – 11 20 15.1 9.1 2.3 12.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2.1 43 – – 14.3 22.8 – 11.0 Botswana
6.8 92 21 28 10.3 6.1 – 7.3 Brazil
1.7 – 12 17 7.1 12.7 – 9.3 Brunei Darussalam
8.4 – – – 11.6 6.4 6.3av 5.7 Bulgaria
0.2 51 – – 8.8 25.5 8.1ao 2.6 Burkina Faso
– 53 – – 8.5 57.6 4.8ao 3.1 Burundi
0.1 52 – – 10.4 9.7 – – Cabo Verde
0.3 48 – 71 5.2 29.9 9.7 2.1 Cambodia
0.1 50 – – 1.1 27.2 4.3 9.6 Cameroon
11.7 100 – – 19.5 – – 11.8 Canada
– 32 – – 4.2 40.1 5.2ao,aw 2.6 Central African Republic
– 39 – – 5.2 35.0 13.9 3.4 Chad
5.3 76 – – 18.3 1.6 0.3 9.8 Chile
3.2 94 – – 8.9 4.7 1.9 8.3 China
– 75 – – 19.6 11.5 1.6ao 5.8 Colombia
0.2 41 – – 2.6 22.6 11.2 9.6 Comoros
0.1 37 – – 3.5 18.0 8.2 5.1 Congo
0.6 59 – – 7.8 – – – Cook Islands
7.3 77 – – 27.8 8.6 1.8 8.1 Costa Rica
0.4 44 – – 5.1 17.8 6.1 2.8 Côte d'Ivoire
7.2 78 25 16 12.3 – – – Croatia
– – – – 15.2 7.0 2.0 10.0 Cuba
6.5 67 100 20 6.6 – – – Cyprus
6.9 – 13 15 15.5 2.5 – 6.6 Czechia
4.0 70 – – – 18.2 2.5 1.9 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
0.1 52 – – 4.5 40.8 6.4 4.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo
5.4 – – – 16.6 – – – Denmark
2.3 31 – – 4.3 34.0 21.5 7.2 Djibouti
– – – – 7.0 – – – Dominica
1.2 60 – – 15.4 5.9 2.4 7.6 Dominican Republic
0.4 70 – – 11.4 23.1 3.7 9.8 Ecuador

ANNEX 2 3.b 3.c
age (%)
t
country
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2019 2011–2019 2010–2019 2010–2019
Egypt 95 94 – – 0.10 – 7.5 19.3 2.0
El Salvador 81 87 82 – 0.44 – 28.7 18.3 8.7
Equatorial Guinea 53 – – – 0.84 – 4.0 5.0 –
Eritrea 95 88 95 – 7.16 – – 14.4 –
Estonia 91 90 – 45at – – 34.6 66.3 9.7
Eswatini 90 75 87 – 11.97 – 1.0 41.4 0.1
Ethiopia 69 41 63 84 3.46 – 0.8 7.1 0.2
Fiji 99 94 99 56 4.97 – 8.6 39.6 1.2
Finland 91 93 89 60ax – – 46.4 13.1 8.1
France 96 83 92 24at – – 65.3 114.7 6.7
Gabon 70 – – – 2.26 – 6.8 29.5 0.2
Gambia 88 61 87 – 14.55 – 1.1 6.1 0.1
PA R T 3
Georgia 94 97 84 11ay 1.47 – 70.8 52.2 7.7

Germany 93 93 84 43at – – 43.0 134.9 8.6
Ghana 97 83 97 – 6.45 12.5as 1.1 27.1 0.1
Greece 99 83 96 – – – 62.3 37.0 12.6
Grenada 92 82 – 41 2.09 – 14.4 62.8 2.0
Guatemala 85 78 88 24 1.10 – 3.5 12.8 0.1
Guinea 47 – – – 7.58 12.5as 0.8 1.2 –
Guinea–Bissau 84 – 84 – 12.86 – 1.3 6.9 –
Guyana 99 92 98 13 2.38 – 18.2 10.4 1.2
Haiti 51 41 42 – 6.34 0.0 2.3 4.0 0.2
Honduras 87 85 87 59 1.23 – 3.1 7.3 0.3
Hungary 99 99 99 78 – – 34.1 52.6 7.1
Iceland 91 95 90 93 – – 41.4 171.9 8.4
India 91 84 15 – 0.22 – 9.3 23.9 2.0
Indonesia 85 71 3 1az 0.36 – 4.7 38.1 0.6
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 99 98 – – 0.01 – 15.8 20.8 4.5
Iraq 84 86 37 – 1.02 – 7.1 20.4 2.6
Ireland 94 – 86 69 – – 33.5 130.1 6.9
Israel 98 96 95 52at – – 54.7 66.0 11.6
Italy 95 88 92 40at – – 80.1 58.9 8.0
Jamaica 96 92 – 9 0.78 – 4.5 9.4 0.9
Japan 98 93 97 0 – – 24.8 127.0 8.0
Jordan 89 96 – – 3.44 – 23.2 33.5 7.1
Kazakhstan 97 98 89 – 0.38 – 39.8 72.9 2.9
Kenya 92 45 92 – 4.51 – 1.6 11.7 0.2
Kiribati 97 91 97 – 14.28 – 2.0 38.3 0.7
Kuwait 91 94 91 – – – 26.5 74.1 6.7
Kyrgyzstan 95 98 96 – 3.23 0.0as 22.1 56.0 1.9
Lao People's Democratic Republic 68 57 56 – 6.70 25.3 3.7 7.2 0.6
Latvia 99 96 84 54 – – 33.0 46.2 7.1
Lebanon 83 63 82 – 5.41 52.5 21.0 16.7 10.2
Lesotho 87 82 87 – 12.96 – – 32.6 0.2
Liberia 74 13 74 – 13.38 – 0.4 5.3 –
Libya 73 72 73 – 0.42 – 20.9 65.3 8.8
Lithuania 92 93 79 66 – – 50.4 94.5 13.9
Luxembourg 99 90 96 14at – – 30.1 121.7 9.8
Madagascar 79 – 79 – 2.72 – 1.8 3.0 0.5
Malawi 95 75 95 – 15.39 – 0.4 4.4 –
Malaysia 98 87 – 85 0.11 – 15.4 34.8 3.1
Maldives 99 99 – – 4.00 – 17.1 64.3 2.0
Mali 77 4 74 – 7.35 0.0as 1.3 4.4 0.1
Malta 98 95 – 81 – – 28.6 94.8 4.8

3.c 3.d 1.a 2.2
(GGE)z (%)
2010–2019 2020 2019 2019 2018 2020 2011–2020 2020 Member State
4.6 86 – 88 4.7 22.3 9.5 17.8 Egypt
6.5 100 – – 18.8 11.2 2.1 6.6 El Salvador
– 26 – – 3.2 19.7 3.1 9.3 Equatorial Guinea
– 57 – – 2.4 49.1 – 2.1 Eritrea
7.2 72 – – 12.5 1.2 1.5 5.7 Estonia
0.3 46 – – 6.0 22.6 2.0 9.7 Eswatini
0.4 67 – – 4.8 35.3 7.2 2.6 Ethiopia
1.1 – – – 7.2 7.5 – 5.2 Fiji
19.2 82 2 8 13.3 – – – Finland
10.6 – 13 9 14.8 – – – France
0.6 40 – – 9.4 14.4 3.4 7.4 Gabon
– 35 – – 4.4 16.1 5.1 2.3 Gambia
PA R T 3
0.9 59 14 57 10.3 5.7 0.6 7.6 Georgia
6.6 89 7 12 20.0 1.6 0.3au 4.1 Germany
0.2 49 – – 6.4 14.2 6.8 2.9 Ghana
10.4 60 43 22 8.5 2.2 – 13.9 Greece
6.8 – – – 7.7 – – – Grenada
– 58 – – 16.7 42.8 0.8 5.1 Guatemala
0.1 48 – – 4.1 29.4 9.2 5.7 Guinea
– 35 – – 3.0 28.0 7.8ao,ap 3.4 Guinea–Bissau
0.1 100 – – 10.7 9.0 6.4 6.6 Guyana
0.3 40 – – 4.8 20.4 3.7 3.7 Haiti
– 60 – – 10.7 19.9 1.4 5.7 Honduras
8.1 66 – – 9.9 – – – Hungary
5.4 – – – 16.6 – – – Iceland
8.8 80 61 81 3.4 30.9 17.3 1.9 India
0.8 69 40 70 8.5 31.8 10.2 11.1 Indonesia
2.9 88 39 70 21.8 6.3 – 9.4 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
3.3 74 – – 6.2 11.6 3.0 9.0 Iraq
10.9 64 15 13 20.2 – – – Ireland
9.9 – – – 12.1 – – – Israel
11.4 83 39 30 13.2 – – – Italy
0.2 87 – – 13.0 8.5 3.3 6.8 Jamaica
18.9 95 36 21 23.6 5.5 – 2.4 Japan
16.0 43 72 66 12.4 7.3 2.4 7.1 Jordan
8.1 81 – – 9.1 6.7 3.1 8.8 Kazakhstan
0.2 44 – – 8.5 19.4 4.2 4.5 Kenya
0.3 70 – – 6.0 14.9 3.5 2.4 Kiribati
4.9 84 – – 8.9 6.0 2.5ba 7.1 Kuwait
0.4 52 – – 8.4 11.4 2.0 5.8 Kyrgyzstan
2.5 43 6 50 4.4 30.2 9.0 3.0 Lao People's Democratic Republic
8.5 77 8 18 9.6 – – – Latvia
12.9 69 25 56 13.3 10.4 – 19.7 Lebanon
– 40 – – 11.6 32.1 2.1 7.2 Lesotho
– 54 – – 5.2 28.0 3.4 4.7 Liberia
6.0 59 – 58 – 43.5 10.2 25.4 Libya
12.4 85 9 13 12.7 – – – Lithuania
7.0 – 6 10 10.7 – – – Luxembourg
– 36 33 41 10.5 40.2 6.4 1.5 Madagascar
0.1 39 – – 9.8 37.0 0.6ao,bb 4.7 Malawi
3.5 86 20 27 8.5 20.9 9.7 6.1 Malaysia
3.5 47 – – 21.4 14.2 9.1 4.6 Maldives
0.1 50 3 40 5.4 25.7 9.3ao,bb 2.1 Mali
12.9 61 22 18 15.6 – – – Malta

ANNEX 2 3.b 3.c
age (%)
t
country
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2019 2011–2019 2010–2019 2010–2019
Marshall Islands 79 64 63 24 4.82 – 4.2 33.4 1.2
Mauritania 81 – 77 – 2.74 – 1.9 9.3 0.5
Mauritius 96 99 97 80 0.45 – 25.3 35.2 2.8
Mexico 82 73 86 95 0.03 – 48.5 23.6 1.4
Micronesia (Federated States of) 78 52 73 57at 4.22 – – 21.5 –
Monaco 99 79 – – – – 75.1 201.6 10.2
Mongolia 98 98 49 – 4.85 26.7 38.5 42.1 4.1
Montenegro 86 86 – – 0.28 – 27.6 52.3 0.5
Morocco 99 99 98 – 0.40 – 7.3 13.9 1.4
Mozambique 88 85 80 – 7.70 – 0.8 4.7 0.1
Myanmar 90 80 90 – 2.24 – 7.4 10.8 0.7
Namibia 87 56 57 – 5.85 – 5.9 19.5 0.7
PA R T 3
Nauru 96 95 – – 22.95 – 13.5 78.5 3.7

Nepal 93 76 83 – 2.41 – 8.1 33.0 1.1
Netherlands 94 90 93 53bc – – 37.1 114.9 6.5
New Zealand 92 90 91 67 – – 34.2 6.8 6.3
Nicaragua 98 99 98 – 6.08 – 16.6 15.5 0.4
Niger 81 58 81 – 5.03 – 0.4 2.2 –
Nigeria 57 9 57 – 3.63 – 3.8 15.0 0.2
Niue 99 99 99 – 26.65 – – 125.0 –
North Macedonia 92 94 – 40at 0.67 – 28.7 37.9 8.8
Norway 97 95 95 91 – – 48.9 183.5 8.7
Oman 99 99 99 – – – 19.3 40.9 3.0
Pakistan 75 71 75 – 1.98 – 11.2 4.8 1.2
Palau 97 88 74 67 8.32 – 14.2 72.6 2.2
Panama 88 97 96 73 0.65 – 16.3 32.1 3.0
Papua New Guinea 35 20 35 – 13.91 – 0.7 4.5 0.1
Paraguay 86 83 89 61 0.80 – 13.5 16.6 1.6
Peru 88 66 80 76 0.49 69.2as 8.2 29.8 1.5
Philippines 65 40 43 0az 0.68 – 6.0 54.4 2.6
Poland 95 92 60 – – – 23.8 68.9 3.5
Portugal 99 96 98 81aq – – 53.1 69.0 9.6
Qatar 98 95 98 – – – 24.9 72.0 6.1
Republic of Korea 98 96 98 52 – – 24.1 74.6 5.0
Republic of Moldova 91 95 80 31 2.97 21.7 25.6 39.3 1.8
Romania 88 76 88 – – – 29.8 73.9 8.0
Russian Federation 97 97 85 – – – 44.4 45.3 2.8
Rwanda 98 92 98 94 9.60 – 1.2 9.5 0.2
Saint Kitts and Nevis 96 98 – – – – 27.7 42.2 2.3
Saint Lucia 92 75 – 46 4.30 – 6.4 31.5 1.7
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 97 99 – 10 3.23 – 9.4 70.1 1.7
Samoa 58 44 – – 25.61 – 3.4 34.4 1.1
San Marino 88 79 76 50 – – 61.1 82.1 17.8
Sao Tome and Principe 95 81 95 – 10.16 – 3.2 19.2 –
Saudi Arabia 96 96 96 – – – 26.1 58.2 5.0
Senegal 93 78 92 25 5.79 7.7as 0.9 5.4 0.1
Serbia 97 91 93 – 3.00 – 31.1 60.9 2.1
Seychelles 99 99 92 68 – – 24.7 98.5 4.3
Sierra Leone 95 72 94 – 9.18 – 0.7 7.5 –
Singapore 96 84 82 0at – – 22.9 62.4 4.1
Slovakia 97 98 96 – – – 35.2 60.2 5.1
Slovenia 95 94 65 59aq – – 31.7 102.2 7.2
Solomon Islands 94 54 94 – 9.85 – 1.9 21.6 0.7
Somalia 42 – – – 4.13 – 0.2 1.1 –

3.c 3.d 1.a 2.2
(GGE)z (%)
2010–2019 2020 2019 2019 2018 2020 2011–2020 2020 Member State
0.7 49 – – 12.1 32.2 3.5ao,ap 4.2 Marshall Islands
0.2 35 – – 6.1 24.2 11.5ao,ap 2.7 Mauritania
4.2 64 – – 10.0 8.7 – 7.6 Mauritius
– 83 – – 10.5 12.1 1.4ap 6.3 Mexico
– 49 – – 4.8 – – – Micronesia (Federated States of)
26.3 – – – 6.6 – – – Monaco
6.8 85 – – 7.7 7.1 0.9 10.1 Mongolia
1.9 – – – 10.6 8.1 2.2 10.2 Montenegro
2.6 75 – – 7.2 12.9 2.6 11.3 Morocco
0.1 70 10 28 5.6 37.8 4.4 6.0 Mozambique
0.8 63 56 72 3.5 25.2 6.7bb 1.5 Myanmar
2.4 61 – – 10.7 18.4 7.1 5.0 Namibia
PA R T 3
1.9 – – – 7.4 15.0 – 3.7 Nauru
1.3 39 – 73 4.6 30.4 12.0 1.8 Nepal
2.1 90 2 7 15.4 1.6 – 5.0 Netherlands
7.3 87 – – 19.3 – – – New Zealand
1.9 83 – – 18.8 14.1 2.2 7.5 Nicaragua
– 10 – – 8.4 46.7 9.8ao 1.9 Niger
1.2 54 – – 4.4 35.3 6.5 2.7 Nigeria
– – – – 5.0 – – – Niue
– – – 64 12.4 4.1 3.4 10.0 North Macedonia
8.5 94 1 6 17.4 – – – Norway
5.3 79 – 55 8.0 12.2 9.3bd 4.8 Oman
1.5 52 65 89 5.3 36.7 7.1be 3.4 Pakistan
– 64 – – 16.8 – – – Palau
2.2 79 – – 21.4 14.7 – 10.8 Panama
0.1 – – – 7.4 48.4 – 8.9 Papua New Guinea
0.3 65 – – 15.3 4.6 1.0 12.0 Paraguay
0.5 59 – – 15.3 10.8 0.4 8.0 Peru
3.3 69 51 40 6.6 28.7 5.6 4.2 Philippines
7.7 50 15 16 10.8 2.3 0.7ap,bf 6.7 Poland
9.1 82 – – 13.4 3.3 0.6bb 8.5 Portugal
8.9 92 34 49 6.3 4.6 – 13.9 Qatar
7.4 98 49 37 14.0 2.2 – 8.8 Republic of Korea
4.1 62 – – 12.0 4.9 1.9bg 4.3 Republic of Moldova
9.1 67 – – 12.7 9.7 – 6.7 Romania
0.5 100 23 58 9.8 – – – Russian Federation
0.7 73 – – 8.9 32.6 1.1 5.2 Rwanda
– 51 – – 7.4 – – – Saint Kitts and Nevis
4.4 69 – – 8.2 2.8 3.7 6.9 Saint Lucia
– – – – 10.1 – – – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0.7 – – – 11.0 6.8 3.1 7.1 Samoa
6.7 – – – 23.4 – – – San Marino
– 31 – – 10.8 11.8 4.1 4.0 Sao Tome and Principe
8.6 79 49 57 10.9 3.9 – 7.6 Saudi Arabia
0.1 62 – – 4.3 17.2 8.1 2.1 Senegal
8.1 71 – – 12.4 5.3 2.6 10.8 Serbia
4.7 56 – – 10.2 7.4 4.3bh 9.8 Seychelles
0.1 49 – – 7.2 26.8 5.4 4.7 Sierra Leone
5.1 92 29 29 15.3 2.8 – 4.8 Singapore
8.0 72 – – 12.7 – – – Slovakia
7.1 – – – 13.8 – – – Slovenia
1.2 47 – – 7.9 29.3 8.5 4.0 Solomon Islands
– – – – – 27.4 – 2.9 Somalia

ANNEX 2 3.b 3.c
age (%)
t
country
Member State 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2011–2019 2011–2019 2010–2019 2010–2019
South Africa 77 54 76 56at 1.88 – 7.9 13.1 1.1
South Sudan 49 – – – 18.90 – – – –
Spain 96 94 95 79bi – – 40.3 60.8 8.2
Sri Lanka 99 99 – 82 0.76 – 11.5 22.6 1.1
Sudan 93 74 93 – 2.81 41.0 2.6 11.5 2.1
Suriname 77 58 – 38 2.78 – 8.2 39.3 0.6
Sweden 98 95 97 80aq – – 43.3 216.7 17.9
Switzerland 96 90 84 59bj – – 43.3 178.9 5.1
Syrian Arab Republic 54 54 – – 1.88 – 12.9 15.4 7.2
Tajikistan 97 97 – – 2.89 15.0 17.2 47.5 1.6
Thailand 97 87 – 66 0.35 – 9.2 31.5 2.7
Timor-Leste 83 80 – – 15.19 – 7.7 17.6 0.1
PA R T 3
Togo 84 67 83 – 3.74 – 0.8 4.6 –

Tonga 99 99 – – 16.79 – 5.4 43.3 1.6
Trinidad and Tobago 93 92 93 9ar – 0.0as 44.8 40.7 3.2
Tunisia 92 93 – – 0.33 – 13.0 25.1 3.1
Turkey 99 88 97 – 0.91 – 18.1 30.0 3.7
Turkmenistan 99 99 – 99ar,bk 0.44 – 22.2 44.3 1.2
Tuvalu 92 92 – – 17.80 – 9.1 42.6 4.5
Uganda 93 – 92 64 6.60 – 1.7 12.4 0.1
Ukraine 80 92 – – 1.30 – 29.9 66.6 6.0
United Arab Emirates 99 99 99 27az – – 25.3 57.3 6.5
United Kingdom 93 87 91 82 – – 58.2 102.9 5.3
United Republic of Tanzania 89 72 83 49 5.17 0.0as 0.6 5.8 0.1
United States of America 94 95 92 39at – – 26.0 156.9 6.1
Uruguay 94 99 95 38 – – 49.4 72.2 14.5
Uzbekistan 96 99 99 – 1.57 – 23.7 112.8 1.5
Vanuatu 90 – – – 14.49 – 1.7 14.2 0.3
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 64 13 – – 0.08 – 17.3 20.7 1.4
Viet Nam 89 92 – – 0.84 – 8.3 14.5 –
Yemen 73 46 72 – 6.24 – 5.3 7.9 0.2
Zambia 88 66 89 – 11.67 16.7as 0.9 10.2 0.1
Zimbabwe 90 75 90 67bm 8.19 – 2.1 19.3 0.2
WHO region 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018

African Region 74 33 70 – 5.34 – 2.8 10.3 –
Region of the Americas 84 75 83 – 0.36 – 28.4 82.7 –
South-East Asia Region 91 83 23 – 0.48 – 8.7 24.5 –
European Region 95 92 80 – 1.28 – 43.2 77.8 –
Eastern Mediterranean Region 82 75 52 – 1.89 – 10.9 16.4 –
Western Pacific Region 94 91 14 – 0.32 – 18.9 36.9 –
Global 85 71 48 – 1.44 – 17.5 39.0 –

3.c 3.d 1.a 2.2
(GGE)z (%)
2010–2019 2020 2019 2019 2018 2020 2011–2020 2020 Member State
2.7 79 21 31 13.3 23.2 3.4ap,bb 12.9 South Africa
– 36 – – 2.1 30.6 – 5.7 South Sudan
11.9 88 – – 15.2 – – – Spain
0.9 62 56 63 8.3 16.0 15.1 1.3 Sri Lanka
0.3 53 48 – 6.8 33.7 16.3ao 2.7 Sudan
0.4 59 – – 16.8 8.0 5.5 4.0 Suriname
15.7 91 2 8 18.6 – – – Sweden
6.9 – 4 10 11.0 – – – Switzerland
10.7 49 – – – 29.6 – 18.2 Syrian Arab Republic
– – – – 6.1 15.3 5.6 3.5 Tajikistan
6.3 85 12 37 15.0 12.3 7.7 9.2 Thailand
2.1 42 – – 5.4 48.8 9.9ao 2.6 Timor-Leste
PA R T 3
0.3 45 – – 4.3 23.8 5.7 2.4 Togo
0.4 65 – – 7.5 2.6 1.1 12.6 Tonga
6.6 – – – 11.0 8.7 6.4 11.0 Trinidad and Tobago
2.3 74 17 36 13.6 8.6 2.1 16.5 Tunisia
3.9 88 – – 9.3 – 1.7 – Turkey
1.7 68 – – 8.7 7.6 4.1 3.8 Turkmenistan
2.7 48 – – 13.7 9.7 – 6.4 Tuvalu
– 69 – 60 5.1 27.9 3.5 4.0 Uganda
0.3 69 – – 8.9 15.9 – 17.0 Ukraine
8.8 96 36 46 7.2 – – – United Arab Emirates
8.7 95 10 11 19.2 – – – United Kingdom
0.1 51 – – 9.4 32.0 3.5bl 5.5 United Republic of Tanzania
– 92 – – 22.5 3.2 0.1 8.8 United States of America
– 80 – – 20.2 6.5 1.4 10.3 Uruguay
0.4 55 – – 7.9 9.9 1.8ao 5.0 Uzbekistan
1.2 55 – – 7.0 28.7 4.7ao 4.9 Vanuatu
– 74 – – 3.7 10.6 – 6.7 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
3.4 72 – – 9.3 22.3 5.8 6.0 Viet Nam
1.1 49 – – – 37.2 16.4 2.7 Yemen
0.4 58 – – 7.0 32.3 4.2 5.7 Zambia
1.0 52 – – 7.6 23.0 2.9 3.6 Zimbabwe
2019 2017 2019 2019 2019 WHO region

– 48 – – 6.8 31.7 5.8 4.2 African Region
– 72 – – 13.9 8.9 0.7 8.0 Region of the Americas
– 63 – – 8.1 30.1 14.5 3.3 South-East Asia Region
– 74 – – 12.5 5.7 – 7.9 European Region
– 67 – – 8.6 26.2 7.4 7.7 Eastern Mediterranean Region
– 70 – – 10.0 9.3 2.1 7.5 Western Pacific Region
– 64 25 37 10.0 22.0 6.7 5.7 Global

ANNEX 2 2.2 continued 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1
Prevalence Proportion of Proportion of Proportion of Proportion of Proportion of Amount of Proportion of
Part 4 of anaemia ever-partnered ever-partnered population population population water- and population with
in women of women and women and using safely- using safely- using a hand- sanitation- primary reliance
reproductive girls aged girls aged managed managed washing facility related official on clean fuels
age (15–49 15–49 years 15–49 years drinking-water sanitation with soap and development and technologyaf
years)ab (%) subjected to subjected to servicesad (%) servicesad (%) waterad (%) assistance (%)
physical and/or physical and/or that is part of
sexual violence sexual violence a government-
by a current or by a current or coordinated
former intimate former intimate spending planae
partner in the partner in their (current US$
previous 12 lifetimeac (%) millions)
monthsac (%)
Data type Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Comparable Primary data Comparable
estimates estimates estimates estimates estimates estimates estimates
Member State 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2019 2019
Afghanistan 42.6 35 46 – – 38 142.90 36
Albania 24.8 6 13 70 40 – 46.55 81
Algeria 33.3 – – – 18 84 7.49 99
Andorra 12.1 – – 91 >99 – – 100 bn
Angola 44.5 25 38 – – 27 21.65 50
Antigua and Barbuda 17.2 – – – – – 1.14 100 bn
Argentina 11.9 5 27 – – – 20.01 100
Armenia 17.3 5 10 86 48 94 6.33 98
Australia 8.5 3 23 – 76 – – 100 bn
Austria 13.0 4 15 99 97 – – 100 bn
Azerbaijan 35.1 5 14 74 – 83 94.57 97
Bahamas 14.5 – – – – – – 100 bn
Bahrain 35.4 – – 99 96 – – 100 bn
Bangladesh 36.7 23 50 55 – 35 330.37 23
Barbados 17.0 – – – – – – 100 bn
Belarus 20.6 6 21 95 81 – 3.05 99
Belgium 13.6 5 22 >99 97 – – 100 bn
Belize 20.5 8 24 – – 90 1.27 82
Benin 55.2 15 26 – – 11 52.42 4
Bhutan 38.6 9 22 36 – – 21.72 79
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 24.4 18 42 – 23 25 140.30 86
PA R T 4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 24.4 3 12 89 22 – 26.67 46

Botswana 32.5 17 34 – – – 0.18 53
Brazil 16.1 6 23 – 49 – 42.08 96
Brunei Darussalam 16.7 – – – – – – 100 bn
Bulgaria 23.6 6 19 97 64 – – –
Burkina Faso 52.5 11 19 – – 12 159.97 10
Burundi 38.5 22 40 – – 6 86.35 0
Cabo Verde 24.3 11 19 – – – – 78
Cambodia 47.1 9 19 26 – 66 177.01 31
Cameroon 40.6 22 39 – – 9 148.12 22
Canada 10.4 3 – 99 82 – – 100 bn
Central African Republic 46.8 21 29 – – – 6.30 1
Chad 45.4 16 29 – – 6 21.37 4
Chile 8.7 6 21 99 77 – – 100 bn
China 15.5 8 19 – 72 – 83.15 64
Colombia 21.2 12 30 73 17 65 15.12 94
Comoros 33.8 8 16 – – – 9.42 7
Congo 48.8 – – 45 – 48 12.13 34
Cook Islands 27.1 14 33 – – – 1.77 78
Costa Rica 13.7 7 27 94 – – 13.22 96
Côte d'Ivoire 50.9 16 27 37 – 19 29.56 30
Croatia 21.0 4 13 90 58 – – 100 bn
Cuba 19.3 5 14 – 44 85 16.70 –
Cyprus 13.6 3 16 >99 75 – – 100 bn
Czechia 21.1 4 22 98 94 – – 100 bn
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 33.9 – – 67 – – 1.14 11
Democratic Republic of the Congo 42.4 36 47 – – 4 115.66 5
Denmark 12.2 3 23 97 95 – – 100 bn
Djibouti 32.3 – – – 36 – 43.36 9
Dominica 20.8 – – – – – 0.29 83
Dominican Republic 26.4 10 19 – – 55 2.34 91
Ecuador 17.2 8 33 75 42 81 48.89 94

11.6 16.1 GPW 13
Annual mean Mortality Number of Age- Prevalence of Age-
concentrations rate due to cases of standardized obesity among standardized
of fine homicidec,l poliomyelitis prevalence of children and prevalence of
particulate (per 100 000 caused by raised blood adolescents obesity among
matter (PM2.5) population) wild poliovirus pressure (5–19 years)ah adults
in urban areasaf (WPV)ag among persons (%) (18+ years)ah
(µg/m3) aged 18+ (%)
yearsah (SBP of
>140 mmHg
and/or DBP
>90 mmHg)
Comparable Comparable Primary data Comparable Comparable Comparable

2016 2019 2020 2015 2016 2016 Member State
59.9 8.5 56 30.6 3.1 5.5 Afghanistan
18.2 3.6 0 29.0 7.6 21.7 Albania
34.5 1.7 0 25.1 13.5 27.4 Algeria
11.5 – – 18.7 12.8 25.6 Andorra
28.4 9.2 0 29.7 2.4 8.2 Angola
18.0 2.4 0 23.4 11.5 18.9 Antigua and Barbuda
11.7 6.1 0 22.6 16.9 28.3 Argentina
32.9 3.8 0 25.5 4.8 20.2 Armenia
7.3 1.0 0 15.2 12.4 29.0 Australia
13.1 0.5 0 21.0 8.6 20.1 Austria
18.5 2.5 0 24.5 4.9 19.9 Azerbaijan
19.0 38.1 0 20.9 17.3 31.6 Bahamas
69.0 0.3 0 21.4 17.2 29.8 Bahrain
58.6 2.8 0 24.7 2.6 3.6 Bangladesh
22.4 11.3 0 24.4 12.3 23.1 Barbados
19.3 2.7 0 27.1 7.6 24.5 Belarus
13.0 1.3 0 17.5 7.0 22.1 Belgium
20.9 37.3 0 22.7 12.2 24.1 Belize
30.4 6.2 0 27.7 2.6 9.6 Benin
35.4 2.4 0 28.1 3.3 6.4 Bhutan
23.3 9.5 0 17.9 9.1 20.2 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
PA R T 4
29.7 1.5 0 30.8 5.4 17.9 Bosnia and Herzegovina
20.9 16.9 0 29.6 6.3 18.9 Botswana
11.8 32.6 0 23.3 10.8 22.1 Brazil
5.8 0.7 0 18.9 14.1 14.1 Brunei Darussalam
20.8 1.2 0 28.4 10.8 25.0 Bulgaria
36.3 9.6 0 32.6 1.0 5.6 Burkina Faso
35.6 6.6 0 29.2 1.9 5.4 Burundi
31.6 13.4 0 29.5 3.1 11.8 Cabo Verde
24.9 2.1 0 26.1 3.2 3.9 Cambodia
65.4 6.4 0 24.8 2.8 11.4 Cameroon
6.7 1.6 0 13.2 12.3 29.4 Canada
51.2 21.3 0 31.2 2.2 7.5 Central African Republic
50.8 9.0 0 32.9 1.5 6.1 Chad
23.1 3.9 0 20.9 15.2 28.0 Chile
51.0 0.8 0 19.2 11.7 6.2 China
17.2 38.3 0 19.2 7.0 22.3 Colombia
18.6 7.4 0 27.9 2.8 7.8 Comoros
36.4 10.0 0 26.2 2.0 9.6 Congo
12.0 – 0 22.3 32.2 55.9 Cook Islands
16.7 12.6 0 18.7 12.3 25.7 Costa Rica
23.9 11.5 0 27.2 3.4 10.3 Côte d'Ivoire
17.6 1.1 0 32.4 10.9 24.4 Croatia
21.6 5.1 0 19.0 11.4 24.6 Cuba
17.1 1.3 0 19.8 12.2 21.8 Cyprus
15.6 0.6 0 27.9 9.7 26.0 Czechia
31.0 4.2 0 18.2 8.5 6.8 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
37.4 12.8 0 28.5 2.2 6.7 Democratic Republic of the Congo
10.3 1.1 0 20.6 7.2 19.7 Denmark
41.0 6.6 0 26.8 5.3 13.5 Djibouti
18.8 – 0 22.5 15.0 27.9 Dominica
13.3 17.8 0 21.5 15.0 27.6 Dominican Republic
15.5 7.0 0 17.9 9.4 19.9 Ecuador

ANNEX 2 2.2 continued 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1
monthsac (%)
Member State 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2019 2019
Egypt 28.3 15 30 – 61 90 350.22 100
El Salvador 10.6 6 21 – – 91 10.20 89
Equatorial Guinea 44.5 29 46 – – – 0.00 24
Eritrea 37.0 – – – – – 3.48 9
Estonia 21.7 4 21 93 97 – – 100 bn
Eswatini 30.7 18 – – – 24 2.82 55
Ethiopia 23.9 27 37 11 – 8 264.43 7
Fiji 32.0 23 52 – – – 18.31 50
Finland 10.9 8 23 >99 >99 – – 100 bn
France 10.6 5 22 98 88 – – 100 bn
Gabon 52.4 22 41 – – – 0.52 88
Gambia 49.5 10 – – – 8 1.71 1
Georgia 27.5 3 10 80 27 – 47.19 88
Germany 11.7 5 21 >99 97 – – 100 bn
Ghana 35.4 10 24 36 – 41 62.18 23
Greece 15.1 5 18 >99 90 – – 100 bn
Grenada 19.2 8 28 87 – – 0.35 89
Guatemala 7.4 7 21 56 – 77 19.52 49
Guinea 48.0 21 37 – – 17 28.77 2
Guinea–Bissau 48.1 – – – – 6 5.23 1
Guyana 31.7 10 31 – – 77 4.63 77
PA R T 4
Haiti 47.7 12 23 – – 23 41.28 4

Honduras 18.0 7 17 – – – 45.26 45
Hungary 19.7 6 19 90 96 – – 100 bn
Iceland 10.3 3 21 >99 82 – – 100 bn
India 53.0 18 35 – – 60 373.63 64
Indonesia 31.2 9 22 – – 64 130.99 82
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 24.1 18 31 92 – – 2.41 96
Iraq 28.6 – 26 59 41 95 90.79 99
Ireland 12.1 3 16 97 82 – – 100 bn
Israel 12.9 6 – >99 94 – – 100 bn
Italy 13.6 4 16 95 96 – – 100 bn
Jamaica 19.9 7 24 – – – 0.37 83
Japan 19.0 4 20 98 99 – – 100 bn
Jordan 37.7 13 24 94 81 – 300.65 100
Kazakhstan 28.7 6 16 90 – 99 1.09 98
Kenya 28.7 23 38 – – 25 200.06 17
Kiribati 32.6 25 53 – – – 4.96 10
Kuwait 23.7 – – >99 >99 – – 100 bn
Kyrgyzstan 35.8 13 23 68 – 89 14.67 77
Lao People's Democratic Republic 39.5 8 19 16 58 50 76.53 8
Latvia 21.6 6 25 95 86 – – 100 bn
Lebanon 28.3 – – 48 22 – 120.71 –
Lesotho 27.9 16 40 – – 2 8.19 39
Liberia 42.6 27 43 – – 1 26.02 0
Libya 29.9 – – – 26 – – –
Lithuania 19.9 5 22 92 91 – – 100 bn
Luxembourg 10.2 4 20 >99 97 – – 100 bn
Madagascar 37.8 – – – – – 43.34 1
Malawi 31.4 17 30 – – 9 87.60 2
Malaysia 32.0 – 19 93 89 – 28.93 96
Maldives 52.2 6 19 – – 96 7.87 99
Mali 59.0 18 29 – 19 52 122.79 1

11.6 16.1 GPW 13
(µg/m3) aged 18+ (%)
yearsah (SBP of
>140 mmHg
and/or DBP
>90 mmHg)

2016 2019 2020 2015 2016 2016 Member State
79.6 4.1 0 25.0 17.6 32.0 Egypt
23.8 85.0 0 18.7 11.7 24.6 El Salvador
49.1 3.3 0 28.4 2.3 8.0 Equatorial Guinea
41.1 11.0 0 29.1 2.1 5.0 Eritrea
7.0 2.1 0 27.4 6.3 21.2 Estonia
16.2 18.5 0 29.8 6.0 16.5 Eswatini
34.0 7.2 0 30.3 1.1 4.5 Ethiopia
10.5 2.2 0 21.7 11.5 30.2 Fiji
6.5 1.2 0 19.4 9.1 22.2 Finland
12.4 0.8 0 22.0 8.1 21.6 France
37.8 8.5 0 25.5 4.2 15.0 Gabon
32.3 8.3 0 29.1 2.8 10.3 Gambia
24.0 2.3 0 26.3 6.8 21.7 Georgia
11.9 0.9 0 19.9 8.9 22.3 Germany
31.1 6.1 0 23.7 2.1 10.9 Ghana
16.4 1.0 0 19.1 13.8 24.9 Greece
21.8 6.6 0 24.3 10.7 21.3 Grenada
24.2 25.1 0 21.2 9.9 21.2 Guatemala
22.2 8.8 0 30.3 1.7 7.7 Guinea
26.5 9.0 0 30.3 2.4 9.5 Guinea–Bissau
21.6 24.7 0 23.1 10.0 20.2 Guyana
PA R T 4
14.7 20.7 0 24.5 10.9 22.7 Haiti
21.5 66.9 0 21.4 9.6 21.4 Honduras
16.3 1.4 0 30.0 11.1 26.4 Hungary
5.9 1.2 0 19.7 9.9 21.9 Iceland
68.0 3.8 0 25.8 2.0 3.9 India
16.4 4.3 0 23.8 6.1 6.9 Indonesia
34.4 3.1 0 19.7 9.8 25.8 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
60.1 14.4 0 25.2 14.4 30.4 Iraq
8.7 0.8 0 19.7 9.8 25.3 Ireland
19.4 1.2 0 16.6 11.9 26.1 Israel
15.7 0.7 0 21.2 12.5 19.9 Italy
13.6 50.3 0 21.8 13.0 24.7 Jamaica
11.8 0.2 0 17.6 3.3 4.3 Japan
31.7 2.7 0 21.0 12.9 35.5 Jordan
14.5 5.1 0 27.1 6.5 21.0 Kazakhstan
25.8 5.6 0 26.7 2.3 7.1 Kenya
10.9 4.8 0 21.5 23.0 46.0 Kiribati
58.9 1.8 0 23.6 22.9 37.9 Kuwait
17.4 4.6 0 26.7 3.9 16.6 Kyrgyzstan
25.5 6.6 0 24.8 4.7 5.3 Lao People's Democratic Republic
14.4 5.0 0 29.4 7.0 23.6 Latvia
30.7 4.2 0 20.7 13.9 32.0 Lebanon
28.1 43.5 0 29.0 5.0 16.6 Lesotho
17.0 9.7 0 28.3 1.9 9.9 Liberia
41.7 2.1 0 23.7 14.6 32.5 Libya
12.3 4.8 0 29.3 6.8 26.3 Lithuania
10.4 0.5 0 21.9 8.3 22.6 Luxembourg
22.5 6.5 0 28.1 1.8 5.3 Madagascar
21.9 2.2 0 28.9 2.0 5.8 Malawi
17.3 2.7 0 22.9 12.7 15.6 Malaysia
7.7 1.9 0 24.4 7.4 8.6 Maldives
29.0 10.7 0 32.6 2.6 8.6 Mali

ANNEX 2 2.2 continued 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1
monthsac (%)
Member State 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2019 2019
Malta 13.7 4 17 >99 93 – – 100 bn
Marshall Islands 30.6 19 38 – – 83 2.03 65
Mauritania 43.3 – – – – 43 87.96 43
Mauritius 23.5 – – – – – 3.02 100
Mexico 15.3 10 24 43 50 88 2.33 85
Micronesia (Federated States of) 25.0 21 35 – – – 1.51 12
Monaco 12.3 – – >99 >99 – – 100 bn
Mongolia 14.5 12 27 24 – 71 23.53 52
Montenegro 17.2 4 16 94 – – 8.80 62
Morocco 29.9 10 – 70 39 – 229.53 98
Mozambique 47.9 16 30 – – – 114.10 5
Myanmar 42.1 11 19 – – 79 142.00 30
Namibia 25.2 16 27 – – 45 2.22 46
Nauru 29.6 20 43 – – – 0.17 100
Nepal 35.7 11 27 27 – 48 145.17 31
Netherlands 12.8 5 21 >99 97 – – 100 bn
New Zealand 10.4 4 23 >99 89 – – 100 bn
Nicaragua 15.7 6 23 52 – – 66.07 55
Niger 49.5 13 – – 10 – 157.30 2
Nigeria 55.1 13 24 20 27 42 193.93 13
Niue 27.3 – – 97 – – 0.01 98
PA R T 4
North Macedonia 19.3 4 13 81 17 – – 76

Norway 12.0 4 20 98 76 – – 100 bn
Oman 29.1 – – 90 – 97 – 100 bn
Pakistan 41.3 16 29 35 – 60 176.42 49
Palau 28.5 14 31 – – – 7.14 100 bn
Panama 21.2 8 16 – – – 19.88 100 bn
Papua New Guinea 34.4 31 51 – – – 26.92 9
Paraguay 23.0 6 18 64 58 80 28.99 68
Peru 20.6 11 38 50 43 – 49.28 83
Philippines 12.3 6 14 47 52 78 92.13 47
Poland – 3 13 >99 93 – – 100 bn
Portugal 13.2 4 18 95 85 – – 100 bn
Qatar 28.1 – – 96 96 – – 100 bn
Republic of Korea 13.5 8 – 98 >99 – – 100 bn
Republic of Moldova 26.1 9 27 73 – – 8.34 96
Romania 22.7 7 18 82 77 – – 100
Russian Federation 21.1 – – 76 61 – – 90
Rwanda 17.2 23 38 – – 5 48.53 2
Saint Kitts and Nevis 15.4 – – – – – – 100 bn
Saint Lucia 14.3 – – – – – 0.21 97
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17.0 – – – – – 0.08 94
Samoa 26.8 18 40 59 48 – 7.77 36
San Marino 12.5 – – >99 77 – – 100 bn
Sao Tome and Principe 44.2 18 27 – – 41 6.23 3
Saudi Arabia 27.5 – – – 78 – – 100 bn
Senegal 52.7 12 24 – 21 24 162.05 24
Serbia 22.8 4 17 75 25 – 46.88 66
Seychelles 25.1 – – – – – – 100 bn
Sierra Leone 48.4 20 36 10 13 19 27.86 1
Singapore 13.0 2 11 >99 >99 – – 100 bn
Slovakia 23.5 6 18 >99 83 – – 100 bn
Slovenia 21.8 3 18 98 83 – – 100 bn

11.6 16.1 GPW 13
(µg/m3) aged 18+ (%)
yearsah (SBP of
>140 mmHg
and/or DBP
>90 mmHg)

2016 2019 2020 2015 2016 2016 Member State
14.0 1.0 0 19.4 13.4 28.9 Malta
9.4 – 0 21.3 26.6 52.9 Marshall Islands
41.7 10.9 0 31.7 4.0 12.7 Mauritania
13.5 2.3 0 25.0 4.4 10.8 Mauritius
20.9 25.4 0 19.7 14.8 28.9 Mexico
10.5 4.6 0 25.0 20.7 45.8 Micronesia (Federated States of)
12.2 – – – – – Monaco
49.5 6.1 0 29.0 4.3 20.6 Mongolia
19.3 2.8 0 29.1 7.6 23.3 Montenegro
31.1 1.7 0 26.1 10.2 26.1 Morocco
18.4 3.7 0 29.1 2.3 7.2 Mozambique
34.6 3.9 0 24.6 3.7 5.8 Myanmar
21.0 18.0 0 28.5 4.9 17.2 Namibia
12.5 – 0 20.5 33.2 61.0 Nauru
99.5 2.5 0 29.4 1.7 4.1 Nepal
12.1 0.6 0 18.7 7.0 20.4 Netherlands
5.8 1.2 0 16.2 16.3 30.8 New Zealand
19.0 9.4 0 20.8 10.8 23.7 Nicaragua
73.0 9.6 0 33.4 1.4 5.5 Niger
46.3 9.2 0 23.9 1.9 8.9 Nigeria
11.5 – 0 24.2 29.5 50.0 Niue
PA R T 4
33.0 1.5 0 28.5 9.3 22.4 North Macedonia
7.8 0.6 0 19.7 9.1 23.1 Norway
36.2 0.7 0 24.8 14.9 27.0 Oman
56.2 6.0 84 30.5 3.1 8.6 Pakistan
12.4 – 0 22.9 31.4 55.3 Palau
12.0 17.2 0 19.9 10.5 22.7 Panama
11.5 11.0 0 25.6 9.8 21.3 Papua New Guinea
11.7 8.0 0 24.6 10.5 20.3 Paraguay
29.0 9.3 0 13.7 7.8 19.7 Peru
18.7 13.7 0 22.6 4.3 6.4 Philippines
21.5 0.8 0 28.7 9.1 23.1 Poland
8.1 0.9 0 24.4 10.4 20.8 Portugal
91.7 0.5 0 22.4 19.5 35.1 Qatar
24.7 0.8 0 11.0 8.5 4.7 Republic of Korea
16.5 4.1 0 29.8 4.2 18.9 Republic of Moldova
15.4 1.3 0 30.0 8.1 22.5 Romania
14.7 7.8 0 27.2 7.1 23.1 Russian Federation
40.7 4.3 0 26.7 1.7 5.8 Rwanda
12.3 – 0 25.3 12.3 22.9 Saint Kitts and Nevis
21.2 20.2 0 27.1 8.8 19.7 Saint Lucia
21.4 29.4 0 23.3 12.4 23.7 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10.9 2.8 0 24.0 21.7 47.3 Samoa
13.4 – – – – – San Marino
25.2 5.6 0 25.8 3.5 12.4 Sao Tome and Principe
86.7 1.9 0 23.3 17.4 35.4 Saudi Arabia
39.7 7.6 0 30.2 1.8 8.8 Senegal
24.7 1.2 0 29.5 9.8 21.5 Serbia
18.6 14.8 0 23.5 10.8 14.0 Seychelles
20.6 7.9 0 30.3 2.5 8.7 Sierra Leone
18.3 0.3 0 14.6 6.8 6.1 Singapore
18.0 1.1 0 28.5 8.1 20.5 Slovakia
16.4 0.9 0 30.5 9.2 20.2 Slovenia

ANNEX 2 2.2 continued 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1
monthsac (%)
Member State 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2019 2019
Solomon Islands 37.7 28 50 – – 36 16.22 9
Somalia 43.1 – – – – 10 16.49 3
South Africa 30.5 13 24 – – 44 93.76 86
South Sudan 35.6 27 41 – – – 34.59 0
Spain 13.4 3 15 98 97 – – 100 bn
Sri Lanka 34.6 4 24 – – – 144.23 31
Sudan 36.5 17 – – – 23 62.28 53
Suriname 21.0 8 28 – – – 1.05 94
Sweden 13.6 6 21 >99 93 – – 100 bn
Switzerland 11.3 2 12 95 >99 – – 100 bn
Syrian Arab Republic 32.8 – – – – 71 25.88 97
Tajikistan 35.2 14 24 48 – 73 61.81 82
Thailand 24.0 9 24 – – 84 3.07 80
Timor-Leste 29.9 28 38 – – 28 3.18 13
Togo 45.7 13 25 – – 10 14.56 9
Tonga 28.5 17 37 – – – 1.08 76
Trinidad and Tobago 17.7 7 28 – – – – 100 bn
Tunisia 32.1 10 25 93 78 79 110.17 100
Turkey – 12 32 – 65 – 50.39 95
Turkmenistan 26.6 – – 94 – >99 0.01 100
Tuvalu 27.5 20 39 – 6 – 0.03 69
PA R T 4
Uganda 32.8 26 45 7 – 21 127.52 1

Ukraine 17.7 9 18 92 68 – 30.96 95
United Arab Emirates 24.3 – – – 96 – – 100 bn
United Kingdom 11.1 4 24 >99 98 – – 100 bn
United Republic of Tanzania 38.9 24 38 – 25 48 227.80 4
United States of America 11.8 6 26 >99 90 – – 100 bn
Uruguay 15.0 4 18 – – – – 100 bn
Uzbekistan 24.8 – – 59 – – 149.89 85
Vanuatu 28.5 29 47 44 – 25 4.73 8
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 24.2 8 19 – 24 – 0.17 97
Viet Nam 20.6 10 25 – – 86 405.56 65
Yemen 61.5 – – – – 50 71.18 61
Zambia 31.5 28 41 – – 14 84.62 16
Zimbabwe 28.9 18 35 – – 37 11.84 30
WHO region 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2019 2019
African Region 40.4 20 33 29 20 28 2932.34 19
Region of the Americas 15.4 7 25 79 49 – 591.02 92
South-East Asia Region 46.6 17 33 – – 60 1303.35 61
European Region 18.8 6 21 92 68 – 608.65 96
Eastern Mediterranean Region 34.9 17 31 56 – 66 1859.09 74
Western Pacific Region 16.4 8 20 – 67 – 979.49 67
Global 29.9 10 26 71 45 60 8846.42 66

11.6 16.1 GPW 13
(µg/m3) aged 18+ (%)
yearsah (SBP of
>140 mmHg
and/or DBP
>90 mmHg)

2016 2019 2020 2015 2016 2016 Member State
11.5 3.9 0 22.0 4.3 22.5 Solomon Islands
28.0 5.4 0 32.9 3.0 8.3 Somalia
24.3 35.9 0 26.9 11.3 28.3 South Africa
40.9 14.3 0 – – – South Sudan
9.8 0.6 0 19.2 10.8 23.8 Spain
15.1 2.3 0 22.4 4.8 5.2 Sri Lanka
46.8 5.8 0 – – – Sudan
25.8 5.8 0 22.4 13.9 26.4 Suriname
6.1 1.1 0 19.3 6.7 20.6 Sweden
10.4 0.5 0 18.0 5.8 19.5 Switzerland
37.4 2.6 0 24.5 11.5 27.8 Syrian Arab Republic
42.8 1.8 0 26.1 3.0 14.2 Tajikistan
26.6 4.3 0 22.3 11.3 10.0 Thailand
18.2 4.7 0 27.6 4.2 3.8 Timor-Leste
31.2 8.9 0 28.9 2.0 8.4 Togo
10.2 3.4 0 23.7 26.7 48.2 Tonga
22.4 39.4 0 25.8 11.1 18.6 Trinidad and Tobago
35.7 3.5 0 23.2 8.5 26.9 Tunisia
41.2 4.8 0 20.3 11.5 32.1 Turkey
24.2 2.8 0 25.4 4.7 18.6 Turkmenistan
11.4 – 0 23.7 27.2 51.6 Tuvalu
PA R T 4
48.7 13.9 0 27.3 1.7 5.3 Uganda
19.4 6.3 0 27.1 7.0 24.1 Ukraine
37.2 0.7 0 21.1 17.3 31.7 United Arab Emirates
10.6 1.3 0 15.2 10.2 27.8 United Kingdom
25.1 8.1 0 27.3 2.5 8.4 United Republic of Tanzania
7.6 5.8 0 12.9 21.4 36.2 United States of America
8.7 8.5 0 20.7 13.8 27.9 Uruguay
28.9 1.5 0 25.6 4.0 16.6 Uzbekistan
11.0 2.3 0 24.2 8.3 25.2 Vanuatu
16.8 63.6 0 18.6 14.1 25.6 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
30.1 1.9 0 23.4 2.6 2.1 Viet Nam
44.3 9.7 0 30.7 7.0 17.1 Yemen
23.8 6.5 0 27.1 2.9 8.1 Zambia
19.1 13.1 0 28.2 4.0 15.5 Zimbabwe
2016 2019 2020 2015 2016 2016 WHO region

35.5 10.0 0 27.4 2.8 10.6 African Region
13.4 19.2 0 17.6 14.4 28.6 Region of the Americas
57.3 3.8 0 25.1 3.0 4.7 South-East Asia Region
17.6 2.9 0 23.2 8.6 23.3 European Region
54.0 5.3 140 26.3 8.2 20.8 Eastern Mediterranean Region
42.9 1.6 0 19.2 9.8 6.4 Western Pacific Region
39.6 6.2 140 22.1 6.8 13.1 Global

a
World population prospects: 2019 revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2019 (https://
population.un.org/wpp/, accessed 1 May 2021). For Member States with a total population less than 90 000, the male, female values are not shown but are
included in the regional and global sums. Male and female may not sum to both sexes due to rounding.
b
Global health estimates 2019: Life expectancy, 2000–2019. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/
mortality-and-global-health-estimates/, accessed 1 May 2021).
c
WHO Member States with a population of less than 90 000 in 2019 were not included in the analysis.
d
Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal-mortality-2000-2017/en/, accessed 1 May 2021). WHO
Member States with populations less than 100 000 in 2019 were not included in the analysis.
e
Joint WHO/UNICEF Interagency database 2021 of skilled health personnel, based on population-based national household survey data and routine health
systems. (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/, accessed 1 May 2021).
f
Levels and trends in child mortality. Report 2020. Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. United Nations
Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, World Bank Group and United Nations Population Division. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2020
(https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2020, accessed 1 May 2021).
g
AIDSinfo [online database]. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/, accessed 1 May 2021); and HIV/
AIDS [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/
indicator-details/GHO/new-hiv-infections-(per-1000-uninfected-population), accessed 1 May 2021).
h
Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336069/9789240013131-
eng.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
i
World malaria report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791, accessed 1 May 2021).
j
Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections. Geneva: World Health Oganization (https://www.who.int/hiv/
strategy2016-2021/progress-report-2019/en/, accessed 1 May 2021). This indicator is used here as a proxy for the SDG indicator.
k
Neglected tropical diseases [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/data/gho/
data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/neglected-tropical-diseases, accessed 1 May 2021).
l
Global health estimates 2019: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2019. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (https://www.
who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/, accessed 1 May 2021).
m
WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health
Organization (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/levels-of-consumption/, accessed 1 May 2021).
n
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2020). World Contraceptive Use 2020 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2020). (https://
www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2020.asp, accessed 1 May 2021). Global and regional aggregates
are from the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2020). Estimates and Projections of Family Planning
Indicators 2020.
o
Most recent updates provided by the Population Division, DESA to the SDG Indicators United Nations Global SDG Database (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/
indicators/database/, accessed 1 May 2021). Global and regional aggregates are from the World population prospects: the 2019 revision. New York: United
Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2019 (https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/SpecialAggregates/UNrelated/,
p
Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage: 2019 monitoring report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/
healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/fp_gmr_2019.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021). WHO Member States with a population of less than 90 000 in
2015 were not included in the analysis.
q
The median most recent year within the 2011–2018 period is 2014. Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage: 2019 monitoring report.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/fp_gmr_2019.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021).
Global and regional aggregates include country data not shown in the table.
r
Public health and environment [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/data/
gho/data/themes/public-health-and-environment/GHO/public-health-and-environment, accessed 1 May 2021).
s
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://www.who.int/
publications-detail/who-global-report-on-trends-in-prevalence-of-tobacco-use-2000-2025-third-edition, accessed 1 May 2021).
t
WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage estimates [online database]. July 2021
revision for HPV vaccine (last dose in the schedule): percentage of 15-year-old girls who received the recommended doses of HPV vaccine is not yet
available due to recent introduction and often targeting girls below 15 years of age. Currently performance of the programme in the previous calendar year
based on target age group is used as proxy for the SDG indicator. For HPV, global and regional aggregates include all countries. For more details see: Bruni
et al., 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106399, accessed 1 May 2021).
u
OECD.Stat [online database]. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (https://stats.oecd.org/, accessed 1 May 2021).
v
Data collected with the WHO Essential Medicines and Health Products Price and Availability Monitoring Mobile Application (WHO EMP MedMon): (https://
www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/monitoring/empmedmon/en/, accessed 1 May 2021) and Health Action International Medicine Prices, Availability,
Affordability & Price Components Database (HAI/WHO): (https://haiweb.org/what-we-do/price-availability-affordability/price-availability-data/, accessed
1 May 2021).

w
WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.who.
int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/health-workforce, accessed 1 May 2021). Country comparisons are affected by differences in the
occupations included. Please refer to the source for country-specific definitions and other descriptive metadata. The global averages were calculated using
countries with values between 2013 and 2019.
x
International Health Regulations (2005) - States Parties Annual Self-Assessment Reports - Monitoring Framework [online database], Global Health
Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://extranet.who.int/e-spar/, accessed 1 May 2021). Responses received for SPAR 2020
annual report as of 16 April 2021. Regional and global averages include two IHR States Parties not shown in the table (Liechtenstein and Holy See). For full
list of IHR States Parties please see https://www.who.int/ihr/legal_issues/states_parties/en/.
y
Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Global values are median of country figures and
are not population weighted averages.
z
Global Health Expenditure Database. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://apps.who.int/nha/database, accessed 1 May 2021). The WHO regional
and global averages are unweighted. This indicator is presented here because it could constitute the health-related portion of the SDG Indicator 1.a.2.
aa
Levels and trends in child malnutrition. UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. New York, Geneva and Washington (DC): United
Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization and the World Bank Group; 2021.
ab
Prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (Global Health Observatory) [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (https://
www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-anaemia-in-women-of-reproductive-age-(-), accessed 1 May 2021).
ac
Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women
and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Geneva: WHO 2021 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/
item/9789240022256). Given the lack of consensus on the definition and standardized measurements of psychological intimate partner violence, the
current estimates only include physical and/or sexual partner violence. As majority of the available survey data on intimate partner violence are for women
aged 15–49, with sparse data for women aged 50 years and older, the estimates are presented for the 15–49 age group.
ad
Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene – 2017 update and SDG baselines. Geneva and New York: World Health Organization and United Nations
Children’s Fund; 2017 (https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2018-01/JMP-2017-report-final.pdf, accessed 1 May 2021); and
Water and sanitation [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/
themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-exposure, accessed 1 May 2021). Comparable estimates are only shown for countries with
recent primary data.
ae
Official development assistance for the water sector (water supply and sanitation, agricultural water resources, and hydro-electric power plants), OECD-
CRS, 2019 (https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=crs1, accessed 1 May 2021). Includes CRS purpose codes for water supply and sanitation (CRS
14000), agricultural water resources (CRS 31140), and hydro-electric power plants (CRS 23220).
af
Public health and environment [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/data/
gho/data/themes/public-health-and-environment/GHO/public-health-and-environment, accessed 1 May 2021).
ag
Data from World Health Organization, Polio Eradication Initiative, as of 17 February 2020. (Updated information can be found at: https://polioeradication.
org/, accessed 1 May 2021).
ah
Risk factors in noncommunicable diseases [online database], Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://www.
who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/noncommunicable-diseases---risk-factors, accessed 1 May 2021).
ai
Non-standard definition. For more details see the Joint UNICEF/WHO database of skilled health personnel (footnote e).
aj
Proportion of institutional births (%) used as proxy for the SDG indicator.
ak
The most recent national official estimates of neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates in India are from the India Sample Registration System with a
rate of 23, 32 and 36 deaths per 1000 live births, respectively, in the year 2018.
al
The most recent national official estimates of neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates in Zambia are from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health
Survey (2018 ZDHS) with a rate of 27, 42 and 61 deaths per 1000 live births, respectively, in the 5-year period before the survey.
am
Data pertain to a non-standard age or marital status group. For more details, see the World Contraceptive Use 2020 (footnote n).
an
Estimate refers to smoking only, but expected to be similar to all tobacco use.
ao
Oedema data was not considered in the analysis.
ap
Height/length modality (standing/lying) was not collected.
aq
Estimate based on reported official coverage.
ar
Proxy estimate based on reported data for both sexes together.
as
Estimate extrapolated from previous years.
at
Data for capital city only.
au
Reduced age range/interval 36–59 months; unadjusted.
av
aw
Height/length modality (standing/lying) was not collected excluding Haute Kotto.
ax
Estimate based on reported coverage from the national vaccination registry.
ay
Reflects population vaccinated before the implementation of the human papillomavirus programme (pilot/demo projects).
az
Subnational introduction.

ba
National Surveillance System; Kuwaiti citizens.
bb
Reduced age range: age 0–5 months not covered; unadjusted.
bc
Proxy estimate based on reported coverage by age 14 (registry).
bd
Omani citizens.
be
Excludes Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan regions.
bf
bg
Excludes Transnistria.
bh
Health centres (80% coverage); 0–60 months.
bi
Proxy estimate based on reported coverage by age 13 (registry).
bj
Estimate based on survey data. Females 16 years of age at time of the survey.
bk
Coverage over 100% truncated to 99%. May indicate problems with the accuracy of data.
bl
Oedema data was considered in the analysis.
bm
Survey data (subnational) indicate 80% coverage.
bn
For high-income countries with no information on clean fuel use, usage is assumed to be 100%.

ANNEX 3
WHO regional groupings
WHO African Region: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe,
Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania,
Zambia, Zimbabwe.
WHO Region of the Americas: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational
State of), Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of
America, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).
WHO South-East Asia Region: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia,
Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste.
WHO European Region: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco,
Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian
Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uzbekistan.
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic,
Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
WHO Western Pacific Region: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati,
Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Mongolia, Nauru,
New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon
Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam.

ANNEX 4
Availability of disaggregated data for GPW 13 outcome indicators
Disaggregated data for GPW 13 impact measurement – including outcome indicators as well as indicators used
to monitor HALE and the Triple Billion targets – were compiled from a range of data sources. These included:
• Data from publicly available datasets based on demographic and health surveys (DHS), multiple indicator
cluster surveys (MICS) and reproductive health surveys (RHS). The disaggregated data are published in the
Health Equity Monitor database, with the re-analysis done by the International Center for Equity in Health in
the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil, a WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Equity Monitoring.
• WHO estimates from the Global Health Estimates (GHE) as well as estimates produced by WHO programmes
and published in the WHO Global Health Observatory.
• Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) estimates from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP).
• UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Malnutrition Estimates from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and
Malnutrition.
• Data source for U5MR and NMR is UN InterAgency group on Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME).
The availability of disaggregated data was assessed across five inequality dimensions: age, economic status,
education, place of residence and sex (Tables A4.1 and A4.2). The number of WHO Member States with
disaggregated data available was calculated by indicator and inequality dimension. Estimates from the latest
year available and survey data collected between 2010 and 2019 were used for the calculation.

Table A4.1. Number of WHO Member States with publicly available disaggregated data, by dimension of inequality and GPW 13 outcome indicators
SDG/WHA Indicator Data source Age Economic Education Place of Sex

(year)* status residence
SDG 2.2.1 Stunting prevalence in children aged <5 years (%) Surveys 84 86 71 85 86
SDG 2.2.2 Overweight prevalence in children aged <5 years (%) Surveys 84 86 71 85 86
SDG 2.2.2 Wasting prevalence in children aged <5 years (%) Surveys 84 86 71 85 86
SDG 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)
SDG 3.1.2 Births attended by skilled health personnel (in the two or Surveys 93 74 95
three years preceding the survey) (%)
SDG 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Surveys/ 76 64 76 194
estimates
(2019)**
SDG 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Surveys/ 76 64 76 194
estimates
(2019)
SDG 3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections (per 1000 uninfected Estimates 107
population) (2019)
SDG 3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence (per 100 000 population) Estimates 182 182
(2019)
SDG 3.3.3 Malaria incidence (per 1000 population at risk)
SDG 3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence (per 100 000 population)
SDG 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, Estimates 183
diabetes or chronic respiratory disease (%) (2019)
SDG 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate (per 100 000 population) Estimates 183 194
(2016/2019)***
SDG 3.5.1 Coverage of treatment interventions for substance-use
disorders (%)
SDG 3.5.2 Total alcohol per capita consumption in adults aged 15+ Estimates 188
(litres of pure alcohol) (2018)
SDG 3.6.1 Road traffic mortality rate (per 100 000 population)
SDG 3.7.1 Demand for family planning satisfied – use of modern Surveys 85 90 78 91
methods (%)
SDG 3.8.1 UHC service coverage index
SDG 3.8.2 Proportion of population with >10% household Surveys 96
expenditures on health (%)
SDG 3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air Estimates 183
pollution (per 100 000 population) (2016)
SDG 3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation Estimates 183
and lack of hygiene (per 100 000 population) (2016)
SDG 3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning (per 100 Estimates 183
000 population) (2016)
SDG 3.a.1 Prevalence of tobacco use among persons over 15 (%) Estimates 149
(2018)
SDG 3.b.1 DTP3 immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Surveys 87 69 89 90
SDG 3.b.1 Measles immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Surveys 88 69 89 90
SDG 3.b.1 Polio immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Surveys 88 69 89 90
SDG 3.d.2 Proportion of bloodstream infections due to antimicrobial
resistant organisms (%)
SDG 4.2.1 Proportion of children aged <5 years developmentally on
track (health, learning and psychosocial well-being) (%)
SDG 5.2.1 Proportion of women (15–49) subjected to violence by
current or former intimate partner (%)
SDG 5.6.1 Proportion of women (15–49) who make their own
decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and
reproductive health care (%)

Table A4.1. Number of WHO Member States with publicly available disaggregated data, by dimension of inequality and GPW 13 outcome indicators, continued
SDG/WHA Indicator Data source Age Economic Education Place of Sex

(year)* status residence
SDG 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking- Estimates 32
water services (%) (2017)
SDG 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation Estimates 39
services (%) (2017)
SDG 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean
fuels (%)
SDG 11.6.2 Annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter
(PM2.5) in urban areas (µg/m3)
SDG 16.2.1 Proportion of children (aged 1–17) experiencing physical or
psychological aggression (%)
WHA 66.10 Prevalence of raised blood pressure among persons aged Estimates 190
18+ years (age-standardized) (%) (2015)
WHA 66.10 Prevalence of obesity among adults (%) Estimates 190
(2016)
WHA 66.10 Prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents Estimates 190
(5–19) (%) (2016)
WHA 68.3 Number of cases of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus
(WPV)
Proportion of health facilities with essential medicines
available and affordable on a sustainable basis (%)
Vaccine coverage for epidemic-prone diseases
* For indicators with data from surveys, a country is counted if data are available for at least one survey year between 2010–2019.
** Data disaggregated by sex for under-five mortality rate is based on estimates.
*** Latest data available when producing the table.
Source: HEAT Plus Data Repository, Health Equity Monitor (https://www.who.int/data/gho/health-equity/assessment_toolkit/heat-plus-data-repository, accessed 30 April 2021).

Table A4.2. Number of WHO Member States with publicly available disaggregated data, by dimension of inequality and indicators used to monitor HALE
and the Triple Billion targets
Triple Billion SDG/WHA Indicator Data Age Economic Education Place of Sex
target source status residence
(year)*
HALE Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years) Estimates 183
(2019)
Universal SDG 3.8.1 UHC service coverage index
health
coverage Antenatal care coverage – at least four visits (in the two or Surveys 94 74 95
three years preceding the survey) (%)
Children aged <5 years with pneumonia symptoms taken to Surveys 62 55 82 89
a health facility (%)
SDG 3.b.1 DTP3 immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Surveys 87 69 89 90
Mean fasting plasma glucose for adults 25+ years (age- Estimates 191
standardized) (%) (2014)
Percentage of population who slept under an insecticide- Surveys 30 30 30 30
treated net (%)
WHA 66.10 Prevalence of raised blood pressure among persons aged Estimates 190
18+ years (age-standardized) (%) (2015)
Proportion of people living with HIV currently receiving Estimates 42 117
antiretroviral therapy (%) (2019)
Proportion of population using at least basic sanitation Estimates 165
services (%) (2017)
Proportion of tuberculosis cases that are treated (%)
SDG 3.7.1 Demand for family planning satisfied – use of modern Surveys 85 90 78 91
methods (%)
SDG 3.8.2 Proportion of population with >10% household Surveys 96
expenditures on health (%)
Healthier SDG 11.6.2 Annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter
populations (PM2.5) in urban areas (µg/m3)
SDG 3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air Estimates 183
pollution (per 100 000 population) (2016)
SDG 2.2.2 Overweight prevalence in children aged <5 years (%) Surveys 84 86 71 85 86
WHA 66.10 Prevalence of obesity among adults (%) Estimates 190

(2016)
WHA 66.10 Prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents Estimates 190
(5–19) (%) (2016)
SDG 3.a.1 Prevalence of tobacco use among persons over 15 years Estimates 149
(%) (2018)
SDG 16.2.1 Proportion of children (aged 1–17 years) experiencing
physical or psychological aggression (%)
SDG 4.2.1 Proportion of children <5 years developmentally on track
(health, learning and psychosocial well-being) (%)
SDG 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking- Estimates 32
water services (%) (2017)
SDG 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation Estimates 39
services (%) (2017)
SDG 5.2.1 Proportion of women (15–49) subjected to violence by
current or former intimate partner (%)
SDG 3.6.1 Road traffic mortality rate (per 100 000 population)
SDG 2.2.1 Stunting prevalence in children aged <5 years (%) Surveys 84 86 71 85 86
SDG 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate (per 100 000 population) Estimates 183 183
(2016)
SDG 3.5.2 Total alcohol per capita consumption in adults aged 15+ Estimates 188
(litres of pure alcohol) (2018)
SDG 2.2.2 Wasting prevalence in children aged <5 years (%) Surveys 84 86 71 85 86
Health SDG 3.b.1 Measles immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Surveys 88 69 89 90
emergencies
protection SDG 3.b.1 Polio immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Surveys 88 69 89 90
* For indicators with data from surveys, a country is counted if data are available for at least one survey year between 2010–2019.
Note: Not all indicators used to monitor the Triple Billion targets are GPW 13 outcome indicators.
Source: HEAT Plus Data Repository, Health Equity Monitor (https://www.who.int/data/gho/health-equity/assessment_toolkit/heat-plus-data-repository, accessed 30 April 2021).

2021 - 2021 - No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における 健康関連指標に関する共分散構造分析Title

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2021 - 2021 - No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における 健康関連指標に関する共分散構造分析Title

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2021 - 2021 - No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における 健康関連指標に関する共分散構造分析Title

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ISBN 978-92-4-002705-3 (electronic version)

© World Health Organization 2021

Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris.

Abbreviations and acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Key messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

1. The impact of COVID-19 on population health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Healthy life expectancy and burden of disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4. Universal health coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5. Accelerating progress towards health-related SDGs and Triple Billion targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Annex 1. Regional highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Annex 2. Country, WHO region and global statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Annex 3. List of countries by WHO regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Annex 4. Availability of disaggregated data for GPW 13 outcome indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs iii

iv WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

AAR After Action Review

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs v

vi WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs vii

viii WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs ix

x WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

Emerging only at the end of 2019 and declared by WHO

COVID-19 cases and deaths

As of 1 May 2021, more than 153 million confirmed

Americas 62248 Americas 6114

Europe 51891 Europe 5562

South-East Asia 23061 Eastern Mediterranean 1221

Eastern Mediterranean 8862 South-East Asia 1141

Africa 3281 Africa 293

Western Pacific 2462 Western Pacific 127

0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 0 1k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k

Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases

c) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases

Source: WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) surveillance dashboard (6).

2 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

Americas 1520 Americas 149

Europe 1084 Europe 116

South-East Asia 284 Eastern Mediterranean 25

Eastern Mediterranean 181 South-East Asia 14

Western Pacific 37 Western Pacific 2

Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths

c) Cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths

Source: WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) surveillance dashboard (1).

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 3

Female (51.3%) Male (48.7%)

Source: WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) surveillance dashboard (6).

Excess deaths Only a subset of countries has the mortality surveillance

4 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

COVID-19 cases (probable and confirmed)

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 5

250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250

Female (42.4%) Male (57.6%)

Source: WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) surveillance dashboard (6).

COVID-19 deaths (probable and confirmed)

6 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS 2021

Cause 2019 2020

populations including health care workers and those

Note: WB = World Bank.

2021 - 2021 - No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における健康関連指標に関する共分散構造分析Title

2021 - 2021 - No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における健康関連指標に関する共分散構造分析Title

2021 - 2021 - No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における健康関連指標に関する共分散構造分析Title