Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine

cycle and has a net power output of 45 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7
MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa by
running cooling water from a lake through the tubes of the condenser at a
rate of 2000 kg/s. Take Ts=700 °C.

Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and
determine

(a) the energy efficiency of the cycle,

(b) the exergy efficiency of the cycle,
(c) the mass flow rate of the steam,
(d) the temperature rise of the cooling water
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a pump)
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition (in a boiler)
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection (in a condenser)
Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with
respect to saturation lines

1-2 compression in the pump

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚2 ℎ2
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )

𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚2 𝑠2
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 ⇒ 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷

𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition in the boiler 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection in the condenser

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1 and 𝑚𝑐𝑤,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 ℎ2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 ℎ3 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 ℎ4 = 𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 and
ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 𝑚𝑐𝑤,𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛,𝑐𝑤 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 3411.4 − 198.87 = 3212.5kJ/kg ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2153.6 − 191.81 = 1961.8𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1250.7 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑠2 + + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑠3 𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚1 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑏
𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3 𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ 𝑒𝑥𝐷
3-4 Isentropic expansion in the turbine

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 ℎ3 = 𝑚4 ℎ4 + 𝑊𝑇
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇

𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚4 𝑠4
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷

𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 −𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 −𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = 𝑄
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑥 𝑖𝑛
The gas-turbine portion of a combined gas-steam power plant has a pressure ratio of 16. Air enters the
compressor at 300 K at a rate of 14 kg/s and is heated to 1500 K in the combustion chamber. The
combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the steam to 400 ºC at 10 MPa in a heat
exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat exchanger at 420 K. The steam leaving the turbine is
condensed at 15 kPa. Assume all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic. (𝑇0 =
293 𝐾, 𝑇b = 300 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠 = 2200 𝐾) . For air, assume constant specific heats at room temperature
(cp=1.005 kJ/kg·K and k=1.4).

ℎ𝑓 = 225.94 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑣𝑓 = 0.001014 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

ℎ@ 𝑃=10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇=400°𝐶 = 3097.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑠@ 𝑃=10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇=400°𝐶 = 6.2141 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾
𝑠𝑓 = 0.7549 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 7.2522 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾

@ 𝑃=15 kPa

ℎ𝑓 = 225.94 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2372.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

@ 𝑃=15 kPa

a) Draw the cycle T-s diagram.

b) Write all mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance equations for each device.
c) Determine the mass flow rate of the steam,
d) Determine the net power output,
e) Find the entropy generation in the combustion chamber
f) Find the energy and exergy efficiencies of the combined cycle.
Bir birleşik gaz-buhar santralinde gaz türbininin basınç oranı 16 olup, hava kompresöre
300 K sıcaklıkta, 14 kg/s debiyle girmektedir. Yanma odasından 1500 K sıcaklıkta çıkan
gazlar, türbinde genişledikten sonra atık ısı kazanına girmekte ve buradan 420 K
sıcaklıkta çıkmaktadır. Yanma sonu gazlarının verdiği ısı ile atık ısı kazanında 10 MPa
basınç ve 400 °C sıcaklıkta buhar üretilmektedir. Üretilen buhar bir türbinde 15 kPa
basınca kadar genişlemektedir. Tüm sıkıştırma ve genişlemelerin izantropik olduğunu
kabul ediniz. (𝑇0 = 293 𝐾, 𝑇sınır = 300 𝐾 𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑘𝑎𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑘 = 2200 𝐾) . Hava için oda
sıcaklığında sabit özgül ısılar kabul ediniz (cp=1,005 kJ/kg·K ve k=1,4).

ℎ𝑓 = 225,94 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑣𝑓 = 0,001014 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℎ@ 𝑃=10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑣𝑒 𝑇=400°𝐶 = 3097,0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠@ 𝑃=10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑣𝑒 𝑇=400°𝐶 = 6,2141 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾
𝑠𝑓 = 0,7549 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 7,2522 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾
@ 𝑃=15 kPa
ℎ𝑓 = 225,94 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2372,3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑃=15 kPa

a) Çevrime ait T-s diyagramını çiziniz.

b) Tüm kütle, enerji, entropi ve ekserji denge denklemlerini her bir bileşen için yazınız.
c) Buharın kütle debisini bulunuz.
d) Santralin net gücünü bulunuz.
e) Yanma odasındaki entropi üretimini bulunuz.
f) Birleşik gaz-buhar çevriminin enerji ve ekserji verimlerini hesaplayınız.
1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
in the pump in the heat exchanger

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = 𝑚𝑠
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 ℎ1 + 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 ℎ2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ3
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2 ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑄
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑠2 𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 𝑇𝑠

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷

𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

3-4 Isentropic expansion in the condenser
in the turbine
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 = 𝑚𝑠 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 ℎ4 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 ℎ3 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ4 + 𝑊𝑇 ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑠1 +
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑠4 𝑇𝑏
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
5-6 Isentropic Compression 6-7 Constant-pressure heat addition

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚5 = 𝑚6 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚6 = 𝑚7 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ5 + 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ6 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ6 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ7

ℎ5 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ6 ℎ6 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ7

𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠5 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 + + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝑠5 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠6 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠6 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥7 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

8-9 Constant-pressure heat rejection

7-8 Isentropic Expansion
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚8 = 𝑚9 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚7 = 𝑚8 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ8 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ9 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ7 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ8 + 𝑊𝑇 ℎ8 = ℎ9 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ7 = ℎ8 + 𝑤𝑇
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠8 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠9 +
𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠8 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠8 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠9 +
𝑠7 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠8 𝑇𝑏

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥7 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥8 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥8 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥9 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥7 = 𝑒𝑥8 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥8 = 𝑒𝑥9 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝑬𝒏𝑩𝑬 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓;

𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠6 + + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠

𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠6 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠7
𝑇𝑠

𝑇7 𝑃7 1500
𝑠7 − 𝑠6 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣 − 𝑅 𝑙𝑛 = 1.005 × − 0 = 2.276 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑇6 𝑃6 662.5

14𝑘𝑔 2.276 𝑘𝐽 11,784𝑘𝑊

𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = × − = 26.508 𝑘𝑊/𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝐾 2200𝐾

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚

𝑇0 293
𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 11784 𝑘𝑊 = 10214 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑏 2200

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝐺𝑇 +𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑆𝑇 6448 𝑘𝑊+1371 𝑘𝑊

𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = = 76.55%
𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 10214 𝑘𝑊
Exergy Destruction in Condenser

18
1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 and 4-5 Constant-pressure heat addition
in the pump in the boiler

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 ℎ2 + 𝑚4 ℎ4 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 ℎ3 +𝑚5 ℎ5

ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2 ℎ2 + ℎ4 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 + ℎ5
𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑣(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑠2 + 𝑚4 𝑠4 + + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑠3 +𝑚5 𝑠5
𝑇𝑠

𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚2 𝑠2 𝑞𝑖𝑛

𝑠2 + 𝑠4 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3 + 𝑠5
𝑇𝑠
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑚5 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

Isentropic efficiency
ℎ2𝑠 −ℎ1
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
ℎ2𝑎 −ℎ1
3-4 and 5-6 Isentropic expansion 6-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
in the turbine in the condenser

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 = 𝑚5 = 𝑚6 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚6 = 𝑚1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 ℎ3 + 𝑚5 ℎ5 = 𝑚4 ℎ4 + 𝑚6 ℎ6 + 𝑊𝑇 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚6 ℎ6 = 𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ3 + ℎ5 = ℎ4 + ℎ6 + 𝑤𝑇 ℎ6 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑠3 + 𝑚5 𝑠5 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚4 𝑠4 + 𝑚6 𝑠6 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚6 𝑠6 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚1 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏
𝑠3 + 𝑠5 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 + 𝑠6
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑚5 𝑒𝑥5 = 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑚6 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝑠6 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏

𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥5 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑒𝑥6 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚6 𝑒𝑥6 = 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥6 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

Isentropic efficiency for turbine

ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑎 ℎ5 − ℎ6𝑎
𝜂 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = =
ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠 ℎ5 − ℎ6𝑠
25
An ideal cogeneration steam plant is to generate power and 8600 kJ/s of process heat.
Steam enters the turbine from the boiler at 7 MPa and 500°C. One-fourth of the steam is
extracted from the turbine at 600-kPa pressure for process heating. The remainder of
the steam continues to expand and exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa.

The steam extracted for the process

heater is condensed in the heater and
mixed with the feedwater at 600 kPa.
The mixture is pumped to the boiler
pressure of 7 MPa. Show the cycle on a
T-s diagram with respect to saturation
lines, and determine (a) the mass flow
rate of steam that must be supplied by
the boiler, (b) the net power produced by
the plant, and (c) the utilization factor.

30
A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Part of the steam extracted
from the turbine at a relatively high pressure is used for process heating. The mass flow
rate of steam that must be supplied by the boiler, the net power produced, and the
utilization factor of the plant are to be determined.

1 Steady operating conditions exist.

2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

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