Technological University

Maubin
Department of Civil Engineering

Structures I ( CE - 2013 )
for
Semester I

Sample Questions and Solutions

 1

1°
1. As in fig , σ x = +3MPa ,σ y = +1MPa ,τ xy = +2 MPa and θ = −22 ,
2
(a) Find σ x ' and τ x ' y '
(b) Find the principle stresses and show their sense on a properly oriented element .
(c) Find the maximum shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and slow the
result on a properly oriented element .

1MPa

2MPa

3Mpa

Solution;
σx + σy σx − σy
(a) σ x′ = ( )+( )cos 2θ + τ xy sin2θ
2 2
3 +1 3 −1 1 1
=( )+( )cos (−2 × 22 ) + 2sin( −2 × 22 )
2 2 2 2
= + 1.29 MPa
σx − σy
τ x ′y ′ = −( )sin 2θ + τ xy cos2θ
2
3 −1
= −( )sin (−45) + 2cos(−45)
2
= + 2.12 MPa
 2

(b) Principal Stresses , ( σ x ′ ) max = σ1 or σ 2

min
σx + σy σx − σy 2
σ1 or σ 2 = ( )± ( ) + τ 2xy
2 2
3 +1 3 −1 2
=( )± ( ) + 22
2 2
= 2 ± 2.24 MPa
σ1 = + 4.24 MPa (tension )
σ2 = - 0.24 MPa ( compression )

τ xy 2
tan 2θ1 = = =2
(σ x − σ y ) (3 − 1)
2 2
2θ1 = 63⋅ 26′ (or) 63⋅ 26′ + 180⋅ = 243⋅ 26′
θ′
1 = 31⋅ 43′ (and) θ ″ = 121⋅ 43′
1

X'

Y’ a
A a X' MP
MP 0.24
4.24
D
31'43/
x C x
B

a
MP
4.24

a
MP
0.24
 3
(c) max : shear stress , τ max , σ ′
σx − σy 2
τ max = ± ( ) + τ 2xy
2
3 −1 2
=± ( ) + 22
2
= ± 2.24 MPa

⎛ (σ x − σ y ) ⎞ (3 − 1)
⎜ 2 ⎟ 2 = -0.5
tan 2θ 2 =−⎜ ⎟= −
⎜ τ xy ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠
2θ 2 = 153⋅ 26′ (or) 153⋅ 26′ + 180⋅
θ ′
2 = 76⋅ 43′ (and) θ ″ = 166⋅ 43′
2

x/
2MP
2 .2 4 a
Y/ MPa
76'43/
2MPa
x 2.24
MPa

2MP
a

x/ 2MP
a

2.24MPa

σx − σy
τ x ′y ′ = −( )sin 2θ + τ xy cos2θ
2
θ ′2 = 76⋅ 43′
3 −1
τ x ′y ′ = −( )sin 153⋅ 26′ + 2cos153⋅ 26′
2
= − 2.24 MPa
σx + σy 3 +1
σ′ = =( ) = +2 MPa
2 2
 4
2. Given the state of stress shown in figure , transform it (a) into the principle stresses and
(b) into the maximum shear stresses and the associated normal stresses . Show the results for
both cases on properly oriented elements.

4MPa

4MPa

2Mpa

Solution

σ x +σ y −2+4
Centre of circle = ( ,0) = ( ,0) = (1,0)
2 2
Origin of planes from data on the right face of element A( σ x ,τ xy ) = ( −2, −4)

Radius of circle = (
σx − σy
) 2 + τ 2xy
τ
2

−2−4 2
= ( ) + (−4)2 = 5MPa F(1,5)
2

1 MP
a E D
O
C B
σ
τmax =5MPa (-4,0) 26'34/ (6,0)

1MP
a

a A
4MP
(-2,-4) G (1,-5)

a
6MP

After drawing the circle ,

σ1 = +6MPa,σ 2 = −4MPa
angle θ1 = 26° 34 /
τ max = 5MPa and σ = 1MPa
 5

3. Using Molr’s circle , transform the stresses shown in figure into stresses acting on the
1°
plane of angle of 22 with the vertical axis .
2
1MPa

3MPa

3Mpa

Solution

σ x = 3MPa, σ y = 1MPa, τ xy = 3MPa

σx + σy 3 +1
Centre at ( a ,0 ) = ( ,0) = ( ,0) = (2,0)
2 2

σx − σy 3−2 2
Radius = ( ) 2 + τ 2xy = ( ) + 32 = 10 = 3.16
2 2

Origin of plane A = ( σx , τxy) = (3,3)

τ A (3,3)

X/

α/
221/2‘
β α
O C D σ
(2,0) γ
1.41

J
M

(4.83,-1.41)
Pa

a
. 83MP
4
 6

AD 3
tanβ = = =3
CD 1
β = 71.57 °

1°
α / = β − 22 = 49.07 °
2
1°
γ = α − 22 (α = α / )
2

1°
= 49.07 − 22
2
= 26.57°
σ j = 2 + Rcos( − 26.27 ° )

= 4.83MPa
τ j = Rsin( − 26.57 ° )

= − 1.41MPa

These results are shown on properly oriented element in figure . Since τ j is negative , the
shear stresses are shown acting counterclockwise .
 7
4. A simple beam supports a uniformly distributed downward load ω. The flexural rigidity
EI is constant . Find the elastic curve by the following two methods.
(a) Use the 2nd order differential equation to obtain the deflection of the beam.
(b) Use the 4th order differential equation to obtain the deflection of the beam.

V,Y − ω lb/in

X
L
V(0)=0 V(L)=0
M(0)=0 M(L)=0

Solution

Moment at x from origin ,

ωL x
M= ⋅ x − ωx ⋅
2 2
ωLx ωx 2
M= −
2 2

(a) Using the 2nd order differential equation ,

d 2ϑ ωLx ωx 2
M(x) = EI = −
dx 2 2 2
d ϑ ωL x 2 ω x 3
EI = × − × + C1
dx 2 2 2 3
ωL x 3 ωx 4
EI ϑ (x) = × − + C1 x + C 2
4 3 6× 4
ωLx 3 ωx 4
EI ϑ (x) = − + C 1 x + C 2 _____(1)
12 24
At x = 0 ⇒ EI ϑ (0) = 0 = C 2
ωL4 ωL4
At x = L ⇒ EI ϑ (L) = 0 = − + C1L
12 24
ωL4
0= + C1L
24
- ωL4
C1 =
24L
- ωL3
C1 =
24
 8
Substituting the integration constants into equation (1)
ωLx 3 ωx 4 ωL3 x
EI ϑ = − −
12 24 24
ω
ϑ = (2Lx 3 - x 4 - L3 x)
24EI
-ω
ϑ = ( L3 x - 2Lx 3 + x 4 )
24EI
By virtue of symmetry ,
L
the maximum deflection occurs at x =
2 ω 3 L L3 L4
ϑmax = - (L × - 2L × + )
24EI 2 23 2 4
ω L4 L4 L4
=- ( - + )
24EL 2 4 24

ωL4 8 - 4 + 1
=- ( )
24EI 16
5ω L4
=-
384EI
5ω L4
= (downward)
(b) Using the 4th order differential equation , 384EI

d 4ϑ
q = EI = -ω
4
dx
d 3ϑ
EI = - ω x + C1
dx 3
d 2ϑ
- ω x2
M = EI = + C1x + C 2
dx 2 2
At x = 0
M (0) = 0 ⇒ 0 = C 2
- ω L2
At x = L, M (L) = 0 ⇒ 0 = + C1L
2
ωL
C1 =
2
 9

d2ϑ ω Lx ω x2
∴ M(x)= EI = -
2 2 2
dx
dϑ ω L x2 ω x3
EI = ⋅ - + C3
dx 2 2 2×3
ω Lx3 ω x4
EIϑ = - + C3x + C4
4 × 3 6× 4
ω Lx3 ω x4
EIϑ = - + C3x + C4 __________
_(2 )
12 24
At x= 0 ⇒ EIϑ = 0 = C4
ω L4 ω L4
At x= L ⇒ EIϑ = 0 = - + C3L
12 24
- ω L3
C3 =
24

Substituting the integration constants into equation (2) ,

ω Lx 3 ω x 4 ω L3 x
EI ϑ = - -
12 24 24
-ω
ϑ= (L3 x - 2Lx 3 + x 4 )
24EI
 10
5. A simple beam supports a concentrated downward force P at a distance ‘a’ from the
left support . The flexural rigidity EI is constant . Find the equation of the elastic curve by
successive integration . Then , compute the maximum deflection.

V,Y P

x
Pb Pa
a b
L L
L
V(0)=0 V(L)=0
M(0)=0 M(L)=0

Solution :

For segment AD ,
d 2ϑ M Pb
= = x
dx 2 EI L
dϑ Pb x 2
= + A1
dx 2 EIL 2
Pb x 3
ϑ= + A1 x + A 2
EIL 6
For segment DB,
d 2ϑ M Pa Pa
= = - x
2 EI EI EIL
dx
dϑ Pa Pa x 2
= x- + B1
dx EI EIL 2
Pa x 2 Pa x 3
ϑ= - + B1 x + B 2
EI 2 EIL 6
For segment AD : ϑ (0) = 0 = A 2 ________(1 )
PaL2
For segment DB : ϑ (L) = 0 = + B1L + B 2 __(2)
3EI
Equating deflection s for both segments at x = a
Pa 3 b Pa 3 Pa 4
ϑ D = ϑ (a) = + A 1a = - + B1a + B 2 ____(3)
6EIL 2EI 6EIL
Equating slopes for both segments at x = a
Pa 2 b Pa 2 Pa 3
θ D = θ (a) = + A1 = - + B1 _____(4)
2EIL EI 2EIL
 11

Upon solving the fours equations

- Pb 2 2 - Pa
A1 = (L - b ) , B1 = (2L2 + a 2 )
6EIL 6EIL
Pa 3
A2 = 0 , B2 =
6EI
Equation of the elastic curve for segment AD →
Pbx 3
ϑ= + A1 x + A 2
6EIL
Pbx 3 Pbx 2 2
= - (L - b )
6EIL 6EIL
- Pbx 2 2
= (L - b − x 2 )
6EIL
- Pa 2 b 2
Deflection at applied force P ⇒ ϑ D = ϑ (a) =
3EIL

The largest deflection occurs in the larger segment . If a > b , the point of max: deflection
is at x .

At ϑmax: , θ = 0
Pbx 2 Pb
0= - (L2 − b 2 )
2EIL 6EIL
Pb
0= - (3x 2 − L2 + b 2 )
6L
0 = Pb ( 3x 2 − L2 + b 2 )
a(a + 2b)
x=
3
a(a + 2b)
At x =
3
3
Pb(L2 − b 2 ) 2
ϑ max =
9 3EIL
 12
6. Using the second order differential equation, determine the equation of the elastic curve
of a cantilever beam loaded as shown in Figure . Then , find the deflection and the slope of
the elastic curve at free end of the beam . The flexural rigidity is constant . If P= 20 KN ,
L = 2m , I = 10 x106 mm4 and E = 210 GPa , compute the numerical value of the deflection (mm)
and the slope (radian ) .
P

A B

Solution

θ (0) = 0 v (L) = 0
ϑ (0) = 0 N(L) = 0
Bending moment at any section distance x from the origin ⇒ M = Px - PL
2 nd order differenti al equation ,
d 2ϑ
EI = M(x) = Px - PL
dx 2
dϑ Px 2
EI = EI θ (x) = - PLx - C 1 _______( 1)
dx 2
Px 3 PLx 2
EI ϑ (x) = - + C 1 x + C 2 ________(2 )
6 2
θ (0) = 0 ⇒ from eq n : (1) → C 1 = 0
ϑ ( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ from eq n : (2) → C 2 = 0
∴ eq n : (1) and eqn : (2) become ⇒
⎡ Px 2
1 ⎤
θ (x) = ⎢ - PLx ⎥
⎢⎣ 2EI ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ Px 3 PLx 2 ⎤
ϑ (x) = ⎢ - ⎥
EI ⎢⎣ 6 2 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ PL 2 ⎤ PL 2
when x = L ⇒ θ B = ⎢ - PL 2 ⎥ = - (clockwise )
EI ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 2EI

1 ⎡ PL3 PL3 ⎤ PL3

ϑB = ⎢ - ⎥=- (downward )
EI ⎣⎢ 6 2 ⎥⎦ 3EI

If P = 20KN , L = 2m , I = 10 × 10 6 mm 4 , E = 210 GPa

- PL 2 20 × 10 3 × 2 2 × (10 3 ) 2
θB = =-
2EI 2 × 210 × 10 3 × 10 × 10 6
= 0.02 radian ( clockwise )
PL3 - 20 × 10 3 × 2 3 × (10 3 ) 3
ϑB = - =
3EI 3 × 210 × 10 3 × 10 × 10 6
= - 25.4 mm (downward)
 13

7. Compute the vertical deflection at point C of the beam as shown in the following
figure and change in slope of the cross section at A and B (i.e θ A and θ B ) . E and I are
constant .

A B
C
L/2 L/2

Solution

A B
C
L/2 L/2
P/2 P/2
x x
P Load system

1 kip

A B
C
1/2 1/2
L/2 L/2
x x
Q Load system
 14
L ds
∑ Q ×δ = ∫ MQMP
0 EI
C dx C dx
(1 kip) (δ c ↓ ) = ∫ M Q M P + ∫ MQMP
A EI B EI
L P 1
From A to C (0 < x < ) ⇒ MP = x , MQ = x
2 2 2
L P 1
From B to C (0 < x < ) ⇒ M P = x , M Q = x
2 2 2
L L
P 2
1 dx 2 P 1 dx
∴ (1k) (δ c ↓) = ∫ ( x) ( x) + ∫ ( x) ( x)
0 2 2 EI 0 2 2 EI
L L
⎡ Px 3 ⎤ 2 ⎡ Px 3 ⎤ 2
=⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣12EI ⎥⎦ 0 ⎢⎣12EI ⎥⎦ 0
PL3
P δc = (down)
48EI

A B A B
1 k-ft
θA C θB
P/2 L/2 L/2 P/2 1/L 1/L

x x x x
Q Load system
P Load system

∑M B =0
1 1
R AY × L - 1 = 0 , R AY = (↓) , R BY = (↑)
C
L L
dx
(1 k - ft) (θ A ↵) = ∫ M P M Q
A EI
P 1
From A to C ⇒ M P = x , MQ =1- x
2 L
P 1
From B to C ⇒ M P = x , M Q = x
2 L
L L
P 21 dx 2P 1 dx
∴ (1k - ft) (θ A ) = ∫ ( x) (1 - x) + ∫ x ( x)
0 2 L EI 0 2 L EI
L L
1 ⎡ Px 2 Px 3 ⎤ 2 1 ⎡ Px 3 ⎤ 2
= ⎢ - ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥
EI ⎣⎢ 4 6L ⎦⎥ EI ⎢⎣ 6L ⎦⎥
0 0
PL2
θA = (clockwise )
16EI
PL2
Similarly , θ B = ( counterclockwise)
16EI
( unit for θ → radian)
 15
8. Compute the vertical deflection of point ‘C’ of the beam as shown in the following
figure and change in slope of the cross section at A and B (i.e θ A and θ B ). E and I are con-
stant .

ω (k/ft)

A B
L/2 C L/2

ω (k/ft)

B
C
ωL/2 L/2 L/2 ωL/2

x x
P Load system

1 k

A B
C
1/2 1/2
x Q Load system x

C dx C dx
(1k) (δ c ↓) = ∫ M P M Q + ∫ MPMQ
A EI B EI
ωL ω x2 1
from A to C ⇒ M P = x- , MQ = x
2 2 2
ωL ω x2 1
from B to C ⇒ M P = x- , MQ = x
2 2 2
L L
ω L ω x 2 1 dx
2 2 ωL ωx 2 1 dx
∴ (1k) (δ c ↓) = ∫ ( x- ) ( x) + ∫ ( x- )( x)
0 2 2 2 EI 0 2 2 2 EI
L L
⎡ ω Lx 3 ω x 4 ⎤ 2 ⎡ ω Lx 3 ωx 4 ⎤ 2
=⎢ - ⎥ +⎢ - ⎥
⎢⎣ 6 16 ⎥⎦
0 ⎢
⎣ 6 16 ⎥⎦ 0
5ω L4
= (down)
384EI

ω (k/ft)
1 k-ft A C B
B
θA C θB
ωL/2 L/2 L/2 ωL/2
1/L
1/L
x x
P Load system Q Load system
 16

C C
dx dx
(1 k - ft) (θ A ↵) = ∫ M P M Q + ∫ MPMQ
A
EI B EI
ω L ω x2 1
from A to C ⇒ M P = x- , MQ = 1 − x
2 2 L
2
ω L ωx 1
from B to C ⇒ M P = x- , MQ = x
2 2 L
L L
2
ω L ω x2 1 dx 2 ωL ωx 2 1 dx
(1 k - ft) (θ A ) = ∫ ( x- ) (1 - x) + ∫ ( x- ) ( x)
0
2 2 L EI 0
2 2 L EI
ωL3
θA = ( clockwise )
24EI
ωL3
θB = (countercl ockwise)
24EI
 17
9. Compute the vertical deflection of point ‘B’ of the beam as shown in the following
figure and change in slope of the cross swection at B . E and I are constant .

A B
L

Solution P

A B
δA=0
δB
L
x
P Load system
1k

A
A B
Q Load system x
A dx
(1k - ft) (δ B ↓) = ∫ M P MQ
B EI
from B to A ⇒ M P = - Px , MQ = -1x
L dx
∴ (1 k ) (δ B ↓) = ∫ (-Px)(-1x)
0 EI
PL3
δB = (down) P
3EI
A B
θA=0
δB
L θB
x
P Load system

1k-ft
A B
θΑ =0 x
Q Loads System
A
dx
(1k - ft) (θ B ↵) = ∫ M P M Q
B
EI
from B to A ⇒ M P = - Px , M Q = -1
L
dx
∴ (1 k - ft ) (θ B ) = ∫ (-Px) (-1)
0
EI
PL2
θB = (clockwise)
2EI
 18

10. Compute the vertical deflection and change in slope of the across section at point B
as shown in the following figure E and I are constant .

ω (k/ft)

B
A L

Solution
ω (k/ft)

A B
δA =0 δΒ

L
x θΒ
P Load system
1k

B
Q Load system x

A dx
(1 kip ) (δ B ↓) = ∫ M P M Q
B EI
- ω x2
from B to A ⇒ M P = , M Q = - 1x
2
L - ω x2 dx
∴(1kip) (δ B ↓) = ∫ ( ) (-x)
0 2 EI
ωL4
ω (k/ft) δB = (down)
8EI
A B
δA =0 δΒ

L
x θΒ
A
P Load system dx
(1 k - ft) (θ B ↵) = ∫ M P M Q
B
EI
1 k-ft - ω x2
from B to A ⇒ M P = , MQ = -1
B 2
Q Load system x L
- ω x2 dx
∴(1k - ft) (θ B ) = ∫( ) (-1)
0
2 EI
3
ωL
θB = (clockwise)
6EI
 19
11. The beam AD is loaded as shown in the following figure .Compute the deflection and
change in slope at point D . Take E = 30 x 103 ksi and I = 1450 in4.

60 k 40 k

A B C D

15' 5' 10'

Solution

60 k 40 k

A B C D
δD

5k 105 k

15' 5' 10'

x P Load system x x

1k

A B C D

1/2 k 3/2 k

x x x
Q Loads system

B dx C dx B dx
(1 k) (δ D ↓) = ∫ M P M Q + ∫ MPMQ + ∫ MPMQ
A EI D EI C EI
1
from A to B ⇒ M P = - 5x , M Q = - x
2
from D to C ⇒ M P = - 40 (10 + x) , M Q = - 1 × x
from C to B ⇒ M P = - 40 (10 + x) + 105x
= - 400 - 40x + 105x
= - 400 + 65x
3
M P = - 1(10 + x) + x
2
= - 10 - x + 1.5x
= -10 + 0.5x
 20

15 dx 10 dx 5 dx
(1k) (δ D ↓) = ∫ 2.5x 2 + ∫ 40x 2 + ∫ (32.5x 2 − 850 + 4000)
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
⎡ 15 10
⎫⎪ ⎤⎥
5
1 ⎢⎧⎪ x 3 ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ x 3 ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ x 3 850x 2
= ⎢⎨2.5 ⎬ + ⎨40 ⎬ + ⎨32.5 − + 4000x ⎬ ⎥
EI ⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎪ 3 2 ⎪⎭ ⎥
⎢⎣⎩ ⎭0 ⎩ ⎭0 ⎩ 0⎦
1
= × 26875
EI
26875 × 1728 k 2 − in 3
=
(30 × 10 3 k ) (1450 in 4 )
in 2
δ D = 1.068 in (down)

To find θ D

1 k-ft
A B C D

1/20 1/20 k
x x x
Q Loads system

B dx C dx B dx
(1 k - ft) (θ D ↵) = ∫ M P M Q + ∫ MPMQ + ∫ MPMQ
A EI D EI C EI
1
from A to B ⇒ M P = - 5x , M Q = - x
20
from D to C ⇒ M P = - 40 x , M Q = - 1
1
from C to B ⇒ M P = - 400 + 65x , M Q = −1 + x
20

15
1 2 dx 10 dx 5 dx
(1k - ft) (θ D ) = ∫ x + ∫ 40x + ∫ (3.25x 2 − 85x + 400)
0
4 EI 0 EI 0 EI
⎡ 15
⎫⎪ ⎤
5

=
1 ⎢⎧⎪ x 3 ⎫⎪
{ }
2 10 ⎧
⎪
⎨0.25 ⎬ + 20x 0 + ⎨3.25 −
EI ⎢⎪⎩ 3 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩
x 3 85x 2
3 2
+ 400x⎬ ⎥
⎪⎭0 ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
1
= (3354.17)
EI
3354.17 ×144
θD =
(30 ×103 ×1450
θ D = 0.011 radian (clockwise)
 21
12. Compute (a) vertical deflection at mid point of member BC and (b) horizontal deflection
at joint D of the frame due to loads as shown .Consider the effect of deformation due to
both axial force and bending .Take E= 30 x 103 ksi , I = 200 in4 , A =100 in2.
1.2k/ft

1.5k
B Ι,A E C

5' 5'
8/

0.8 A
0.6 Ι
0.7 A
0.4 Ι

A D

Solution 1.2k/ft

1.5k
B Ι,A E C

1.5k A D

P Load System

4.8 k 7.2 k
 22

1k

B E C

A D

1/2k 1/2k
Q Load system

12k-ft

1.5k

1.5k 4.8 k 7.2 k

12k-ft x x
12k-ft
B C
1.5k

y y
A D
1.5k

4.8 k 7.2 k

1k
B B C
E

x x

B C

y y
A D
1/2 k 1/2 k
 23

(a) To find the vertical deflection at mid point of BC ⇒ δ E = ?

From A to B (0 < y < 8)
1
FP = -4.8 k , FQ = - k
2
M P = 1.5 y MQ = 0
From B to E (0 < x < 5)
FP = 0 , FQ = 0
1
M P = 12 + 4.8x - 0.6x 2 , M Q = x
2
From C to E (0 < x < 5)
FP = 0 , FQ = 0
1
M P = 7.2x - 0.6x 2 , MQ = x
2
From D to C (0 < y < 8)
1
FP = - 7.2 k , FQ = - k
2
MP = 0 , MQ = 0
FP FQ L ds
∑ Qδ = ∑ + ∫ MPMQ
AE EI
A-B D -C
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ (-4.8)(- )8 × 12 ⎥ ⎢ ( −7.2)( − )8 × 12 ⎥
L
∑ FP FQ =⎢ 2
⎥ + [0]B - E + [0]C - E + ⎢ 2
AE ⎢ 0.7 × 100 × 30 × 10 3 ⎥ 3⎥
⎢ 0.8 × 100 × 30 × 10 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
= 2.537 × 10 − 4 k - in

ds B E E C
∫ MP MQ = ∫ +∫ + ∫ + ∫
EJ A B C D
5 1 dx 5 1 dx
= 0 + ∫ (12 + 4.8x - 0.6x )( x) + ∫ (7.2x - 0.6x 2 )( x) + 0
2
0 2 EI 0 2 EI
231.25 231.25× 1728
= = = 666 × 10− 4 k - in
EI 3
30 × 10 × 200
∴ ∑ Qδ = (1k)(δ E ↓) = (2.537 × 10− 4 + 666 × 10− 4 )
δE = 0.07 in (down)
 24
(b) To find the horizontal deflection at joint D , FP and MP for all portions are same .To find
FQ and MQ .
8k-ft 8k-ft
B C
E C 1k 1k
B
x
1k 8k-ft y 8k-ft C 1k

y y
A D 1k 1k A D 1k
RAx =1k

From A to B (0 < x < 8)

FP = -4.8 k , FQ = 0
M P = 1.5 y M Q = 1y
From B to C (0 < x < 10)
FP = 0 , FQ = 1k
M P = 12 + 4.8x - 0.6x 2 , M Q = + 8
From D to C (0 < x < 8)
FP = - 7.2 k , FQ = 0
M P = 0 , M Q = 1y
FP FQ L ds
∑ Qδ = ∑ + ∫ MPMQ
AE EI
L
∑ FP FQ = [0]A - B + [0]B - C + [0]D - C = 0
AE
ds B dy C dx C dy
∫ MPMQ = ∫ MPMQ + ∫ MPMQ + ∫ MPMQ
EI A E(0.4I) B EI D E(0.6I)
8 dy 10 dx
= ∫ 1.5y 2 + ∫ (96 + 38.4x - 4.8x 2 )
0 (0.4EI) 0 EI
⎡ 8 ⎤
=
1 ⎢⎧⎪ 0.5y 3 ⎫⎪
⎨
EI ⎢⎪⎩ 0.4 ⎪⎭
{ 2
⎬ + 96x + 19.2x − 1.6x 0 ⎥
3 10 ⎥
}
⎣⎢ 0 ⎥⎦
1920
=
EI
1920
∴ ∑ Qδ = (1k)(δ D(H) ) =
EI
1920 × 1728
δ D(H) = = 0.553 in (to the right)
3
30 × 10 × 200
 25
13. Compute (1) horizontal component of deflection of joint ‘H’ due to loads as shown in
the following figure . E = 30 x 103 ksi (2) Horizontal component of deflection at joint ‘H’ due to
. 1
decrease in temperature of 40 F in the bottom chord only . α t = per • F.
150000

E (10) F (10) G (10) H

.5

12

.5

5
(5) (5) (5) 20'
12

12

.
.5

12
(10) B (10) C (10) D
A
Area (ft2)

100k
4@15'=60'
Solution
5
2.

+100

.5
62
-6

12
.5

37.5 37.5

50k 50k
100k
P Load system

+1 +1 1k
+1
3
.8

-0
+0

.8
3

1k +0.5 +0.5

2/3
2 /3
Q Load system

Bar L A L/A FP FQ FP FQ L/A t FQ tL

2 2 2 2 . .
Unit ft in ft/in kip kip k -ft/in F k F-ft
AB 15 10 1.5 37.5 0.5 28.13 -40 -300
BC 15 10 1.5 37.5 0.5 28.13 -40 -300
CD 15 10 1.5 0 0 0 -40 0
AE 25 12.5 2 -62.5 0.83 -104.17
CE 25 12.5 2 -62.5 -0.83 104.17
∑ + 56.26 -600
 26

1 L
(1) ∑ Qδ = ∑ FP FQ
E A
56.26
(1k)(δ H →) =
30 × 103
∴ δ H = 0.001875 ft (to the right )

(2) ∑ Qδ = α t ∑ FQ tL
1
(1k) (δ H → ) = (−600)
150000⋅ F
δ H = - 4 × 10- 3 ft (to the left )
 27

14. Find the shortest length L for a steel column with pinned ends having a cross-sectional
area of 60x100 mm , for which the elastic Euler formula appiles.
Let E = 200 GPa and assume the proportional limit to be 250 MPa.

Solution.

3
I min. = 100 × 60 = 1.8 × 10 6 mm 4
12
I min : 1.8 × 10 6
r = rmin = = = 3 × 10 mm
A 60 × 100
π 2E
σ cr =
(L ) 2
r
Solving for the L ratio at the propotional limit .
r
L 2 π 2 E π 2 × 200 × 10 3
( ) = = = 800π 2
r σ cr 250
L
= 88.9 and L = 88.9 × 3 × 10 = 1540 mm
r

15. A slender bar of constant EI is simultaneously subjected to end moments MO and axial
force P , as shown in fig .Determine the maximum deflection and the largest bending moment .

MO MO
P P

Solution

There is no transverse load.

d 4ϑ d 2ϑ
∴ + λ2=0
dx4 dx2
ϑ = C1sin λ x + C2cos λ x + C3x + C4

The boundary conditions are

ϑ (0) = 0 ϑ (L) = 0
M(0) = - M 0 M(L) = - M 0
 28

M = EIϑ ′′
ϑ (0) = + C2 + C4 =0
ϑ (L) = C1sin λ L + C 2 cos λ L + C 3 L + C 4 = 0
M(0) = − C2E I λ 2 = - M0
2 2
M(L) = -C1E I λ sin λ L - C 2 E I λ cos λL = - M0
C2 = - C4
M0 M0 M
C2 = = = 0
EIλ 2 P P
EI ×
EI
M
- C1EI λ 2 sin λ L = -M 0 + 0 EI λ 2 cos λ L
P
M
- C1Psin λ L = - M 0 + 0 Pcos λ L
P
M (1 − cos λL))
C1 = 0
P sin λ L
C1sin λ L + C 2 cos λ L + C 3 L + C 4 = 0
M0 M M
(1 − cos λL) + 0 cos λ L + C 3 L - 0 = 0
P P P
C3L = 0
C3 = 0
Therefore , the equation of the elastic curve is
M 1 − cos λL
ϑ= 0( sin λL + cos λL - 1)
P sin λL
L
The maximum deflection occurs at x =
2
M ⎡ λL λL λL ⎤
ϑ = 0 ⎢ tan × sin + cos − 1⎥
P ⎣ 2 2 2 ⎦
⎡ 2 λL ⎤
sin
M0 ⎢ 2 + cos λL ⎥
= ⎢ − 1⎥
P ⎢ λL 2 ⎥
cos
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ λL ⎤
1 - cos 2
M0 ⎢ 2 + cos λL ⎥
= ⎢ − 1⎥
P ⎢ λL 2 ⎥
cos
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ λL ⎤
⎢ cos 2 ⎥
M0 1 2 − cos λL
= ⎢ − − 1⎥
P ⎢ λL λL 2 ⎥
cos cos
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
M ⎡ λL ⎤
= 0 ⎢sec − 1⎥
P ⎣ 2 ⎦
L
The largest bending moment also occurs at x =
2
λL
M max : = - M 0 - Pϑ max = M 0 sec
2
 29

16. If at a point σ x = +8ksi , σ y = +2ksi and τ = + 4ksi , what are the principal stresses ? Show
their magnitude and sense on a properly oriented element .Determine the maximum (principal) shear
stresses and the associated normal stresses and show the results on a properly oriented element.

Solution:
+2 ksi

τ=4 ksi

+8 ksi

σ x = + 8 ksi
σ y = + 2 ksi
τ = + 4 ksi
The principal stresses , (σ x ′ ) max = σ1 or σ 2
σx + σy σx − σy
σ1 or σ 2 = ± ( ) 2 + τ 2xy
2 2
8+ 2 8−2 2
= ± ( ) + 42
2 2
= 5 ± 25
σ1 = + 10 ksi (tension )
σ2 = 0
τ xy 4
tan 2θ1 = =
(σ x − σ y ) (8 − 2)
2 2
2θ1 = 53⋅7 ′ or 180 + 53⋅7 ′ = 233⋅7 ′
θ1′ = 26 ⋅33′ θ1′′ = 116 ⋅33′

Y/

0
116' 33/
ksi
10
26' 33/
X X

0
ksi
10

si
10 k

0
 30

The maximum shear stress

σx - σy 2
τ max = ± ( ) + τ 2xy
2
8-2 2
=± ( ) + 42
2
= + 5 ksi
(σ x - σ y )
tan 2θ 2 = - 2
τ xy
(8 - 2)
tan 2θ 2 = - 2 = −0.75
4
2θ 2 = −36.87 or 143.18⋅
θ 2 = -18.436 or 71.565⋅
σx − σy
τ x ′y ′ = −( )sin2θ + τ xy cos2θ
2
8−2
θ ′2 = 71.565⋅ ⇒ τ x ′y ′ = −( )sin2 × 71.565⋅ + 4cos(2 × 71.565⋅ )
2
τ x ′y ′ = −5 ksi
σx + σy 8+2
σ′ = ( )= = 5 ksi
2 2

5 ksi
5 ksi
71.565' 5 ksi
5 ksi

x
5 ksi

5 ksi

5 ksi
 31

17. If at a point σ x = −30 ksi , σ y = +10 ksi and τ = -20 ksi , using the stress transformation
equation , (a) find the principal stresses and show their sense on properly oriented elements ; (b) find
the maximum (principal) shear stresses with the associated normal stersses and show the results on
properly oriented elements .

Solution 10 ksi

20 ksi

30 ksi

σ x = − 30 ksi
σ y = + 10 ksi
τ = - 20 ksi
(a) The principal stresses , σ max or σ min = σ1 or σ 2
σx + σy σx − σy
σ1 or σ 2 =( )± ( ) 2 + τ 2xy
2 2
− 30 + 10 − 30 − 10 2
= ( )± ( ) + ( −20) 2
2 2
= - 10 ± 800
σ1 = + 18.28 ksi (tension )
σ 2 = - 38.28 ksi (compressi on)
τ xy - 20
tan 2θ1 = = =1
(σ x − σ y ) ( −30 − 10)
2 2
2θ1 = 45 ⋅ or 45 + 180 = 225 ⋅
θ1′ = 22.5 ⋅ and θ1′′ = 112.5 ⋅

38.28ksi
ks i
18.28
112.5
°

'
22.5 x
x
i
8ks
18.2

ksi
38.28
0
 32

(b)The maximum shear stress and with the associated normal stress
σx - σy 2
τ max: = ± ( ) + τ 2 xy
2
- 30 - 10 2
= ± ( ) + (−20) 2
2
= ± 28.28 ksi
σx - σy

tan 2θ 2 = − 2
τ xy
(−30 - 10)
tan 2θ 2 = − 2 = −1
(−20)
2θ 2 = 135⋅ or 135⋅ + 180⋅
θ′2 = 67.5⋅ and θ′2′ = 157.5⋅

⎛ σx − σy ⎞
τ x ′y ′ = −⎜⎜ ⎟ sin2θ + τ xy cos2θ
⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
′
θ 2 = 67.5 ⇒
- ( −30 − 10)
τ x ′y ′ = sin(2 × 67.5) + ( −20)cos(2 × 67.5)
2
= 28.28 ksi
σ x + σ y − 30 + 10
σ′= = = −10 ksi
2 2

10 ksi
67.5' 10 ksi

10 ksi

28.2
8 ks
i

10 k
si
 33

18. If at a point σ x = 0 , σ y = +20 ksi and τ = + 10 ksi , using the stress transformation equa-
tion , (a) find the principal stresses and show their sense on properly oriented elements; (b) find the
maximum (pricipal) shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the results on
properly oriented elements . 20 ksi

Solution
10 ksi
σ x = 0 ksi
σ y = + 20 ksi
τ = + 10 ksi
(a) The principal stresses , σ max or σ min
σ + σY σ − σY 2 2
σ max or σ min = ( x )± ( x ) + τ xy
2 2
0 + 20 0 − 10 2
=( )± ( ) + (10)2
2 2
= 10 ± 200
σ1 = + 24.14 ksi (tension)
σ 2 = - 4.14 ksi (compression)
τ xy 10
tan 2θ1 = = = −1
(σ x − σ y ) (0 − 20)
2 2
2θ1 = 135⋅ or 135 + 180
θ1′ = 67.5⋅ and θ1′′ = 157.5⋅

24.14 ksi
67.5' 4.14 ksi

x ksi
24.14 k
si

4.14
ksi
 34

(b) The maximum shear stress and with the associated normal stress
σx − σy 2
τ max: = ± ( ) + τ 2xy
2
0 − 20 2
= ± ( ) + (10) 2
2
= ± 14.14 ksi
σx - σy

tan 2θ 2 = - 2
τ xy
(0 - 20)
−
tan 2θ 2 = 2 =1
(10)
2θ 2 = 45⋅ or 225⋅
θ′2 = 22.5⋅ and θ′2′ = 112.5⋅

σx − σy
τ x ′y ′ = − ( )sin2 θ + τ xy cos2 θ
2
0 − 20
θ ′2 = 22.5 ⋅ ⇒ τ x ′y ′ = − ( )sin45 ⋅ + 10cos45 •
2
τ x ′y ′ = 14.14 ksi
σx + σy 0 + 20
σ′ = ( )= = 10 ksi
2 2

Y’ si
10 k
ksi
10
14.14ksi
14.14ksi
x

si
10 k

14.14ksi

si
10 k
 35
19. Draw Mohr’s circles for the state of stress shown in the figure . (a) Determine the principal
stresses and show their sense on properly oriented isolated elements . (b) Find the maximum
(principal) shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the result on properly
oriented elements.
4 ksi
4 ksi

2 ksi

Solution (a) and (b)

σx + σ y 2+4
Centre of circle = ( ,0) = ( ,0) = (3,0)
2 2
Oringin of planes, A ( σ x , τ xy ) = (2,4)

σx + σy 2 2 2
⎛ 2− 4⎞ 2
Radius of circle = ( ) + τ xy = ⎜ ⎟ +4
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 4.12 ksi

7.12 ksi

τ
3 k si
i
4.14 ks
F(3,4.12)
A(2,4)

4.12 ksi
3 k si

E(4.12,0)
51'
O D
C(3,0) 39'
B(7.12,0) σ
4.12
θ1 = tan −1 = 39⋅
5.12
After drawing the circle ,
σ1 = 7.12 ksi
G(3,-4.12)
σ 2 = - 4.12 ksi
θ1 = 39⋅
τ max = 4.12 ksi
σ = 3 ksi
 36
20. For the following data , using Mohr’s circles of stress and trigonometry , (a) find the principal
stresses and show their sense on properly oriented isolated elements . (b) Find the maximum
(principal) shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the result on properly
oriented elements .
σ x = + 50 MPa , σ y = +30 Mpa and τ = + 20 MPa
Solution (a) and (b)

30MPa

20MPa

50Mpa

σx + σy 50 + 30
Centre of circle = ( ,0) = ( ,0) = (40,0)
2 2
Oringin of planes , A ( σ x , τ xy ) = (50,20 )
σx − σy 2
Radius of circle = ( ) + τ 2xy
2
50 − 30 2
= ( ) + 20 2
τ 17
.6 4M
Pa 2
= 22.36 MPa
a
6MP
6 2.3

22.3
6

40M F(40,22.36)
Pa

A(50,20)

O
E
(17.64,0)
31.7 C
(40,0) D
58.3 B
(62.36,0) σ
After drawing the circle ,
σ1 = 62.36 MPa
σ 2 = 17.64 MPa
θ1 = 58.3⋅
G(40,-22.36) τ max = ± 22.36 MPa
σ = 40 MPa
 37
21. For the following data , using Mohr’s circle of stress and trigonometry , (a) find the principal
stress and show their sense on properly oriented isolated elements .(b) Find the maximum
(principal) shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the result on properly
oriented elements .
σ x = −40 MPa , σ y = - 30 MPa and τ = + 25 MPa

Solution (a) and (b)

30MPa

25MPa

40MPa

σx + σy - 40 − 30
Centre of circle = ( ,0) = ( ,0) = (−35,0)
2 2
Oringin of planes , A ( σ x , τ xy ) = (-40,25 )
σx − σy 2
Radius of circle = ( ) + τ 2xy
2
− 40 + 30 2
= (
2
) + 25 2
τ
= 25.5 MPa
9.5MPa
60.5MPa
35MPa

a
After drawing the circle , 25.5MP
σ1 = - 9.5 MPa
σ 2 = - 60.5 MPa (-40,25) A F

θ1 = 39.4⋅ (-35,25.5)

τ max = ± 25.5 MPa

σ = - 35 MPa
E
(60.5,0)
50.6'
D C(-35,0)
39.4' O
B(-9.5,0) σ

G(-35,-25.5)
 38

22. If at a point σ x = - 40 MPa , σ y = + 10 MPa and τ = +20 MPa , using the stress transforma-
tion equation , (a) find the principal stresses and show their sense on properly oriented elements,
(b) find the maximum (principal) shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the
results on properly oriented elements .
Solution

10MPa

20MPa

40Mpa

(a)The principal stresses , σ1 or σ 2

σx + σy σx − σy 2
σ1 or σ 2 = ( )± ( ) + τ 2xy
2 2
− 40 + 10 − 40 − 10 2
= ( )± ( ) + (20) 2
2 2
= - 15 ± 1025
σ1 = 17 MPa (tension )
σ 2 = - 47 MPa (compression)
τ xy 20
tan 2θ1 = = = −0.8
(σ x − σ y ) (−40 − 10)
2 2
2θ1 = 141.34⋅ or 141.34 + 180
θ1′ = 70.67 ⋅ and θ1′′ = 175.67 ⋅

17MPa
70.67' 47MPa

47M
Pa

17M
Pa
 39

(b)The maximum shear stress and with the associated normal stress
σx − σy 2
τ max: = ± ( ) + τ 2xy
2
- 40 − 10 2
= ± ( ) + (20) 2
2
= ± 32 MPa
σx - σy

tan 2θ 2 = − 2
τ xy
(−40 - 10)
tan 2θ 2 = − 2 = 1.25
(20)
2θ 2 = 51.34⋅ or 51.34 + 180⋅
θ′2 = 25.67⋅ and θ′2′ = 115.67⋅

σx − σy
τ x ′y′ = −( )sin2θ + τ xy cos2θ
2
− 40 − 10
θ ′2 = 25.67⋅ ⇒ τ x ′y′ = −( )sin(2 × 25.67⋅ ) + 20cos(2 × 25.67 ⋅ )
2
τ x ′y′ = 32 MPa
σx + σy − 40 + 10
σ′ = ( )= = −15 MPa
2 2

Y’ MP
a
a 15
MP
15 32MPa
32MPa
x
Pa P a
15M 32M
Pa
15M

M Pa
15
 40
23. For the following data , using Mohr’s circles of stress and trigonometry (a) find the principal
stresses and show their sense on properly oriented isolated elements . (b) Find the maximum
( principal ) shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the result on properly
oriented elements .
σ x = + 80 psi , σ y = + 20 psi and τ = + 40 psi ,
Solution (a) and (b) 20 psi

40 psi

80 psi

σx + σy 80 + 20
Centre of circle = ( ,0) = ( ,0) = (50,0)
2 2
Oringin of planes , A ( σ x , τ xy ) = (80,40 )
σx − σy 2
Radius of circle = ( ) + τ 2xy
2

=
80 − 20 2
( ) + 40 2
τ 0
si
2 100p
= 50 psi

0
50ps
i
50ps
i
50ps
i
F(50,50)

A(30,40)

After drawing the circle , O

26.6' C (50,0) 63.4'
D
B
(100,0) σ
(0,0)
σ1 = 100 psi
σ2 = 0
θ1 = 63.4⋅
τ max = ± 50 psi G(50,-50)
σ = 50 psi
 41
24. For the following data , using Mohr’s circles of stress and trigonometry (a) find the principal
stresses and show their sense on properly oriented isolated elements . (b) Find the maximum
( principal ) shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the result on properly
oriented elements .

σ x = + 20 ksi , σ y = 0 and τ = -15 ksi ,

Solution (a) and (b)

15ksi

20ksi

σx + σy
Centre of circle = ( ,0)
2
20 + 0
=( ,0) = (10,0)
2
Oringin of planes , A ( σ x , τ xy ) = (20,-15 )
σx − σy 2
Radius of circle = ( ) + τ 2xy
τ
2
F(10,18)
20 − 0 2
= ( ) + (−15) 2
2
= 18 ksi

E
(-8,0) 28.2' O
C
(10,0)
D B
(28,0)
σ
61.8'

A After drawing the circle ,

(20,-15) σ1 = 28 ksi
si
(10,-18) σ 2 = - 8 ksi
10k G
θ1 = 61.8⋅
i
8ks

τ max = ± 18 ksi
1 8k
si σ = 10 ksi
28k
si
si
10k
 42
25. Using Mohr’s circle , transform the stresses shown in fig into stresses acting on the plane
.
at an angle of 45 with the vertical axis .

Solution

30MPa

20MPa

20MPa

σ x = + 20 MPa , σ y = 30 MPa and τ xy = 20 MPa ,

σx + σy
Centre at (a,0) = ( ,0)
2
20 + 30
=( ,0) = (25,0)
2
σx − σy 2
Radius of circle = ( ) + τ 2xy
2
20 − 30 2
= ( ) + (20) 2
2
= 20.6 MPa

Origin of plane A = ( σ x , τ xy ) = (20,20) .By using these data , a stress circle is plotted on
which on inclined line at 45 locating point J is drawn .
 τ
43

A (20,20)

x/

α
a β 45'
α1 σ
O C γ
(σj ,τj)
(25,0) J
30MPa
20MPa
20MPa
Pa

45'
M
45
5M
Pa

AD 20
tan a = =
CD 5
a = 75.96⋅
β = 180 - a = 180 - 75.96 = 104.04⋅
∴ α = β - 45⋅ = 104.04 − 45⋅ = 59.04⋅
γ = α1 − 45. (α - α1 )
= 59.04 - 45
= 14.04⋅
σ J = 25 + R cos (-14.04)
= 25 + 20.6 cos (-14.04)
= 44.98 MPa
= 45 MPa
τ J = R sin(-14.04)
= 20.6sin (-14.04)
= - 5 MPa
These results are shown on properly oriented element in fig .Since τ J is nega-
tive , the shear stresses ar shown acting counterclockwise .
 44
26. Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the uniformily loaded continuous beam
shown in the figure . Use the second order differential equation . EI is constant.

Y, v

q=− ω0

x
A
B C
RB
L L

Solution

Because of the symmetry , it can be concluded that the middle support , not only is the
deflection zero , but since the elastic curve cannot rotate in either direction , its slope is also zero
q=− ω0

MA

A B
RA RB
L
Second order differential equation solution
x
2 2
d ϑ ω x
EI = M (x) = R A x - 0
2 2
dx
dϑ x 2 ω0 x 3
EI = RA - + C1
dx 2 6
x 3 ω0 x 4
EI ϑ = R A - + C1x + C 2
6 24
Boundary conditions :
EI ϑ (0) = EI ϑA = 0 = C 2
L2 ω 0 L3
EI ϑ ′(L) = EI ϑB′ = 0 = R A - + C1______(1)
2 6
L3 ω 0 L4
EI ϑ (L) = EI ϑB = 0 = R A - + C1L______(2)
6 24
By solving the two equations
3ω 0 L ω L
RA = , C1 = − 0 3
3 48
 45

Substitution into the equation for the elastic curve ,

x 3 ω0 x 4
EI ϑ = R A - + C1x + C 2
6 24
3ω0 Lx3 ω0 x 4 ω0 L3 x
EI ϑ = - -
48 24 48
ω x
ϑ = − 0 (L3 − 3Lx2 + 2x 3 )
48EI

− ω0

A
B C
RB

3ω0 L
3ω0 L
8
8

From symmetry , the reactions at A and C are equal ,

ω L 5ω 0 L
R B = 2 × 3 0 − ω 0 × 2L =
8 4
 46
27. A simply supported beam 5 m long is loaded with a 20 N downward force at a point 4
m f r o m t h e l e f t s u p p o r t . T h e m o
1
for the
m e n t o f i n e r t i a o f t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e b e a m i s 4 I

segment AB and I1 for the remainder of the beam. Determine the elastic curve .
20N
4Ι1
Ι1

C
A
B

4N x x1 16N

4m 1m
3.1m
Solution
For segment AB , 0 < x < 4
M = 4x , EI = 4EI1
d 2ϑ M 4x x ϑ max ϑB
= = = A B C
dx 2 EI 4EI1 EI1
dϑ x2
θ= = + A1
dx 2EI1
x3
ϑ= + A1x + A 2
6EI1
At x = 0 , ϑ (0) = ϑA = 0 → A 2 = 0
θ(0) = θ A ⇒ A1 = θ A
At the end of segment AB,
8
θ(4) = θ B = + θA
EI1
32
ϑ (4) = ϑB = + 4θ A
3EI1
For segment BC , 0 < x1 < 1
M = 4(4 + x1 ) − 20x1 = 16 − 16x1 , EI = EI1
d 2ϑ 16 16x1
= −
dx12 EI1 EI1
2
dϑ 16x1 8x1
θ= = − + A3
dx EI1 EI1
8x12 8x13
ϑ = − + A3x + A 4
EI1 3EI1
 47

32
At x1 = 0 , ϑ (0) = ϑB = 0 ⇒ A 4 = ϑB = + 4θ A
3EI1
8
θ(0) = θ B ⇒ A 3 = θ B = + θA
EI1
16x1 8x12 8
θ = − + + θA
EI1 EI1 EI1
3
8x12 8x1 8x1 32
ϑ= − + + θ A x1 + + 4θ A
EI1 3EI1 EI1 3EI1
Boundary condition at C,
At x1 = 1 , ϑ (1) = ϑc = 0
8 8 8 32
0= − + + θA + + 4θ A
EI1 3EI1 EI1 3EI1
− 4.8
θA =
EI1
8 4.8 3.2
θB = − =
EI1 EI1 EI1
For segment AB , elastic curve equation ,
x3 (−4.8)
ϑ= +x
6EI1 EI1
1
ϑ= (x 3 − 28.8x)
6EI1

For segment BC , elastic curve equation ,

3
8x12 8x1 8x1 4.8x1 32 19.2
ϑ= − + − + −
EI1 3EI1 EI1 EI1 3EI1 EI1
1
ϑ=− (8x13 − 24x12 − 9.6x 1 + 25.6)
3EI1
The max deflection occurs at 3.1m ,
(3.1) 3 4.8(3.1) 9.9
[ϑ ]max = − =
EI1
6EI1 EI1
 48
28. Using method of virtual work , compute the vertical deflection and change in slope at point
C.E and I are constant .
160kN
60 kN/m

A
B C

9m 3m

Solution
160kN
60 kN/m

A
B C δc
x x
216.667kN 483.33kN θc
9m 3m
P Load System
From A to B ,0 < x < 9
x2 1kN
Mp = 216.667x- 60
2
1
MQ = − x
3
From C to B ,0 < x <3 x x
Mp = -160x
M Q = −x 1 4
3 9m 3 3m
L ds Q Load System
∑ Q(δ c ) = ∫ MpMQ
0 EI
9 x dx 3 dx
2
(1kN ↓)δ c = ∫ (216.667x- 30x )(− ) + ∫ (-160x)(−x)
0 3 EI 0 EI
9 3
1 ⎡ − 72.222x3 10x 4 ⎤ 1 ⎡160x3 ⎤
= ⎢ + ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥
EI ⎣⎢ 3 4 ⎥⎦ EI ⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
0 0
292.554
δc = (downward)
EI
 49

Q Load System
1kN-m
A B C

1 x x
1
9 9
9m 3m

From A to B ,0 < x < 9

x2
Mp = 216.667 x − 60
2
1
MQ = − x
9
From C to B ,0 < x < 3
Mp = -160x
M Q = −1
L ds
∑ Q(θ C ) = ∫ MpMQ
0 EI
9 x dx 3 dx
= ∫ (216.667x - 30x 2 )(− ) + ∫ (-160x)(−1)
0 9 EI 0 EI
9 3
1 ⎡ 216.667x3 30x 4 ⎤ 1 ⎡160x 2 ⎤
= ⎢− + ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥
EI ⎣⎢ 9×3 9 × 4 ⎦⎥ EI ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦⎥
0 0
337.491
θC = (clockwise )
EI
 50
29. Using method of virtual work , compute the vertical deflection and change in slope at
point A . I2 = I1

20k 40k
A Ι2 B Ι2 C Ι1 D

10' 10' 10'

20k 40k
Solution;
Ι2 B Ι2 Ι1 D
A C
δA
x 50k x x 10k
θA

From A to B , 0 < x < 10 10' 10' 10'

Mp = - 20x P Load System
1k
M Q = −x
From B to C , 0 < x < 10 B D
Mp = 50x - 20(10 + x) = 30x - 200 A C
3 1 3 /2 1/2
M Q = −1(10 + x) + x = x − 10 x x x
2 2
From D to C , 0 < x < 10 Q Load System

Mp = 10x
1
MQ = − x
2
L ds
∑ Q( δ ) = ∫ MpM Q
0 EI
10 dx 10 x dx 10 x dx
1k(↓)δ A = ∫ (-20x)(− x) + ∫ (30x - 200)( − 10) + ∫ 10x(− )
0 EI 2 0 2 EI 2 0 2 EI1
10 10 10
⎡ 20x 3 ⎤ 1 ⎡15x 3 400x 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 5x 3 ⎤ 1
=⎢ ⎥ +⎢ − + 2000x ⎥ + ⎢− ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ 0 EI 2 ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎦⎥ 0 EI 2 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎦⎥ 0 EI1
6666.67 5000 1666.67
= + −
EI 2 EI 2 EI1
1 4166.67
δA = (3333.334 + 2500 − 1666.67) = (downward)
EI1 EI1
 51

1k-ft
B D
A C
1 1
x 20 x x 20
Q Load System

From A to B , 0 < x < 10

Mp = - 20x
M Q = −1
From B to C , 0 < x < 10
Mp = −200 + 30x
x
M Q = −1 +
20
From D to C , 0 < x < 10
Mp = 10x
x
MQ = −
20
L ds
∑ Q(θ A ) = ∫ MpM Q
0 EI
10 dx 10 x dx 10 x dx
= ∫ (-20x)(-1) + ∫ (30x - 200)( − 1) + ∫ 10x( − )
0 EI 2 0 20 EI 2 0 20 EI1
10 10 10
⎡ 20x 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡1.5x 3 40x 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 0.5x 3 ⎤ 1
=⎢ ⎥ +⎢ − + 20x ⎥ − ⎢− ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ EI 2 ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦ EI 2 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥ EI1
⎦0
0 0

1
θA = (500 + 250 − 1000 + 100 − 166.67)
EI1
583.33
= (downward)
EI1
 52
30. Compute , by the method of virtual work ,the vertical deflection at point A and C .
E = 30 x 103 ksi , I = 200 in4

10k

A B D
C

5' 10' 10'

Solution;

10k

A B D
C
x x x
5k P Load System 5k

1k

A B C D

x x x
5 1
4 4
Q Load System

From A to B ,0 < x < 5

Mp = 0
M Q = −x
From B to C , 0 < x < 10
Mp = 5x
5 1
M Q = −(5 + x) × 1 + x = −5 + x
4 4
From D to C , 0 < x < 10
Mp = 5x
1
MQ = − x
4
L ds
∑ Q δ = ∫ MpM Q
0 EI
 53

10 1 dx 10 - x dx
1k(↓)δ A = ∫ (5x)(-5 + x) + ∫ (5x)( )
0 4 EI 0 4 EI
10 5 2 dx 10 5 2 dx
= ∫ (-25x + x ) + ∫ (− )x
0 4 EI 0 4 EI
10 10
1 ⎡ − 25x 2 5x 3 ⎤ ⎡ − 5x 3 ⎤ 1
= ⎢ + ⎥ +⎢ ⎥
EI ⎣⎢ 2 12 ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎣ 12 ⎦⎥ EI
0 0
- 1250
=
EI
- 1250 × (12) 2
=
30 × 10 3 × 200
δ A = 0.03 ft (upward)
1k

A B D
C
x x x

Q Load System
L ds
∑ Q( δ ) = ∫ MpM Q
0 EI
B ds C ds C ds
1k(↓)δ c = ∫ MpM Q + ∫ MpM Q + ∫ MpM Q
A EI B EI D EI
From A to B ,0 < x < 5
Mp = 0
MQ = 0
From B to C , 0 < x < 10
Mp = 5x
1
MQ = x
2
From D to C , 0 < x < 10
Mp = 5x
1
MQ = x
2
10 x dx 10 x dx
1k(↓)δ C = ∫ (5x × ) + ∫ (5x × )
0 2 EI 0 2 EI
10 10
⎡ 5x 3 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 5x 3 ⎤ 1
=⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ 0 EI ⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ 0 EI
5000 5000 × 144
= =
3EI 3 × 30 × 10 3 × 200
δ C = 0.04 ft (downward)
BY
TU (Maubin)
[email protected]
[email protected]
045-30105/30106/30107/30109
09-8585184