Question (1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of separate system and combined

system?
Solution
Advantages
The separate system has the following advantages:
(1) The cost of installation is low. The storm water can be displayed off through the open
channels along the road sides. Old sewers may also be suitably converted to carry rain
water. Thus, the actual sewers carrying foul sewage will be of smaller size.
(2) The Load on the treatment units will be lowered, since only the foul sewage carried
by the separate sewers need be treated.
(3) If there is necessity of lifting the sewage mechanically, the system will prove to be
economical both from the point of view of capital costs, as will as from the point of
running costs.
(4) The sewages in the separate system will be of more uniform character, and so will
Lend itself more easily to putrification.
(5) There is no necessity of providing automatic flushing tanks, for use in dry weather,
because the flow in a sewer of smaller section is much more efficient.
(6) Sewers of smaller section can be easily ventilated than those of Larger section.
(7) The night flow will be comparatively small this may facilirate operations at the outfall
works.
(8) Rain water can be discharged into streams or rivers without any treatment.

Disadvantages
(1) Since the sewers are of small size, it is difficult to clean them.
(2) They are likely to get chocked.
(3) Two sets of sewers may ultimately prove to be costly.
(4) There is a likely hood of connections being wrongly made through a confusion of the
systems.
(5) Storm water sewers or drains comes in use only during the rainy season. During other
part of the year, these may serve as dumping place of garbage, and may get chocked.
(6) Because of Lesser air contact in small size sewers, foul smell may be there due to the
sewage gas formed.

1
Combined system
Advantages
(1) The system requires only one set of sewers. Hence the maintenance costs are reduced.
(2) The sewers are of Larger size and therefore the chances of their choking are rare.
Also, it is easy to clean them.
(3) The strength of the sewage is reduced by dilution.
(4) There is more air in the Larger sewers than in smaller ones of the separate system.
Hence the sewer gas that may be formed gets diluted. Thus the chances of foul amell
are reduced.

Disadvantages
(1) The cost of construction are very high because of large dimensions of the sewers to be
constructed at sufficient depth to receive the sewage from the basement.
(2) Because of large size of sewers, their handling and transportation is difficult.
(3) Due to the inclusion of the storm water, the load on the treatment plant increases.
(4) The system is uneconomical in the circumstances when pumping is required for lifting
of sewage.
(5) During heavy rains, the sewers may overflow, and, may thus create unhygienic
conditions and cause pollution problems.
(6) Storm water is unnecessarily polluted.
(7) The large sewers get easily silted if not properly designed. They may become foul in
dry weather, when rain water, is not available.
(8) Large sewers are more difficult to be ventilated than the smaller ones.

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 2 )( a )
What do you understand by dry weather flow? Writer down the various factors
affecting the dry weather flow.

Solution:
Dry weather flow – It is that quantity of wastewater that flows that flows through a
sewer in dry weather when no storm water is in the sewer. The dry weather flow is also
sometimes called as ‘sanitary sewage’.
2
 The dry weather flow or the quantity sewage depends upon the following factors:
( a ) Rate of water supply
( b ) Population growth
( c ) Type of area served
( d ) Infiltration of ground water

* * * * * * * *

Question2( b )
A certain district of a city has a projected population of 50,000 residing over an area
of 40 hectares. Find the design discharge for the sewer line, for the following data:
( i ) Rate of water supply = 200 litres per capita per day
( ii ) Average impermeability coefficient for the entire I = 0.3
( iii ) Time of concentration = 50 minutes
The sewer line is to be designed for a flow equivalent to the wet weather flow
( W.W.F ) plus twice the dry weather flow ( D.W.F ). Use U.S ministry of HEALTH formula.
Assume that 75% of water supply reaches in sewer as wastewater.
Solution:
The sewage flow is equal to 75% of rate of water supply
Hence sewage flow will be equal to = 0.75 x 200
= 150 litres/ capital ? day
50000 × 150
Sewage flow ( D.W.F ) =
24 × 60 × 60
= 86. 8 litres / sec
The rainfall intensity is given by
25.4a
Ri = mm / hour
t+b
Here, tc = 50 minutes; a = 40, b = 20
25.4 × 40
Ri = = 14.5 mm / hour = 1.45 cm / hour
54 + 20
The ( W.W.F ) is given by
Q = 28 A I Ri
= 28 x 40x 0.3x 1.45
= 487.2 litres / sec

3
Hence the design discharge is given by
Q= 2 ( D.W.F ) + W.W.F
= 2 ( 86.8 ) + 487.2 = 661 litres / sec

86.8 1
Ratio of D.W.F and W.W.F = =
487.2 5.6
Since this ratio is not very large, it is preferable to use a combined sewer system.

* * * * * * * *

Question (3 )
The following data is available regarding various types of area and the corresponding
impermeability factors of a town:
Type %Area Impermeability coefficient
1. Roofs 15 % 0.9
2. Pavements 20 % 0.8
3. Lawns, gardens, vegetation 40% 0.15
4.Unpaved 15% 0.20
5. Wooded 10 % 0.05
Determine the average coefficient of runoff.
If the total area of the district is 20 hectares, determine the maximum storm water
flow for a rainfall intensity of 50mm / hour having a frequency of once in five years. Use
rational formula.

Solution:

The average impermeability factor Iav =

∑ A.I
∑A
Where,
A1I1 = ( 0.15 A ) 0.9 = 0.135 A
A2I2 = ( 0.20 A ) 0.8 = 0.160 A
A3I3= ( 0.40 A ) 0.15 = 0.060 A
A4I4 = ( 0.15 A ) 0.20 = 0.030 A
A5I5 = ( 0.10 A ) 0.05 = 0.005 A

4
 ∑ AI = ( 0.135 + 0.160 + 0.060 + 0.030 + 0.005) A
= 0.390 A
0.390A
Iav = = 0.39
A
The storm discharge is given by
AIR i 3
Q = m /sec
360
Where Ri = intensity of rainfall in mm / hour = 50 mm / hour
I = average impermeability factor = 0.39
A = catchment area in hectares = 20 hectares
20 × 0.39 × 50
Q= = 1.08m 3 /sec = 1080litres/sec
360

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 4)
An impervious area of 20 hectares is to be served by a sewer line. This area is subject
to three storms P1, P2 and P3 with equal frequency of occurrence. The duration of the three
storms 20 minutes, 30 minutes and 35 minutes respectively. Taking the time of concentration
equal to 30 minutes, determine the maximum runoff from each storm.

Solution:
( a ) Storm P1 of 20 minutes duration:
25.4a
The intensity of rainfall is Ri =
t+b
For storm of 5 to 20 minutes duration, a = 30 and b = 10
Also t = 20 minutes for the present storm.
25.4 × 30
Ri = = 25.4mm/hour
20 + 10
AIR i A i R i
Q= =
360 360
Where, Ai = impervious area = A x I ( hectares )
20 × 25.4
Q= = 1.411 Cumecs.
360

5
However, the storm lasts only for 20 minutes ( ie T = 20 minutes) while the time of
concentration ( tc ) is 30 minutes. Hence, the storm stops much before the whole area starts
contributing.
20
Max flow from storm P1 = 1.411 × = 0.941 Cumecs.
30
( b ) Storm P2 of T2 = 30 minutes ( = tc )
For storms of 20 to 100 minutes duration, a = 40, b = 20
25.4 × 40
Ri = = 20.32 mm / hour
30 + 20

A i R i 20 × 20.32
Q= = = 1.129 Cumecs.
360 360
Since T = tc, the whole area starts contributing.
( c ) Storm P3 of T3 = 35 minutes
25.4 × 40
Ri = = 18.473 mm / hour
35 + 20
A i R i 20 × 18.473
Q= = = 1.026 Cumecs
360 360
Qmax = 1.129 Cumecs

* * * * * * * *
Question ( 5)
Find the minimum velocity and gradient required to transport coarse sand through a
sewer of 60 cm dia with sand particles of 1 mm dia and specific gravity 2.66. Assume
β = 0.06 and f = 0.02. Assume the sewer to run half full. Take N = 0.012.

Solution
The minimum velocity or ( self cleansing velocity )
8β
Vs = (G s − 1)gd s
f
Here β = 0.06 ,f = 0.02, Gs =2.66 and ds = 1 mm = 0.001 m
8 × 0.06
Vs = ( 2.66 − 1 ) × 9.81 × 0.001
0.02
= 0.625 m / sec

6
 Here, D = 60 cm = 0.6 m
When sewer runs half fall, d/ D = 0.5
Hence, d = 0.5 D= 0.3 m and θ=180 ْ
1 π 2 πD
a= D =
24 8
θ 180 πD
P = πD = πD × =
360 360 2
a π 2 2 D 0.6
r= = D × = = = 0.15m
p 8 πD 4 4
1 2/3 1/2
Now, V = r S
n
Where, V= Vs = 0.625 m/sec
Taking n =N = 0.012,
1
0.625 = (0.15)2/3 S1/2
0.012
1
S=
1415
Hence the required gradient = 1 in 1415

* * * * * * * *
Question (6)
For a circular sewer and a rectangular sewer to be hydraulically equivalent, find the
relation between the depth of the rectangular sewer and the diameter of the circular sewer.
Take the width of rectangular sewer as 1.5 times the depth and assume that only three sides of
the rectangular sewer are wetted.
Solution
(a) Rectangular Section
Let D =Height of rectangular section
Width = B = 1.5 D
A = D x 1.5D = 1.5D2
P = D + 1.5D + D = 3.5D
A 1.5D 2
R= = = 0.4286D
P 3.5D

7
 Q=AxV
1 2/3 1/2
= A× R S
N

(
= 1.5D 2 × ) 1
N
(0.4286D )2/3 S1/2

S1/2
Q = 0.8527D 8/3

N
( b ) Circular Section
Let d = diameter
P = πd
A d
R= =
P 4
Now
1 2/3 1/2
Q = A×V = A× R S
N
2/3
πd 2 1 ⎛ d ⎞ 1/2
Q= × ⎜ ⎟ S
4 N⎝4⎠
S1/2
Q = 0.3117d 8/3
N
For the two sewers to be hydraulically equivalent Q,N and S are the same. Hence
from ( i ) and( ii )
0.8527D 8/3
= 0.3117d 8/3

8/3
⎛D⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 0.3655
⎝d ⎠
D
= 0.6856
d
D = 0.6856d

* * * * * * * *

Question (7)
A circular sewer is to be designed to carry maximum flow of sewage while flowing
70% full at a velocity of 1m⁄sec. If the ratio of maximum ⁄ average flow is 3 and average ⁄
minimum is also 3, find (i) proportionate depth of flow; and (ii) velocities generated both at
the average flow as well as minimum flow .Neglect the variation of N with depth of flow.

8
Solution ( Refer Fig 4.7)
(a) At maximum flow
d max
= 0.7
D
θ d
Cos = 1 − = 1 − 2 × 0.7 = −0.4
2 D
θ
∴ = 113.58°; θ = 227.16°, Sinθ = −0.7332
2
2/3 2/3
V ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤ ⎡ 360 × 0.7332 ⎤
= 1− = ⎢1 +
V ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2π(227.16 ) ⎥⎦

= 1.1198
a ⎡ θ Sinθ ⎤ ⎡ 227.16 0.7332 ⎤
=⎢ − = + = 0.7478
A ⎣ 360 2π ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 360 2π ⎥⎦
q V q
∴ max = × = 1.1198 × 0.7478 = 0.8373
Q V A
∴ q max = 0.8373Q
Where Q is the discharge when the sewer is running full.
Also,
Vmax
= 1.1198
V
V 1
V = max = = 0.893m/sec
1.1198 1.1198
(b) At average flow
1 1
q av = q max = (0.8373Q )
3 3
5/3
q max θ ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤
= 0.2791 = 1−
Q 360 ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦
Solving trial and error, θ= 147.5 ْ
d 1 ⎛ Cosθ ⎞ 1 ⎛ Cos1475 ⎞
= ⎜1 − ⎟ = ⎜1 − ⎟ = 0.36
D 2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎝ 2 ⎠
From table 4.8 q/Q=0.279
2/3
Vav ⎡ 360Sin147. 5° ⎤
= ⎢1 − = 0.8554
Also, V ⎣ 2ππ(147.°) ⎥⎦
Vav = 0.8554V = 0.8554 × 0.893 = 0.794m/sec

9
( c ) At minimum flow
q av
=3
q min
q av 0.2791Q
q min = = = 0.093Q
3 3
q min
= 0.093
Q
5/3
θ ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤
Hence 1− = 0.093
360 ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦
Solving Trial: and error θ = 108ْ
d 1⎛ θ⎞ 1⎛ 108 ⎞
= ⎜1 − Cos ⎟ = ⎜1 − Cos ⎟ = 0.206
D 2⎝ 2⎠ 2⎝ 2 ⎠
2/ 3
V ⎡ 360 Sinθ ⎤
Also min = ⎢1 − = 0.06261
V ⎣ 2πθ ⎥⎦
Vmin = 0.6261 V
= 0.6261x0.893 = 0.559 m /Sec

* * * * * * * *

Question(8)
A 60 cm diameter sewer is required to flow at 0.4 depth on a grade ensuring a degree
of self cleansing equivalent to that obtained at full depth at a velocity of 85 cm⁄sec. Find the
required grade, associated velocities and rates of discharge at full/ depth and 0.4depth. Take a
uniform value of N = 0.015 at all depth of flow.

Solution:
1 2/3 1/2
( a ) For the sewer running full V = R S
N
Here, V=0.85 m/sec, n=0.015
D 0.6
R= = = 0.015m
4 4
1
0.85 = (0.15)2/3 S1/2
0.015

From which
10
 1
S = 0.00204 =
490.2
π
Also, Q = (0.6 )2 × 0.85 = 0.2403 Cumeas
4
( b ) For Partial depth flow
d
= 0.4(given)
D
θ d
Cos = 1 − 2 = 1 − 2 × 0.4 = 0.2
2 D
θ
= 78.46°; θ = 156.93°; Sinθ = 0.3919
2
Now
a ⎡ θ Sinθ ⎤
=⎢ −
A ⎣ 360 2π ⎥⎦

⎡156.93 0.3919 ⎤
=⎢ − = 0.3735
⎣ 360 2π ⎥⎦

r ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤
and = 1−
R ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦

⎡ 360 × 0.3919Sinθ ⎤
= ⎢1 −
⎣ 2π(156.93) ⎥⎦
= 0.8568
Hence at 0.4 depth and a grate of 0.00204,
2/3
V ⎛r⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = (0.8568) = 0.9021
2/3

V ⎝R⎠
V = 0.9021 × 0.85 = 0.767m/sec
Also,
q ⎡ a ⎤⎡ V ⎤
= = 0.3735 × 0.9021 = 0.3369
Q ⎢⎣ A ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ V ⎥⎦
q = 0.3369 × 0.2403 = 0.081Cumecs

( c ) For self-cleaning flow:

For the sewer flowing at 0.4 depth, to ensure a degree of self cleaning equivalent to
that obtained at full depth, gradient
⎛R⎞
SS = ⎜ ⎟S
⎝r⎠

11
 ⎛ 1 ⎞
SS = ⎜ ⎟ × 0.00204 = 0.00238
⎝ 0.8569 ⎠
1
SS =
420
1/6
N⎛ r ⎞
VS = ⎜ ⎟ V = 1(0.8568) × 0.85
1/6

n ⎝R⎠
= 0.828m / sec S S
1/6
⎛ N ⎞⎛ a ⎞⎛ r ⎞
The discharge q S = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ Q = 1 × 0.3735(0.8568 ) × 0.2403
1/6

⎝ n ⎠⎝ A ⎠⎝ R ⎠
= 0.0875 Cumecs

* * * * * * * *
Question ( 9 )
A 60cm diameter sewer is to discharge 0.07 Cumecs at a velocity as self –cleaning as
a sewer flowing full at 0.86 m/Sec. Find the depth and velocity of flow and the required
slope. Take uniform value of N= 0.015.
Solution:
( a ) For sewer running full
1 2/3 1/2
V= R S
N
Here, N=0.015, V=0.85 m/sec,
D 0.6
R= = = 0.15m
4 4
1
0.85 = (0.15)2/3 S1/2
0.015
1
∴ S = 0.00204 =
490.2
π
∴Q = (0.6 )2 × 0.85 = 0.2403 Cumeas
4
( b ) For Partial depth self cleaning flow
qs = 0.07 Cumecs ( given )
qS 0.07
= = 0.2913
Q 0.2403
But

12
 1/6
q S ⎛ N ⎞⎛ a ⎞⎛ r ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
Q ⎝ n ⎠⎝ A ⎠⎝ R ⎠
Also
a ⎡ θ Sinθ ⎤ θ ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤
=⎢ − = 1−
A ⎣ 360 2π ⎦ 360 ⎢⎣
⎥ 2ππ ⎥⎦
r ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤
= 1−
R ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦
1/6
qS N θ ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤ ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤
= × 1− 1−
Q n 360 ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦
7/6
1 × θ ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤
0.2913 = 1−
360 ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦
Trail and error
θ ≈ 143.5°
r ⎡ 360Sinθ ⎤ ⎡ 360 × Sin143.5° ⎤
Also, = 1− = 1−
R ⎢⎣ 2ππ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2π(143.5) ⎥⎦
= 0.7624
Now
1/6
VS N ⎛ r ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
V n ⎝R⎠
VS
= 1(0.7624 )
1/6

V
= 0.9558 m/sec
VS = 0.9558 x0.85 = 0.812 m / sec
SS R 1
= = = 1.3116
S r 0.7624
SS = 1.3116 × 0.002.4 = 0.00268
1
SS =
373.7

* * * * * * * *

Question (10)

13
 Write a note on different types of sewer and the function of each.
Solution:
A sewer is an under ground conduit or drain through which sewage is conveyed to the
paint of discharge or disposal. Main sewer or trunk sewer is a sewer that receives sewage
from many tributary branches and sewers serving as an outlet for a Large territory.
Branch sewer or submain sewer is a sewer which receives sewage from a relatively
small area, usually a few Laterals, and discharge into a main sewer.
Lateral sewer is a sewer which collects sewage directly from the houses. It indicates
the first stage of sewage collection.
Separate sewers are those which carry the household and industrial wastes only.
Storm water drains are those which carry rain water from roofs and street surfaces.
Combined sewers are those which carry both sewage and storm water.
House sewer ( a drain) is a pipe carrying away the sewage from a building to a street
sewer.
Depressed sewer is a section of sewer constructed lower than adjacent sections, to
pass beneath an obstacle or obstruction.
It runs full under the force of gravity.
Interception sewer is a sewer laid transversely to a general sewer system to intercept
the dry weather flow ( D-W-F) of sewage and such additional surface and storm water as may
be desirable. An intercepting sewer is usually a large sewer, flowing parallel to a natural
drainage channel, into which a number of main or outfall sewers discharge.
Outfall sewer is a sewer that receives the sewage from the collecting systems and
condusts it to a point of final discharge or to a disposal plant.
Relief sewer or overflow sewer is a sewer built to carry the flow in excess of the
capacity of existing sewer.

* * * * * * * *

Question (11)
What factors must be considered selecting a particular material of a sewer
Solution:
While selecting a particular material of a sewer, the following factors must be
carefully considered.
(1) Hydraulic efficiency : The material selected should be such that value of Manning’s
14
 coefficient N is as low as possible so that a hydraulically efficient surface is available.
(2) Resistance to abrasion : The flowing sewage may contain a lot of solids such as grit
and sand particles. At a high velocity at the sewage invert, erosion of sewer material may
take place due to abrasion . For a longer life, the sewer material must possess high degree
of resistance to abrasion.
(3) Resistance to corrosion : The composition of sewage may be such that the sewer
material may get corroded. For longer life the sewer material should possess enough
resistance to corrosion.
(4) Strength : The sewers are generally laid under ground and hence they are
subjected to a number of external forces, including the weight of overburden and the
vehicular / live loads. The material should of strong enough to resist all such external
forces.
(5) Durability : The sewer material should be durable so that expenditure due
to its frequent replacement is minimum.
(6) Cost : The cost of the material should be less so that overall
economy is achieved in its construction.
(7) Weight : The material should be light in weight so that it can be easily
handled and transportation costs are also less.
(8) Imperviousness : The sewer material should be impervious and should not
allow seepage of the sewage from the sewer.

* * * * * * * *
Question (12)
Explain the phenomenon of crown corrosion with the help of a neat sketch. How can
this be avoided.
Solution:
The basic cause of crown corrosion is the formation of H2S gas due to aerobic and
anaerobic conditions prevalent in the lower layers of waste water (sweage) which contain
nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, chlorides, sulphates etc. Because of bacterial action, the
sulphates are reduced to sulphides and to hydrogen sulphide as under:

SO=4 + organic mater Bacteria S= + H2O + CO2

S= + 2H+ H2S
15
 The hydrogen sulphide gas so produced molodourous and inflammable, having adour
like rotten eggs, due to which blackening of sewage takes place. Thiobacillus thioxidans
bacteria convert the H2S gas into H2SO4 as under:

H2S + 2 O2 Bacteria H2SO4

The H2SO4 so formed is collected into the droplet from at the crown of the sewer, and
acts with concrete to from CaSO4 , resulting in crown corrosion. This not only reduces the life
span of sewers but also reduces their carrying capacity with time. Apart from crown
corrosion, concrete pipes are also susceptical to erosion due to high velocity of sewage
containing too much silt and grit.
In order to protect concrete pipes against such erosion and crown corrosion, their
interiors are lined with vitrified day lining shown in Fig. The blocks of vitrified day, provided
with projections are fixed in cement concrete. The joints between the adjacent blocks are
filled either with rich cement mortar or with bituminous compounds.
Methods of reducing crown corrosion
(1) Lining the concrete pipes by vitrified day blocks.
(2) Ventilating the sewers
(3) Making the sewers run full.
(4) Pretreating the sewage so as to reduce sulphate contents.
(5) Prohibiting the entry of wastes containing sulphides.
(6) Aerating and chlorinating sewage.
(7) Neutralising sulphides by addition of chemicals.( Fig 5.2 copy ul;&ef )

* * * * * * * *

Question (13)
A concrete pipe of 1.5 m dia is installed in a trench of width 2.75 m and depth 4.5 m .
Thickness of pipe is 80mm. Determine the load on the pipe due to soil fill which consists of
day for which Kμ ‫ ׳‬may be taken as 0.130 and unit weight is 1900 kg / m3
Solution:
This is the case of a conduit in trench condition.

16
Here
Bc = D + 2 t
= 1.5 + 2 x 0.08 = 1.66 m
Bd = 2.75 m ( given )
H = 4.5 – 1.66 = 2.84 m
H 2.84
= = 1.033
B d 2.75

H
Since < 2B C ,
Bd
trench formula is applicable.
The load coefficient for trench conducts is
⎡1 − e −2KμKH/Bd ⎤
Cd = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2KμK ⎦

⎡1 − e −2×0.130×1.033 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥ = 0.906
⎣ 2 × 0.130Kμ. ⎦
WC = Cd γ Bd2
= 0.9.6 x 1900 x ( 2.75 )2
= 13018 kg/m

* * * * * * * *

Question (14)
Design the structural requirement for a 1200 mm dia. NP2 class sewer pipe which is to
be laid in 0.5 m deep trench of 2.5 m width, assuming that the total vertical load will account
for concentrated surcharge of 5t applied at the centre of the pipe. Assume Ab type of bedding
having load factor of 2.8. Use a factor of safety of 1.5 for the saturated top soil, take unit
weight as 2000 kg/ m2 and Kμ ‫ = ׳‬0.150. Consider water load also, assuming the sewer to
run 75% full. The three edge bearing strength for 1200 mm dia. NP2 pipe is 4320 kg/ m.

Solution

17
 Thickness of NP2 class conduit of 1200 mm dia = 65 mm
Bc = 1200 + 2x65 = 1330 mm = 1.33 m
H = 6.5 – 1.33 = 5.17 m ; Bd = 2.5 m
B

H / Bd = 5.17 / 2.5 = 2.068

B

Since H / Bd < 2 Bc trench formula is applicable

B

The load coefficient for trench conduct is

⎡1 − e −2KμKH/Bd ⎤
Cd = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2KμK ⎦

⎡1 − e −2×0.150×2.068 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥ = 1.54
⎣ 2 × 0.150 ⎦
Wc = Cd г Bd 2 = 1.54x 2000(2.5)2
= 19250 kg /m
⎡π ⎤
Weight of water, Wω = ⎢ D 2 x L ⎥ϖ x 0.75
⎣4 ⎦
π
= (1.2) 2 x 1 x 1000 x 0.75
4
= 848 kg / m
Again, due to superimposed load,
PL e
Wsc = C S
LC
1
Here L = 1 m; H = 5.17 m; L / 2H = ≈ 0.1
2 × 2.17
Bc 1.33
and = ≈ 0.129
2H 2 × 5.17
From table 5.4 → Cs ≈ 0.024
Taking an impact factor of 1.5 and Lc = 1 m
0.024 × 5000 × 1.5
WSC = = 180kg/m
1
Total W = Wc + Wω + Wsc
= 19250 + 848 + 180
= 20278 kg / m
Safe supporting strength of 1200 mm dia. NP2 pipe
= Three edge bearing strength x Lf
= 4320 x 2.8

18
 = 12096 kg / m
Since the actual load = 20278 kg /m exceeds the safe supporting strength, the pipe is
not safe unless it is encased in concrete.

* * * * * * * *
Question ( 15 )
Write a detailed note on maintenance of sewers.
Solution
Maintenance of sewers in general relates to the work of keeping any installed
sewerage facility in a working condition for the benefit of the people for whom it is intended.
Maintenance of sewers consists mainly of the removal or prevention of stoppages, cleaning of
sewers and other sewer appurtenances, and repair works. Sewers should be properly cleaned
and maintained in good working condition. Sewer maintenance function are two often treated
as necessary evil. Maintenance may be preventive or routine maintenance which constitutes
work executed and precaution taken to prevent any breakdown of sewage facilities or
corrective maintenance which constitutes work of repairs after a breakdown has occurred.
Preventive maintenance is more economical and provides for reliability in operation
of sewerage facilities; nevertheless, corrective maintenance will also have to be provided for
as the breakdowns are possible inspite of preventive breakdown.

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 16 )
Draw a neat sketch of sewage ventilator. What are the purposes of ventilation of
sewer?
Solution
Sewers are properly ventilated to fulfill the following purposes;
( i ) Continuous flow : Ventilation relieves air pressure above or below atmospheric caused
due to sudden rise or fall of sewage. Due to this, locks will not be formed and continuous
flow of sewage inside the sewer will be ensured.
( i i ) Disposal of sewer gases : Ventilation prevents accumulation of explosive, corrosive or
poisonous gases and vapors. The sewer gases include ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, methane ( CH4 ), nitrogen sulphurreted hydrogen ( H2S), petrol, vapor etc. Methane

19
gas, being explosive, may even blow off the manhole covers, if it is not removed by proper
ventilation. These gases also interfere will the natural flow of sewage.
( iii ) Prevention of unpleasant odours : Ventilation prevents concentration if unpleasant
odours causing nuisance.

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 17 )(a)
What do you understand by sewer appurtenances?
Why are they necessary? Enumerate various appurtenances commonly used.
Solution:
Sewer appurtenances are those structures of the sewage system which are constructed
at suitable interval and other locations along a sewer line, to assist in efficient operation and
maintenance of the system. Following are important sewer appurtenances
( 1 ) Inlets ( 2 ) Catch basins ( 3 ) Clean outs ( 4 ) Manholes ( 5 ) Drop manholes ( 6 ) Lamps
holes ( 7 ) Flushing tanks ( 8 ) Grease and oil traps ( 9 ) Inverted siphons ( 10 ) Storm
regulators.

Question ( 17 )(b)
What do you understand by inlets? Where are these located? Different clearly
between a curb inlet and gutter inlet.

Solution:
An inlet a device meant to admit the storm water or surface wash and convey it into a
storm sewer or a combined sewer. Inlets are not necessary in case of separate sewers.
- Inlets are of three types: ( i ) curb inlet or vertical inlet, and ( ii ) gutter inlet or
horizontal inlet and ( iii ) combination inlet, each being either depressed or flush depending
upon their elevation with respect to the pavement surface.
Maximum spacing of inlets would depend upon various conditions of road surface,
size and type of inlet and rainfall. A maximum spacing of 30m is recommended on straight
roads. Inlets are also located at street intersections and are so placed that cross walks will not
be flooded. Street corners are avoided for this purpose. Inlets are connected to nearly
manholes by pipe lines.

20
 Fig shows both the vertical inlets as well as horizontal inlets. Both these types are
concrete boxes having gratings in vertical or horizontal direction. A curb inlet does not
interface with the flow of traffic. Combination inlets are composed of a curb and gutter inlet
acting as a single unit. Normally, the gutter inlet is placed right in front of the curb inlet but it
may be displaced in an overlapping or end to end position. ( Fig 6.2 copy)

* * * * * * * *
Question ( 18 )
Write down the short note on the following
( i ) Drop manhole ( ii ) Inverted siphons
Solution:
( i ) Drop manhole
A drop manhole is a special type of manhole on a sewer line which is constructed to
provide a connection between a high level branch sewer to a low level main sewer. When a
branch sewer enters a manhole by more than 0.5 to 0.6m above the main sewer, the sewage is
not allowed to fall directly into the manhole, to avoid the possibilities of sewage being
thrown on persons entering the working chamber of manhole. Instead the sewage of the
branch sewer is brought into the manhole of the main sewer either by inclined pipe ( inclined
at 45 ْ) or through a down pipe ( vertical pipe ). In the former case, it is known a ramp, while
in the later case it is known as a drop manhole. The construction of drop manhole avoids
unnecessary steep gradient of branch sewer thus reducing the amount of earth work.
Fig shows typical details of a circular drop manhole. The branch sewer is joined to the
manhole of main sewer through a vertical pipe ( or drop pipe ). The sewage coming from the
branch sewer trickles down in the vertical pipe and emerges out through a horizontal pipe just
above the benching. A plug is provided at the point where the branch, if prolonged straight,
intersects with the vertical wall of the manhole. The prolonged length of branch sewer,
beyond the vertical pipe, servers as the inspection arm; after opening the plug, it can be used
for inspecting or cleaning the branch sewer. [ Fig 6.7]

( ii ) Inverted Siphons
When a sewer line dips below the hydraulic grade line it is called an inverted siphon.
The purpose is to carry the sewer under the obstruction, such as roadway, railway, stre4am,
21
river etc, and regain as much elevation as possible. The sewage through such a pipe line ( or
inverted siphon ) will flow under pressure which is greater than atmospheric. However, in the
inverted siphon, the hydraulic gradient line is above the flow line. Hence the term inverted
siphon is misnamed as it is not a siphon. It will be more appropriate to call it is a depressed
sewer. Inverted siphons should be resorted to only feasible, as they require considerable
attention in maintenance. As the siphons are depressed below the hydraulic grade line,
maintenance of self-cleaning velocity at all flows is very important.

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 19 )
A sewer line, carrying an average discharge of 200 litres per second, has to cross a
stream. Design a three barred siphon for this purpose, if the length of the siphon, measured
along the centre line, including the slopes, is 90m. The invert level at the inlet and outlet ends
of the sewer are 152.50 m and 151.78 m respectively. The maximum and minimum flows are
250% and 40% of the average respectively. Assume that minor losses as 0.07 m, and self
cleaning velocity of 1 m/sec.

Solution
( i ) Discharges at various flows
Qavg = Average flow = 200 litres/sec = 0.20cumecs
Qmax = Maximum flow = 250 % of average flow
= 2.5 x 0.2 = 0.5 Cumecs
Qmin = Minimum flow = 40 % of average flow
= 0.4 x 0.2 = 0.08 Cumecs
H = Max available head = 152.50 – 151.78
= 0.72 m
( 2 ) Design for flow at minimum discharge
Qmin = 0.08 Cumecs = A x V
π 2
0.08 = d (1.0)
4
From which d= 0.319 m
Use 300mm dia cast iron pipe.

22
 0.08Q
Actual V= = 0.132m/serc
π
(0.30)2 A
4
For computation of head loss, let us see Manning’s formula:
1 2/3 1/2
V= R S
N
d 0.30
where R= = = 0.075
4 4
Assume N= 0.013
V = 1.132 m/sec
1
∴1.132 = (0.075)2/3 S1/2
0.013
∴ S ≈ 0.00685
Now frictional head loss, hf = S x L
= 0.00685 x 90
= 0.616 m
Total losses hL = hf + minor losses
= 0.616 + 0.07
= 0.686
This is less than the available head of 0.72 > Hence the pipe dia is satisfactory.
( 3) Design for flow at average discharge
Average discharge = 0.2 cumecs
Min discharge = 0.08 cumecs
At the average discharge, the excess discharge passes through the second pipe.
Discharge for the second pipe = 0.2 – 0.08
= 0.12 Cumecs
Hence assuming a self cleaning velocity of 1 m /sec

0.12 × 4
d= = 0.39m
π ×1
Use 380 mm dia cast iron pipe.
0.1208Q
Actual V= = 1.058m/serc
π
(0.38) 2

23
 1 2/3 1/2
V= R S
N
2/3
1 ⎛ 0.38 ⎞ 1/2
Now 1.058 = ⎜ ⎟ S
0.013 ⎝ 4 ⎠
S = 0.00436
hf = S x L
= 0.00436 x 90
= 0.392 m
hL = 0.392 + 0.07 = 0.463 < 0.72 m
Hence OK.
( 4 ) Design for flow at max discharge
Qmax = 0.5 cumecs
Hence flow in the third pipe, during flow at
max discharge = 0.5 – 0.2 = 0.3 cumecs
Let us provide a higher velocity, say 1.5 m/sec.

0.3 × 4
d= = 0.35046m
π × 1.5
Provide 500 mm dia pipe
0.3
Actual V= = 1.528m/sec
π
(0.50)2
4
Now
1 2/3 1/2
V= R S
N
2/3
1 ⎛ 0.50 ⎞ 1/2
1.528 = ⎜ ⎟ S
0.013 ⎝ 4 ⎠
S = 0.00631
hf = 0.00631 x 90 = 0.568 m
hL= 0.568 + 0.07
= 0.638 < 0.72 m
Hence the sizes of the three barrels are:
Barrel 1 : 300 mm dia pipe
Barrel 2 : 380 mm dia pipe
Barrel 3 : 500 mm dia pipe
* * * * * * * *

24
Question ( 20 )
Design of shone pneumatic ejector to lift the sewage from a low level area havijg a
population of 7500 persons, supplied with a water supply of 180 litres per day. Assume the
velocity of sewage in sewage main as 0.9 m/sec and velocity of compressed air in the air
main as 6m/sec.

Solution:
Let us assume that the entire water supplied appears as sewage
7500 × 180
D.W.F = × 10 −3 = 0.015625cumecs
24 × 60 × 60
Assume peak flow to be 3 times D.W.F
Qmax = 3 x 0.015625 = 0.0469 cumecs
( a ) Design of ejector body
Let us assume that the ejector works 10 times per hour. Hence the capacity ( C ) of the
ejector at maximum rate of flow will be
0.0469 × 60 × 60
C= = 16.884m 3
10
Let the effective height of ejector body be 2.5 m. Hence its diameter D is given by
16.884 × 4
D= = 2.93m
π × 2.5
Hence provide the ejector of 3m dia and 2.5m height.
( b ) Design of air pipe : Peak flow – 0.0469 Cumecs
Velocity of air = 6 m/sec
0.0469
Area of air pipe = = 7.8167 × 10 −3 m2
6

7.8167 × 10 −3 × 4
and dia of air pipe= π
≈ 0.1m
Hence provide 10cm dia air pipe
( c ) Design of sewer main
0.0469
Area of cross section = = 0.05211
0.9

25
 0.05211× 4
Dia of sewer pipe =
π
= 0.2576m
≈ 26cm

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 21 )
A town having a population of 60,000 is supplied with a per capita water supply of
180 litres per day. A separate sewer from this town enters a pumping station through a low
level sewer at R.L 120.00 m. This sewage is to be pumped to a high level sewer at R.L
120.00 m. Assuming that 80% of water reaches the sewer, determine ( a ) size of sump well,
( b ) B.H.P of the pump motor required, and ( c ) size of the rising main, if the length is 120
m. Assume suitable data wherever required.

Solution:
( 1 ) Assumption of data= let us assume the following data:
( i ) Peak flow = 3 times the average flow
( i i ) Velocity of flow in rising mains = 1 m/sec
( iii ) Min time of pumps running continuously = 15 min
( iv ) Head losses in bends etc = 0.4 m
( v ) Efficiency of pump = 65 %
( vi ) Efficiency of driving units = 75 %

( 2 ) Peak sewage flow: Average quantity of sewage produced

⎡ 7500 × 180 ⎤
Qav = 0.8 ⎢ × 10 −3 ⎥ = 0.1cumecs
⎣ 24 × 60 × 60 ⎦
Q max = 3Q av = 3 × 0.1 = 0.3Cumecs
( 3 ) Dia of rising main : Velocity of flow in rising main = 1 m/sec
Area of cross section = 0.3/1= 0.3 m2

0.3 × 4
∴ Dia D = = 0.618m
π
Provide rising main of 62 cm dia.

26
 0.3
Actual velocity of flow = = 0.994m/sec
π
(0.62 )2
4
( 4 ) Design of sump well: Sump will be designed for 15 minutes flow.
Peak flow rate = 0.3 Cumecs
Quality of sewage collected in 15 minutes
=0.3x15x60
=270m3
Quality of sewage in rising main
π
= (0.62)2 × 120
4
= 36.23m 3

Total capacity of the sump well = 270 + 36.23 = 306.23 m3

Let us provide 3 sump wells, two for staring the above sewage and third as a stand by
Let the depth of each unit = 3 m
306.23
Surface area of each unit = = 51.04m 2
2×3

51.04 × 4
Dia of sump well =
π
≈ 8.1m
Hence provide three units of sumps wells each of 8.1 and 3 m depth.
( 5 ) Design of pimps: Each pump has to lift a sewage of
306.23
= 153.115m 3 in15minutes
2
153.115
Capacity of each pump = = 0.170Cumecs 2
15 × 60
Let us assume Darcy’s friction factor = 0.04

flV 2 0.04 × 120(0.994 )

2
hf = = = 0.39m
2gd 2 × 9.81(0.62 )

Losses in bends etc = 0.4 m

Total losses HL = 0.39 = 0.4 = 0.89 m
Static lift = 129.00 – 120.00 = 9.0 m
Total lift = H + HL = 9.0 + 0.89 = 9.89 m

27
 QWH 0.17 × 1000 × 9.89
H/P of pump motor = =
75η p η d 75 × 0.65 × 0.75

≈ 46

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 22 )
Write down short note on nitrogen cycle ( see Fig 8.1 )
Solution
The nitrogen cycle, corresponding to the biochemical degradation or decomposition
of nitrogenous organic matter, is in fact an endless chain connecting the process of life and
decay of both animal and plant worlds. This is illustrated in Fig. The nitrogen cycle consists
of following steps:
( a ) Main steps:
( 1 ) The nitrogenous organic matter, in the form of waste animal and plant matter, consisting
of area, proteins and hydrocarbons, undergoes decomposition either by way of oxidation
by aerobic bacteria or by way of putrefaction by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in the
formation of ammonia ( NH3 ) and other gases.
( 2 ) By process of nitrification, ammonia is first converted into nitrites ( NO2 ) by partial
oxidation and then finally to nitrites ( NO2 ) by the action of aerobic bacteria.
( 3 ) The products formed in step 2 are consumed by plant life as food, through
photosynthesis. The plant life grows, due to which plant tissues, plant protein ( seeds )
and free oxygen are produced.
( 4 ) The plant protein is consumed by animals, resulting in the production of animal protein
( meat, milk )
( 5 ) The animal wastes in the form of urine and other excretions, as well as the dead bodies
of the animals result in the formation of nitrogenous organic matter.
The cycle thus continues. However, there may be some short circuits in the above
cycle as shown in Fig and as described below.
( b ) Short circuit steps
( 6 ) The death or decay of plant life ( as it happens in forests where leaves, flowers etc. of
plants lie in layers on ground surface to decay ) may directly result in the formation of
nitrogenous organic matter.
( 7 ) Waste products such as urea and excretions of animals may sometimes decompose
28
 directly and form ammonia nitrogen.
( 8 ) The nitrates formed after step 2 may be converted or reduced into free nitrogen ( and
some times to ammonia ) by anaerobic bacteria, by a process known as denilrification.
( 9 ) However free nitrogen, produced in step 8, may directly be converted into plant proteins
by certain type of bacteria present in the roots of plants, through a process known as
nitrogen fixation.
* * * * * * * *
Question ( 23 )
Write down short note on the following
( i ) Oxygen demand ( ii ) Biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD )
Solution:
( i ) Oxygen demand
The presence of oxygen is essential for the livelihood of organisms. The aerobic
action continues only till the oxygen is present in wastewater, and after that anaerobic action
begins resulting in putrefaction. Thus, oxygen is demanded in wastewater for the oxidation
of both inorganic as well as organic matter. Thus demand of oxygen may be expresses in the
following ways.
( i i ) Biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD )
The biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD ) is a measure of the oxygen required to
oxidize the organic matter present in a sample, through the action of micro-organisms
contained in a sample of waste water. It is the most widely used parameter of organic
pollution applied to both wastewater as well as surface water. The BOD may be defined as
the oxygen required for the micro-organisms to carry out biological decomposition of
dissolved solids or organic matter in the wastewater under aerobic conditions at standard
temperature. The BOD lest results are used for the following purposes:
( i ) Determination of approximate quantity of oxygen required for the biological stabilization
of organic matter present in the wastewater.
( ii) Determination of size of wastewater treatment facilities.
( iii ) Measurement of efficiency of some treatment processes.
( iv ) Determination of strength of sewage.
( v ) Determination of amount of clear water required for the efficient disposal of wastewater
by dilution.
* * * * * * * *
Question ( 24 )
29
 The BOD of a sewage incubated for one day at 30 ْC has been found to be 100 mg/L.
What will be the 5 day 20 ْ CBOD. Assume K = 0.12 ( Base 10 ) at 20 ْ C.
Solution:
Given Y1( or BOD1 ) 30 = 100 mg/L
K20 = 0.12
Let find K30 using eqn:
Since temperature range is 20 ْ to 30 ْ, take θ = 1.056
K30 = 0.12(1.056) 30-20
≈ 0.207 / day
For reaction at 30 ْC
Yt(30) = Lo( 1- 10 –K30 t )
100 = Lo( 1- 10 –0.207 x 1 )
Lo= 263.8 mg/L
For reaction at 20 ْC
Yt(20) = Lo( 1- 10 –K20 t )
Y5(20) = 263.8( 1- 10 –0.12 x5 ) = 197.5
Hence BOD5 at 20 ْC = 197.5 mg/L
* * * * * * * *
Question ( 25 )
During BOD test conducted on a 5 % dilution of waste, the following lbservations
were taken.
( i ) Do of aerated water used for dilution = 3.6 mg/L
( ii ) Do of original sample = 0.8 mg/ L
( iii ) Do of diluted sample after 5 day incubation = 0.7 mg/L
Compute: ( a ) 5 day BOD and ( b ) Ultimate BOD.
Assume deoxygenation constant at temperature as 0.12.

Solution:
The diluted sample contain 5 % wastewater and 95 % aerated water.
Do of test specimen = [ Do of wastewater x its content ] +
[Do of aerated water x its content ]
30
 = ( 0.8 x 0.05 ) + ( 3.6 x 0.95 ) = 3.46 mg/L
Do of incubated sample after 5 day = 0.7 mg/L
Do consumed = 3.46 – 0.7 = 2.76 mg/L
100
Dilution factor = = 20
5
BOD5 = (Do consumed ) x dilution factor
= 2.76 x 20 = 55.2 mg/L
Also, Yt = L0( 1- 10 –K t )
Y5 = L0( 1- 10 –0.12x5 )
= 0.7488 L0
Y5 55.2
L0 = = = 73.72mg/L
0.7488 0.7488

* * * * * * * *
Question ( 26 )
The domestic sewage of a town is to be discharged into a stream after treatment.
Determine the maximum permissible effluent BOD and the percentage purification required
in the treatment plant, given the following particulars.
Population of town = 50000
D.W.F of sewage = 150 Litres per capita per day
BOD contribution per capita = 0.075 kg per day
Minimum flow of stream = 0.20 m3/s
BOD of stream = 3mg/L
Max BOD of stream = on downstream = 5 mg/L

Solution:
D.W.F of sewage = 150 x 50000 litres per day
150× 50000
=
24 × 60 × 60 × 1000
= 0.868m3 /s
Stream discharge = 0.20 m3/s
Where, Ym=5mg/L (given ) Y1 is BOD of effluent
Q1= discharge of effluent
Y2 = BOD of Stream

31
 Q2= discharge of Stream
BOD (Ym ) of the mixture at the downstream
Y1Q1 + Y2 Q 2
Ym =
Q1 + Q 2
(Y1 × 0.0868) + (30 × .2)
5=
0.0868 + 0.2
Y1 = 9.608mg/L
Now BOD per capita per day = 0.075 x1000 x1000
=75000 mg/day
sewage D.W.F = 150 liters/day
75000
Actual BOD of effluent = = 500mg/L
150
500 − 9.608
Hence percentage purification required = × 100 = 98.1%
500

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 27 )
A stream, saturated with DO, has a flow of 1.2 m3/s, BOD of 4 mg/L and rate constant
of 0.3 per day. It receives an effluent discharge of 0.25 m3/s having BOD 20 mg/L, Do 5mg/L
and rate constant 0.13 per day. The average velocity of flow at the stream is 0.18 m/s.
Calculate the Do deficit at point 20 km and 40km downstream. Assume that the temperature
is 20˚C throughout and BOD is measured at 5 days. Take saturation Do at 20 ˚C as 9.17
mg/L.

Solution
Let YS = BOD of the mix
QS = stream flow = 1.2 m3/s
YS = BOD of stream = 4 mg/L
Qe = Effluent discharge = 0.25 m3/s
Ye = BOD of Effluent = 20 mg/L
Then,

32
 Q 5 Y5 + Q e Ye
Y5 =
Qs + Qe
1.2 × 4 + 0.25 × 20
Y5 =
1.2 + 0.25
Y5 = 6.759mg/L
Now, Y5 = L0 ( 1 – 10 – Kt )
6.759 = L0 ( 1 – 10 – 0.13x5 )
L0 = 8.71 mg/L
( DO )S = Saturation Do of stream at 20˚C
( DO )e = Do of Effluent = 5 mg/L

( DO )mix =
(DO )s × Q s + (DO) e × Qe
Qs + Qe

=
(9.17 × 1.2 ) + (5 × 0.25)
= 8.45 mg/L
1.2 + 0.25
Initial Do deficit = D0 = 9.17- 8.45 = 0.72 mg/L
( a ) Do deficit at a point 20 km downstream
disance 20 × 1000
t= = = 1.286days
velocity 0.18 × 60 × 60 × 24
Using streeter – Phelps Equation

( DO )mix =
KL 0
R −K
[ ]
10 − Kt − 10 − Rt + D 0 10 − Rt

=
0.3 − 0.13
10[
0.13 × 8.71 −0.13×1.286
]
− 10 −0.3×1.286 + 0.72 × 10 −0.3×1.286

≈ 2.089mg/L
( b ) DO deficit at a point 40km downstream
40 × 1000
t= = 2.572days
0.18 × 60 × 60 × 24

Dt =
0.3 − 0.13
10[
0.13 × 8.71 −0.13×2.572
]
− 10 −0.3×2.572 + 0.72 × 10 −0.3×2.572

= 2.079 mg/L

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 28 )

33
 A town discharges 80 cumecs of sewage into a stream having a rate of flow of 1200
cumecs during lean days, at a 5 day BOD of sewage at the given temperature is 250 mg/L.
Find the amount of critical DO deficit and its location in the downstream portion of the
stream. Assume deoxygenation coefficient K as 0.1 and coefficient of self purification ( fs ) as
3.5. Assume saturation Do at given temperature as 9.2 mg/L.

Solution
( DO )Stream = 9.2 mg/L; ( DO )effluent = 0

( DO )mix =
(9.2 × 1200 ) + (0 × 80)
= 8.625mg/L
1200 + 80
Initial Do deficit = D0 = 9.2-8.625= 0.575 mg/L
Also, 5 day BOD of the mix is given by

Y5 =
(0 × 1200) + (250 × 80) = 15.625mg/L
1200 + 80
But
Y5 = L0 ( 1 – 10 – Kx5 )
6.759 = L0 ( 1 – 10 – 0.1x5 )
L0 = 22.85 mg/L

1 ⎡ ⎧ D ⎫⎤
tc = log10 ⎢f s ⎨1 − (f s − 1) 0 ⎬⎥
K(f s − 1) ⎣ ⎩ L 0 ⎭⎦

1 ⎡ ⎧ 0.575 ⎫⎤
= log10 ⎢3.5⎨1 − (35 − 1) × ⎬
0.1(3.5 − 1) ⎣ ⎩ 22.85 ⎭⎥⎦
= 2.063 days

Dc =
L0
fs
(
10 − Kt c )
22.85
Dc = (10 )− 0.1 × 2.063 = 4.06mg/L
3.5
x c = V × t c = 0.12(2.063 × 24 × 60 × 60) × 10 − 3 = 21.39km

* * * * * * * *

Question ( 29 )

34
 Using the following data, find out DO at the end of 1 and 2 days.
River Wastewater
Flow ( m3/s) 25 2
Do(mg/L) 9.1 0
5 day BOD (mg/L) 2 200
Take deoxiygenation constant as 0.1 per day and reoxiygenation costant as 0.3 per dy.
Take saturation DO as 9.10 mg/L.

Solution:

( DO )mix =
(9.1 × 25 ) + (0 × 2) = 8.425mg/L
25 + 2

( Y mix )s =
(2 × 25 ) + (200 × 2)
= 16.667mg/L
25 + 2

Initial Do deficit = D0 = 9.10 -8.425= 0.674 mg/L

Also, (Ymix )s = L0 ( 1 – 10 – Kt )

16.667 = L0 ( 1 – 10 – 0.1x5 )
L0 = 24.375 mg/L
( a ) At the end of 1 day

D1 =
KL 0
R −K
[ ]
10 − Kt − 10 − Rt + D 0 10 − Rt

Dc =
0.1 × 24.375
0.3 − 0.1
[ ]
10 − 0.1 ×1 − 10 − 0.3 ×1 + 0.67(10) − 0.3 ×1

= 3 . 91 mg/L
( DO )1=9.1-3.91=5.19mg/L
( a ) At the end of 2 day

D2 =
0.1 × 24.375
0.3 − 0.1
[ ]
10 − 0.1 × 2 − 10 − 0.3 × 2 + 0.674(10) − 0.3 × 2

( DO )2= 9.1- 4.80 = 4.3mg/L

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Question ( 30 )

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 100 cumecs of sewage of a city is discharged in a perennial river which is fully
saturated with oxygen and flows at a minimum rate of 1250 cumecs with a minimum velocity
of 0.15 m/sec. If the 5 day BOD of the sewage is 260mg/l. find out where the cirtical DO will
occur in the river.
Assume ( i ) The coefficient of purification of river as 4.0.
( ii ) coefficient of DO as 0.11
( iii ) The ultimate BOD as 125% of the 5 day BOD of the mixture of sewage and
river water.

Solution:
Assume DO of effluent = 0

( DO )mix =
(1250 × 9.17 ) + (100 × 0)
= 8.49mg/L
1250 + 100
Initial Do deficit = D0 = 9.17 -8.49= 0.68 mg/L
5 day BOD of sewage = 260 mg/L

(Y5 )max = (1250 × 0) + (100 × 260) = 19.26mg/L

1250 + 100
It is given that ultimate BOD is equal to 125 % of the 5 day BOD of the mixture of
sewage and river water
L0 = 1.25 (Y5) mix = 1.25 x 19.26
= 24.07 mg/L

1 ⎡ ⎧ D ⎫⎤
tc = log10 ⎢f s ⎨1 − (f s − 1) 0 ⎬⎥
K(f s − 1) ⎣ ⎩ L 0 ⎭⎦

K = 0.11 (given) and fs =4.0

1 ⎡ ⎧ 0.68 ⎫⎤
∴tc = log10 ⎢4⎨1 − (4 − 1) ⎬
0.11(4 − 1) ⎣ ⎩ 24.07 ⎭⎥⎦
= 1.7078
x c = Velocity × t i me = 0 . 15 (1 . 7078 × 24 × 3660 ) × 10 − 3 = 22 . 13 Km

Hence critical deficit will occur at 22.13 Km downstream of the sewage disposal
point.
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