PGS Assignment April 24, 2021

TITLE Hydro Turbines

TITLE:

Particulars

Name: Jawad Ul Hassan Shah

Reg. ID: 180527
Section: BEEP-VIA

Bachelor’s of Electrical Engineering

Session 2018-2022

Subject: Power Generation System

Submitted To:
To Sir. Faizan Munir

Department of Electrical Engineering

Engineering
Air University, Islamabad

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PGS Assignment April 24, 2021

Problem:
Summarize the types of hydro turbines. Mention Specific head required, discharge required
and rpm range of each type. Collect Information from the web.

HYDRO TURBINES:

Hydro/Water/hydraulic turbines are prime movers. Water turbines are machines which
convert the kinetic energy and the potential energies possessed by water into mechanical
rotary motion and further into electric power. Hydro electric power can be developed
whenever continuously flowing high pressure water is available. By constructing dams across
flowing rivers, artificial reservoirs are created. Water is ducted from these reservoirs to the
turbine stations through large pipes called penstocks, and in the turbines its hydraulic energy
is converted into mechanical energy which in turn is converted into electrical energy.

Classification Of Water Turbines:

The classification of water turbines are as follows:

1. According to the type of energy at inlet:

(i) Impulse or velocity turbine
(ii) Reaction or pressure turbine

2. According to the direction of flow of water through runner:

(i) Tangential flow turbine
(ii) Radial flow turbine
(iii) Axial flow turbine
(iv) Mixed flow turbine

3. According to the available water head at inlet:

(i) High head turbine
(ii) Medium head turbine
(iii) Low head turbine

4. According to the disposition of the runner shaft:

(i) Vertical shaft
(ii) Horizontal shaft

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PGS Assignment April 24, 2021

Types of Impulse Turbines:

 Pelton turbine
 Cross-Flow turbine

Types of Reaction Turbines:

 Kaplan turbine
 Francis turbine
 Kinetic turbine
 Propeller turbine
 Bulb turbine
 Straflo turbine
 Tube turbine

Most Commonly Used Hydro Turbines:

 Impulse turbine
 Pelton turbine
 Reaction Turbine
 Kaplan turbine
 Francis turbine
 Propeller Turbine

HEAD RANGE:
Turbines Head Range
Kaplan 2m to 70 m
Francis 30m to 450 m
Pelton 300m to 1700 m

Specific Speed of a Turbine:

The specific speed (m-KW system)of a turbine is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine
that would develop one kW power under a head of one meter.

Specific Speed in M-KW System

Francis 60 to 400
Kaplan 300 to 1100
Pelton 4 to 60

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PGS Assignment April 24, 2021

Valves:
There are two types of valves:
1. Spherical valve: It is used where the head is high, i.e. to sustain high pressure.
(For Heads above 200m)
2. Butterfly valve: It is used where the inlet pressure of water is comparatively lower.
(For Heads above 200m)

Major assemblies of Hydro Turbines

1. Draft tube

2. D.T. Cone

3. Lower Cover (pivot ring) / Discharge Ring

4. Stay Ring

5. Spiral Case / Distributor

6. Guide Apparatus

7. Runner

8. Shaft

9. Guide Bearing

10. Shaft Seal

11. Servomotor

12. Oil Header (Kaplan)

13. Pit Liner

14. Distributor (Pelton)

15. Bottom Housing (Pelton)

16. Nozzles (Pelton)

17. Deflectors (Pelton)

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PGS Assignment April 24, 2021

IMPULSE TURBINES

Impulse turbines are most efficient for high head and low flow sites that are used for
situations with heads range from 6 feet to 600 feet. The impulse turbine uses the velocity of
the water to move the runner and the water flows out the bottom of the turbine housing at
atmospheric pressure. The flow strikes the turbine as a jet in an open environment to create a
kinetic energy which is producing the power. These types of turbines generally are simple
design and inexpensive. Turgo, Pelton and cross flow turbines are used for lower head micro
sites; they are becoming an accepted alternative practice in many countries.

Turgo Turbines:

By 1920 Gilbert Gilkes Ltd invented Turgo turbine as shown in Figure below. They are
commonly used as high and medium head impulse turbines, The Turgo can handle
significantly higher water flow rates, allowing for efficient operation in lower head ranges
because it can generate significant power by using more water with less head. The jet of
water hits and exits the runner at a sharp angle; the water also in a Turgo turbine exits from
the bottom of the wheel and does not interfere with the inlet jet. This allows the diameter of
the wheel to be smaller for a given jet diameter, increasing the rotational speed.

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PGS Assignment April 24, 2021

Pelton Turbines:

In a Pelton turbine, water jets from nozzles strike the double cupped buckets attached to the
wheel, arranged on a circumference of a runner or wheel, causing a force that rotates the
wheel at high efficiency rates of 70 to 90 percent. A Pelton wheel has one or multi free jets.
Pelton turbines are suited for high head, low flow applications. Recently Pelton turbines can
also be used for small hydropower systems. For small systems, a single water jet is typically
used .

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Cross Flow Turbines:

A cross-flow turbine, also it known as an Ossberger turbine which is designed by Ossberger

Co, is shaped like a drum and uses an extended, rectangular-section nozzle directed against
curved vanes on a cylindrically shaped runner. The cross-flow turbine allows the water to
flow through the blades twice. During the first pass, water flows from the outside of the
blades to the inside; the second pass is from the inside back out. These types of turbines can
be used both in horizontal and vertical orientations. These turbines can familiar with higher
water flow and lower head than the Pelton turbine.

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REACTION TURBINES

Reaction Turbines have a better performance in low head and high flow sites. They have not
nozzles, the blades project radially from the periphery of the runner are formed and mounted
so that the spaces between the blades have, in cross section, the shape of nozzles. A reaction
turbine generates power from the combined action of pressure and moving water. In the slow
operating speed, the efficiency of reaction turbines is better than the impulse turbines. Also
Reaction turbines are generally preferred over impulse turbines when a lower head but higher
flow is available.

Axial Flow Turbines "Propeller Turbines":

Most of the reaction turbines are a propeller type turbine; it is practical, which indicated a
good efficiency, simplicity, cost effectiveness. A propeller turbine generally has a runner
with three to six blades in which water streams hit continuously at a constant rate. The pitch
of the blades would be fixed or adjustable. The major components besides the runner are a
scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube. There are four different types of propeller turbines,
Bulb turbine, the turbine and generator are unity cased in front of water flows. Straflo, the
generator is attached directly to the circumferential of the turbine. Tube turbine: the penstock
bends positioned before or after the runner to make straight line connection to the generator.
In 1913, variable pitch propeller turbine was designed by Kaplan, thus it is called the Kaplan
turbine. Its runner is hydraulically similar to the propeller turbine runner except that the hub
is different which includes mechanism to adjust blades and wicket gates angles.

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Francis Turbines:

A Francis turbine is the most common used in hydropower; it has a radial or mixed radial/
axial flow runner which is most commonly mounted in a spiral casing with internal adjustable
guide vanes. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and then falls
through, causing it to spin. Besides the runner, the other major components are a scroll case,
wicket gates, and a draft tube.

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Pump as Turbine (PAT):

In pumping mode, the fluid enters at suction side of pump at low pressure and gets energized
by the impeller, which is rotated by some external means, and leaves the casing at high
pressure. Whereas in case of PAT , the pump rotates in reverse direction, water enters in the
pump at very high pressure from the casing and moves through the impeller blades and
releases its pressure and kinetic energy to the impeller shaft as mechanical energy and fluid
comes out from the eye of pump at low pressure. The efficiency is as high as 85%.

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Kinetic/ Free-flow Turbine:

Kinetic turbines exploit the kinetic energy in water streams to produce electricity power
rather than the potential energy from the head. They can operate in rivers, channels, tidal
waters, or ocean currents. Kinetic systems use the flowing water natural path way, so they do
not require diversion of water through manmade channels, river beds, or pipes. However,
they can be applied in such conduits.

Screw Turbine:

With an Archimedes screw turbine, screw is turned by water falling through it. The turning
screw rotates the gear box to generate power electricity. Archimedes screw is becoming more
suitable for lower head sites; heads can be as low as 1 meter. It is especially suited to sites
with large flows.

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Efficiency Vs Flow Rate:

Selection of Turbine:

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