An

Internship Report
On
Title: “Manufacturing of Acrylonitrile (CH2CHCN)”

Submitted By
Savaliya Smit Jitendrabhai(180190105096)
In Partial Fulfilment For The Award Of The Degree
Of
Bachelor Of
Engineering In
Chemical Engineering
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALSAD.
Between Bkm Science College And Government
Polytechnic, Tithal Road,
Valsad-396001
2021-2022
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

1
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALSAD.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
2021-2022

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Savaliya Smit Jitendrabhai (180190105096) Chemical Engineering have
successfully completed the summer internship entitled “Manufacturing of Acrylonitrile
(CH2CHCN)” offered during the academic term 2021-2022.

Name and Signature of Internship Guide

Prof. B M Pandya

Head of the Department

Prof. N M Patel

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With immense pleasure we would like to present this project report on
❝Manufacturing ofAcrylonitrile (CH2CHCN) ❞. We take this opportunity to
express my profound gratitude toall those who motivated, encouraged and
helped me in my venture.
We are grateful to our guide, Mr. B.M.PANDYA for his kind support, guidance
andencouragement through out the project work.
We acknowledge out sense of gratitude to Gujarat Technological
University (GTU), our
institute Prof. N.M. Patel, Head of the Chemical Engineering Department for
providing necessary facility.
We would also like to be grateful to staff of Chemical Engineering
Department for theirconstant support & encouragement.
We would also like to be grateful to librarian of our Institute for their
help and support.
We are certainly thankful to all our classmates and friends for their cordially
supporting us.
We are heartily thankful to Almighty and our Parents for their constant flow of
blessing
SAVALIYA SMIT JITENDRABHAI -180190105096

INDEX

Sr no. Topic Page no.

1 Introduction of Acrylonitrile 6
2 Properties & Applications 7
3 Various Processes With Flow Diagram & Selection Of 15
most Suitable Process

4 Material Safety Data Sheet 22

5 Expert Lecture 25

6 Reference 30

List of Figure

2.1.1 Types of physical property

2.2.1 Acrylonitrile Polymerization
2.2.2 Acrylonitrile Hydrogenation
3.1.1 Am Oxidation of propylene
3.1.2 Acrylonitrile by ethylene Cyanohydrin route
3.2.1 Acrylonitrile by acertylene HCN route
 CHAPTER: 1
 Introduction of Acrylonitrile

• Acrylonitrile is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHCN.

• Structural formula of ACN

• It is colourless volatile liquid, although commercial samples can be yellow
due to impurities.
• It consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile.

 IUPAC Name
Prop – 2 – enenitrile
• Other names of ACN

➢ Acrylonitrile

➢ 2-Propenenitrile

➢ Cyan ethylene

➢ Vinyl Cyanide

➢ Propenenitrile
• ACN is not naturally formed in the atmosphere of titan, a moon of Saturn
• ACN is the main monomer of synthesis fibres commonly called acrylics
which can
defined, according to the federce trade commission of the united states as
manufactured fibres in which the fiber forming substance is any long chain
synthesis
polymers composed of at least 857.
 CHAPTER: 2
Properties & Applications

 Chemical & Physical properties of Product

 Application of Product
 Physical and Chemical Properties of Acrylonitrile:

❖ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Acrylonitrile is an unsaturated molecule having a carbon – carbon double bond
conjugatedwith a nitrile group. It is a polar molecule because of the presence of the nitrogen
heteroatom.There is a partial shift in the bonding electrons towards the more
electronega

Property Value
 Appearance Clear, colourless liquid
 Odour With faintly pungent odour
 Boiling point,
C˚ 77.3 C˚

 Freezing point, ˚C 83.5C˚

 Density, 0.806
 Volatility, 78C˚ ,% ≥99
 Vapour pressure, 20C˚ ,K Pa 11.5
 Vapour density (air = 1 ) 1.8
 Solubility in water,
20C˚ wt% 7.3

 pH ( 5% aqueous solution ) 6.0−7.5

 Critical Temperature,
C˚ 246C˚

 Critical Pressure, MPa 3.54

 Critical Volume, g/푐푚 3 3.798
 Refractive index, n25/D 1.3888
 Dielectric constant, 33.5 MHz 38
 Ionization potential, Ev 10.75
 Molar refractivity ( D line ) 15.67
 Surface tension, 25˚C, mN/m 26.6
 Dipole moment, Cmc 1.171×10−29 For liquid
1.294×10−29 For vapour
 Viscosity, 25˚C, mPas 0.34

 Thermodynamic Data:
Property Value
 Auto ignition temperature, ˚C 481
 Flammability limits in air, 25˚C, Vol% Lower= 3.0
Upper= 17.0
 Free energy of formation, Gg, 25˚C
195
 Enthalpy of formation, 25˚C Kcal/mol 45.37 (For gas )
36.2 ( For liquid )
 Heat of combustion, KJ/mol 1761.5 10 7.2 2.6

 Heat of vaporization, KJ/mol 32.65 20 7.3 3.1

 Molar heat capacity, KJ( kg K 11) 2.09 (

Liquid )

 Molar heat of fusion, KJ/mol 6.61

 Entropy, S, gas at 25˚C 274

 Solubilities of Acrylonitrile in
water: Solubilities of Acrylonitrile in
water:- Temperature, ˚C Water, wt%
Acrylonitrile, wt%
-50 - 0.4
-30 - 1.0
0 7.1 2.1
1.204 ( Gas )
 30 7.5 3.9
40 7.9 4.8
50 8.4 6.3
60 9.1 7.7
70 9.9 9.2
80 11.1 10.9
Acrylonitrile is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents, including acetone,
benzene,carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethylene, cyanohydrins,
petroleum ether,toluene, some kerosene, and methanol. Composition of some common
azeotropes ofAcrylonitrile is given in table below.
 Acrylonitrile vapour Pressure over Aqueous solution at 25C˚
Acrylonitrile, wt% Vapour pressure, kPa
1 1.3
2 2.9
3 5.3
4 6.9
5 8.1
6 10.0
7 10.9
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
Acrylonitrile is a very reactive compound.
The important reactions of Acrylonitrile are as
below. Reactions of the double bond.
• Polymerization:
Acrylonitrile can undergo spontaneous, exothermic polymerization in the absence
ofhydroquinone inhibitor to give polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The homo and
copolymerization ofAcrylonitrile take place rapidly in the presence of radiation, anionic
initiators or fire radicalsources, such as peroxide or diazo compounds.

The reaction involves charge transfer complex between various monomers and can
beproduced in the vapour, liquid or solid, in solution and in dual-phase system. Only the
lattertwo methods have industrial impact.
• Hydrogenation:
In the presence metal catalyst hydrogenation of Acrylonitrile gives propionitrile &
propylamine.

• Hydrodimerization:-
Two molecules of Acrylonitrile react with hydrogen molecules to give adiponitrel over a
metal catalyst.
  Halogenations:
In the presence of light Acrylonitrile react with halogens to produce dihalopropintriles.
 Production of acrylonitrile:
For years the first step in the commercial production of acryl amide was the partial
hydrolysis with sulphuric acid too acryl amide sulphate. Then it is converted to acryl
amide ( 퐶 3 퐻 5 푁푂
)
by neutralization with a base.
  APPLICATIONS OF ACRYLONITRILE:
Being a volatile highly polar solvent, acrylonitrile finds its greatest use as
an extracting fluid for fatty acids and animal and vegetable oils. Acrylonitrile has been widely
used as an extractive distillation solvent in the petrochemical industry for separating
olefins- diolefinmixtures and for 퐶 4-hydrocarbons. When Acrylonitrile is used in this
way, recycling is effected by water dilution of the extract and condensate with
subsequent phase separation, after which the Acrylonitrile is Azeotrope from the aqueous
phase. Acrylonitrile has-been’s as a solvent for polymer spinning and casting because of
the combination of high solubility and desirable intermediate volatility. It is also used as a
solvent for isolating components from crude products such as crude wool resin.
Acrylonitrile is used acommonlaboratory solvent for recrystallizing various chemicals
and is widely used as a solvent in HPLC analysis.
Acrylonitrile is also used in biotechnology research as a solvent in the
synthesis of DNA and peptide sequencing. Acrylonitrile can be used to remove tars, phenol
and colouring matter from petroleum hydrocarbons that are not soluble in Acrylonitrile.
Acrylonitrile is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of many chemicals such
as acetorphan, alpha- methyl acetic acid, thiamine and acetomidine.

➢ Main use patterns of Acrylonitrile

➢ Extraction of fatty acids and animal and vegetable oils

➢ Extraction of unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons

➢ Solvent for polymer spinning and casing

➢ Moulding of plastics

➢ Removal of tars, phenols and colouring matter from petroleum hydrocarbons

➢ Purification of wool resin

➢ Recrystallization of steroids

➢ Starting material for synthesis of chemicals

➢ Solvent in DNA synthesis of chemicals

➢ Medium for promoting reactions

➢ Solvent in non-aqueous titrations

➢ Non aqueous solvent for inorganic salts

➢ High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis

➢ Catalyst and component of transition-metal complex catalyst

➢ Extraction and refining of copper, Stabilizer for chlorinated solvents

➢ Perfumes manufacture, Pharmaceutical solvent

 CHAPTER: 3
VARIOUS PROCESSES WITH FLOW DIAGRAM & SELECTION
OF MOST SUITABLE PROCESS

 Sohio process for Acrylonitrile production

 Acrylonitrile by Ethylene Cyanohydrin route
 Acrylonitrile by Acetylene HCN route
 Selection of most suitable Proces
  Basic manufacturing processes:

Although a variety of chemical routes to acrylonitrile have been proven, and various
processes developed, present practice concentrates exclusively on the am oxidation of
propylene. In the great majority of case the SOHIO fluid-bed process is used.
Considering the chemistry first, the more important routes, listed by chorological
development, have been the following:

 Am oxidation of Propylene:-
There are a number of Am oxidation of Propylene processes for manufacturing
acrylonitrile among them; the SOHIO process has attained the greatest industrial
importance of all the
Am oxidation processes.
Am oxidation represents the catalytic oxidative reaction of activated methyl groups with
leading to the formation of a nitrile group and is React with propylene to obtain
acrylonitrile.
 :Acrylonitrile by ethylene Cyanohydrin route

The first industrial production of Acrylonitrile based on ethylene Oxide was developed
by Agar Benin & Leverkusen in Germany in early 1940s & operated by Union
Carbide in the United States from 1952 onwards and by American Cyanamid from
1970. During the interim period around mid-1960s both plants have been shut
down.
 Acetylene Hydrogen Cyanide:

It is the another industrial pathway developed by Bayer and commercially operated

By
American DuPont, Goodrich, Knapsack, and Monsanto involved the CuCl-
NH4Cl Catalysed addition of HCN to acetylene at 70-80 OC: At the end of the
sixties, the Monsanto and Cyanamid plants were shut down. Consequently at the
beginning of the seventies less than1% of the total acrylonitrile production was
manufactured According 7to this route.

 Process Principle of Acetylene Route:

Single-step, homogeneously Catalyzed hydrocyanation in the liquid phase

Reaction
HC=CH + HCN → H2C=CHCN
80 % yield
Material Requirements:
 Basic: 1ton acrylonitrile (99%)
 Acetylene: 545 kg
 Hydrogen Cyanide: 545 kg
 Catalyst loss (contained copper): Small
 CHAPTER:- 4
Material Safety Data Sheet

 Material Safety Data Sheet for Acrylonitrile

Material Safety Data Sheet

 INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes the study of various safety, health and environmental actors along
with the material safety data sheets (MSDS) of methanol, carbon monoxide, propionic acid
and acetic acid.
The goal of chemical plant is not only to produce the chemicals, but to produce them
safely.In the plant’s chain of processes and operations, loss of control anywhere can lead to
accidents and then losses of life and property from hazards. Attempts should be made
to prevent troubles from the inspection while designing, fabricating and operating.
Safety generally involves:
1. Identification and assessments of the hazards
2. Control of hazards
3. Control of the process by provision of automatic control system, interlocks, alarm
trips, etc.
4. Limitation of the loss, by press relief, plant layout, etc...
Potential health
effects:- Inhalation:
Inhalation of concentrated vapours may cause serious damage to the lining of the nose,
throat, and lungs. Breathing difficulties may occur. Neither door nor degrees of irritation are
adequate to indicate vapour concentration.
Ingestion:
Swallowing can cause severe injury leading to death. Symptoms include sore throat,
vomiting, and dehydration. Ingestion of as little as 1.0 ml has resulted in perforation of the
oesophagus.
Skin Contact:
Contact with concentrated solution may cause serious damage to the skin. Effects mayinclude
redness, pain, skin burns. High vapour concentrations may cause skin sensitization.
Eye Contact:
Eye contact with concentrated solutions may cause severe eye damage followed by loss of
sight Exposure to vapour may cause intense watering and irritation to eyes.
Chronic Exposure: Repeated or prolonged exposures may cause darkening of the skin,
erosion of exposed front teeth, and chronic inflammation of the nose, throat, and
bronchial tubes.

 Safety precautions:
The low flash point and wide explosive range require facilities to exercise caution when
handling acetic acid.
1. Smoking must be prohibited.
2. Vehicle access should be strictly controlled.
3. Ventilation must be sufficient to cope with the maximum expected vapour levels
in buildings
4. Storage tank vents to atmosphere should be sized for fire-heated emergency vapour
release.
5. Dry chemical extinguishers should be accessible for small fires. An adequate
supply of hand held and types should be available.
6. Hydrants should be strategically placed with adequate hoses.
7. Small spills should be remediated with sand, earth or other non-combustible
absorbent material, and the area then flushed with water. Larger spills should be
diluted with water and diked for later exposal.
 Firefighting techniques:
Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. For small fire Use DRY chemical
powder. For large fire use alcohol foam, water spray or fog. Cool containing vessels with
water jet in order to prevent pressure build-up, auto ignition or explosion.

 EXPERT LECTURE

First day :-
It Was the First day of the internship program. It Was like a day for the
introduction to the members in the training session. All the students are qurious to learned
something new from the experts. Prof. Rohit kudtarkar sir delivered Introduction Lecture on
DWSIM on 24/5/21.
DWSIM is the Open Source Chemical Process Simulator. Simulate Chemical Processes using
advanced thermodynamic tool. It’s Freely Available Software. DWSIM features a
Comprehensive set of unit operation , advanced thermodynamic models,support for reacting
system. It was fully featured graphical interface. Rohit sir taught us step by step how to run
DWSIM Simulator.
In Simulation Four Steps to the simulator process:

1. Introduction
2. Compounds
3. Property Packages
4. System of units
• In compounds first we select the compounds which we want ,by select the compounds
at the right bottom view option we know the property of compounds .
• From property packages we select the laws or processes by which the reactant react &
gave the output.
Ex, we select Toluene and benzene then Rout’s law preferable because its stands for
ideal.
• From the system of units we were changed the units I CGS,
MKS, and C1,C2,C3,C4 by which we were write the units by our
choice. Then finish it.

Second day :-
Rahul sir (Asst.prof in GECV) Delivered the lecture on Demonstration of
PSA
Plant for oxygen generation on 25/5/2021.
Sir shared Very well knowledge about PSA (pressure swing adsorption)technology. PSA
Technology based on a physical binding of gas molecule to adsorbent materials . sir also told
about forces acting between the gas molecule and adsorbent material likes,
• The gas component
• Types of adsorbent material
• Operating temperature ,etc
PSA works at basically constant temperature and uses effects of alternating pressure
and partial pressure.
Sir give brief knowledge on oxygen used industrially many processes like steel
industries , globally about20% production is utilized in the health sector.
• Medical grade oxygen generators
Ex, cryogenic speration (ultra high purity)
• Large hospitals have dedicated units
• Small hospitals depend on the botteled oxygen which are expensive.
Medical oxygen is high purity oxygen that is used for medical treatments and is developed for
use in the human body.

Third day :-
One expert lecture was organized on plant engineering and design by our
college
on 5th June. The expert’s name was Atul Rai. He is the Senior Process Engineer at
Project Management and Engineering Pvt Ltd, Vadodara. He was the chemical
engineering student (2010 batch) of our college GEC Valsad. First, he gave
introduction of him. His 11 years’ experience of various industries gave us so
many fruitful information about chemical engineering and its scope. It was very
helpful for our knowledge.

He gave the basics of plant and its design. He also told what were the requirements for the
design of a plant. For the design of a plant some phases are necessary. Following are the
required phases.
· Design requirement
· Feasibility study and conceptual design – study for evaluation and analysis of
proposed project. Overview of project, mass balance, cost estimation, basic flow diagram,
design basis.
· FEED (Front End Engineering Design) or Basic Design – Detail PFD, , basic P&IDs,
defining equipment capacities, instrumentation and controls, preliminary calculations
( line sizing, pump sizing, defining process parameters – temperature & pressure),
equipment and instrumentation data sheets, equipment layout.
· Detail design – Final P&IDs, line sizing, equipment finalization, datasheets, vendor
co- ordinations, mechanical layouts. All drawing and datasheets will be released as
“Issued for Construction.”
· Construction – All design documents will be passed to site engineers,
construction, commissioning.
· Production.
Design basis for the conceptual study:
· It contains the scope of the design.
· Process description, fluid properties and defining process conditions.
· Assumption made during design.
· Sizing basis.
· Equipment details.

Fourth day :-
Our college had organized an expert lecture on the topic based upon the
designing software of heat exchanger on 6th June. The software name was HTRI and
its full form is Heat Transfer Research, Inc. the meeting was conducted by Mr. Jitesh Patel.
He is the Sr. engineer at Ganesh Polyphemus, Vapi.

HTRI was founded in 1962. Today its industrial research and development consortium
serves the engineering needs of nearly 600 companies in more than 45 countries. HTRI
conducts application-oriented research o pilot scale equipment at its research facility.
HTRI provides advanced experimental research to the oil and gas, chemical and
petrochemical industries.

First, our expert gave us the basic information about HTRI and its application. HTRI is a
software for designing heat exchanger. The software has various types of heat exchanger for
design. Like Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger, Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, Spiral Plate
Exchanger, Hairpin Exchanger etc... first, we have to select one exchanger which we want to
design. After that we get several options like geometry, piping, process, hot and cold fluid
properties, design and control. In these options we get other sub options like in geometry
we get options like shell, reboiler, tubes, baffles and other geometry options for exchanger.
We have to select the measurements and other properties to design heat exchanger.

In geometry there are several options like case mode, exchanger configuration, process
conditions, shell geometry, baffle geometry and tube geometry. In case mode we have three
options: 1) Rating 2) simulation 3) Design. We can choose among these. After entering all the
required data the program will run and give the output summary
Fifth day :-
Expert talk by Dr Sanjeev Verma (EHS-Head,Aditya Birla Group) and Mansi
Dholakia(CEO Founder,GMHA)
First of all I would like to thank Chirag Tamboli Sir to organise such a wonderful session
8th June,2021 for the students those who are entering the final year of their BE. Sanjeev
sir introduced us with the industrial life after completing the college life .He is very hard
working person. He also share his experience about how one of his colleague's son got
disturb by the industrial environment and how he started managing it as the time
passes.The most attractive thing that I like in his nature is the way he explain the
content. On the same
day ,we blessed to learn something on emotional intelligence by Mansi Dholakia
mem.She told us that today cooperate world is searching for the candidate who have
more emotional intelligence than IQ. One can become a ambient leader by some of
the qualities like communication skill, leadership skill,team building and many other . In
industry ,one have to deal with variety of people ,so one would have string EQ to
sustain in the industry.
 CHAPTER: 9
REFERENCE
Books:
1. Kirk & Othmer, “Encyclopediad Chemical Technology”, Vol.1 P. 352-
369, 4 th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.
2. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, VCH publications, Germany,
Vol.A1, P.177 – 183, 1985.
3. “McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”, Vol.1, Fifth
edition, McGraw Hill Book Company.
4. Terybal R.E., “Mass Transfer Operations”, Third edition McGraw Hill
International Edition, Chemical Engineering Series, New York, (1981).
5. McCabe W.L., Smith J.C & Harriot p., “Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering”, Fifth edition, McGraw Hill International Editions, Chemical
Engineering Series, New York, (1989).

Websits:
1. www.rockbridgegroup.com
2. www.chemdat.de
3. www.ipcl.co.in
4. www.inchem.org
5. www.safetyinfo.com
6. www.nptl.com