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    Evidenceofevolution Updated 150401162233 Conversion Gate01

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    AlfielAquino
    This document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, geology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how they can be relatively or absolutely dated using techniques like carbon-14 dating. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and analogous structures that support common descent, while biogeography and continental drift explain modern distributions. Embryology and biochemistry also show similarities at the molecular level consistent with evolutionary relationships.

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    Evidenceofevolution Updated 150401162233 Conversion Gate01

    Uploaded by

    AlfielAquino
    34 views25 pages
    This document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, geology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how they can be relatively or absolutely dated using techniques like carbon-14 dating. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and analogous structures that support common descent, while biogeography and continental drift explain modern distributions. Embryology and biochemistry also show similarities at the molecular level consistent with evolutionary relationships.

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    This document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, geology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how they can be relatively or absolutely dated using techniques like carbon-14 dating. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and analogous structures that support common descent, while biogeography and continental drift explain modern distributions. Embryology and biochemistry also show similarities at the molecular level consistent with evolutionary relationships.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views25 pages

    Evidenceofevolution Updated 150401162233 Conversion Gate01

    Uploaded by

    AlfielAquino
    This document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, geology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how they can be relatively or absolutely dated using techniques like carbon-14 dating. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and analogous structures that support common descent, while biogeography and continental drift explain modern distributions. Embryology and biochemistry also show similarities at the molecular level consistent with evolutionary relationships.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Evidence of Evolution

    Chapter 12
    Geologic
    Time Scale
    Fossil Record
    • Evidence of organisms
    from long ago
    • Formed in many ways
    • Layers of earth
    show relative age
    of fossils
    Formation of Fossils
    A compression fossil is a fossil preserved in
    sedimentary rock that has undergone physical
    compression.
    Formation of Fossils
    Petrification is the
    process by which
    organic material is
    converted into stone
    through the
    replacement of the
    original material and
    the filling of the
    original pore spaces
    with minerals.
    Formation of Fossils
    Compression fossils, such as those of
    fossil ferns, are the result of chemical
    reduction of the complex organic
    molecules composing the organism's
    tissues. In this case the fossil consists
    of original material, albeit in a
    geochemically altered state. Often
    what remains is a carbonaceous film
    known as a phytoleim, in which case
    the fossil is known as a compression.
    Often, however, the phytoleim is lost
    and all that remains is an impression
    of the organism in the rock—an
    impression fossil.
    Formation of Fossils
    Molds and Casts
    In some cases, the original bone
    or shell dissolves away, leaving
    behind an empty space in the
    shape of the shell or bone.
    This depression is called a mold.
    Later, the space may be filled
    with other sediments to form a
    matching cast in the shape of
    the original organism. Many
    mollusks (bivalves, snails, and
    squid) are commonly found as
    molds and casts because their
    shells dissolve easily.
    Formation of Fossils

    Oozing tree sap can trap insects. When the sap (or resin) fossilizes,
    it becomes amber.
    Dating Fossils
    • Relative Dating—based on where in layers of
    rock it is.
    – Does NOT assign an exact age
    • Absolute Dating—test fossil or sediment
    around it to get a date range
    – Radiometric Dating—uses radioactive isotopes
    • Based on half life—amount of time it takes for half the
    substance to decay
    • Ex. Carbon-14
    Carbon 14 Dating
    •Carbon dating is used to date archaeological samples to the relative dates that the
    sample was from.
    •The half-life of Carbon-14 is approximately 5,700 years, and as long as there is traces
    of Carbon-14 in something, you can age it accurately.
    •After an animal or other living
    thing dies, Carbon-14 slowly
    forms back into Nitrogen
    and returns back into the
    atmosphere, but regular
    Carbon-12 does not decay
    so if all the Carbon-14 decays,
    then you can not age that
    material
    Biogeography
    Darwin noticed:
    – The further away he got from home, the more different
    the species were from those he recognized. In particular,
    older animal groups often were more widespread.
    – The closer (geographically) related animals were, the
    more likely they were to be similar.
    – The further apart two animals, the more time they've
    had to evolve in their own direction.
    • Using fossil evidence and continental drift,
    the distribution of organisms can be
    explained (why llamas occur in South
    America and their closest living relatives
    (camels) live in Asia).
    Continental Drift

    PANGEA
    280 million years ago
    Comparative Anatomy
    • Homologous structures—structures that
    have a common origin, but may be used for
    different things.
    • Analogous structures—structures that look
    similar, but have different origins (e.g. wings
    in birds and insects).
    Comparative Anatomy
    • Homologous Structures: Similar structures in
    different living organisms because of a
    common ancestor
    Comparative Anatomy
    • Analogous Structures:
    Comparative Anatomy
    • Convergent evolution—animals that are
    different evolve similar structures due to
    similar environmental pressures. A classic
    example is the body shape of fish, dolphins
    and ichtyosaurs (extinct). These animals are
    unrelated, yet have very similar body shapes.
    Comparative Anatomy
    Convergent Evolution
    Embryology
    • Embryos show common ancestry.
    – For example, gill slits in human embryos.
    • Many embryos from totally different species look
    identical at various stages in their development.
    Human embryo
    Embryology
    Biochemistry
    • All organisms use DNA/RNA and proteins as
    basis of inheritance
    • Similar species have DNA that is very similar.
    This can be used to establish lineages and
    other relationships.
    • This works even on a larger scale such as
    between species.
    • Can use DNA as a molecular clock to
    estimate when organisms diverged (became
    different)
    Biochemistry—Molecular Clock
    Biochemistry Cytochrome c

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