Chapter 1 – Introduction

Zarina Md Ali, Mohd Shalahuddin Adnan

& Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat

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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, you are be able to
▪ Describe briefly about storm water management.
▪ Discuss technically on stormwater control in term of quantity and quality design
criteria.
▪ Organize plan and documents for any particular project.

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Outline of Chapter 1
1.5 Process of Plan

1.4 Authority Regulation &

Document
1.0 Introduction
Chapter
1
1.3 Ins & Framework 1.1 SW Design
Regulation Criteria

1.2 Unified Design Development &

Site Development

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 1.0 Introduction

It is widely recognised that land use changes

from rural to urban or industrial areas cause
local runoff impacts on receiving water flow,
quality, and ecology.

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• Stormwater is rainwater that falls onto roofs, roads, other hard
surfaces and parks, and flows into gutters and stormwater drains.
This water, including any sediments and contaminants it carries
with it, flows through a series of pipes and open channels and
eventually into our natural waterways and ocean.
• Along with the increase in water quantity, urbanization results in
the increase in non-point pollutants from various municipal
landuses and activities which can all end up in receiving waters.
• Major problems in Malaysia related to urban water management
include the shortage of water, pollution of water bodies, urban
flood hazards, and deterioration of the environment surrounding
rivers (MSMA, 2000).

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• Urban stormwater management, simply stated that everything done within a catchment to
remedy existing stormwater problems and to prevent the occurrence of new problems
(Walesh, 1989).
• It involves the development and implementation of a combination of structural and non-
structural measures to reconcile the conveyance and storage function of stormwater systems
within the space and related needs of an expanding urban population. It also involves the
development and implementation of a range of measures or Best Management Practices
(BMPs) to improve the quality of urban stormwater runoff prior to its discharge to receiving
waters (MSMA, 2000)

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 Stormwater Quantity Design Criteria

Q post development <= Q before development

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Stormwater systems are divided into 2 categories:
1. Minor system
• consists of swales, gutters, pipes, onsite detention, bio-retention and various type of inlets and BMPs
facilities.
• Components in the minor quantity system are sized to manage runoff generated from buildings,
infrastructures and utilities in frequent short duration storm events (up to 10 year ARI). During any event
larger than minor storm ARI, the higher runoff will overspill the minor drainage components.

2. Major system
• includes natural streams, channels, ponds, lakes, wetlands, large pipes and culverts.
• Is intended to safely convey and control runoff collected by the minor drainage system together with its
possible overspill to the larger downstream systems and water bodies.
• Design criteria is based on significant amounts of rainfall produced by the large and rare frequent long
duration storms (up to 100 year ARI).

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 1.1 Stormwater Design Criteria
Divided into 2:
1. Quantity Design Criteria
o Peak discharge control
✓ New development – defined as the conversion of o Conveyance facilities
natural or rural areas into urban, industrial infrastructure ✓ Surface flow criteria
and/or utility development.
✓ Property drainage
✓ Redevelopment – defined as the renewal and
reconstruction of an existing residential, commercial, ✓ Pavement drainage
industrial or infrastructure areas. The degree of runoff ✓ Open drain and swale
control required will depend on the scale of the ✓ Pipe drain
development and primarily the net increase in
impervious area. ✓ Engineered and bio-engineered waterway

o Storage facilities
✓ Onsite detention (OSD)
✓ Detention pond

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Quantity Design Criteria (Peak Discharge Control)

Minimum responsibility of the developer is to

ensure that development/redevelopment does
not create or worsen any capacity problems in
the existing public drainage system.

On-site stromwater control is needed if the

impervious area is increased.

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 Quantity Design Criteria (Storage Facilities)

OSD may be located either above ground,

below ground or a combination of both
within the properties boundary.

Above ground storage – roof top, lawn,

garden, car park, driveway etc.
Below ground storage – tanks and pipe
packages.
Combined storage – proportion of the total
storage is provided as below whilst
remainder as above.

The design storm for estimating the required

storage volume shall be 10 year ARI

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 Quantity Design Criteria (Storage Facilities)

• Detention pond can be DRY or WET type.

• Need to consider (i) degree of flow reduction from the

catchment, (ii) water depth, (iii) pond empty time, etc.

• The pond shall be designed to safely pass a minimum design

storm of 100 Years.

• Provision for dry detention pond

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Quantity Design Criteria (Conveyance Facilities)

• Conveyance system should be planned, analysed

and designed to provide safety.
• A range of surface flow criteria must be applied
to minimise hazard from runoff flow.

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 Stormwater Quantity Design Criteria (Conveyance Facilities)

Engineered (E) and

Property Drainage Pipe Drain Bio-engineered (BE)
Pavement Drainage Waterways
Open Drain & Swale Where land is limited.
System involved Effective pavement
gutter, downpipes, Most common types Should be located on E – large open channel.
drainage is essential the high side of road Mimic the natural
drains, pipes, swales, to the maintenance of of open drains are stream. BE -
storage and vegetated swale, reserve to permit
road service level and relatively short Combination of
treatment facilities. traffic safety. Provide grassed channel, biological, mechanical
concrete lined drains service tie and ecological concepts
integral curb and connections to
gutter. Must put in and composite drains. to control erosion
adjacent properties. through vegetation or a
consideration on inlet
.
combination vegetation
& constr. materials.

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 1.1 Stormwater Design Criteria
Divided into 2: Pollution Control
2. Quality Design Criteria Target for minimum retention (New
Development) and reduction of
o Pollution control pollutant loads (re-development).
o Temporary BMPs facilities
Temporary BMP’s Facilities
✓ Erosion and sediment control plan
Main purpose of BMP’s to minimize
✓ Sediment control measures
erosion and soil delivery away from
o Permanent BMPs facilities the developing site. Shall be
✓ Treatment measures maintained in good working order at
▪ Infiltration all times.
▪ Bio-retention system
▪ Swales Permanent BMP’s Facilities
▪ Gross pollutant traps One of the aims of an ecologically
▪ Water quality pond and wetlands based stormwater management and
planning approach is to identify the
sustainable pollutant exports from
site to protect environmental values
of the receiving water .

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 Quality Design Criteria (Pollution Control)

Pollution from stromwater called as non-point

source (NPS) due to its diffusive nature of
generation from varied land uses.

Stormwater quality control facilities shall be

planned accordance with the criteria in Table
1.3.

New Development a minimum overall

percentage removal efficiency is specified.

Redevelopment deal with reduction in

average annual pollutant load compared with
load under existing conditions.

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Stormwater Quality Design Criteria (Temporary BMPs Facilities)

Prepare Erosion and Sediment Control (ESCP)

Plan.

Effective erosion and sediment control plan providing

details of construction actives and practices, timing and
staging of works and the range of erosion and sediment
BMPs.

For Hilly areas (slope greater than 120 or 20%) terracing

shall be built and maintained. Cover plant shall be
established.

For slopes greater than 350 or 70% no works are allowed

and should instead be maintained as natural.

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 Stormwater Quality Design Criteria (Temporary BMPs)

Sediment Control Measures

Sediment retention facilities shall be installed

prior to the cleaning, grading or disturbance.

Sediment basin shall be sized to retain a

minimum of 90% of total suspended solids (TSS)
for all storms that produce rainfall up to 50mm
for all sites.

Such condition will be applicable, for the

compliance purpose, to any storm produce event
rainfall greater than 50 mm.

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 Stormwater Quality Design Criteria (Permanent BMPs)

Bio-
retention
Treatment Measures system

One of the aims of an ecologically based

stormwater management and planning Infiltration
approach is to identify the sustainable trench Swale
pollutant exports from site to protect
environmental values of the receiving water.
Water Gross
Quality pollutant
Identified pollutant loads and plan for Pond & trap
Wetlands
reduction in overall annual pollutant load to
achieve water quality objectives.

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 1.2 Unified Design Dev. & Site Dev.
Unified Design Criteria
Natural drainage paths Involve major system and minor system. Runoff from development site should
discharge at the existing natural drainage. Diverting runoff from other
catchment or sub-catchment can cause adverse impacts on downstream
properties and stormwater system.
Property drainage individual stormwater service tie with public stormwater conveyance system.

Drainage reserves shall be provide for stormwater conveyance within private lots to provide access
for maintenance.

Rights of other authorities must meet the requirements requested by the authority.

Extreme events to pass or safely contain a runoff of a given ARI implies that an overflow will
occur during a larger event.

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 Site Development

Aesthetics and Functionality

Landscaping

Site Clearing

Land Grading

Project Layouts

Hillside Drainage

Lowland, Tidal and Small Island Drainage

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1.3 Institution & Framework Regulation
• Describes the existing institutional and legal framework pertaining to stormwater management in the country.

Roles and responsibilities

• The responsibility is shared between Federal and State agencies

Federal General State Government

1. National policy, planning & strategy formulation, EPU 1. State policy, Planning & Strategy Formulation
2. Technical assistant to State Govt. 2. Infrastructure development & management, eg: local
facilities
3. Data collection & Documentation, eg: DOE, Met D. 3. Regulatory Responsibilities, eg: DO, local DID
4. Research & Development, eg: NAHRIM 4. Financing
5. Capacity Building, eg: manpower & training 5. Emergency management, eg: uder District Officer.
Support: RELA, JKR, Telekom, hospital etc
6. Financing

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Laws on SW management
• Involves Water, Land, Drainage, Municipal administration & Environmental management

Review of Existing Legislation

Ownership of water Various aspects of legislation- state govt. (water act)
Drainage, building & earthworks Earthworks and building –Street Drainage & Building Act (1974)
Flood mitigation Under Ministerial Functions Act, 1969. DID need to advise Local Authorities.
Catchment management Water act, Land conservation act. Town & Country Planning Dept (TCPD)
Environmental protection Environmental Quality Act (EQA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), The
Environmental Quality (prescribed activities), The Environmental Quality
(prescribed premises), The Environmental Quality (sewerage and industrial
effluent), Stormwater Management Authority Enactment (SWMAE) etc
Mining The Mining Enactment, 1929
Stakeholder participation Including consumers, water users, land owner & non-govt org in the decision
making and implementation process – better compliance with the law. No law,
except the SWMAE.

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 1.4 Authority Regulation & Document
• presents an account of submission procedure for seeking authority approval – any particular project
Authority Requirement

3. Building Plan
1. Application for landuse conversion submission/approval
2. Application for land subdivision

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4. Requirement during construction 5. Completion of works & Handing over 6. Works related to utility/services
• Drainage works on completion shall be • Individual local agencies tend to
• For a land/property development, handed over to the respective carry out their daily chores of
the project owner shall notify the authorities. utility/ service works
Local Authority on the start of the
• Major facilities, such as trunk drains departmentally.
works. with reserve equal to or exceeding 6 m, • Complications often arise at a
• The Authority shall then conduct shall be handed over to the DID. particular site, such as a street or
site checks to ensure compliance.
• Minor facilities shall be handed over to a river crossing, involving
• A separate notification, inspection the Local Authority. decisions from different agencies.
and acceptance procedure for
• Roadside drains measuring more than • There is a general understanding
drainage works is required,
1.2m wide under the JKR and LLN between the agencies on the
depending on whether such By- jurisdiction, shall normally be handed need for a joint consultation, but
laws apply in the locality. over to the Local Authority, or DID. there is no statutory provision for
• In addition, contractors the requirement.
undertaking the drainage
• There are several guidelines
construction works shall be
already established for plan
registered with the Construction
submission for construction
Industry Development Board
works.
(CIDB).

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7. Operations and Maintenance (O & M) 8. Requirements of Department of Environment
• Drainage works, categorised as "prescribed activities"
• The O&M of stormwater facilities under the EQA, 1974, shall be subject to EIA and
is normally carried out by the Local Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Authority. requirements.
• Any facilities that are not under
the Authority control shall be • The prescribed drainage activities are as follows:
operated and maintained by the • Drainage of wetland, wildlife habitat or of virgin forest
covering an area of 100 ha or more
user/land owner or service
• Construction of dams and manmade lakes and artificial
providers. enlargement of lakes with surface area of 200 ha or more.
• There appears to be no standard
guideline yet pertaining to the • There are several guidelines prepared by the DOE to
O&M of stormwater facilities. facilitate project proponents in complying with the
EIA/EMP (Env. Mgmt Plan) requirements. An
• The responsible agencies generally example is the EIA guidelines for drainage and/or
will find ways and means to cope irrigation projects.
up with their O&M responsibility
to ensure health, welfare and
safety of the public, although
sometimes under budget
constraints.

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 Documentation
• Comprehensive documentation of stormwater facilities is useful for
the management where all information about the project shall be
documented.
• It shall cover project inception, planning, detailed design,
construction, commissioning and handing over, O&M, repairs,
upgrading, and performance.
• The documents shall provide the responsible agency/owner the
necessary information for their database. Copies of documentation
shall be kept with the builder, operator, engineer, or consultant
responsible for the works (see Table 6.2).
• Documents shall be stored as hard copy, microfilm, or electronic
copy, depending on the needs of the user. Document database
shall facilitate retrieval of data using systematic filing/placement
and indexing records.
• The documentation system shall adhere to the internationally
recognised ISO 9000 certification.

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Submittal Requirements

highlights the conditions and requirements a project proponent must fulfil upon submission, apart from the
general requirements already established by Local Authority.
a. Submission for Land Subdivision
b. Submission for Building Plan Approval

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1.5 Process of Plan
Divide by 4:
• Planning framework
• is a high-level and broad strategy that will: Set out the future vision for the area. Guide
sustainable future growth and development over the next 30 years. Identify the steps
needed to manage growth. Define key projects and infrastructure required to support
growth.
• Strategy planning
• Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and
making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to
control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy
• Master planning
• Master Planning. A master plan is a dynamic long-term planning document that
provides a conceptual layout to guide future growth and development. A master plan
includes analysis, recommendations, and proposals for a site's population, economy,
housing, transportation, community facilities, and land use
• Choice of management options

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 Planning Framework
• Urban stormwater management consists of planning, design, construction, and operation functions. These functions
are shared with or are common to most public services and facilities.
• Unfortunately, the planning function receives too little attention in urban stormwater management as well as in other
public services and utilities.
• Stormwater planning is a method of addressing these complex quantity and quality problems in a co-ordinated and
holistic manner on a total catchment basis.
• Stormwater management planning should not be done after all of the other decisions have already been made as to
the form and layout of a new urban area.
• In many instances, planning for individual urban developments has been based on criteria, which did not include a
complete consideration of the importance of stormwater management. This has resulted in problems ranging from
increased risk of inundation elsewhere in the catchment and adverse water quality associated with receiving waters to
a reduction in the extent and quality of linked open space.
• Stormwater management planning may not lead to the best or optimum solutions for stormwater problems, as a best
or optimum solution may not be possible or economically feasible. However, the planning process will hopefully lead
to good courses of action and avoid a multitude of erroneous, and probably unnecessarily expensive, courses of
action.

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 Planning Framework
Planning Principles

• Stormwater management planning should apply Integrated Catchment Planning principles to ensure that all components of
the plan are planned and co-ordinated so as to achieve the desired result.
• Integrated Catchment Planning is a philosophy that balances social, economic, and environmental concerns to achieve
sustainable development.
• Without co-ordinated planning, potential benefits may not be fully realised or drainage improvements in one location may
worsen problems in another.
• Experience has shown that the following principles apply when planning and designing urban stormwater systems (ASCE,
1992):
a. Stormwater drainage is a regional phenomenon that does not respect boundaries between government jurisdictions or between public and private
properties.
b. Stormwater drainage is a sub-system of the total urban water resource system.
c. Every urban area has two drainage systems, whether or not they are actually planned and designed for.
d. Stormwater management is a space allocation problem and therefore an intrinsic part of the town planning process.
e. Getting rid of runoff as quickly as possible may not be a responsible stormwater management practice.
f. Planning and design of stormwater systems generally should not be based on the premise that problems can be transferred from one location to
another.
g. An urban stormwater strategy should be a multi-purpose, multi-means effort.
h. Planning and design of stormwater management systems should consider the features and functions of natural drainage systems.
i. In new developments, stormwater flow rates after development should approximate pre-development conditions, and pollutant loadings should be
reduced.
j. Stormwater management systems should be planned and designed, beginning with the outlet or point of outflow from the catchment.
k. Stormwater management systems should not be put in place if they cannot be maintained or will not receive regular maintenance.

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 Planning Framework
Planning Approach
• It is recommended that urban stormwater management planning be undertaken in two
distinct but complementary stages, namely: Stormwater Strategy Planning and
Stormwater Master Planning.
• These two levels or stages of planning form part of a tiered management approach to
total catchment management that integrates catchment wide, metropolitan/municipal,
and local area planning and management considerations.
• Catchment management planning is undertaken to establish objectives and practices for
the management of water resources within a catchment, eg: potential pollutants and
flow regime.
• Plan development should concentrate on whole of catchment issues, comprise a broad
range of objectives, and involve extensive community consultation, eg: landuse, facilities
etc.

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 Strategy Planning
• A stormwater strategy plan should identify the stormwater-related social and environmental characteristics that the
community considers desirable or valuable enough to be preserved or restored. The plan should also develop
appropriate management objectives and investigate strategies to satisfy these community values in an economical and
ecologically sustainable manner.
• Stormwater strategy planning is an ideal mechanism to:
– identify stormwater problems within urban areas that may warrant further detailed investigation and planning, such as flood
mitigation works for major watercourses and local flooding or pollution problems
– provide a framework for the preparation of detailed stormwater master plans for new development, redevelopment, or specific
problem areas
– enable a holistic approach to local area planning that is consistent and responsive to community values and expectation

Planning Period
• Stormwater strategy plans must be prepared to meet conditions up to some future point in time and should be based on a
reasonable time period for implementation.
• The following factors should be considered in selecting an appropriate planning period:
• The expected economic life of treatment control management measures recommended in the strategy plan. The planning period should be of sufficient
duration to assure essentially that full benefit will be derived from the recommended facilities throughout their useful life.
• The period over which future development forecasts will be reasonably accurate. The accuracy of forecasts is likely to decrease as the planning period
increases. Inaccuracy of long-term forecasts, coupled with the small present values of benefits and costs far in the future, tends to favour shorter planning
periods.

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Strategy planning
Preparing Strategy Plans
• Flow chart is outlines a number of tasks that can be undertaken when preparing
stormwater strategy plans. The planning process should be flexible and responsive to
the characteristics of the catchment. The tasks outlined therefore serve as an example
process rather than a prescriptive process.
• This detail is not intended to inhibit the development of strategy plans, but to provide
an idealised scenario if resources were not limited. However, where resources are
limited (either financial or staffing), interim or preliminary plans could be prepared.
• These plans could provide a framework for stormwater management that could be
improved over time. There can be significant benefits associated with preparing and
implementing interim or preliminary plans in the short term rather than waiting until
sufficient resources are available for a comprehensive plan to be prepared.

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 Strategy planning
Implementing Strategy Plans Monitoring Strategy Plans
• There are a number of institutional requirements that may • There are two broad types of monitoring that can be
need to be satisfied for the successful implementation of a undertaken for stormwater management, namely:
stormwater strategy plan. These requirements are from a – water quality and biological monitoring
local government perspective and include:
– observation monitoring
a. Structure and responsibility
• to monitor the performance of a strategy plan, which is
b. Resourcing
undertaken by comparing planned actions against their
c. Training, awareness, and competence achievement and deriving strategies for addressing any
d. Communication problems.
e. Operational control
f. Emergency preparedness and response Revising Strategy Plans
• A timetable should be developed for revising the plan.
• A revision to the plan does not necessarily need to involve the
preparation of a comprehensive new plan. The revision could
involve the preparation of a supplementary plan or an addition
to the existing plan.

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 Master planning
• A stormwater master plan is prepared to consider, in detail, what stormwater management practices
and measures are to be provided for a small urban precinct, individual development, or a large public
works project.
• These plans will have a local focus responsive to specific functions (open space and recreation
provision, second class water supply, drainage provision, etc.).
• They prescribe individual area management techniques and practices. If a stormwater strategy plan
is available for a catchment, each local area stormwater master plan will be required to accommodate
the principles and policies identified in the broader strategy plan.

Preparing Master Plans

• The following tasks indicated in flow chart should be carried out for the preparation of a
stormwater master plan.
Master Plan Components
• Master plans should consist of two major components, namely; a technical report, and supporting
plans.
• Technical report should provide a comprehensive analysis of existing and proposed stormwater
quantity and quality conditions for the catchment.
• Supporting plan is a conceptual or preliminary plan of the proposed stormwater conveyance, runoff
quantity and quality control systems

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Choice of Management Options
• This topic provides guidance for the selection of various stormwater management system facilities across a
catchment. The selection of options will normally be made as part of the Master planning process
described in the previous chapter.

(a) Constraints Imposed by Landuse Planning

– The prior existence of Landuse or Structure Plans will have an impact on the choice of stormwater
management options. For that reason, it is highly desirable that landuse planning be carried out in
conjunction with stormwater planning. The relevant Authorities should establish formal mechanisms to
ensure coordinated landuse and stormwater management planning.
(b) Economics and Community Expectations
– Ultimately it is the public that bears the cost of a stormwater system. Irrespective of whether it is built
by a private developer or a government authority, these costs will ultimately be passed on to the
community in the form of house prices and/or government charges.

• Others: Quantity control facilities, Conveyance facilities, Quality treatment facilities, BMPs

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