This lab report describes experiments performed with a compound pendulum. A compound pendulum consists of a rigid body that is free to oscillate around a fixed point. The goal is to determine the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia of the compound pendulum. First, the radius of gyration is calculated experimentally to find the equivalent length of the compound pendulum compared to a simple pendulum. Then, the time period is measured for oscillations starting from different points on a metallic column, and this data is plotted on a graph. From the graph and calculations, the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia can be determined.
This lab report describes experiments performed with a compound pendulum. A compound pendulum consists of a rigid body that is free to oscillate around a fixed point. The goal is to determine the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia of the compound pendulum. First, the radius of gyration is calculated experimentally to find the equivalent length of the compound pendulum compared to a simple pendulum. Then, the time period is measured for oscillations starting from different points on a metallic column, and this data is plotted on a graph. From the graph and calculations, the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia can be determined.
This lab report describes experiments performed with a compound pendulum. A compound pendulum consists of a rigid body that is free to oscillate around a fixed point. The goal is to determine the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia of the compound pendulum. First, the radius of gyration is calculated experimentally to find the equivalent length of the compound pendulum compared to a simple pendulum. Then, the time period is measured for oscillations starting from different points on a metallic column, and this data is plotted on a graph. From the graph and calculations, the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia can be determined.
This lab report describes experiments performed with a compound pendulum. A compound pendulum consists of a rigid body that is free to oscillate around a fixed point. The goal is to determine the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia of the compound pendulum. First, the radius of gyration is calculated experimentally to find the equivalent length of the compound pendulum compared to a simple pendulum. Then, the time period is measured for oscillations starting from different points on a metallic column, and this data is plotted on a graph. From the graph and calculations, the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia can be determined.
ANGULAR ACCELERATION (Α) WITH THE HELP OF ANGULAR VELOCITY (Ω): .......................................... 6 Mathematical Formulation: ........................................................................................................... 7
RELATION BETWEEN TORQUE (𝛕) AND MOMENT OF INERTIA (I): ............................................................ 7
1) Abstract This experiment aims to determine the acceleration due to gravity ‘g ’ and moment of inertia experimentally of a compound pendulum. First, we will find the equivalent length of compound pendulum with respect to simple pendulum by calculating the radius of gyration experimentally. By taking different points on the metallic column and finding the time period for each we will provide data for graph.
2) Theory SIMPLE PENDULUM: Definition: A string with one end fixed and other end attached with a spherical metallic bob is called a simple pendulum. A simple pendulum is capable of performing SHM (simple harmonic motion). In simple pendulum the mass of string is neglected while the mass of bob is concentrated at a single point. Mathematical Formulation: Time period of Simple Pendulum can be found using following formula;
𝒍 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 √ 𝒈
RIGID BODY: Definition: A rigid body is the one which has unequal distribution of mass across it. 4
COUMPUND PENDULUM: Definition: A rigid body which is capable of oscillating to and fro, if a point on its vertical axis passing through the center of gravity is fixed along horizontal axis, is called a compound or physical pendulum. In a compound pendulum all the mass of the body is distributed at different points. Mathematical Formulation: The time period of compound pendulum can be calculated using formula;
𝑰 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 √ 𝒎𝒈𝒍
LENGTH OF COMPOUND PENDULUM (L):
Definition: It is the distance from point of suspension/axis of rotation to line of action of applied force. If a pendulum oscillates due to its weight, then the length of pendulum is the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation to the center of gravity.
CENTER OF OSCILLATION (S):
Definition: The point through which the horizontal axis about which the rigid body is free to oscillate, passes is called the center of oscillation.
CENTER OF GRAVITY (G):
Definition: The point at which the whole weight of a body seems to act, vertically downwards towards the center of the Earth is called the center of gravity.
RADIUS OF GYRATION (k):
Definition: Radius of gyration of a body about an axis of rotation is defined as the radial distance of a point from the axis of 5
rotation at which, if whole mass of the body is assumed to be concentrated,
its moment of inertia about the given axis would be the same as with its actual distribution of mass. It is denoted by k.
TORQUE (𝛕): Definition: Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. Mathematical Formulation: ⃗ =𝐫×𝐅 𝛕 ̂ ⃗ = rF sin𝚹 𝐧 𝛕 𝛕 = rF sin𝚹 Consider a rigid body AB of mass M free to vibrate about a horizontal axis through S. Now if r= SG = l (where S = center of suspension. G = position of center of gravity of the body.) and makes an angle of ϴ with the line of action of gravity of the rigid body and Fg = Mg, then 𝛕 = Mgl sin𝚹 For small angle approximation: sin𝚹 = ̃ 𝚹 i.e., 𝛕 = Mgl𝚹
MOMENT OF INERTIA: Definition: The quantity expressing the tendency of a body to resist angular motion is called moment of inertia.
Mathematical Formulation: For distinct mass distribution: 𝐍
𝑰 = ∑ 𝐦𝐢 𝐫𝐢𝟐 𝐢=𝟏 6
For continuous mass distribution:
I = ∫ 𝐫 𝟐 𝐝𝐦
The moment of inertia of a rigid body about the center of gravity is given by:
Ig = Mk2
Thus, the moment of inertia of the body about the center of suspension S is given by: I = Ig + Ml2 I = M k2 + Ml2 I = M (k2 + l2 )
ANGULAR ACCELERATION (α):
Definition: The rate of change of angular velocity is known as angular acceleration. Mathematical Formulation: 𝐝𝛚 α= 𝐝𝐭
ANGULAR VELOCITY (ω):
Definition: Whereas angular velocity (ω) is the rate of change of angular displacement. Mathematical Formulation: 𝐝𝚹 ω= 𝐝𝐭
ANGULAR ACCELERATION (α) with the help of ANGULAR VELOCITY (ω):
With the help of angular velocity, we can also predict the formula of angular acceleration in the form of angular displacement. 7
Mathematical Formulation: By substituting the value ω we get the value of angular acceleration is: 𝒅𝟐 𝚹 α = 𝐝𝐭𝟐
Relation between TORQUE (𝛕) and MOMENT OF INERTIA (I):
Angular acceleration is same as rotation so it may link to the moment of force which is also known as torque which is also a rotational force. This may also link to moment of inertia which implies.
Mathematical Formulation: Rotational analogue of F=ma is:
𝛕 = Iα
This implies: 𝛕 α= 𝐈
But
𝛕 = Mg𝐥𝚹
And
I = M (k2+l2)
This implies: 𝐠𝐥 α=- 𝚹 (𝐤 𝟐 +𝐥𝟐 ) 8
The negative sign indicate that the angular acceleration is reducing our diminished by angular displacement. i.e., a varies directly with -ϴ. This implies as it is rotational motion so I is simple harmonic motion. Now,
α=-ω2𝚹 Now with the help of angular acceleration we can get equation for angular velocity which is:
𝐠𝐥 ω= √ 𝟐 𝟐 (𝐤 +𝐥 )
CENTRE OF OSCILLATION: Definition: The center of oscillation of a compound, or physical, pendulum is a point on the line passing through the pendulum's centre of mass and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. If we elongate lines, than the origin then it is termed as centre of oscillation. The point from where it is elongated and the point on origin is interchangeable, about their mean position.
TIME PERIOD (T):
Definition: The time in which the pendulum completes one rotation is called its time period. Mathematical Formulation: We know that,
𝐝𝚹 ω= 𝐝𝐭
𝟐𝛑 ω= 𝐓
𝟐𝛑 T= 𝛚
𝟐𝛑 T= 𝐠𝐥 √ 𝟐 𝟐 (𝐤 +𝐥 ) 9
(𝐤𝟐 +𝐥𝟐 ) T = 2π √ 𝐠𝐥
𝐤𝟐 +𝐥 T = 2π √ 𝐥 𝐠
k2 𝐋 Now if we put + l = L, then the time period becomes T = 2π √ , which implies that l 𝐠
L is the length of the equivalent simple pendulum.
𝐤𝟐 +𝐥=L 𝐥
k2 + l2 = lL
l2 – lL + k2 = 0
This, being a quadratic equation gives two values for l i.e., l1 and l2 , for which the body has equal times of vibrations.
𝐛 Since for ax2 + bx + c = 0 the sum of roots = x1 + x2 = − , and 𝐚 𝐜 product of roots = x1x2 = , 𝐚
l1 + l2 = L l1l2 = k2
3) Experiment: DETERMINE VALUE OF ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY OF COMPOUND PENDULUM, IT’S RADIUS OF GYRATION AND MOMENT OF INERTIA. 10
EQUIPMENT NEEDED ❖ Compound pendulum (bar with holes) ❖ Sharp Wedge ❖ Support ❖ Stopwatch
4) Procedure Method: The procedure to find the center of oscillation is as under: • Balance the compound pendulum on the given sharp wedge. And make it perfectly balanced. After balancing the compound pendulum mark the center of mass G of compound pendulum • There are different holes on bar start from the top most hole and give one side name A. after the rod is hung upright position name the upper half as A. • Measure the time for 10 vibrations and calculate the time period and record in your data. • Name the lower end B and after completing from A now starts from B side from second, then third, then fourth whole and so on…. from side A and B experimentally determined the time period. Note down the reading. • Now repeat the second and fourth step for side B. and calculate it.
Mathematical Formulation: Now, we can calculate the value of g by using the formula:
𝑳 g = 𝟒𝝅2 𝑻𝟐
Similarly, for L, we use the formula:
l1 + l2 = L
And for the radius of gyration:
√𝑨𝑪.𝑪𝑫+√𝑩𝑪.𝑪𝑬 k= 𝟐 11
And finally, for the moment of inertia we use the formula:
𝑰 = 𝑴𝒌𝟐
5) Observations & Calculations
This section will contain all the data values and the relevant calculations to prove the outcomes of our experiment. This section will be implemented after the opening of our universities. During all the calculations special care will be taken for the units, we will prefer all the calculation to be done in SI units to avoid inconvenience.
6) Sources of Errors The sources of errors in this experiment are following:
Human errors come in when measuring the period using a stopwatch. The reaction time of the observer plays a significant error when starting the stopwatch and when stopping it. This error can be minimized by repeating the experiment many times.
Instrument errors - using a digital stopwatch also introduce errors. Replacing the digital stopwatch by an analog one will introduce more errors. The arc angle also introduces errors. As much as possible small angles must be used. The angle of the arc must not exceed 30 angular degrees. The precise measurement of the length of the pendulum is difficult to take by using meter sticks or rulers. The value of the acceleration due to gravity g in the locality is not constant and must be obtained from reliable sources.
7) Conclusion & Discussion
We will try to take the readings as accurately as possible by minimizing all kinds of errors. By doing this we can reduce the percentage error. We will try to keep percentage error less than 10% to get the accurate value of g.
