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12.notations For Propositions

The document discusses notations used to represent propositions, sentences, and connectives in logic. It covers: 1. Notations for simple propositions, representing predicates in capital letters and arguments as lowercase letters. 2. Notations for equative sentences, representing identity with an equals sign. 3. Notations for connectives "and" and "or", representing conjunction with "&" and disjunction with "V" between formulae. Precise logical notations are given for examples to clearly show the meaning and structure of propositions, sentences, and how connectives combine formulae. Special cases and exceptions to the notations are also addressed.

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432 views57 pages

12.notations For Propositions

The document discusses notations used to represent propositions, sentences, and connectives in logic. It covers: 1. Notations for simple propositions, representing predicates in capital letters and arguments as lowercase letters. 2. Notations for equative sentences, representing identity with an equals sign. 3. Notations for connectives "and" and "or", representing conjunction with "&" and disjunction with "V" between formulae. Precise logical notations are given for examples to clearly show the meaning and structure of propositions, sentences, and how connectives combine formulae. Special cases and exceptions to the notations are also addressed.

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Huỳnh Lê Hương Kiều
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NOTATIONS

FOR PROPOSITIONS
UNIT 13
01 NOTATIONS FOR
SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS

NOTATIONS FOR
CONTENT 02 EQUATIVE SENTENCES

NOTATIONS FOR
03 CONNECTIVES AND & OR
REVIEW
ENTRY TEST
01 NOTATIONS FOR
SIMPLE SENTENCES
Review:
Look at the following sentences:
1.Abraham died.
2.Fido is a dog.
3.Ted loves Alice.
4.Phil introduced Mary to Jack.

Find the predicator and the


arguments in each sentence
SOME ASSUMPTIONS

• Simple propositions has ONE predicator, written in CAPITAL LETTERS.


Ex: LOVE
• Arguments are represented by a single letter in lower case.
Ex: James is represented by j
• Anything that is not a predicator or a referring expression is simply
omitted.
NOTATIONS

Abraham died a DIE

Fido is a dog f DOG

Ted loves Alice t LOVE a

Phil introduced Mary to Jack p INTRODUCE m j

a, to, be, tense markers ARE OMITTED


=> concentration of logic on truth
PRACTICE

a DREAM
b GULP
c SWEAR
p CURSE
b CYCLE
OMISSION OF PREPOSITIONS

Not all prepositions are omitted from the logical formulae. When a
preposition contributes substantially to the sense of the sentence, it
must be included in logical formulae.
OMISSION OF PREPOSITIONS
NOTATIONS FOR PREPOSITIONS

Winston is a nephew of Randolph w NEPHEW r

Ellen is envious of James e ENVIOUS j

Margaret is looking for Billy m LOOK-FOR b

Margaret is looking at Billy m LOOK-AT b


PRACTICE

f SHORTER e

g PROUD k
i WEST s
d CAPITAL e
02 NOTATIONS FOR
EQUATIVE SENTENCES
EQUATIVE SENTENCES
NOTATIONS FOR EQUATIVE SENTENCES

• The identity predicate is represented with an ‘equals’ sign =.


• Anything corresponding to any other use of the verb be is omitted.

Clark Kent is Superman ck = s

Clark Kent is a reporter ck REPORTER


PRACTICE

dj GENTLEMAN
mh VILLAIN
dj = mh
jr = dc
mk SISTER ck
NOTES

• NO FORMULA for a simple proposition can have TWO (or more) predicators.
• It CANNOT have anything ELSE which is neither a predicate nor a name.
PRACTICE
PART 1 & PART 2 PRACTICE
ANSWER
NOTE
Click Enter text title

For all of the paraphrases, there would only be ONE formula.

j SEE b
REVIEW
n RESIGN

k THWART C
YES, OF COURSE
03
NOTATIONS FOR
CONNECTIVES
‘AND’ and ‘OR’
❖ Connectives provide a way of joining simple
propositions to form complex propositions.
❖ ‘AND’: Any number of individual well-formed formulae
can be placed in a sequence with the symbol & between
each adjacent pair in the sequence.
❖ ‘OR’: Any number of well-formed formulae can be
placed in a sequence with the symbol V between each
adjacent pair in the sequence.
Notes:
- (…): Make the structure of the formulae clear
- (…): May be absolutely necessary in certain cases
- Only formulae for whole propositions can be connected with &
- Predicates and names cannot be connected with &
John is tall and Mary is small.

a ENTER & m LEAVE

j LOVE m & m LOVE b

j IRISH & m IRISH


ad PLOUGH & e SEW

g CREATE ad & g CREATE e

ad PARENT c & e PARENT c

e BEAR c & e BEAR ab

c ATTACK ab & c SLAY ab


Not all simple sentences can have their meanings unpacked in
exactly the same way as these examples from 1-5.
Consider the following sentence:

Problem: the predicate ‘couple’


=> We are not going to deal with this problem in
this semantics course.
Connective ‘and’ in paraphrases
Remember: Rules of inference

A rule stating that if a proposition P entails


a proposition Q, and P is true, then Q is
true.
What rule of inference is it?
Modus Ponen
Rules of inference

1.Modus ponen
2.Commutativity of conjunction
3.…

A rule of inference states, in effect, that a


situation in which the premiss (or premisses)
is (are) true is also a situation in which the
conclusion is true.
Modus ponen Commutativity of
conjunction
Lorna left

Harry tapdanced
and &: conjunction
or V: disjunction
d SEE b V d SEE a

d CAPITAL f V k CAPITAL f
Ambiguous sentence:

Alice went to Birmingham and she met Cyril or she called on David

Logical notation: 2 different formulae


(a GO b & a MEET c) V a CALL-ON d

Alice went to Birmingham and either she met Cyril or she called on David
a TAKE l V (a TAKE c & a TAKE d)
(a TAKE l V a TAKE c) & a TAKE d
and - but
How about ‘but’?
T
F
F
F
How about ‘or’?
T
T
T
F
THANK YOU

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