D

Properties of Plane Areas

Notation: A  area
x, y  distances to centroid C
Ix, Iy  moments of inertia with respect to the x and y axes, respectively
Ixy  product of inertia with respect to the x and y axes
IP  Ix  Iy  polar moment of inertia with respect to the origin of the x and y axes
IBB  moment of inertia with respect to axis B-B

1 y Rectangle (Origin of axes at centroid)

b h
x A  bh x  2 y  
2
h C x
y bh3 hb3 bh
Ix   Iy   Ixy  0 IP   (h2  b2)
12 12 12
b

2 y B Rectangle (Origin of axes at corner)

bh3 hb3 b2h2 bh
Ix   Iy   Ixy   IP   (h2 + b2)
3 3 4 3
h
b3h3
O IBB   
x 6(b2  h2)
B b

3 y Triangle (Origin of axes at centroid)

c
bh bc h
A   x   y  
x 2 3 3
h
C y x bh3 bh
Ix   Iy   (b2  bc  c2)
36 36
b
bh2 bh
Ixy   (b  2c) IP   (h2  b2  bc  c2)
72 36

891
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892 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas

4 y Triangle (Origin of axes at vertex)

c
B B bh3 bh
Ix   Iy   (3b2  3bc  c2)
12 12
h
bh2 bh3
x
Ixy   (3b  2c) IBB  
O 24 4
b

5 y Isosceles triangle (Origin of axes at centroid)

bh b h
A   x   y  
x 2 2 3
h
C x bh3 hb3
y Ix   Iy   Ixy  0
B B 36 48
b bh bh3
IP   (4h2  3b2) IBB  
144 12
(Note: For an equilateral triangle, h  3 b/2.)

6 y Right triangle (Origin of axes at centroid)

bh b h
x A   x  3 y  3
h 2
C y x bh3 hb3 b2h2
B B Ix   Iy   Ixy   
36 36 72
b
bh bh3
IP   (h2  b2) IBB  
36 12

7 y Right triangle (Origin of axes at vertex)

B B bh3 hb3 b2h2
Ix   Iy   Ixy  
12 12 24
h
bh bh3
IP   (h2  b2) IBB  
12 4
O x
b

8 y Trapezoid (Origin of axes at centroid)

a
h(a  b) h(2a  b)
A   y   
2 3(a  b)
h
C y
x h3(a2  4ab  b2) h3(3a  b)
Ix   IBB  
B B 36(a  b) 12
b

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 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas 893

9 y Circle (Origin of axes at center)

d = 2r
pd2 pr 4 pd 4
A  pr 2   Ix  Iy    
r 4 4 64
C x pr4 pd4 5p r 4 5p d 4
Ixy  0 IP     IBB    
B B 2 32 4 64

10 y Semicircle (Origin of axes at centroid)

pr2 4r
A   y  
r 2 3p
C
y x
(9p 2  64)r 4 p r4 pr4
B B Ix    0.1098r4 Iy   Ixy  0 IBB  
72p 8 8

11 y Quarter circle (Origin of axes at center of circle)

pr2 4r
A   x  y  
x 4 3p
B B pr4 r4 (9p 2  64)r 4
C y Ix  Iy   Ixy   IBB    0.05488r4
O x 16 8 144p
r

12 y Quarter-circular spandrel (Origin of axes at point of tangency)

(10  3p)r
 
B r B p 2r
A  1   r 2 x     0.7766r y     0.2234r
x 4 3(4  p) 3(4  p)

O
C y
x
 5p
16 
Ix  1   r 4  0.01825r 4
1
 p

Iy  IBB     r 4  0.1370r4
3 16

13 y Circular sector (Origin of axes at center of circle)

x x
a  angle in radians (a  p/2)
2r sin a
C A  ar 2 x  r sin a y  
3a
a a
y r r4 r4 ar 4
Ix   (a  sin a cos a) Iy   (a  sin a cos a) Ixy  0 IP  
O x 4 4 2

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894 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas

14 y Circular segment (Origin of axes at center of circle)

a  angle in radians (a  p/2)
C

y a a
r
A  r 2(a  sin a cos a) 
y 
2r
   sin3 a

3 a  sin a cos a 
x r4
O Ix   (a  sin a cos a  2 sin3 a cos a) Ixy  0
4
r4
Iy  (3a  3 sin a cos a  2 sin3 a cos a)
12

y
15 a Circle with core removed (Origin of axes at center of circle)
a  angle in radians (a  p/2)

r a
b a
a  arccos 
r
b  
r 2  a2  ab
A  2r 2 a  
r2 
C x
a
b
r4
6  3ab
Ix   3a  
r
2ab3
2  
r4  r4
ab
Iy   a  
2 r
2ab3
2  
r4  Ixy  0

2a

16 y Ellipse (Origin of axes at centroid)

pa b 3 p ba3
A  pab Ix   Iy  
b 4 4
C x
pab
b Ixy  0 IP   (b2  a2)
4
a a
Circumference  p[1.5(a  b)  ab ] (a/3  b  a)
 4.17b2/a  4a (0  b  a/3)

17 y Parabolic semisegment (Origin of axes at corner)

Vertex

x
y = f (x)  x2
y  f (x)  h 1  2
b 
h
C 2 bh 3b 2h
y A   x   y  
3 8 5
O x
b
16bh3 2hb3 b2h2
Ix   Iy   Ixy  
105 15 12

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 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas 895

18 y Parabolic spandrel (Origin of axes at vertex)

y = f (x)
hx2
x y  f (x)  
h b2
Vertex
C y bh 3b 3h
O A   x   y  
x 3 4 10
b
bh3 hb3 b2h2
Ix   Iy   Ixy  
21 5 12

19 y Semisegment of nth degree (Origin of axes at corner)

y = f (x)
x  xn
y  f (x)  h 1  
bn  (n  0)
h
  b(n  1)
C n hn
y A  bh  x    y  
n1 2(n  2) 2n  1
O x
b 2bh3n3 hb3n b2h2n2
Ix   Iy   Ixy  
3(n  3) 4(n  1)(n  2)

20 y Spandrel of nth degree (Origin of axes at point of tangency)

y = f (x) hx n
y  f (x)   (n  0)
bn
x h
bh b(n  1) h(n  1)
C A   x   y  
O
y n1 n2 2(2n  1)
x
b bh3 hb3 b2h2
Ix   Iy   Ixy  
3(3n  1) n3 4(n  1)

y
21 Sine wave (Origin of axes at centroid)
4bh ph
A   y  
h p 8
C y x

   
B B 8 p 4 32
b b
Ix     bh3  0.08659bh3 Iy    3 hb3  0.2412hb3
9p 16 p p
8bh3
Ixy  0 IBB  
9p

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896 APPENDIX D Properties of Plane Areas

22 y Thin circular ring (Origin of axes at center)

d = 2r
Approximate formulas for case when t is small
p d 3t
r A  2prt  pdt Ix  Iy  pr 3t  
8
C x
pd 3t
t Ixy  0 IP  2pr 3t  
4

23 y Thin circular arc (Origin of axes at center of circle)

t Approximate formulas for case when t is small

B B b  angle in radians (Note: For a semicircular arc, b  p/2.)

C
b b y r sin b
A  2brt y  b
r
x
O Ix  r 3t(b  sin b cos b) Iy  r 3t(b  sin b cos b)
2b  sin2b 1  cos2b
Ixy  0 
IBB  r 3t   
2 b 
24 y Thin rectangle (Origin of axes at centroid)
Approximate formulas for case when t is small

b A  bt
b
C tb3 tb3 tb3
x
Ix   sin2 b Iy   cos2 b IBB   sin2 b
12 12 3
t
B B

25 Regular polygon with n sides (Origin of axes at centroid)

C  centroid (at center of polygon)
A n  number of sides (n  3) b  length of a side
b B
b  central angle for a side a  interior angle (or vertex angle)
R1 R2
b
360°
b  
n 
n2
a   180°
n  a  b  180°
C
R1  radius of circumscribed circle (line CA) R2  radius of inscribed circle (line CB)
a
b b b b nb2 b
R1   csc  R2   cot  A   cot 
2 2 2 2 4 2
Ic  moment of inertia about any axis through C (the centroid C is a principal point and
every axis through C is a principal axis)

nb4
192 b
2 b
Ic   cot  3cot2   1
2  IP  2Ic

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