nstructions

Answer the following questions and then press 'Submit' to get your score.

Question 1

The molar mass of carbon is 12 g mol-1. How many moles are there in 3g of carbon?

a) 0.25 mol
b) 0.4 mol
c) 4 mol
d) 36 mol

Question 2

The concentration of a solution is expressed as the number of moles in which of the following
volumes?

a) 1 L
b) 1 mL
c) 1 L
d) 1 dL

Question 3

25 mL is equivalent to how many litres (L)?

a) 0.025
b) 0.25
c) 2.5
d) 0.0025

Question 4

How many moles of HCl are there in 10 mL of a solution with a concentration of 0.5 mol L-1?

a) 5 mol
b) 0.5 mol
 c) 0.05 mol
d) 1 mol

Question 5

What is the concentration of a 500 mL solution containing 0.3 mol of glucose?

a) 0.15 mol L-1

b) 0.0006 mol L-1
c) 1.67 mol L-1
d) 0.6 mol L-1

Question 6

What mass of glucose would you need (in g) to have 0.8 mol, given that the molar mass of
glucose is 180 g mol-1?

a) 144 g
b) 0.0044 g
c) 225 g
d) 1.44 g

Question 7

The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is represented by which of the following symbols?

a) ε
b) γ
c) λ

Question 8

The distance travelled by light as it passes through a cuvette is called which of the following?

a) The focal length

b) The sample width
c) The path length
 d) The field length

Question 9

The absorbance of a sample as measured by UV-visible spectrometry is inversely proportional to

the concentration of the sample, such that, as the concentration increases, the absorbance
decreases. True or false?

a) True
b) False

Question 10

How much water must we add to a 10 mL sample of HCl with a concentration of 0.5 mol L-1 to
bring about a ten-fold dilution?

a) 10 mL
b) 100 mL
c) 90 mL
d) 990 mL

Question 11

The molar mass of an element is equal to which of the following?

a) Avogadro's number
b) Atomic number
c) Mass number
d) Relative atomic mass

Question 12

If we begin with 8 mL of a glucose solution with a concentration of 0.25 mol L-1 and dilute it to a
volume of 0.5 L, what is the concentration of the final, diluted solution?

a) 250 mol L-1

b) 4 mol L-1
c) 0.004 mol L-1
 d) 0.0025 mol L-1

Your percentage score is 0%.

Question 1

The molar mass of carbon is 12 g mol-1. How many moles are there in 3g of carbon?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

a) 0.25 mol

Feedback:

For this question, we have to recall that the number of moles of a sample is equal to the mass of
sample divided by the molar mass of the compound:

So, the number of moles in this instance = 3g / 12 g mol-1 or 0.25 mol

Page reference: 128

Question 2

The concentration of a solution is expressed as the number of moles in which of the following
volumes?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

c) 1 L

Feedback:

It is normal to express the concentration of a substance per litre of solution - that is, using units
of mol L-1. You may not always be measuring the number of moles - for example, if measuring
bacterial population sizes, you may be working with units of cells per litre.
Page reference: 132

Question 3

25 mL is equivalent to how many litres (L)?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

a) 0.025

Feedback:

Remember that there are 1000 mL in one litre. So, 25 mL equates to (25/1000) L - that is, 0.025
L.
Page reference: 132

Question 4

How many moles of HCl are there in 10 mL of a solution with a concentration of 0.5 mol L-1?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

c) 0.05 mol

Feedback:

For this question, you need to recall that the amount present is equal to the concentration of the
solution multiplied by the volume of the solution. In this instance, the amount = 0.5 mol L-1 0.01
L = 0.05 mol. Remember that you need to express the volume in L, so 10 mL becomes 0.01 L.
Page reference: 133

Question 5

What is the concentration of a 500 mL solution containing 0.3 mol of glucose?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

d) 0.6 mol L-1

Feedback:

For this question, you need to remember that the concentration of a solution is equal to

. So, in this instance, the concentration = 0.3 mol/0.5 L - that is, 0.6
mol. Remember that you must express the volume in litres!
Page reference: 137

Question 6

What mass of glucose would you need (in g) to have 0.8 mol, given that the molar mass of
glucose is 180 g mol-1?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

a) 144 g

Feedback:

For this question, you need to rearrange the relationship:

to give . So, in this case, the

mass = 0.8 mol 180 g mol-1 - that is, 144 g.
Page reference: 135

Question 7

The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is represented by which of the following symbols?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

c) λ

Feedback:

The wavelength is represented by the Greek letter lambda, or λ. In UV-visible spectroscopy, we

often refer to λmax - the wavelength at which a sample absorbs UV-visible light most strongly.
Page reference: 151

Question 8

The distance travelled by light as it passes through a cuvette is called which of the following?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

c) The path length

Feedback:

The distance travelled by light through a cuvette is called the path length; the path length is
typically a distance of 1 cm.
Page reference: 156

Question 9

The absorbance of a sample as measured by UV-visible spectrometry is inversely proportional to

the concentration of the sample, such that, as the concentration increases, the absorbance
decreases. True or false?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

b) False

Feedback:

Absorbance and concentration are directly proportional: as the concentration of a sample

increases, so too does its absorbance.
Page reference: 154

Question 10

How much water must we add to a 10 mL sample of HCl with a concentration of 0.5 mol L-1 to
bring about a ten-fold dilution?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

c) 90 mL

Feedback:

To bring about a 10-fold dilution we need to increase the overall volume by a factor of 10 - from
10 mL to 100 mL. Bearing in mind that we already have 10 mL to start with, we need to add 90
mL of water to bring the final volume up to 100 mL. (Don't forget about the volume of solution
you had to start with!)
Page reference: 138
Question 11

The molar mass of an element is equal to which of the following?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

d) Relative atomic mass

Feedback:

The molar mass of an element, in grams, is equal to its relative atomic mass, as explained on
page 129. The atomic number and mass number tell us the number of protons, and the number of
protons + neutrons present in an atom of the element, respectively. Avogadro's number is the
number of particles present in one mole of a substance.
Page reference: 129

Question 12

If we begin with 8 mL of a glucose solution with a concentration of 0.25 mol L-1 and dilute it to a
volume of 0.5 L, what is the concentration of the final, diluted solution?

You did not answer the question.

Correct answer:

c) 0.004 mol L-1

Feedback:

To answer this question we need to remember the relationship C1 V1 = C2

V2, which we can rearrange to:

If we insert our known quantities into this equation, we can obtain our unknown quantity, C2.
Don't forget to express the volumes as litres not mL; for example, we must use 8 10-3 L rather
than 8 mL.
Page reference: 139
 Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry
Examples of
Multiple Choice Questions

1.
Balance the following equation with the smallest whole number coefficients. Choose the
answer that is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced equation. Do not forget
coefficients of "one."
PtCl4 + XeF2 PtF6 + ClF + Xe

(a) 16
(b) 22
(c) 24
(d) 26
(e) 32
2.
Balance the following equation with the smallest whole number coefficients. Choose the
answer that is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced equation. Do not forget
coefficients of "one."
Cr2(SO4)3 + RbOH Cr(OH)3 + Rb2SO4

(a) 10
(b) 12
(c) 13
(d) 14
(e) 15
3.
Balance the following equation using minimum integral coefficients:
NH3 + O2 NO2 + H2O

The stoichiometric coefficient for oxygen gas O2 is:

(a) 1
(b) 4
(c) 3
 (d) 7
(e) 5
4.
When iron pyrite (FeS2) is heated in air, the process known as "roasting" forms sulfur
dioxide and iron(III) oxide. When the equation for this process is completed and
balanced, using the smallest whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient for "O2"?
___ FeS2 + ___ O2 ___ SO2 + ___ Fe2O3

(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 7
(d) 8
(e) 11
5.
How many moles of KBrO3 are required to prepare 0.0700 moles of Br2 according to the
reaction:
KBrO3 + 5KBr + 6HNO3 6KNO3 + 3Br2 + 3H2O

(a) 0.210
(b) 0.0732
(c) 0.0704
(d) 0.220
(e) 0.0233
6.
Which of the following statements is FALSE for the chemical equation given below in
which nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia gas assuming the reaction
goes to completion?
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
(a) The reaction of one mole of H2 will produce 2/3 moles of NH3.
(b) One mole of N2 will produce two moles of NH3.
(c) One molecule of nitrogen requires three molecules of hydrogen for complete reaction.
(d) The reaction of 14 g of nitrogen produces 17 g of ammonia.
(e) The reaction of three moles of hydrogen gas will produce 17 g of ammonia.
7.
Calcium carbide, CaC2, is an important preliminary chemical for industries producing
synthetic fabrics and plastics. CaC2 may be produced by heating calcium oxide with coke:
CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO

What is the amount of CaC2 which can be produced from the reaction of excess calcium
oxide and 10.2 g of carbon? (Assume 100% efficiency of reaction for purposes of this
problem.)
(a) 18.1 g
(b) 28.4 g
(c) 20.8 g
(d) 19.8 g
(e) 27.2 g
8.
Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when 25 grams of aluminum reacts with excess
hydrochloric acid.
2Al + 6HCl Al2Cl6 + 3H2

(a) 0.41 g
(b) 1.2 g
(c) 1.8 g
(d) 2.8 g
(e) 0.92 g
9.
When 12 g of methanol (CH3OH) was treated with excess oxidizing agent (MnO4-), 14 g
of formic acid (HCOOH) was obtained. Using the following chemical equation, calculate
the percent yield. (The reaction is much more complex than this; please ignore the fact
that the charges do not balance.)
3CH3OH + 4MnO4- 3HCOOH + 4MnO2
(a) 100%
(b) 92%
(c) 82%
(d) 70%
(e) 55%
10.
A commercially valuable paint and adhesive stripper, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),
(CH3)2SO, can be prepared by the reaction of oxygen with dimethyl sulfide, (CH3)2S,
using a ratio of one mole oxygen to two moles of the sulfide:
O2 + 2(CH3)2S 2(CH3)2SO

If this process is 83% efficient, how many grams of DMSO could be produced from 65 g
of dimethyl sulfide and excess O2?
(a) 68 g
(b) 75 g
(c) 83 g
(d) 51 g
(e) 47 g
11.
The formation of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) by the fermentation of glucose (C6H12O6) may
be represented by:
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

If a particular glucose fermentation process is 87.0% efficient, how many grams of

glucose would be required for the production of 51.0 g of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)?

(a) 68.3 g
(b) 75.1 g
(c) 115 g
(d) 229 g
 (e) 167 g
12.
The limiting reagent in a chemical reaction is one that:
(a) has the largest molar mass (formula weight).
(b) has the smallest molar mass (formula weight).
(c) has the smallest coefficient.
(d) is consumed completely.
(e) is in excess.
13.
If 5.0 g of each reactant were used for the the following process, the limiting reactant
would be:
2KMnO4 +5Hg2Cl2 + 16HCl 10HgCl2 + 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O

(a) KMnO4
(b) HCl
(c) H2O
(d) Hg2Cl2
(e) HgCl2
14.
What mass of ZnCl2 can be prepared from the reaction of 3.27 grams of zinc with 3.30
grams of HCl?
Zn +2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

(a) 6.89 g
(b) 6.82 g
(c) 6.46 g
(d) 6.17 g
(e) 6.02 g
15.
How many grams of NH3 can be prepared from 77.3 grams of N2 and 14.2 grams of H2?
(Hint: Write and balance the equation first.)
(a) 93.9 g
(b) 79.7 g
(c) 47.0 g
(d) 120.0 g
(e) 13.3 g
16.
Silicon carbide, an abrasive, is made by the reaction of silicon dioxide with graphite.
SiO2 +3C SiC + 2CO

If 100 g of SiO2 and 100 g of C are reacted as far as possible, which one of the following
statements will be correct?
(a) 111 g of SiO2 will be left over.
(b) 44 g of SiO2 will be left over.
(c) 82 g of C will be left over.
(d) 40 g of C will be left over.
 (e) Both reactants will be consumed completely, with none of either left over.
17.
Calculate the mass of 6.00% NiSO4 solution that contains 40.0 g of NiSO4?
(a) 667 g
(b) 540 g
(c) 743 g
(d) 329 g
(e) none of these
18.
How many grams of water are contained in 75.0 grams of a 6.10% aqueous solution of
K3PO4?
(a) 75.0 g
(b) 73.2 g
(c) 70.4 g
(d) 68.1 g
(e) 62.8 g
19.
The mass (in grams) of FeSO4 7H2O required for preparation of 125 mL of 0.90 M
solution is:
(a) 16 g
(b) 25 g
(c) 13 g
(d) 31 g
(e) 43 g
20.
What is the molarity of phosphoric acid in a solution labeled 20.0% phosphoric acid
(H3PO4) by weight with a density = 1.12 g/mL?
(a) 0.98 M
(b) 2.3 M
(c) 2.7 M
(d) 3.0 M
(e) 3.6 M
21.
How many mL of 17 M NH3 must be diluted to 500.0 mL to make a 0.75 M solution?
(a) 13 mL
(b) 22 mL
(c) 39 mL
(d) 73 mL
(e) none of these
22.
How many grams of Ag2CO3 are required to react with 28.5 mL of 1.00 M NaOH
solution?
Ag2CO3 +2NaOH Ag2O + Na2CO3 + H2O
(a) 7.87 g
(b) 3.93 g
(c) 15.7 g
 (d) 10.8 g
(e) 8.16 g
23.
How many milliliters of 0.200 M NH4OH are needed to react with 12.0 mL of 0.550 M
FeCl3?
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

(a) 99.0 mL
(b) 33.0 mL
(c) 8.25 mL
(d) 68.8 mL
(e) 132 mL
24.
When 250. mL of a 0.15 M solution of ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S is poured into 120.
mL of a 0.053 M solution of cadmium sulfate CdSO4, how many grams of a yellow
precipitate of cadmium sulfide CdS are formed? The other product is (NH4)2SO4. (Hint:
Write out and balance the equation. Is this a limiting reagent problem? )
(a) 5.4 g
(b) 0.92 g
(c) 2.6 g
(d) 1.9 g
(e) 530 g

Answers:

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (e) 6. (e) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b)

Chemical Formulas and Composition

Stoichiometry
Examples of
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
The formula weight of the compound, Al2(SO4)3 18H2O is:
(a) 394.4 g
(b) 666.4 g
(c) 110,900 g
(d) 466.8 g
(e) 561.2 g
2.
The weight of a millimole of (NH4)2HPO4 is:
(a) 132 g
(b) 114 g
(c) 1.14 x 10-3 g
(d) 0.132 g
(e) 6.02 x 1020 g
3.
How many moles of alanine, C3H7NO2, are there in 159 g of alanine?
(a) 1.42 x 104
(b) 1.78
(c) 0.992
(d) 0.560
(e) 3.31
4.
How many atoms are in one mole of CH3OH?
(a) 6
(b) 6.0 x 1023
(c) 12.0 x 1023
(d) 3.6 x 1024
(e) 3
5.
The mass in grams of 2.6 x 1022 chlorine atoms is:
(a) 4.4
(b) 11
(c) 0.76
(d) 1.5
(e) 3.2
6.
How many aluminum atoms are there in 3.50 grams of Al2O3?
(a) 4.13 x 1022
(b) 4.90 x 1022
(c) 2.07 x 1022
(d) 1.68 x 1022
(e) 2.45 x 1022
7.
Which one of the samples contains the most atoms?
 (a) 1 mol of CO2(g)
(b) 1 mol of UF6(g)
(c) 1 mol of CH3COCH3(l)
(d) 1 mol of He(g)
(e) all contain the same number of atoms
8.
Which one of the samples contains the most molecules?
(a) 1 mol of CO2(g)
(b) 1 mol of UF6(g)
(c) 1 mol of CH3COCH3(l)
(d) 1 mol of He(g)
(e) all contain the same number of molecules
9.
Which one of the samples has the largest mass?
(a) 1 mol of CO2(g)
(b) 1 mol of UF6(g)
(c) 1 mol of CH3COCH3(l)
(d) 1 mol of He(g)
(e) all have the same mass
10.
Which of the following statements is(are) FALSE?
1. The percent by mass of each element in a compound depends on the amount of the
compound.
2. The mass of each element in a compound depends on the amount of the compound.
3. The percent by mass of each element in a compound depends on the amount of
element present in the compound.
(a) 2 and 3
(b) 1 only
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(e) another combination
11.
Guanidin, HNC(NH2)2, is a fertilizer. To three significant figures, what is the percent by
mass of nitrogen in the fertilizer?
(a) 45.2%
(b) 49.4%
(c) 54.8%
(d) 65.1%
(e) 71.1%
12.
Calculate the percent, by weight, of carbon in 154 g of C4H8O3?
(a) 46%
(b) 31%
(c) 72%
(d) 27%
(e) 55%
13.
Analysis of a sample of a covalent compound showed that it contained 14.4% hydrogen
and 85.6% carbon by mass. What is the empirical formula for the compound?
(a) CH
(b) CH2
(c) CH3
(d) C2H3
(e) none of these
14.
An oxide of lead contains 90.65% Pb, by weight. The empirical formula is:
(a) Pb
(b) PbO
(c) Pb3O4
(d) Pb2O3
(e) PbO2
15.
A 0.500 g sample of a compound containing only antimony and oxygen was found to
contain 0.418 g of antimony and 0.082 g of oxygen. What is the simplest formula for the
compound?
(a) SbO
(b) SbO2
(c) Sb3O4
(d) Sb2O5
(e) Sb2O3
16.
A compound contains, by mass, 40.0% carbon, 6.71% hydrogen, and 53.3% oxygen. A
0.320 mole sample of this compound weighs 28.8 g. The molecular formula of this
compound is:
(a) C2H4O2
(b) C3H6O3
(c) C2H4O
(d) CH2O
(e) C4H7O2
17.
What mass of cerussite, PbCO3, would contain 35.0 grams of lead?
(a) 27.1 g
(b) 45.1 g
(c) 42.4 g
(d) 35.6 g
(e) 51.7 g

Answers:

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (e) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (e) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (e)
16. (b) 17. (b)
1. Avogadro’s number acts as the conversion factor for converting between the number of
moles in a sample and the number of molecules in the sample.
o true
o false
2. Since 12C’s molar mass is 12 grams, 48 grams of 12C atoms would be equal to ____
moles.
o 2
o 4
o 6
o The answer cannot be determined
3. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (ICWM) defines one mole as the
number of atoms in exactly:
o 12 grams of any metal
o 1 gram of any metal
o 1 gram of carbon-12 (12C)
o 12 grams of carbon-12 (12C)
4. One "mole" in chemistry represents the number:
o 2.06 x 1023
o 6.02 x 1023
o 0.62 x 1023
o 10.23 x 62
5. If there are 0.20 moles in 8.9 grams of CO2, what is the number of CO2 molecules? Use
this equation to find the answer: Moles in sample (mol) x Avogadro's number (6.022 x
1023) = Number of sample molecules
o 0.20 x 1023
o 1.2 x 1023
o 8.9 x 1023
o 20 x 1023
6. Molar mass is a numerical value that represents ______.
o the mass of a substance divided by the amount of that substance
o the mass of a substance
o the amount of a substance
 o the number of atoms in a molecule
7. An element’s molar mass and atomic weight are always equal.
o false
o true
8. The element Vanadium has two stable isotopes 50V and 51V. The mass and abundance of
these isotopes are 50V = 49.9472 amu and .0025 abundance and 51V = 50.9440 amu and .
9975 abundance. With this information, what is the atomic weight of Vanadium?
o 23
o 49.947
o 50.944
o 50.9415
9. The atomic weight of Hydrogen is 1.0079 amu and the atomic weight of Oxygen is
15.999 amu. Using this information, what is the molecular weight of a molecule of water,
H2O?
o 2.016 amu
o 17.007 amu
o 18.015 amu
o Unknown
10. The definition of a mole is not open to scientific debate because it is unchanging.
o false
o true

HOME PAGE * KS3 SCIENCES * GCSE

BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS * ADVANCED LEVEL CHEMISTRY

GCSE & A level Chemistry Calculations: How to use the

mole concept in calculations
 INTRODUCTION to the MOLE and mole CALCULATIONS and EQUATION
Doc Brown's Chemistry KS4 science GCSE/IGCSE/GCE-AS O Level  Revision Notes

7. Introducing 'moles' and their the connection with mass and formula ma

AND how to use reacting masses and the mole concept to deduce a symbol equation

b-index for this page

What is the mole concept? and what is one mole of a substance?

Introduction to the Avogadro constant and calculations

Basic calculations using the formula moles = mass / formula mass

The mole concept and equations

Set 1. of examples of basic mole calculations - quantities and equations

Set 2. Mole ratios, connecting moles, formulae from balanced equations

Set 3. Deducing a balanced equation, reacting masses and moles

More on understanding and using the Avogadro constant

More advanced calculations using the Avogadro Constant

More advanced use of the mole and Avogadro Number concepts (for advanced level chemistry students
y)

-assessment Quizzes on basic mole calculations

e in answer QUIZ     or    multiple choice QUIZ

otted any careless error?

 AIL query? comment or request a type of GCSE calculation not covered?

Quantitative chemistry calculations online Help for problem solving in doing mole calculations, using experiment data
ing predictions. Practice revision questions on mole calculations, moles mass and molecular/formula mass formula.
e describes and explains the concept of the mole with lots of fully worked out examples of mole calculations. You sho
n the formula connecting moles, mass and formula/molecular mass and methods for solving mole based problems. T
s are extended to show how to deduce a balanced symbol equations by converting masses of reactants and product
oles and from the whole number ratio deduce the balanced equation. Online practice exam chemistry CALCULATION
d solved problems for KS4 Science GCSE/IGCSE CHEMISTRY and basic starter chemical calculations for A level G
S-A2-IB courses. These revision notes and practice questions on mole calculations in chemistry and worked example
uld prove useful for the new AQA, Edexcel and OCR GCSE (9–1) chemistry science courses. These revision notes a
ctice questions as an introduction to the mole and using the mole in chemical calculations and worked examples sho
prove useful for the new AQA, Edexcel and OCR GCSE (9–1) chemistry science courses.

WHAT IS THE MOLE CONCEPT?

d WHAT IS ONE MOLE OF A SUBSTANCE?
mmary of the main points about defining and using the mole concept

the purposes of calculations chemical amounts are primarily measured in moles (but sometimes just masses are ok)

definition

symbol for the unit mole is mol and the mass of one mole of a substance in grams is numerically equal to its relative
mula mass (can be atomic mass or molecular mass - see below).

might be an atomic mass of an element e.g. Fe = 56, so 1 mol = 56g

he molecular mass of an element e.g. O = 16, so 1 mole of oxygen molecules O 2 = 2 x 16 = 32g

he molecular mass of a covalent compound e.g. C = 12, H = 1, so 1 mol of propane C 3H8 = (3 x 12) + 8 = 44g

ormula mass of an ionic compound e.g. K = 39, O = 16, so 1 mol of potassium oxide K 2O = 39 + 2 x 16) = 71g

he latter you can consider 1 mole of K2O made up of 2 mol of potassium ions and 1 mol oxide ion.

concept
 mole of a substance contains the same number of the stated particles, atoms, molecules or ions as one mole of any
r substance. So all the three described above have the same number of defined particles.

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

The Avogadro constant and calculations

number of atoms, molecules or ions in a mole of a given substance is the Avogadro constant.

value of the Avogadro constant (denoted by NA) is 6.02 x 1023 per mole of particles of whatever you have specifica
ned e.g.

ogen atoms H, hydrogen molecules H2, methane molecules CH4, ionic lattice NaCl

ate ion SO42-, sodium ion Na+, ammonium ion NH4+ etc.

he previous four examples described above equate to:

2 x 1023 Fe atoms in 56 g,  6.02 x 1023 O2 molecules in 32 g,

8 molecules in 44g of propane and  6.02 x 1023 in 71 g of 'K2O's.

latter consists of 2 x 6.02 x 1023 = 12.04 x 1023 = 1.204 x 1024 potassium ions

6.02 x 1023 oxide ions. You must be versatile in your mol thinking!

lculating the mass of an individual atom/molecule using the Avogadro constan

relative atomic masses of the 'lightest' and 'heaviest' naturally occurring elements are H = 1 and U = 238.

ole of hydrogen atoms = 1.0 g

s of one hydrogen atom = 1 / 6.02 x 1023 = 1.66 x 10-24 g   (1.66 x 10-27 kg)

ole of uranium atoms = 238 g

s of one uranium atom = 238 / 6.02 x 1023 = 3.95 x 10-22 g   (3.95 x 10-25 kg)

e same way you can calculate the mass of an individual molecule e.g.

pane C3H8 (C = 12, H =1, so molecular mass is 44)

ole of propane molecules = 44g.

s of one molecule of propane = 44 / 238 / 6.02 x 10 23 = 7.3 x 10-23 g   (7.3 x 10-26 kg)

You should understand and how to use measurement of the amounts in moles and apply this knowledg
to calculations involving atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, formulae and equations.

This is a lot to take in, so I've described in details lots of examples explained below on how to use the 'm

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

Basic calculations using the formula moles = mass / formula mass

mole concept is an invaluable way of solving many quantitative problems in chemistry!

a very important way of doing chemical calculations!

theoretical basis is explained in section (b).

mole is most simply expressed as the relative 'formula mass in g' or the 'molecular mass in g' of
defined chemical 'species', and that is how it is used in most chemical calculations. The mass of one
e of a substance is sometimes referred to as the molar mass.

atomic/formula mass in grams = one mole of the defined substance.

ur are dealing with individual atoms, one mole of equals the relative atomic mass in grams.

can be expressed as a simple formula ...

 es of species = (actual mass of species in g) / (atomic/formula mass of species)

efore (using triangle on right if necessary)

ss of species in g = moles species x atomic/formula mass of species

mic/formula mass of species = mass of species in g / moles of species

e these equations are for either an element or a compound,

whatever, you must clearly define the chemical species you mean for any mole calculation e.g.

metal element atom, H2O covalent molecule, an element O2 molecule, Na+Cl- ionic compound or just any compound
mula like CuSO4 etc. etc.

s specificity cannot be overemphasised and you should understand that the measurement of amounts in mo
apply to atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, formulae and equations !!!

s 'shorthand' for relative formula mass or molecular mass in amu (atomic mass units, u or dalton Da) and you m
ble to work these out correctly from a given formula (Calculating relative formula/molecular mass of a compound or
ment molecule).

term relative molecular mass (sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a single molecule of the substance) is
ally applied to definite molecular species.

ng the following atomic masses: H = 1, O = 16, N = 14, C = 12, Na = 23, Al = 27, Cl = 35.5, S = 32, Ca = 40

the three formulae above relating moles, mass and formula mass ...

of little examples of the interconversion of mass and moles knowing the formula mass are 'jotted' down below

ole of carbon atoms = 12 g, 1 mole of carbon dioxide (12 + 2 x 16) = 44, 1 mole CO 2 = 44 g

number of C atoms = the number of CO2 molecules = 6.0 x 1023 specified particles

ecular mass Mr 18 for the water molecule H2O, 17 for the ammonia molecule NH3
 mole of water is 18g, 0.333 mole = 0.333 x 18 = 6g

ammonia 1 mol = 17g, 34g = 34/17 = 2 mols ammonia

16 for the methane molecule CH4 and 180 for the glucose sugar molecule C6H12O6

.5 mol methane = 0.5 x 16 = 8g, 72g = 72/16 = 4.5 mols methane

glucose 18g = 18/180 = 0.10 moles, 0.05 mole = 0.05 x 180 = 9.0g glucose

element nitrogen consists of N2 molecules (Mr = 28),

ar mass = 28g, 0.25 moles = 0.25 x 28 = 7.0g

ative atomic mass of iron Ar = 56, 7g = 7/56 = 0.125 mol Fe (Relative atomic mass explained)

mass of 1 mole of sodium chloride NaCl? Mr(NaCl) = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g

mass of 1 mole of calcium carbonate? Mr(CaCO3) = 40 + 12 + (3 x 16) = 100 g

these calculations are quite simple, but they are often just one part of solving a more complex problem
olving moles!

term relative formula mass (sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a specified formula) can be used for ANY
cified formula of ANY chemical substance, though it is most often applied to ionic substances.

mass of 1 mole of ionic sodium chloride NaCl or Na+Cl- is 58.5g (from 23 + 35.5)
T, each mole of NaCl consists of 1 mole of sodium ions and 1 mole of chloride ions

s of 1 mole of ammonium sulfate (ionic salt) (NH4)2SO4 or (NH4+)2(SO42-) =  130g

T 1 mole of the salt consists of 2 moles of ammonium ions and 1 mole of sulfate ion

s of 1 mole of aluminium oxide Al2O3 = (2 x 27) + (3 x 16) = 102 g

T being ionic the formula can be written as (Al3+)2(O2-)3, 1 mole of Al2O3 consists of 2 moles of aluminium ions and 3
es of oxide ions

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

Reading equations in terms of moles

mole concept can be extended to reading equations in terms of moles e.g.

CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ===> MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

ol of magnesium carbonate reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to give 1 mol of magnesium chloride plus 1 mol of
er and 1 mol of carbon dioxide

g) + 2O2(g) ==> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

ol of methane requires 2 mol of oxygen for complete combustion to 1 mol of carbon dioxide and 2 mol of water

s) + 6HCl(aq) ===> 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

ol of aluminium reacts with 6 mol of hydrochloric acid to form 2 mol of aluminium chloride plus 3 mol of hydrogen gas

H6(g) + 7O2(g) ==> 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

ol of ethane requires 7 mol of oxygen for complete combustion giving 4 mol of carbon dioxide and 6 mol of water

you can also say: C2H6(g) + 3½O2(g) ==> 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

her words, 1 mol of ethane requires 3½ mol of oxygen for complete combustion giving 2 mol of carbon dioxide and 3
of water,

this example illustrates the importance of thinking about balanced equations in terms of the mole ratio of reactant
products.

s reading of equations in terms of moles of reactants and products is important in calculations AND the proc
be reversed, in other words, given the masses of reactants and products, you can convert them to moles an
k out the balanced symbol equation.

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

Examples of basic mole calculations - involving quantities and equation

re is a periodic table of atomic masses near the end of the page for doing mole calculations

ariety to illustrate the introduction section (a)

1 of problem solving and working through calculation questions on mole ratios and equations
MINDER For a substance 'Z' i.e. a specifically defined chemical species

er over the one you want and what's left is what you need to do)

mole of Z = g of Z / atomic or formula mass of Z,

or g of Z = mole of Z x atomic or formula mass of Z

or atomic or formula mass of Z = g of Z / mole of Z

re Z represents atoms, molecules or formula of the particular element or compound defined in the
stion and all masses quoted in grams (g).
1 of mole calculations - using the simple mole formula

triangle relating mass, moles and relative formula mass)

Simple mole calculations Example 7.1.1

o (a) How many moles of hydrogen (H2) in 10 g of the gas?
 molecular mass = 2 x 1 = 2
 moles = mass / molecular mass = 10 / 2 = 5 mol H2

o (b) What is the mass of 5 moles of iron?
 Atomic mass of iron (Fe) = 56
 mass = moles x atomic mass = 5 x 56 = 280 g Fe

o (c) How many moles of copper sulfate (CuSO4) in 2.6 g of the salt?
 formula mass = 63.5 + 32 + (4 x 16) =  159.5
 moles = mass / formula mass = 2.6 / 159.5 = 0.0163 mol CuSO4 (3sf, 4dp)

o (d) What is the mass of 3.5 moles of magnesium oxide (MgO)?
 formula mass MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
 mass = moles x formula mass = 3.5 x 40 = 140 g MgO

o (e) 0.15 moles of a compound Y had a mass of 21.0 g, calculate the formula mass of Y.
 formula mass = mass / moles = 21.0 / 0.15 = 140 (Mr of Y)

o (f) 0.0025 moles of a compound Z had a mass of 0.5125 g, calculate the formula mass of Z.
 formula mass = mass / moles = 0.5125 / 0.0025 = 205 (Mr of Z)

Mole calculation Example 7.1.2

o Consider the formation of 1 mole of ammonia, NH3,
o which consists of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms combined with 3 moles of hydrogen atoms.
o Or you could say 2 moles of ammonia is formed from 1 mole of nitrogen molecules (N 2) combining with 3
 moles of hydrogen molecules (H2).
 The latter is a better way to look at ammonia formation because nitrogen and hydrogen exist as
diatomic molecules and NOT individual atoms.
o N2(g) + 3H2(g) ==> 2NH3(g)
o You can then think in any ratio you want e.g. 0.05 mol nitrogen combines with 0.15 mol hydrogen to form 0
mol of ammonia.
o So, you can calculate using any mole ratio on the basis of the 1 : 3 : 2 ratio (or 1 : 3 ==> 2) of the reactants
and products in the balanced symbol equation.
o
Mole calculation Example 7.1.3
o Consider the formation of 1 or 2 moles of aluminium oxide,
o Al2O3, consists of 2 moles of aluminium atoms combined with 3 moles of oxygen atoms (or 1.5
moles of O2 molecules) to form 1 mole of aluminium oxide.
 2Al(s) + 3/2O2(g) ==> Al2O3(s)
o To avoid awkward fractions in equations you can say 4 moles of aluminium atoms combine with exactly 3
moles of oxygen molecules to form 2 moles of aluminium oxide.
 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) ==> 2Al2O3(s)
 So the simplest whole number reacting mole ratio is 4 : 3 : 2 (or 4 : 3 ==> 2)

Mole calculation Example 7.1.4

o How do you go from a reacting mole ratio to reacting mass ratio?
o You read the equation in relative numbers of moles and convert the moles into mass.
 mass moles x formula mass - see triangle on right
 e.g. the formation of copper(II) chloride from copper(II) oxide and hydrochloric
acid.
 CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ===> CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
 This equation is read as 1 mole of copper oxide reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric
acid to produce 1 mole of copper chloride and 1 mole of water
 basic mole ratio: 1 mole + 2 moles ==> 1 mole + 1 mole
 Atomic masses: Cu = 64, O = 16, H = 1, Cl =35.5
 Therefore ...
 (64 + 16)g CuO + [2 x (1 + 35.5)]g HCl ==> [64 + (2 x 35.5)]g CuCl 2 + [(2 x 1) + 16)]g H2O
 80g CuO + 73g HCl ==> 135g CuCl2 + 18g H2O
 So, from a mole ratio of 1 : 2 ==> 1 : 1
 you get a mass ratio of 80 : 73 ==> 135 : 18

Mole calculation Example 7.1.5

o This can be useful for calculating the quantities of chemicals you need for e.g. the chemical
preparation of a compound.
o Using the concept of mole ratio and the exemplar reactions above ...
o (a) Calculate how many grams of copper(II) oxide you need to dissolve in hydrochloric acid to make
0.25 moles of copper(II) chloride?
 From the equation, 1 mole of copper oxide makes 1 mole of copper chloride,
 therefore you need 0.25 moles of CuO
  since mass = mass of 1 mole x formula mass
 you need 0.25 x 80 = 20g of CuO

o (b) What mass of aluminium metal do you need to make 0.1 moles of aluminium oxide?
 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) ==> 2Al2O3(s) and the atomic mass of aluminium is 27
 4 moles of aluminium atoms combines with 3 moles of oxygen molecules to form 2 moles of aluminiu
oxide, (ratio 4:2 or 2:1)
 therefore 0.2 moles of aluminium metal makes 0.1 moles of aluminium oxide (keeping the ratio of 2:1
 mass of aluminium metal needed = 0.2 x 27 = 5.4g of Al

o Note that you can pick out the ratio you need to solve a problem - you DON'T need all the numbers
the full molar ratio, all you do is pick out the relevant ratio!

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

Mole ratio calculations and connecting moles, formulae from

lanced equations
2 of mole calculations - relating a formula, balanced equations to the mole concept and mole ratios

2 of problem solving and working through calculation questions on mole ratios and equations

Mole calculation Example 7.2.1

o How many moles of potassium ions and bromide ions are there in 0.25 moles of potassium bromide
 1 mole of KBr contains 1 mole of potassium ions (K +) and 1 mole of bromide ions (Br-).
 So there will be 0.25 moles of each ion.

Mole calculation Example 7.2.2
o How many moles of calcium ions and chloride ions are there in 2.5 moles of calcium chloride?
 1 mole of CaCl2 consists of 1 mole of calcium ions (Ca2+) and 2 moles of chloride ion (Cl-).
 So there will be 2.5 x 1 = 2.5 moles of calcium ions and 2.5 x 2 = 5 moles chloride ions.

Mole calculation Example 7.2.3
o How many moles of lead and oxygen atoms are needed to make 5 moles of lead dioxide?
 1 mole of PbO2 contains 1 mole of lead combined with 2 moles of oxygen atoms (or 1 mole of
oxygen molecules O2).
 So 1 x 5 = 5 mol of lead atoms and 2 x 5 = 10 mol of oxygen atoms (or 5 mol oxygen molecules)
needed.

Mole calculation Example 7.2.4
o How many moles of aluminium ions and sulphate ions are in 2 moles of aluminium sulphate?
 1 mole of Al2(SO4)3 contains 2 moles of aluminium ions (Al3+) and 3 moles of sulphate ion
(SO42-).
 So there will be 2 x 2 = 4 mol aluminium ions and 2 x 3 = 6 mol of sulphate ion.
Mole calculation Example 7.2.5
o How many moles of chlorine gas are there in 6.5g of the gas? Ar(Cl) = 35.5)
 chlorine consists of Cl2 molecules, so Mr = 2 x 35.5 = 71
 moles chlorine = mass / Mr = 6.5 / 71 =  0.0944 mol

Mole calculation Example 7.2.6
o How many moles of iron in 20g of the metal? (Fe = 56)
 iron consists of Fe atoms, so moles iron = mass/A r = 20/56 = 0.357 mol Fe

Mole calculation Example 7.2.7
o How many grams of propane C3H8 are there in 0.21 moles of the gas? (C = 12, H = 1)
 Mr of propane = (3 x 12) + (1 x 8) = 44
 so g propane = moles x Mr = 0.21 x 44 = 9.24g

Mole calculation Example 7.2.8
o 0.25 moles of molecule X was found to have a mass of 28g.
 Calculate its molecular mass.
 Mr = mass X / moles of X = 28 / 0.25 = 112 

Mole calculation Example 7.2.9
o What mass and moles of magnesium chloride are formed when 5g of magnesium
oxide is dissolved in excess hydrochloric acid?
 reaction equation: MgO + 2HCl ==> MgCl2 + H2O
 means 1 mole magnesium oxide forms 1 mole of magnesium chloride (1 : 1 molar
ratio)
 formula mass MgCl2 = 24+(2x35.5) = 95
 MgO = 24+16 = 40
 1 mole MgO = 40g
 so 5g MgO = 5/40 = 0.125 mol
 which means 0.125 mol MgO forms 0.125 mol MgCl2,
 Mass = moles x formula mass = 0.125 x 95 = 11.9g MgCl2 
  
Mole calculation Example 7.2.10
o What mass and moles of sodium chloride is formed when 21.2g of sodium carbonate
is reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid?
 reaction equation: Na2CO3 + 2HCl ==> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 
 means 1 mole sodium carbonate gives 2 moles of sodium chloride (1:2 ratio in
equation)
 Formula mass of Na2CO3 = (2x23) + 12 + (3x16) = 106
  Formula mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5
 moles Na2CO3 = 21.2/106 = 0.2 mole
 therefore 2 x 0.2 = 0.4 mol of NaCl formed.
 mass of NaCl formed = moles x formula mass = 0.4 x 58.5 = 23.4g NaCl
Mole ratio calculation Example 7.2.11
o High quality magnetite ore contains mainly the compound diiron(II)iron(III) oxide, Fe 3O4. ('triiron tetroxide')
o  Info.: Atomic mass Ar: Fe = 55.8, C = 12.0, O = 16.0; 1 tonne ≡ 1000 kg ≡ 10 6 g (which you should know!)
o  One of several reduction reactions using coke (C) in a blast furnace is:
o Fe3O4  +  4CO  ====> 3Fe  + 4CO2
o (a) Theoretically, what quantity of high grade magnetite ore (in tonne) is needed to make 100 tonnes
iron for steel making?
 From the equation 1 mol of Fe3O4 gives 3 mol of Fe, a ratio of 1 : 3
 100 tonne of Fe = 100 x 106 g,
 since: mol = mass/Ar, mol iron = 100 x 106 / 55.8 = 1.792 x 106 mol
 Since the mol ratio in the equation is 1 : 3, you need to divide mol Fe/3
 So, mol Fe3O4 = 1.792 x 106 / 3 = 0.597 x 106
 mass = mol x Mr, r(Fe3O4) = (3 x 55.8) + (4 x 16.0) = 231.4
 mass Fe3O4 required = 0.597 x 106 x 231.4 = 138.146 x 106 g
 138.146 x 106 / 106 = 138 tonnes (3sf)
  
o  (b) For the same amount of iron production (100 tonne) what is the minimum quantity of coke (in kg
required to reduce the quantity of ore calculated in (a)?
 4 mol CO ≡ 4 mol C  ==> 3 mol Fe
 This gives a mole ratio of 4 : 3 for C : Fe
 We need to scale up moles of Fe by a factor of 4/3 get the moles of carbon.
 From (a) mol Fe = 1.792 x 106
 Therefore mol C required = 1.792 x 106 x 4/3 = 2.389 x 106
 mass = mol x Ar = 2.389 x 106 x 12 = 28.67 x 106 g
 mass = 28.67 x 106 / 1000 = 28.67 x 103 = 2.867 x 104 = 2.87 x 104 kg (3 sf)
  
o In all honesty, I find it easier to solve this problem using simple reacting mass ratio calculation (see section
o However, you are expected to interpret questions on equations using moles and mass units of g, kg and ton
o  
7.2.12 ???

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

Deducing a balanced equation from reacting masses and mole

lculations
3 of mole calculations - deducing a balanced symbol equation from the masses of reactants and products

s of problem solving and working through calculation questions on mole ratios and equations

ce you can interpret equations in terms of moles and masses of reactants and products, you can also work in
other direction.

if you know reactant and product masses, you can convert them to moles and from the simplest whole num
o work out a balanced chemical equation.

reviations used: Ar = atomic mass, Mr = formula mass

ation - mole calculation Example 7.3.1 to work out an equation from reacting masses using moles

as found that 11.15 g of lead(II) oxide PbO reacted with 0.30 g of carbon to produce 10.35 g of lead

en the atomic masses: Pb = 207,  O = 16, C = 12, formula mass PbO = 207 + 16 = 223

Convert the reacting masses given into moles

= mass / Ar or Mr

PbO = 11.15 / 223 = 0.05, mol C = 0.30 / 12 = 0.025, mol Pb = 10.35 / 207 = 0.05

Convert the mole ratio from (a) into the simplest whole number (integer) ratio

O : C ==> Pb is 0.05 : 0.025 ==> 0.05 moles

ing up to the simplest whole number ratio is 2 : 1 ==> 2 moles (divide the 1st ratios by 0.025, always try dividing by t
est number first)

Deduce the balanced equation for the reduction of lead(II) oxide to lead using carbon

m the whole number ratio above we can then write

O  +  C  ===> 2Pb

T, the oxygen must have combined with the carbon to give carbon dioxide because there are two atoms of oxygen in
ation to one atom of carbon, so we can write the full equation

O  +  C  ===> 2Pb  +  CO2

ation - mole calculation Example 7.3.2 to work out an equation from reacting masses using moles

8.4 g of iron was heated in air to form an oxide, until there was no longer any gain in weight. The final mass of the iron
e was 11.6 g. There was only one product of the reaction. Atomic masses: Fe = 56,  O = 16

alculate the mass of oxygen that combined with the iron.

s of oxygen used = mass of iron oxide - mass of iron that reacted

s of oxygen (O2) = 11.6 - 8.4 = 3.2 g

Calculate the moles of iron and oxygen that combined to give the iron oxide.

Fe = 8.4 / 56 = 0.15,  mol O2 = 3.2 / 32 = 0.10

e: O is 16, BUT it is oxygen molecules that are in air, formula mass O 2 = 32

Convert the Fe : O2 ratio to the simplest whole number ratio

O2 is 0.15 : 0.10, diving by 0.05 gives a reacting mole ratio of 3 : 2 for Fe : O2

We can therefore write the left-hand side of the equation as

  +  2O2  ===> ?

e there was only one product of the reaction, the empirical formula of this particular iron oxide must be composed o
e iron atoms and four atoms of oxygen, so the full equation is

  +  2O2  ===> Fe3O4

t was found that 14.0 g of lithium (Li) reacted with 16.0 g of oxygen (O 2) to form 30 g of lithium oxide
O).

vert the masses to moles and deduce the balanced equation from the mole ratios calculated.

ative masses:  Li = 7,   O = 16,   O2 = 32,    Li2O = (2 x 7) + 16 = 30

 Li = 14/7 = 2.0,     mol O2 = 16/32 = 0.5,    mol Li2O = 30/30 = 1.0

get a set of whole numbers for the ratios you just double everything giving the following ratios of 4Li : 1 O2 : 2 Li2O, so
nced equation is:

)   +  O2(g)  ===>  2Li2O(s)

mple 7.3.3 to work out an equation from reacting masses using moles (typical GCSE question)

as found that 7.95 g copper oxide (CuO) was reduced by 0.6 g of carbon to form 6.35 g of copper and releasing 2.2 g
on dioxide.

vert the reactant and product masses to moles and deduced the balanced equation.

mic masses: Cu = 63.5,  C = 12,  O = 16   (I've set out the solution to the problem as a table of 'logic')

ctant => product ? CuO ?C ==> ? Cu ? CO2

mic/formula mass 63.5 + 16 = 79.5 12 ==> 63.5 44
s in g 7.95 0.6 ==> 6.35 2.2
es = mass/formula mass 7.95/79.5 = 0.10 0.6/12 = 0.05 ==> 6.35/63.5 = 0.1 2.2/44 = 0.05
plest whole number mol ratio 0.10/0.05 = 2 mol  0.05/0.05 = 1 mol   0.1/0.05 = 2 mol 0.05/0.05 = 1 mol
refore the equation must be 2CuO(s)  +  C(s)  ===> 2Cu(s)  +  CO2(g)
es:

lways try dividing by the lowest ratio number first to try to deduce the whole number ratio to deduce the balanced
ation

you have done the calculation correctly the equation should be balanced, so always do an atom count!

For GCSE students the numbers are often 'perfect' but A level students may to make a reasonable judgement from ra
2.02 : 0.99 ==> 2.01 : 0.97 etc.

Don't forget that state symbols might be required, especially at A Level.

mple 7.3.4 to work out an equation from reacting masses using moles (more an A level question?)

g of solid phosphorus consumed 10 g of oxygen gas to form 17.75 g of a solid phosphorus oxide.

vert the reactant and product masses to moles and deduced the balanced equation.

mic masses: P = 31,  O = 16

convert the masses of phosphorus and oxygen to moles of atoms and deduce the empirical formula of the phosphoru
e. Remember empirical formula is based on the simplest whole number ratio expressed in the formula.

/31 = 0.25 mol of P atoms,  10/16 = 0.625 mol O atoms

is a slightly awkward ratio to deal with, so it needs a bit of trial and error patience to solve it!)

ding by the smallest number gives 0.25/0.25 : 0.625/0.25

s 1 P : 2.5 O, then just multiplying by 2 gives 2 P : 5 O

he empirical formula is P2O5

From experiments it was further deduced that the molecular mass of the phosphorus oxide was 284.

educe the correct molecular formula of the phosphorus oxide

empirical formula mass of P2O5 = (31 x 2) + (16 x 5) = 142

e 284/142 = 2, means the true molecular formula = 2 x P 2O5 = P4O10

From the mole ratios and your answer to (i) deduce the correctly balanced symbol equation.

m your answer in (a) you need a ratio of 2 : 5 for P : O, but you must allow for the formation of P 4O10 molecules and
gen exists as diatomic molecules (O2).

refore to make a P4O10 you need 4 P atoms and 10 O atoms BUT as 5 O2 molecules

he equation is: 4P(s)  +  5O2(g)  ===>  P4O10(s)

n't forget that state symbols might be required)

mple 7.3.5 to work out an equation from reacting masses using moles (very much an A level question)

ne monofluoride gas (IF) is very unstable and above 0 oC it decomposes into solid iodine (I2) and liquid iodine
afluoride (IF5).

as found that 14.6 g of iodine monofluoride decomposed to form 10.16 g of iodine and 4.44 g of iodine pentafluoride.

mic masses: I = 127,  F = 19

Calculate the formula masses of the reactants and products.

127 + 19 = 146,    I2 = 2 x 127 = 254,     IF5 = 127 + (5 x 19) = 222

Convert the reactant and product masses to mol

IF = 14.6/146 = 0.1,     mol I2 = 20.32/254 = 0.04,    mol IF5 = 4.44/222 = 0.02

From the mole ratios of reactants and products deduce the balanced symbol equation for the decomposition of iodine
ofluoride.

al mol ratio: IF : I2 : IF5   is   0.1 : 0.04 : 0.02,

ding by 0.02 gives a whole number ratio of 0.1/0.02 = 5 (IF),   0.04/0.02 = 2 (I2),   0.02/0.02 = 1 (IF5)

refore the equation is: 5IF(g)  ===>  2I2(s)  +  IF5(l)

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

More on understanding and using the Avogadro constant

u don't need to know about the Avogadro Constant, you can skip this section.

mole of a substance contains exactly the same number of the stated particles, atoms, molecules or ions as one mol
Y other substance (must be specifically defined e.g.

atoms Fe, water molecules H2O, glucose molecules C6H12O6, hydroxide ion OH-, iron(III) ion Fe3+, electron e-

number of atoms, molecules or ions in a mole of a given substance is the Avogadro constant. The value of the
gadro constant is 6.02 x 1023 per mole. You should understand that the measurement of amounts in moles can apply
ms, molecules, ions, electrons, formulae and interpreting equations

every mole of any substance contains the same number of the defined species.

actual particle number is known and is called the Avogadro Constant, denoted NA).

equal to 6.023 x 1023 'defined species' per mole i.e. 6.023 x 1023 mol-1

means in a mole of any defined species e.g. atom, molecule, ion etc. there are the Avogadro constant number of the

this means there are that many atoms in 12g of carbon (C = 12) = 6.023 x 10 23 atoms of carbon

hat many molecules in 18g water (H2O = 1+1+16 = 18, H = 1; O = 16) * = 6.023 x 1023 molecules of water

is is about 18cm3, so picture this number of molecules in a nearly full 20cm 3 measuring cylinder or a 100ml
ker less than 1/5th full!

Avogadro number is 6.023 x 1023 = 602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000 atoms or molecules per mole!

x hundred and two thousand and three hundred million million million 'particles' per mole !

imble full of water is about 1cm3, 1 mole of water = 18g and ~ 18cm3 because the density of water is ~1.0 g/cm3

refore in a thimble full of water there are ~6.023 x 10 23/18 = ~3.3 x 1022 = 33 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 molecule

rty three thousand million million million molecules of water!

just think how many molecules of water are in your body!

D just think how useful the 'mole' is, to make life 'simple' in calculations! (well sort of!)

real importance of the mole is that it allows you to compare ratios of the relative amounts of reactants and produ
he element composition of a compound, at the atomic and molecular level.

ole of any defined chemical species has an identical number of that species, and that number is the Avogadr
mber.

u have a mole ratio for A : B of 1 : 3, it means 1 particle of A to 3 particles of B irrespective of the atomic or formula
ses of A and B.

so means that you can read equations in terms of a mole ratio (see section (b) questions)

2NaOH + H2SO4 ==> Na2SO4 + 2H2O

be read as 2 moles of sodium hydroxide neutralises 1 mole of sulfuric acid to form 1 mole of the salt sodium sulfate a
oles of water,

T the equation can be read in terms of any molar quantities, as long as you keep the ratios the same!

by only taking 1/20th of a mole of sodium hydroxide you can deduce (yes predict!)

moles of NaOH reacts with 0.025 moles of H 2SO4 to form 0.025 moles of Na2SO4 and 0.05 moles of H2O

at more, since you can convert moles to mass, you can do deduce the mass of product formed or the mass of reactan
d.

, since you can go from mass to moles, you can deduce equations from measuring reacting masses.

ee also section 6. for reacting masses not using moles)

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

More advanced calculations using the Avogadro Constant

s is for more advanced students and illustrates the concepts in the introduction section (b)

re you can actually calculate the number of particles in known quantity of material !

Avogadro constant Mole calculation Example 7.4.1

o How many water molecules are there in 1g of water, H2O ?
 formula mass of water = (2 x 1) + 16 = 18
 every mole of a substance contains 6 x 1023 particles of 'it' (the Avogadro Constant).
 moles water = 1 / 18 = 0.0556
  molecules of water = 0.0556 x 6 x 1023 = 3.34 x 1022
 Since water has a density of 1g/cm3, it means in every cm3 or ml there are
 33 400 000 000 000 000 000 000 individual H 2O molecules or particles!

Avogadro number calculation Example 7.4.2
o How many atoms of iron (Fe = 56) are there in an iron filing of mass 0.001g ?
 0.001g of iron = 0.001 / 56 = 0.00001786 mol
 atoms of iron in the nail = 0.00001786 x 6 x 1023 = 1.07 x 10 19 actual Fe atoms
 (10.7 million million million atoms!)

Avogadro constant calculation Example 7.4.3
o (a) How many particles of 'Al2O3' are there in 51g of aluminium oxide?
 Atomic masses: Al =27, O = 16, f. mass Al2O3 = (2x27) + (3x16) = 102
 moles 'Al2O3' = 51/102 = 0.5 mol
 Number of 'Al2O3' particles = 0.5 x 6 x 1023 = 3 x 1023

o (b) Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound. Calculate the number of individual aluminium ions (Al 3+)
and oxide ions (O2-) in the same 51g of the substance.
 For every Al2O3 there are two Al3+ and three O2- ions.
 So in 51g of Al2O3 there are ...
 0.5 x 2 x 6 x 1023 =  6 x 1023 Al3+ ions, and
 0.5 x 3 x 6 x 1023 =  9 x 1023 O2- ions.


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index for this page on moles

More advanced use of the mole and Avogadro Number concepts (for
vanced level students only)
You can have a mole of whatever you want in terms of chemical species.
In terms of electric charge, 1 Faraday = 96500 C (coulombs) = 6 x 10 23 electrons
If you have 2.5 moles of the ionic aluminium oxide (Al 2O3) you have ...
o 2 x 2.5 = 5 moles of aluminium ions (Al3+) and 3 x 2.5 = 7.5 mol of oxide ions (O 2-)
o Using the Avogadro constant you can convert the number of mol to actual particle numbers.
When you write ANY balanced chemical equation, the balancing numbers, including the un-written 1, are the reac
molar ratio of reactants and products.
This also applies to half equations e.g. electrolysis examples ...
o Al3+  +  3e-  ===> Al, is read as 1 mol of aluminium ions is reduced by 3 mol of electrons to 1 mol of alumin
atoms.
 o 2Cl-  ==>  Cl2  +  2e-, is read as 2 mol chloride are oxidised to release 1 mol of chlorine gas and 2 mol of
electrons.
See separate page for Electrolysis products calculations (negative cathode and positive anode produ

ra Advanced Level Chemistry Questions - more suitable for Advanced AS-A2 students which can
mpletely tackled after ALSO studying section 9 on the molar volume of gases and ANSWERS to QA7.1

7.1 This question involves using the mole concept and the Avogadro Constant in a variety of situations.

Avogadro Constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

molar volume for gases is 24.0dm3 at 298K/101.3kPa.

mic masses: Al = 27, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Ne = 20, Na = 23, Mg = 24.3, C = 12

ere appropriate assume the temperature is 298K and the pressure 101.3kPa.

culate ....

how many oxide ions in 2g of aluminium oxide?

how many molecules in 3g of hydrogen?

how many molecules in 1.2 cm3 of oxygen?

how many molecules of chlorine in 3g?

how many individual particles in 10g of neon?

he volume of hydrogen formed when 0.2g of sodium reacts with water.

he volume of hydrogen formed when 2g of magnesium reacts with excess acid.

he volume of carbon dioxide formed when the following react with excess acid

0.76g of sodium carbonate

0.76g sodium hydrogencarbonate

he volume of hydrogen formed when excess zinc is added to 50 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 0.2 mol dm-3.

he volume of carbon dioxide formed when excess calcium carbonate is added to 75 cm 3 of 0.05 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
.

NSWERS to QA7.1

Qa7.1 (a) f. mass Al2O3 = 102, 2 ÷ 102 x 3 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.54 x 1022 oxide ions

(b) f. mass H2 = 2, 3 ÷ 2 x 6.02 x 1023 = 9.03 x 1023 molecules

(c) 1.2 ÷ 24000 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.01 x 1019 molecules

(d) f. mass Cl2 = 71, 3 ÷ 71 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.54 x 1022 molecules

(e) Neon exists as single atoms (Ar = 20), 10 ÷ 20 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.01 x 1023 atoms

(f) 2Na + 2H2O ==> 2NaOH + H2,

1 mole sodium gives 0.5 moles hydrogen,

mole Na = 0.2 ÷ 23 = 0.008696, so mole H2 = 0.008696 ÷ 2 = 0.004348

so volume H2 = 0.004348 x 24000 = 104.3 cm3 or 0.104 dm3

(g) e.g. Mg + 2HCl ==> MgCl2 + H2

1 mole magnesium gives 1 mole hydrogen, mole Mg = 2 ÷ 24.3 = 0.0823

so mole H2 = 0.0823, so volume H2 = 0.0823 x 24 = 1.975 dm3

(h) both 1 mole of Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 will give 1 mole of CO2

(1) VCO2 = mol Na2CO3 x 24000 = 0.76 ÷ 106 x 24000 = 172cm3

(2) VCO2 = mol NaHCO3 x 24000 = 0.76÷ 84 x 24000 = 217cm3

(i) Zn + 2HCl ==> ZnCl2 + H2 , mole H2 = mole HCl ÷ 2

mol HCl = 50 ÷ 1000 x 0.2 = 0.01 mol

so mole H2 = 0.005, VH2 = 0.005 x 24000 = 120cm3

(j) CaCO3 + 2HCl ==> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

mole CO2 = mole HCl ÷ 2, mol HCl = 75 ÷ 1000 x 0.05 = 0.00375 mol

so mole CO2 = 0.001875, VCO2 = 0.001875 x 24000 = 45cm3

1. Two students performed the same experiment separately and each one of them recorded
two readings of mass which are given below. Correct reading of mass is 3.0 g. On the
basis of given data, mark the correct option out of the following statements.

o (i) Results of both the students are neither accurate nor precise.
o (ii) Results of student A are both precise and accurate.
o (iii) Results of student B are neither precise nor accurate.
 o (iv) Results of student B are both precise and accurate.
2. A measured temperature on Fahrenheit scale is 200 °F. What will this reading be on
Celsius scale?
o (i) 40 °C
o (ii) 94 °C
o (iii) 93.3 °C
o (iv) 30 °C
3. What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?
o (i) 4 mol L–1
o (ii) 20 mol L–1
o (iii) 0.2 mol L–1
o (iv) 2 mol L–1
4. If 500 mL of a 5M solution is diluted to 1500 mL, what will be the molarity of the
solution obtained?
o (i) 1.5 M
o (ii) 1.66 M
o (iii) 0.017 M
o (iv) 1.59 M
5. The number of atoms present in one mole of an element is equal to Avogadro number.
Which of the following element contains the greatest number of atoms?
o (i) 4g He
o (ii) 46g Na
o (iii) 0.40g Ca
o (iv) 12g He
6. If the concentration of glucose (C6H12O6) in blood is 0.9 g L–1 , what will be the molarity
of glucose in blood?
o (i) 5 M
o (ii) 50 M
o (iii) 0.005 M
o (iv) 0.5 M
7. What will be the molality of the solution containing 18.25 g of HCl gas in 500 g of
water?
o (i) 0.1 m
o (ii) 1 M
o (iii) 0.5 m
o (iv) 1 m
8. One mole of any substance contains 6.022 × 1023 atoms/molecules. Number of molecules
of H2SO4 present in 100 mL of 0.02M H2SO4 solution is ______
o (i) 12.044 × 1020 molecules
o (ii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules
o (iii) 1 × 1023 molecules
o (iv) 12.044 × 1020 molecules
9. What is the mass percent of carbon in carbon dioxide?
o (i) 0.034%
 o (ii) 27.27%
o (iii) 3.4%
o (iv) 28.7%
10. The empirical formula and molecular mass of a compound are CH2O and 180 g
respectively. What will be the molecular formula of the compound?
o (i) C9H18O9
o (ii) CH2O
o (iii) C6H12O6
o (iv) C2H4O2
11. If the density of a solution is 3.12 g mL-1, the mass of 1.5 mL solution in significant
figures is _______.
o (i) 4.7g
o (ii) 4680 × 10-3 g
o (iii) 4.680g
o (iv) 46.80g
12. Which of the following statements about a compound is incorrect?
o (i) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different elements.
o (ii) A compound cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical
methods of separation.
o (iii) A compound retains the physical properties of its constituent elements.
o (iv) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound is fixed.
13. Which of the following statements is correct about the reaction given below:
4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Fe2O3(g)
o (i) Total mass of iron and oxygen in reactants = total mass of iron and oxygen in
product therefore it follows law of conservation of mass.
o (ii) Total mass of reactants = total mass of product; therefore, law of multiple
proportions is followed.
o (iii) Amount of Fe 2 O 3 can be increased by taking any one of the reactants (iron
or oxygen) in excess.
o (iv) Amount of Fe 2 O 3 produced will decrease if the amount of any one of the
reactants (iron or oxygen) is taken in excess.
14. Which of the following reactions is not correct according to the law of conservation of
mass.
o (i) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
o (ii) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
o (iii) P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
o (iv) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)
15. Which of the following statements indicates that law of multiple proportion is being
followed.
o (i) Sample of carbon dioxide taken from any source will always have carbon and
oxygen in the ratio 1:2.
o (ii) Carbon forms two oxides namely CO2 and CO, where masses of oxygen which
combine with fixed mass of carbon are in the simple ratio 2:1.
o (iii) When magnesium burns in oxygen, the amount of magnesium taken for the
reaction is equal to the amount of magnesium in magnesium oxide formed.
 o (iv) At constant temperature and pressure 200 mL of hydrogen will combine with
100 mL oxygen to produce 200 mL of water vapour.

Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)

In the following questions two or more options may be correct.

1. One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to _______.

o (i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen
o (ii) 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen
o (iii) 16 g of oxygen
o (iv) 32 g of oxygen
2. Sulphuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide as follows :
H2SO4 + 2NaOH ⎯→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
When 1L of 0.1M sulphuric acid solution is allowed to react with 1L of 0.1M sodium
hydroxide solution, the amount of sodium sulphate formed and its molarity in the solution
obtained is
o (i) 0.1 mol L-1
o (ii) 7.10 g
o (iii) 0.025 mol L-1
o (iv) 3.55 g
3. Which of the following pairs have the same number of atoms?
o (i) 16 g of O2 (g) and 4 g of H2(g)
o (ii) 16 g of O2 and 44 g of CO2
o (iii) 28 g of N2 and 32 g of O2
o (iv) 12 g of C(s) and 23 g of Na(s)
4. Which of the following solutions have the same concentration?
o (i) 20 g of NaOH in 200 mL of solution
o (ii) 0.5 mol of KCl in 200 mL of solution
o (iii) 40 g of NaOH in 100 mL of solution
o (iv) 20 g of KOH in 200 mL of solution
5. 16 g of oxygen has same number of molecules as in
o (i) 16 g of CO
o (ii) 28 g of N2
o (iii) 14 g of N2
o (iv) 1.0 g of H2
6. Which of the following terms are unitless?
o (i) Molality
o (ii) Molarity
o (iii) Mole fraction
o (iv) Mass percent
7. One of the statements of Dalton’s atomic theory is given below:
“Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio”
Which of the following laws is not related to this statement?
 o (i) Law of conservation of mass
o (ii) Law of definite proportions
o (iii) Law of multiple proportions
o (iv) Avogadro law

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What will be the mass of one atom of C-12 in grams?

2. How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following
calculations?

3. What is the symbol for SI unit of mole? How is the mole defined?
4. What is the difference between molality and molarity?
5. Calculate the mass percent of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in calcium phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2.
6. 45.4 L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 L of nitrous oxide was
formed. The reaction is given below:
2N2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O(g)
Which law is being obeyed in this experiment? Write the statement of the law?
7. If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in whole number ratio.
o (a) Is this statement true?
o (b) If yes, according to which law?
o (c) Give one example related to this law.
8. Calculate the average atomic mass of hydrogen using the following data :

9. Hydrogen gas is prepared in the laboratory by reacting dilute HCl with granulated zinc.
Following reaction takes place.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas liberated at STP when 32.65 g of zinc reacts with
HCl. 1 mol of a gas occupies 22.7 L volume at STP; atomic mass of Zn = 65.3 u.
10. The density of 3 molal solution of NaOH is 1.110 g mL-1 . Calculate the molarity of the
solution.
11. Volume of a solution changes with change in temperature, then, will the molality of the
solution be affected by temperature? Give reason for your answer.
12. If 4 g of NaOH dissolves in 36 g of H2O, calculate the mole fraction of each component
in the solution. Also, determine the molarity of solution (specific gravity of solution is 1g
mL-1 ).
13. The reactant which is entirely consumed in reaction is known as limiting reagent. In the
reaction 2A + 4B → 3C + 4D, when 5 moles of A react with 6 moles of B, then
o (i) which is the limiting reagent?
 o (ii) calculate the amount of C formed?

Matching Type Questions

1. Match the following:

2. Match the following physical quantities with units

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason

(R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.

1. Assertion (A) : The empirical mass of ethene is half of its molecular mass.
Reason (R) : The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of
various atoms present in a compound.
o (i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
o (ii) A is true but R is false.
o (iii) A is false but R is true.
o (iv) Both A and R are false.
2. Assertion (A) : One atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth of the mass of one carbon-
12 atom.
Reason (R) : Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundunt isotope of carbon and has been
chosen as standard.
o (i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
 o (ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
o (iii) A is true but R is false.
o (iv) Both A and R are false.
3. Assertion (A) : Significant figures for 0.200 is 3 where as for 200 it is 1.
Reason (R) : Zero at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are not on
the right side of the decimal point.
o (i) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
o (ii) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
o (iii) A is true but R is false.
o (iv) Both A and R are false.
4. Assertion (A) : Combustion of 16 g of methane gives 18 g of water.
Reason (R) : In the combustion of methane, water is one of the products.
o (i) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
o (ii) A is true but R is false.
o (iii) A is false but R is true.
o (iv) Both A and R are false.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. A vessel contains 1.6 g of dioxygen at STP (273.15K, 1 atm pressure). The gas is now
transferred to another vessel at constant temperature, where pressure becomes half of the
original pressure. Calculate
o (i) volume of the new vessel.
o (ii) number of molecules of dioxygen.
2. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the
reaction given below:
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
What mass of CaCl2 will be formed when 250 mL of 0.76 M HCl reacts with 1000 g of
CaCO3 ? Name the limiting reagent. Calculate the number of moles of CaCl2 formed in
the reaction.
3. Define the law of multiple proportions. Explain it with two examples. How does this law
point to the existance of atoms?
4. A box contains some identical red coloured balls, labelled as A, each weighing 2 grams.
Another box contains identical blue coloured balls, labelled as B, each weighing 5 grams.
Consider the combinations AB, AB2, A2B and A2B3 and show that law of multiple
proportions is applicable.

Next »

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

MCQ (Type-I)
Q.No. Answer Q.No. Answer Q.No. Answer Q.No. Answer Q.No. Answer Q.No. Answer
1  (ii) 2  (iii) 3  (iii) 4  (ii) 5  (iv) 6  (iii)
7  (iv) 8  (i) 9  (ii) 10  (iii) 11  (i) 12  (iii)
13  (i) 14  (ii) 15  (ii)
MCQ (Type-II)
Q.No. Answer Q.No. Answer Q.No. Answer
1  (i), (iv) 2  (ii), (iii) 3  (iii), (iv)
4  (i), (ii) 5  (iii), (iv) 6  (iii), (iv)
7  (i), (iv)

Mole Calculations
Multiple Choice Questions
1
How many moles are there in 6 dm
3
of oxygen at r.t.p.?
A
0.25 moles
B
0.50 moles
C
0.60 moles
D
3.00 moles
2
What is the total volume of gas remaining after 20 cm
3
ethane are burned completely in
100 cm3 oxygen? All volumes are measured at the same pressure and the same
temperature, which is above 100 °C.
C
2
H
6
+3
½
O
2

2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
A
40 cm
3
B
100 cm
3
C
120 cm
3
D
130 cm
3
3
What is the mass of 0.36 moles of ethanoic acid, CH
3
COOH?
A
0.06g
B
21.60g
C
6.00g
D
36.00g
4
What mass of H
2
SO
4
is needed to produce 60cm
3
of 0.25M solution?
A
0.015g
B
6533g
C
0.0015g
D
1.47g
5
What volume will be occupied by
88g of propane gas (C
3
H
6
) at r.t.p.?
A
44 dm
3
B
24 dm
3
C
48
dm
3
D
12
dm
3
6
What mass of sodium hydroxide needs to be dissolved to make 50cm
3
of 2M solution?
A
4g
B
0.1g
C
40g
D
25g
7
What is the atom economy for the following
reactions:
C
2
H
5
OH + PCl
5

C
2
H
5
Cl + POCl
3
+ HCl
A
25.3%
B
64.5%
C
35.5%
D
29.0%
8
What is the theoretical yield of PCl
5
if 0.275g of PCl
3
reacts with 0.142g of chlorine
according to the
equation?
PCl
3
+ Cl
2
PCl
5
A
0.209g
B
0.142g
C
0.275g
D
0.417g
9
What is the percentage atom economy for the production of methanol for the following
reaction?
CH
3
Br + NaOH

CH
3
OH + NaBr
A
135%
B
23.7%
C
32%
D
31.1%
10
What is the theoretical yield if 9.2g of ethanol was
reacted with an oxidising agent in excess
and 2.1g of ethanol was produced according to the following equation?
C
2
H
5
OH + [O]

CH
3
CHO + H
2
O
A
44g
B
0.2g
C
8.8g
D
24g

Mole Calculations
Multiple Choice Questions
ANSWERS:
1
A
2
D
3
B
4
D
5
C
6
A
7
A
8
D
9
B
10
C

 Question
4 points

A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon is: [IIT-JEE Mains 2013]

 (A) C2H4

 (B) C3H4
  (C) C6H5

 (D) C7H8

 2. Question
4 points

The volume of oxygen evolved at STP, by decomposition of 0.68 g ‘20 volume’ hydrogen
peroxide solution, is [MH-CET 2014]

 (A) 2.24 mL

 (B) 22.4 mL

 (C) 224 mL

 (D) 2240 mL

 3. Question
4 points

The system that contains the maximum number of atoms is [WBJEEM 2014]

 (A) 4.25 g of NH3

 (B) 8 g of O2

 (C) 2 g of H2

 (D) 4 g of He

 4. Question
4 points

1.78 g of an optically active L-amino acid (A) is treated with NaNO2/HCl at 0º C. 448 cm3 of
nitrogen was at STP is evolved. A sample of protein has 0.25% of this amino acid by mass. The
molar mass of the protein is [Karnataka CET 2014]
  (A) 36,500 g mol-1

 (B) 34,500 g mol-1

 (C) 35,400 g mol-1

 (D) 35,600 g mol-1

 5. Question
4 points

10 g of a mixture of BaO and CaO requires 100 cm3 of 2.5 M HCl to react completely. The
percentage of calcium oxide in the mixture is approximately

(Given : molar mass of BaO = 153) [Karnataka CET 2014]

 (A) 52.6

 (B) 55.1

 (C) 44.9

 (D) 47.4

 1. Question
4 points

The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5(M) HCl with 250 mL of 2(M) HCl
will be : [IIT-JEE Mains 2013]

 (A) 0.875 M
  (B) 1.00 M

 (C) 1.75 M

 (D) 0.975 M

 2. Question
4 points

KMnO4 reacts with KI in basic medium to form I2 and MnO2. When 250 mL of 0.1 MKI solution
is mixed with 250 mL of 0.02MKMnO4 in basic medium, what is the number of moles of I2
formed? [EAMCET 2014]

 (A) 0.0075

 (B) 0.005

 (C) 0.01

 (D) 0.015

 3. Question
4 points

The oxide of a metal contains 40% of oxygen. The valency of metal is 2. What is the atomic
weight of the metal? [EAMCET 2014]

 (A) 24

 (B) 13

 (C) 40

 (D) 36

 4. Question
4 points
50 cm3 of 0.04 M K2Cr2O7 in acidic medium oxidizes a sample of H2S gas to sulphur. Volume of
0.03 M KMnO4 required to oxidize the same amount of H2S gas to sulphur, in acidic medium is
[Karnataka CET 2014]

 (A) 60 cm3

 (B) 80 cm3

 (C) 90 cm3

 (D) 120 cm3

 5. Question
4 points

What volume of Hydrogen gas, at 273 K and 1 atm pressure will be consumed in obtaining 21.6
g of elemental boron (Atomic mass = 10.8) from the reduction of boron trichloride by Hydrogen?

 (A) 89.6 L

 (B) 67.2 L

 (C) 44.8 L

 (D) 22.4 L

 1. Question
4 points

1.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g O2 in a closed vessel. Which reactant is left in excess
and how much?

(At. wt. Mg = 24; O = 16) [AIPMT 2014]

  (A) Mg, 0.16 g

 (B) O2, 0.16 g

 (C) Mg, 0.44 g

 (D) O2, 0.28 g

 2. Question
4 points

10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filled in a steel vessel and exploded. Amount of water
produced in this reaction will be [CBSE AIPMT Preliminary 2009]

 (A) 1 mol

 (B) 2 mol

 (C) 3 mol

 (D) 4 mol

 3. Question
4 points

Number of moles of MnO4– required to oxidize one mole of ferrous oxalate completely in acidic
medium will be [CBSE AIPMT Preliminary 2008]

 (A) 0.6 moles

 (B) 0.4 moles

 (C) 7.5 moles

 (D) 0.2 moles

 4. Question
4 points

Volume occupied by one molecule of water (density = 1 g cm–3) is [CBSE AIPMT Preliminary
2008]

 (A) 9.0 × 10–23 cm3

 (B) 6.023 × 10–23 cm3

 (C) 3.0 × 10–23 cm3

 (D) 5.5 × 10–23 cm3

 5. Question
4 points

The number of moles of KMnO4 that will be needed to react with one mole of sulphite ion in
acidic solution is: [CBSE AIPMT Preliminary 2007]

 (A) 1

 (B) 3/5

 (C) 4/5

 (D) 2/5

 Question
4 points
20.0 g of a magnesium carbonate sample decomposes on heating to give carbon dioxide and 8.0
g magnesium oxide. What will be the percentage purity of magnesium carbonate in the sample?
(At. wt. : Mg = 24) [AIPMT 2015]

 (A) 60

 (B) 84

 (C) 75

 (D) 96

 2. Question
4 points

What amount of dioxygen (in gram) contains 1.8 × 1022 molecules? [Karnataka CET 2015]

 (A) 0.0960

 (B) 0.960

 (C) 9.60

 (D) 96.0

 3. Question
4 points

The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of
number of their molecule is [JEE MAIN 2014]

 (A) 7 : 32

 (B) 1 : 8

 (C) 3 : 16
  (D) 1 : 4

 4. Question
4 points

How many moles of lead (II) chloride will be formed from a reaction between 6.5 g of PbO and
3.2 g of HCl? [CBSE AIPMT Preliminary 2008]

 (A) 0.044

 (B) 0.333

 (C) 0.011

 (D) 0.029

 5. Question
4 points

An element, X has the following isotopic composition;

200
X : 90%
199
X : 8.0%
202
X : 2.0%
The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally-occurring element X is closest to: [CBSE
AIPMT Preliminary 2007]

 (A) 199 amu

 (B) 200 amu

 (C) 201 amu

 (D) 202 amu

 1. Question
4 points

Suppose the elements X and Y combine to form two compounds XY2 and X3Y2. When 0.1 mole
of XY2 weighs 10 g and 0.05 mole of X3Y2 weighs 9 g, the atomic weights of X and Y are
[NEET 2016]

 (A) 40, 30

 (B) 60, 40

 (C) 20, 30

 (D) 30, 20

 2. Question
4 points

If Avogadro number NA, is changed from 6.022 × 1023 mol–1 to 6.022 × 1020 mol–1, this would
change [AIPMT 2015]

 (A) The ratio of chemical species to each other in a balanced equation

 (B) The ratio of elements to each other in a compound

 (C) The definition of mass in units of grams

 (D) The mass of one mole of carbon

 3. Question
4 points

The number of water molecules is maximum in [AIPMT 2015]

 (A) 18 gram of water

  (B) 18 moles of water

 (C) 18 molecules of water

 (D) 1.8 gram of water

 4. Question
4 points

Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4 by mass and has a density of 1.80 g.mL–1.
Volume of acid required to make 1 litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 solution is: [CBSE AIPMT
Preliminary 2007]

 (A) 5.55 mL

 (B) 11.10 mL

 (C) 16.65 mL

 (D) 22.20 mL

 5. Question
4 points

The mass of carbon anode consumed (giving only carbon dioxide) in the production of 270 kg of
aluminium metal from bauxite by the Hall process is:

(Atomic mass : Al = 27) [CBSE AIPMT Preliminary 2005]

 (A) 90 kg

 (B) 540 kg

 (C) 180 kg

 (D) 270 kg
Quiz--% Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer.)

1. A compound contains 6.0 g of cabon and 1.0 g of hydrogen. The percent composition of
the compound is:

14 % hydrogen and 86 % carbon

86 % hydrogen and 14 % carbon

17 % hydrogen and 83 % carbon

83 % hydrogen and 17 % carbon

 None of these answers are correct.

 The empirical formula for the above reaction would be:

CH2

C2H

C72H

C2H5

 None of These

 Which of the following could be an empirical formula?

N2O4

N2H6

N2O5

More than one could be an empirical formula.

 None of these are empirical formulas.

 If the empirical formula of a compound is CH2 what is a possible molecular formula for the
compound?

CH2

C2H6

C4H8

More than one could be a molecular formula for CH2.

 None of these could be a molecular formula for CH2.

 If the empirical formula of a compound is P2O3, what could be a possible molar mass of the
compound?

55 g/mol

165. g/mol

275. g/mol

More than one could be a molar mass for P2O3.

 None of these could be a molar mass for P2O3.

 A compound is 40.0 % carbon, 53.3 % oxygen, and 6.66 % hydrogen. What is its empirical
formula?

C4O5H7

C1O2H3
C1O1H2

More than one could be the correct empirical formula.

 None of these is the correct empirical formula.

 If the compound in problem 6 has a molecular weight equal to 60. g/mol, what is the
molecular formula?

C3O1H6

C1O2H16

C2O2H4

More than one could be the correct molecular formula.

 None of these is the correct molecular formula.

 Which of the following sets of empirical formulal, molar mass, anad molecular formula is
correct?

HO, 34 g/mol, H2O

CH4N, 90 g/mol, C3H12N3

CaO, 56 g/mol, Ca2O2

C3H8O, 120 g/mol, C3H8O2

CH, 78 g/mol, C13H13

C
C

A compound contains 48.38% carbon, 8.12% hydrogen, and 53.5% oxygen by mass. Find its empirical
formula.

Given the atomic masses: Cu = 64, S = 32 and O = 16; calculate the % by mass of
oxygen in copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 [pbm-26]

Given the atomic masses: H = 1, C = 12 and O = 16; calculate the % by mass of

hydrogen in glucose, C6H12O6 [pbm-45]

Given the atomic masses: H = 1, O = 16 and Al = 27, calculate the % by mass of

aluminium in aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 [pbm-14]

Given the atomic masses: O = 16, Al = 27 and S = 32; calculate the % by mass of
oxygen in aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3 [pbm-39]
 Given the atomic masses: O = 16 and Fe = 56; calculate the % by mass of oxygen in
iron(II) oxide, FeO [pbm-18]

40
6.7
 Given the atomic masses: Cu = 64, S = 32 and O = 16; calculate the % by mass of
oxygen in copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 [pbm-26]
40

 Given the atomic masses: H = 1, C = 12 and O = 16; calculate the % by mass of

hydrogen in glucose, C6H12O6 [pbm-45]
6.7

 Given the atomic masses: H = 1, O = 16 and Al = 27, calculate the % by mass of

aluminium in aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 [pbm-14]
34.6

 Given the atomic masses: O = 16, Al = 27 and S = 32; calculate the % by mass
of oxygen in aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3 [pbm-39]
56.1

 Given the atomic masses: O = 16 and Fe = 56; calculate the % by mass of

oxygen in iron(II) oxide, FeO [pbm-18]
22.2
 4a. Method of calculating the % percentage by mass of the elements in

compounds
'percent' % by mass composition of a compound in terms of its constituent elements is calculated in three easy ste

mistry calculations 4.

w do you calculate the percent (%) by mass of an element in a compound formula?

w do you calculate the percent (%) by mass of water or an ion in a compound formula?

alculate the formula or molecular mass of the compound

section 2. 2. Calculating relative formula/molecular mass (Mr) of a compound

Calculate the mass of the specified element (for its %) in the compound, taking into account the number of
ms of the element in the compound formula

Calculate (ii) as a percentage of (i)

    relative atomic mass of element x number of atoms of element in formula

element in compound = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X 1
                                   relative formula mass of the compound
y mass of Z = 100 x Ar(Z) x atoms of Z / Mr(compound)

ways seems complicated when stated in this formal way, but the calculations are actually quite easy ..

ong as you can correctly read a formula!

Calculation of % composition Example 4a.1

o Calculate the % of copper in copper sulphate, CuSO 4
o Relative atomic masses: Cu = 64, S = 32 and O = 16
o relative formula mass = 64 + 32 + (4x16) = 160
o only one copper atom of relative atomic mass 64
o % Cu = 100 x 64 / 160
o = 40% copper by mass in the compound
 Note that similarly, you can calculate the % of the other elements in the compound e.g.
  % sulfur = (32/160) x 100 = 20% S
 % oxygen = (64/160) x 100 = 40% O
 Also note that if you haven't made any errors, they should add up to 100%,useful arithmetical !
Calculation of % composition Example 4a.2
o Calculate the % of oxygen in aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3
o Relative atomic masses: Al = 27, S = 32 and O = 16
o relative formula mass = 2x27 + 3x(32 + 4x16) = 342
o there are 4 x 3 = 12 oxygen atoms, each of relative atomic mass 16,
o giving a total mass of oxygen in the formula of 12 x 16 = 192
o % O = 100 x 192 / 342 = 56.1% oxygen by mass in aluminium sulphate
Calculation of % composition Example 4a.3
o The next two examples extend the idea of % element composition to include % composition of part of a
compound, in these cases water in a hydrated salt and the sulfate ion in a potassium salt.
o Calculate the % of water in hydrated magnesium sulphate MgSO 4.7H2O
o Relative atomic masses: Mg = 24, S = 32, O = 16 and H = 1
o relative formula mass = 24 + 32 + (4 x 16) + [7 x (1 + 1 + 16)] = 246
o 7 x 18 = 126 is the mass of  water
o so % water = 100 x 126 / 246 = 51.2 % H2O
o Note: The determination and calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt like MgSO4.7H2O is covered
Calculations section 14.4.
Calculation of % composition Example 4a.4
o Calculate the percentage by mass, of sulfate ion in sodium sulfate
o formula of sodium sulfate Na2SO4, atomic masses: Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16
o Formula mass Na2SO4 = (2 x 23) + 32 + (4 x 16) = 142
o Formula mass of sulfate ion SO42- (or just SO4 will do for the calculation) = 32 + (4 x 16) = 96
o Therefore % sulfate ion in sodium sulfate = (96/142) x 100 = 67.6% SO4

Self-assessment Quizzes: type in answer QUIZ    or   multiple choice QUIZ

P OF PAGE

4b. Other percentage mass composition calculations including % of any

component in a compound or a mixture
mic masses used for 4b. questions: C = 12, Cl = 35.5, Fe = 56, H = 1, Mg = 24, N = 14, Na = 23, O = 16, S = 32,

now I assume you can do formula mass calculations and read formula without any trouble, so ALL the detail of such
ulations is NOT shown, just the bare essentials!
 mple 4b.1

monium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is an important ingredient in many artificial fertilisers supplying to plants the essential min
ments of nitrogen and sulfur.

Calculate the percentage of nitrogen and the percentage of sulfur in ammonium sulfate.

mula mass of ammonium sulfate = (2 x 18) + 32 + 64 = 132.

two nitrogen atoms in the formula; % nitrogen by mass  = 100 x 28/132 = 21.2% N

one sulfur atom in the formula, % sulfur by mass = 100 x 32/132 = 24.2% S

Calculate the percentage of sulfate ion in ammonium sulfate.

alculate the percentage of a 'part' of a compound, you just use the formula mass of that 'part!

mula mass of sulfate, SO4, is 32 + (4 x 16) = 96

efore % sulfate by mass = 100 x 96/132 = 72.7% SO4

e: If the question refers to the sulfate ion itself, SO 42-, its just the same % mass calculation!

mple 4b.2

at is the percentage of carbonate ion in sodium carbonate? (Na 2CO3)

mula mass of sodium carbonate = 46 + 12 + 48 = 106

mula mass of carbonate, CO3 = 12 + (3 x 16) = 60

efore % carbonate ion by mass = 100 x 60/106 = 56.6% CO3 (for the CO32- ion)

mple 4b.3

culate the percentage water of crystallisation in magnesium sulfate crystals, MgSO 4.7H2O, known as Epsom salt.

mula mass of Epsom salt = 24 + 32 + 64 + (7 x 18) = 246

mula mass of water = 18, mass of seven water molecules is 7 x 18 = 126

efore % of water of crystallisation in the crystals = 100 x 126/246 = 51.2% H2O

mple 4b.4

k salt is mainly sodium chloride, NaCl

analysis of an impure sample of rock salt, it was found to contain by mass 57.5% of chlorine as chloride ion.

Calculate the percentage purity of the salt.

ormula mass of sodium chloride is 58.5

ormula mass of chloride is 35.5

efore you need to scale up from the % mass of chloride ion to the % mass of sodium chloride.

scale up factor must be 58.5/35.5 = 1.648

efore percentage of sodium chloride in the rock salt = 57.5 x 1.648 = 94.8% NaCl

What assumption have you made in this calculation to make this a valid calculation?

have assumed that non of the impurities contain the sodium or chloride ion.

re may be other sodium or chloride salts in the rock salt mixture.

mple 4b.5

ixture of sand and a compound based on iron(II) sulfate (*), FeSO 4. is used to treat grass e.g. lawns and bowling gre
romote plant growth and kill moss.

at percentage by mass of iron(II) sulfate is required in the mixture to give 15% by mass of iron(II) ions (Fe 2+)?

need to scale up from the mass of iron ions to the mass of the compound FeSO 4.

mula mass of FeSO4 = 56 + 32 + 64 = 152

mic mass of iron Fe or iron(II) ion Fe2+ = 56 (note the atom and ion have the same mass!)

efore the scaling up factor is 152/56 = 2.714

efore % iron(II) sulfate required in the mixture = 15 x 2.714 = 40.7% FeSO4

e (*): The actual iron compound used in lawn treatments is crystals of ammonium iron(II) sulfate,

4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O, old name ferrous ammonium sulphate, its a double salt, but I've just based the calculation on the
(II) sulfate part.

mple 4b.6

aking powder mixture contains sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO 3.

get sufficient rising action from the carbon dioxide gas (CO 2) formed in baking, it should contain a minimum of 50%
onate ion (CO32-).

culate the minimum percentage of sodium hydrogen carbonate that should be in the mixture.

need to scale up from the formula masses of the carbonate ion and that of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

mula mass of carbonate, CO3 = 12 + 48 = 60 (same for the carbonate ion)

mula mass sodium hydrogencarbonate = 23 + 1 + 60 = 84.

efore the scale up factor is 84/60 = 1.4

minimum percentage sodium hydrogen carbonate in the mixture should be 50 x 1.4 = 70% NaHCO3

mple 4b.7

n experiment 6.0 g of metal M was burned in a crucible, by heating in air, until there was no more gain in weight. Apa
m the mass of the crucible, the final mass of the residue was 10.0 g. The oxide O formed was an essential ingredient
mic pigment mixture P for glazing pottery.

What % of the oxide O is the metal M.

x 6.0/10.0 = 60% of M in the oxide O

The mixture P must contain 25% by mass of the metal M.

at mass of the oxide O is needed to make 12 g of the mixture P?

% of 12 g is 12 x 25/100 = 3.0 g, so this is the mass of metal M in 12 g of mixture P as the oxide O

now have to scale up to the mass of the oxide O needed which contains 60% of M.

ing up gives 3.0 x 100/60 = 5.0 g of oxide M is needed.

mple 4b.8
 ASE NOTE:

ve is typical periodic table used in science-chemistry courses for use in doing chemical calculations, and I've 'usually
d these values in my exemplar calculations to cover most syllabuses

wever, for calculations of percentage composition (and any other quantitative chemistry calculations) note:

t GCSE level, relative atomic masses are quoted as whole numbers (integers) e.g. C = 12, Fe = 56, Ag = 108 etc.

rt from copper Cu = 63.5 and chlorine Cl = 35.5

n advanced A level chemistry, (but still pre-university) relative atomic masses will be quoted to one decimal place

H = 1.0, C = 12.0, Cl = 35.5, Fe = 55.8, Cu = 63.5, Ag 107.9 etc.

TOP OF PAGE

OTHER CALCULATION PAGES

. What is relative atomic mass?, relative isotopic mass and calculating relative atomic mass
. Calculating relative formula/molecular mass of a compound or element molecule
. Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations
. Composition by percentage mass of elements in a compound (this page)
. Empirical formula and formula mass of a compound from reacting masses (easy start, not using moles)
. Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from equations (NOT using moles) and brief mention o
actual percent % yield and theoretical yield, atom economy and formula mass determination
o Reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations (NOT using moles)
. Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio
calculations (relating reacting masses and formula mass)
. Using moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule (starting with
reacting masses or % composition)
. Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law
0. Reacting gas volume ratios, Avogadro's Law and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous reactants-products)
1. Molarity, volumes and solution concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
2. How to do acid-alkali titration calculations, diagrams of apparatus, details of procedures
3. Electrolysis products calculations (negative cathode and positive anode products)
4. Other calculations e.g. % purity, % percentage & theoretical yield, dilution of solutions (and diagrams of apparatus
water of crystallisation, quantity of reactants required, atom economy
o 14.1 % purity of a product 14.2a % reaction yield 14.2b atom economy 14.3 dilution of solutions
 o 14.4 water of crystallisation calculation  14.5 how much of a reactant is needed? limiting reactant
5. Energy transfers in physical/chemical changes, exothermic/endothermic reactions
6. Gas calculations involving PVT relationships, Boyle's and Charles Laws
7. Radioactivity & half-life calculations including dating materials

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