CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Wastewater Treatment

On this earth, water is a basic need. With the human population and industrial work, water
supplies are being rapidly polluted. For their proper functioning, each nation demands clean
water. Not only the need for houses and factories, but also the need for clean water to save
electricity, save time and increase the recovery rate to satisfy people's need for a healthier
lifestyle. But these assets cannot be easily used (godoy et al., 2020: Hossain 2020). The key
purpose for the treatment of wastewater is to extremely lessen the carbonaceous compounds firm
as content for biological oxygen demand (BOD). This is because the high concentration of these
substances affects the human population and our economic and industrial effectiveness, which in
turn affects the world's plants and animals (Mohsenpour et al., 2020). Wastewater treatment is
now becoming an industry with too many ways of becoming a source of environmental
pollution. The methods of water treatment are very limited so far, but with the passage of time,
advanced technology and human skills are creating new avenues for different eco-friendly and
effective wastewater treatment methods. As water is considered the primary solvent in
manufacturing, agricultural and household operations, water should be well handled and made
suitable for further use (kumari et al., 2019).

Sources of Wastewater

Development of wastewater results from various human-causing activities such as agriculture,

factories, sewers, and generation of sewage.
1) NPP (Nuclear Power Plant)
2) Nuclear medicine from hospitals
3) Atomic weapons trials or decommissioning sites
4) Natural rock, sand and quartz-associated minerals
s5) Mining of uranium
6) Dry and Wet atmospheric installation (discovered from coal combustion)
7) Leaching from construction resources
8) Producing phosphate fertilizer and elemental phosphorus
9) Manufacture of oil and natural gas
10) Development of Geothermal Energy
11) Manufacturing operations (industrial)
12) Inherited pollution leftover
13) Transuranic storage and waste in the underground
14) Disposal of oceans
15) Laboratory for study and diagnosis (Hossain, 2020)
Water Treatment Sludge
Water Treatment Sludge (WTS) is a heterogeneous solid waste typically deposited in
drainage systems, streams and rivers that is produced during the treatment of drinking water.
Because of the presence of biodegradable organic compounds, bacteria, heavy metals and other
inorganic elements, WTS will meet the drinking water norm that results in human, marine and
terrestrial toxicity (godoy et al., 2020).
1.2 Iresine herbstii
Table 1.1: Scientific classification of Iresine hersbstii

Kingdom Plantae
Division Tracheophytes
Class Angiosperms
Order Caryophyllales
Family Amaranthaceae
Genus Iresine
Species I. herbstii

1.2.1 Description
Iresine herbstii (Amaranthaceae), historically called “Cimora senorita”. Iresine herbstii is
a perennial herb with purple or deep purple to violet, multicolored leaves. It is native to tropical
South America and has now spread across the globe. In traditional Brazilian medicine, it is used
topically for treating eczema and for wound healing. It is traditionally used in China for the
treatment of anemia and is used in Thailand as a tonic (Nencini et al., 2006).
1.2.2 Uses of Iresine herbstii
Iresine herbstii leaves are used as an antibacterial agent and are used as a traditional
remedy, an anti carcinogenic agent and post birth tonic for the treatment of acne, infections and
pimples, applied to the skin as a dissolved organic matter agent (Depankar & Murugan 2012).

Fig 1.1 Iresin herbstii

While many methods for the production of nanomaterials are feasible, pretty high
production, less-cost, non-toxic and eco friendly procedures are increasingly required. The
biological methodology is therefore critical for nanoparticles to be synthesized (Depankar &
Murugan 2012).
In order to discover new complexes with active healing roles in responsive system, many
indigenous Pakistani plants have enormous properties. Previous plant research has shown various
derived phyto-components that are important secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, lignin,
coumarins, triterpenoids, flavonoids and chromones (Andleed et al., 2020).
1.2.3 Properties of Iresine herbstii
Research shows that to preserve anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic,
low antioxidant, antibody development and anticancer abilities, this plant utilizes relaxant
ointment, fever and kidney disorders. The approach to selecting this plant is that I.herbstii is
readily available and inexpensive and is able to contribute to healthy and productive fresh
secondary metabolites. Which makes them accessible instantly. Significant examples of these
metabolites are alkaloids, coumarins, terpenes, flavonoids, anthraquinones and naphthoquinones.
The phytonutrients exist or their complexes with other chemicals in that extract are assumed to
be the result of the positive reactions produced by the extract. Hence, As a plant of anticancer
value, Iresine herbstii is suggested. It is known that since they are natural, medicinal plants do
not have side or adverse effects, so it is apparent that the dose can be related to toxicological
effects. As new drugs are developed, toxicological data should be prescriptive, generated in the
future. Natural antioxidants and biochemical effects in the form of phenolic and polyphenolic
compounds (flavonoids) such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and anti-allergic
antidiabetic properties, anti-cancer activity, enzyme inhibitors and precursors of toxic substances
are found in plants with significant plant biochemistry (Andleed et al., 2020).

1.3 Reactive dyes

Due to their high resistance to wet treatment, reactive dyes are important dyes and are
widely used in the textile industry. They can react and form covalent bonds with cellulose. They
are made of a mixture of many distinct structure dyes to obtain some clear colors of extreme
nature (Zhang et al., 2019).
A lot of focus has been paid to the environment, to possess protection from textile dye
contamination. As a consequence of the dyeing process, goods inevitably contain discharged
waste water from the textile industry. It is estimated that after the dyeing process is completed,
about 120 percent of the dyes are released into the atmosphere and about 120-150 litre of water
is used for every 1kilogram of textile products (Pavitra et al., 2019).
Reactive dye include such dyes, that are commonly used in the textile industry because of
their close contact with the surface of regular and man-made fabrics (Nassar et al., 2016).
Chemicals and colorants have been used in the textile industry since its inception to change the
functionality and physical appearance of materials. In particular, dyes have been used to achieve
the specific functional, visual and mechanical properties of textiles (Siddiqua et al., 2020).
A good dye should be appropriate as well as appealing because it absorbs light from the
UV spectrum, binding property to the substrate, soluble water, affinity to the substrate (Pavitra et
al., 2019). The textile industry using reactive dye for dying and printing. The textile industries
are disposing off unused reactive dyes directly into the main water body hence polluting the
environment. 20 percent of the dye is discarded due to partial fixation on the cloth, is the main
component of the waste from the textile industry. Dyes also discharge waste from sectors like
food and beverage, printing, and leather industries.  Most colours are degradable because of their
variable aromaticity, high efficiency and strong immunity to light, oxidizing nature and humidity
(Wong et al., 2019).
Characteristics of Reactive Brown 9 dye
O
OH SO2CH2CH2OSO3Na
HO H

N N
N N
N
N
N H
NaO3S
Cl

Fig. 1.1 Structure of Reactive Brown 9 dye (12225-66-0)

 Name: Reactive Brown 9 dye

 C.I No. : 12225-66-0
 Molecular structure: Single Azo Metal Complex
 Molecular Formula: C28H20CIN7Na20O12S3
 Molecular weight: 824.13g/mol

1.3.2 Dye Treatment Techniques

 Chemical dye treatment

Operating costs for the treating methods of chemical dye are comparatively greater as
related to other procedures, except for the electrochemically dye degradation process. In recent
time electrochemically, dye degradation has also been observed to be a faster and more effective
solution than other conventional approach, as toxic dyes have been destroyed without the
addition of sanitizers into smaller colorless molecules. The dual chemical and physical process
was conducted in a study as the chemical process alone does not reduce the need for (COD) and
(TOC) (Pavitra et al., 2019).
 Biological dye treatment
The simplest and effective way of treating dye waste water is considered to be the
biological dye treatment. The efficacy of its elimination is highly dependent upon the
development of microorganisms. The term bioremediation is often used to describe a range of
methods that use either living or dead organisms to purify contaminated water (Wong et al.,
2019). The biological treatment methodology is regarded to be a cheap, environmentally friendly
and cost-effective solution for the degradation of waste water, particularly dyes. It has become an
acceptable option for the treatment of the dye water issue due to its biological variation and
flexibility. The organic matter is capable of converting toxins into waste, carbon dioxide, and
natural inorganic compounds. Dye depletion, including living biodiversity such as bacteria,
fungi, yeasts, algae and plants as well as dead biomass, is achieved by biological activity or
adsorption (Pavithra et al., 2019).
Dyes are referred to as an organic compound or blend used to share color with a substrate
such as cloth, paper, leather and other products (Pavitra et al., 2019).
1.3.3 Classification of dye
Dyes are classified as natural dye, synthetic dye, food dye and dyes used in the leather, laser,
paper industries, and so on, based on arrangement and applications. Environmental pollution is a
major problem in the world today. Industries such as dyes, pulp mills, distilleries, tanneries and
leather goods produce dyes containing high-colour waste water (Shahid et al., 2013).
 Natural Dye
Natural dye colorants are derived from plants, invertebrates or minerals. The colorings are
primarily from sources of vegetables. Natural dye creates mortal shades, but beautiful shades are
provided when coupled with dyes. These are permanently warming in nature, and their shades
are anti-carcinogenic. They are environmentally friendly, with no oxidants (Pavithra et al.,
2019). They are environmentally friendly, with no oxidants. Natural dyes are both negatively and
positively charged compounds and the color component of the molecule is typically provided by
anion (Yusuf et al., 2011).
 Synthetic Dye
It is derived from organic or inorganic compounds and natural colorants have been replaced.
They're used for printing and dying in a wider range of industries. The name of the synthetic dye
was based upon the chemical structure of the basic chromophore group. They are mostly
produced from aniline or internet explorer.  Synthetic dyes has harmful effects on the human
body at high concentrations. Pigments and colors are derived from the same building blocks, but
differ from the solubility factor in which dye is soluble and pigments in the media in which it is
incorporated are not soluble (Pavitra et al., 2019).
 1.4 Nanotechnology
The National Science and Technology Council of the United States invented a common
notion of nanotechnology, stating, "The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to operate at the
molecular level. The aim is to abuse these characteristics by controlling structures and devices at
atomic, molecular and supermolecular levels and to learn how to produce them effectively."
(Acharyaa et al., 2020). Nanotechnology is characterized as a manipulation of matter, 1-100 nm
in size, allowing materials not found on its macro scale to be manufactured with specific
physical, chemical and biological properties (Kaung et al., 2020).
Nanotechnology is the developing and most exciting field of study in advanced medical
science. Nanoparticles display highly innovative properties based on size, composition and
efficiency than larger particles of the massive materials from which the nanoparticles are
produced. For the wastewater treatment process, such nanoparticles are used (Depankar &
Murugan, 2012).
In food Nanomaterials have been widely used for packaging to improve food safety and
food quality. Since its introduction in the 1980s, nanotechnology has been used to produce a
number of foodstuffs (e.g., puddings, cream cheese, mayonnaise, salad dressings, baked goods,
nut milks and sports drinks) (Ruoyu et al., 2017).

Medicine

Information
Environment
technology
Nanotec
hnology -

Energy Household

industry

Fig 1.2 Uses of Nanoparticles

1.4.1 Classification of Nanoparticle
Based on their dimension and structure, nanomaterials may be categorized.
1. According to dimension
For these substances, three distinct dimensions were proposed, including one dimension
(e.g. thin films, layers, and surfaces), two dimensions (e.g. nanowires and graphene sheets that
can be rolled into nanotubes) and three dimensions (e.g. nanoparticles, fullerenes, graphite
sheets, dendrimers and quantum dots).
2. According to composition
Single phase solids (e.g. crystalline, amorphous particles and layers), multiphase solids (e.g.
matrix composites, coated particles) and multiphase systems can be classified as nanomaterials
based on composition (e.g. colloids, aerogels, Ferrofluids). Metals, ceramics, polymers or
composite materials are known as all sorts of nano-sized substances (Kargozar et al., 2019).

1.4.2 Application of Nanotechnology:

In our daily lives, nanotechnology is extensively applied  and transforms the whole

society.

 Food Nanotechnology

Nanomaterials have been widely used in food farming, processing, storage and transport
in every sector of the food industry. In this case, bio-synthesized nanoparticles will offer another
alternative to the food industry's use of nanoparticles with acceptable adverse effects .
Nanomaterials include fine developed products such as dye or flavor additives, extracts, and
nutritional supplement transporters, like animal feed products (i.e. nano encapsulation and nano
emulsion) (Pavitra et al., 2018).

Other uses for food contact packaging include pesticide identification, pathogen detection
and pollutant detection, as well as effective inspection and progress due to the super-sensitive
characteristics of nanomaterials (Xiaojia et al., 2018).

 Agriculture Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is used in agriculture to increase food production, with nutritional value,
quality and protection being equal or even higher. The most effective ways to increase crop
production are the effective usage of fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth factors and herbicides.
In addition, some nanomaterials may act as pesticides with increased toxicity and sensitivity.
Nanofertilizers are able to reduce nutrient loss and increase the inclusion of nutrients in crops
and soil microorganisms (Xiaojia et al., 2018).
Because of its ability to make most goods more effective, nanotechnology has made a major
contribution to the healthcare, pharmaceutical, clothing, fabrics, information technology and
renewable energy sectors
(a) processing of pesticides with nanocids
(b) preservation of nanomaterial-based green pesticides and bio-pesticides (NMs)
(c) the steady and controlled release of micronutrients, fertilizers and bio-fertilizers assisted by
NM
(d) NM-assisted carrying of gene products for the processing of crops
(e) Nano biosensors can generally be classified as the key contribution of nanotechnology to crop
production (Acharyaa et al., 2020).
1.5 Magnesium oxide Nanoparticles:
Due to its lower cost, chemical stability, non-toxicity, easy processing, large surface area,
among various nano-adsorbents, nano-sized magnesium oxide (MgO) has earned significant
consideration for waste water decontamination. Significant attention has been paid to the use of
nanomaterial, including metal oxides as nano-adsorbents for decontamination of waste water.
They are used in various applications, including catalysts, adsorbents, optoelectronic materials,
transparent fillers, antibacterial agents, fire retardants and electrochemical biosensors, because of
the excellent optical, electrical, thermodynamic, mechanical, electronic, and special chemical
properties of MgO nanostructures (Nassar et al., 2016).
Several metal oxide nanostructures, such as Fe3O4, ZnO, TiO2, MgO and CoFe2O4, have
been manufactured for various applications. MgO is a promising inorganic material that
crystallizes in the NaCl form structure and is widely used in many applications, including
sensors, antimicrobials, optical coatings, water treatment, catalysis, adsorbents, lubricants, etc.
(Balakrishnan et al., 2020).
1.5.1 Methods of Magnesium Oxide Preparation
 Several chemical methods have been adopted for the preparation of magnesium oxide
(MgO) nanoparticles, such as laser vaporization, precipitation, hydrothermal, precipitation, sol-
gel, combustion, microemulsion, chemical gas phase deposition, and laser vaporization
techniques (Nassar et al., 2016).
Because of its glorious, stable physical and chemical properties, MgO is a typical large
energy band gap material that attracts researchers. MgO finds a range of applications in chemical
change, treatment of waste matter, refractory chemicals, paint, medicine, antifungal and color
decolorization (Kumar et al., 2017). The magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) are highly
ionic in nature. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have extremely high surface area and crystalline
morphologies (Dobrucka, 2018). Due to its crystal morphology it possesses optical, magnetic,
electronic, thermal and mechanical properties (Ramanujam & Sundrarajan, 2014).
Aims and objectives
The aims and objectives of the study were as follow
 To prepare the magnesium oxide nanoparticles using leaves extract of Iresine herbstii

 To characterize the synthesized nanoparticles using XRD

 To apply the synthesized nanoparticles for the remediation of Reactive Brown 9 dye
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Depankar & Murugan (2012) reported the developm
environmentally sustainable techniques that help to increase interest in the synthesis and
application of human-beneficial nanoparticles. The production of silver nanoparticles
synthesized from I. herbstii leaf aqueous extract. I. herbstii was evaluated at a wavelength range
of 300-600nm by spectrophotometry. The unexplained peak at 46° may be due to the
nanoparticles crystalline nature of the capping agent. Antioxidants are helpful for the treatment
of diseases such as neuro-degenerative diseases, cancer and AIDS because of their scavenging
capacity. A tissue regeneration agent, an anticarcinogenic agent and a tonic of labor
pain.  Herbstii leaves extract are used cure acne, infections and pimples and as an antibacterial
agent and are introduced as a cleaning agent.

Gupta et al. (2012) reviewed the chemical methods for handling waste water. The global
population is rising and the planet will face an unsustainable shortage of fresh water because of
this. Water supplies are insufficient, so the only solutions for having fresh water in the coming
years are water conservation and treatment methods. There is therefore a major need for
adequate, cost-effective and rapid wastewater treatment systems and reuse or preservation
methods to be established in the current era. In the light of basic concepts, costs, uses, suitability
and preservation, the different types of technologies for water remediation and reprocessing were
examined. Furthermore, an acceptable approach, including its evaluation, consideration and
choice of parameters, to water reprocessing has been given. This research reinforces global
discussions on water shortage solutions.

Shahid et al. (2013) explained that a wide range of dyes derived from natural sources, such
as plants, insects/animals and microbes, have been scrutinized for their use in different types of
applications in recent years. In addition to environmentally sustainable, durable and cost-
effective processing and application technologies, research into new sources of natural dyes has
significantly helped extend the reach of natural dyes in various traditional and cost-effective
processing and application technologies. This study provides a review of studies in different
fields of application of natural dyes, with special attention to scientific developments in natural
textile dyeing and the use of natural dyes in practical textile finishing, food coloring and dye-
sensitized solar cells. In addition, some newly discovered applications of natural dyes have also
been discussed.

Thunugunta & Reddy (2015) investigated the green synthesis of nanoparticles. This study
explained that nano-materials have been used in different fields of science and technology,
extending from material sciences to biotechnology. Thus, the synthesis of nanoparticles can be
considered as an active area in research and applications. The different techniques of
nanoparticle production include physical, chemical and biological approaches. From these
techniques, the biological production is broadly used because of its advantages of being less cost,
non-hazardous and eco-friendly. Biological applications of nano-materials have made the way
for green production of nanoparticles. In this study brief knowledge provided on several
biological agents that applied for the nanoparticles synthesis.

Srivastava & Sillanpaa (2015) reported that Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were
synthesized by chemical coagulation, after which exceptional compositions of acacia gum (AG)
were processed to make flower-made MgO nanoparticles. Magnesium oxide nano fluorescence
has been characterized by different techniques including X - ray diffraction, Transmission
electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and microscopy of nuclear power (AFM).
The subsequent samples were then used to extract complimentary metallic ions as promotional
and marketing material. Co (II), CD (II), Zn (II), Cu (II), Mn (II), Pb (II) and Nii (II) from
manmade waste water (II). In the disposal of all determined proportional metal species,
magnesium oxide nanofluor has been reported to be very efficient.

Torgal & Jalali (2017) reported that nanotechnology seems to hold the key to allowing
building and construction materials to mimic the characteristics of natural systems that have been
enhanced over millions of years to perfection. This paper discusses the latest expertise used by
the construction industry about nanotechnology and nanomaterials. This includes the study of
Portland cement hydration products on a nanoscale, the use of nanoparticles to improve the
strength and durability of cimentitious composites, nanomaterial photocatalytic capability and
risks of nanotoxicity.
 Ruoyu et al. (2017) reported that nanomaterial presents specific characteristics compared
to the common material due to its existence of large surface area and small size and exhibits
some novel properties and incredible features that allow it to be applied as an additive in the field
of asphalt pavement. In order to characterize the rheological and engineering efficiency of nano-
modified asphalts, many typical test results have been used, including viscosity, dynamic
modulus, rigidity, rut width, indirect tensile strength, etc., and some advanced technologies such
as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy have been effective. It can be noticed that the addition of
nanomaterials greatly enhances the properties of an asphalt material, such as visco-elasticity,
characteristics of high temperatures and ageing, resistance to fatigue and moisture. In addition,
the shape, content and manufacturing process of nano-particles have been primarily studied and
other variables such as the form of binder and particle size must also be taken into account in
order to explore. In determining the optimal parameters for the production process, the
characteristics of both the nano-material and the initial binder played a key role. In addition, the
degree of dispersion was governed by variables such as the mixing temperature, duration and
velocity.
Oked et al. (2017) reported that in order to meet the requirements and expectations of
their customers for the industry, construction methods have been constantly subject to change,
changes and enhancements due to innovation and technological growth. Nanotechnology is one
of the technologies that, particularly in the developed ones, is acquiring popularity in the
industry, and this study explores the advantages of applying the traditional building materials
method to improve the sustainability of development projects. Relevant literature materials were
examined and seventeen advantages of nanotechnology were extracted. Through the
administration of closed-ended questionnaires to construction professionals with sufficient
knowledge of construction activities and related materials, the variables were further evaluated.
The advent of nanotechnology has been shown to not only enhance the functionality of
conventional materials, but also decrease carbon emissions and reduce energy usage.

Das et al. (2017) studied the green synthesis (GS) of different metallic nanoparticles
(MNPs). Plantae, faunas and micro-organisms belongs to subordinate and developed taxonomic
sets have been experimented for GS of MNPs, like gold, silver, copper oxide, zinc oxide, iron
(Fe2O3), nickel oxide (NiO) and MgO. In plant corporations, angiosperms and algae were
effectively detected with complete fulfillment. Cell extracts of animal-derived GS, inclusive of
chitin, silk, or invertebrates, have also been stated. Gram-fine and gram-terrible bacteria, fungi
and viruses have additionally discovered their capacity to reduce metal ions. However, now not
the rule of thumb of thumb, most reducing sellers derived from the dwelling world additionally
act as capping marketers and supply MNPs less toxic or greater biological compatibility. This
evaluation covers current traits in the GS of MNPs using plant life, animals and microorganisms
and analyzes key factors and also discusses the professionals and cons of GS in terms of
chemical synthesis.

Elena villena et al. (2018) said that nanotechnology is a significant advancement that is
revolutionizing the food and beverage industry. It is a science that operates on the nanoscale and
has many benefits, but its application has drawbacks and dangers. In this study, the basic
principles of nanotechnology are clarified with an emphasis on its key applications and an
assessment of health and environmental risks. A research is being carried out on the international
regulatory framework, with a particular focus on the European Union (EU), while also exploring
the importance and effect of nanotechnology on society.

Sammaiah et al. (2018) explained about that nanoparticles of magnesium oxide are
tasteless and nonhazardous. For them strong rigidity, great clarity and an extraordinary melting
point are available. In the automotive, aerospace, sports equipment, and electronics industries, it
is the most common material used. At 800 °C, mild steel treated with heat exhibits rough surface
roughness and has a fine surface compared to 600 °C. After deposition of MgO nanoparticles on
mild steel at 800 °C compared to 600 °C, surface roughness is higher. In comparison to base
metal, surface roughness after deposition of MgO nano particles on mild steel at 600 °C is
minimal. In comparison to heat treated mild steel at 600 °C. As compared to base metal, heat
treated mild steel at 800 °C provides superior hardness. As contrast with base metal, the
toughness of the coated sample at 600 °C is average due to the deposition of MgO nano particles
on hardened steel. Compared to base metal, the coated sample at 800 °C reveals high toughness
due to the optimal precipitation of MgO nano particles on mild steel.
 Kargozar et al. (2018) reported that nanotechnology has now branched out into a wide
range of different fields of study due to its significant advantages in terms of performance
improvement in many areas. Various types of nano-sized structures have been developed to
support nanotechnology techniques, including nano rods, nanowires, nanotubes, nano belts, nano
ribbons, nano fibers, nanoparticles, quantum dots and hollow spheres. In order to provide new
solutions to unsolved complications in medicine, nano medicine has emerged as the fundamental
application of nanotechnology in the health system. In this respect, nano-based materials,
including a range of diagnosis and treatment of diseases, as well as tissue engineering and
regenerative medicine techniques, are used in different medical settings. Here we provide a brief
overview of the potential applications of nanotechnology, especially in medicine, in various
fields.

Higgins et al. (2018) investigated that decontamination of waste water is one of the most
practical approaches to counter the lack of clean water worldwide. Recently, solar steam-based
decontamination of waste water has been confirmed as a potential safe way to use renewable
energy to generate clean water. The use of carbon fabric and Nano titanium rods for solar steam-
based water purification techniques is recorded here. The quality of Carbon Fabric was tested
under different conditions and the results showed that Carbon Fabric has excellent potential in
both real and ideal conditions for light to heat conversion. Because of the excellent efficiency of
Carbon Fiber, it has been used for the purification of different types of contaminated water.
Approximately 99.9 percent of salt and 87 percent of organic pollutants were eliminated from
salty water and organic waste water, respectively, using a simple low-cost carbon fabric based
homemade prototype. The application of titanium nanorods to carbon fabric for the efficient
removal of dye molecules such as Rhodamine B from polluted water using solar-driven
interfacial steam generation is also presented.

Jiahoa et al. (2018) reported that the use of agro-industrial waste (AIW) for the
adsorption of organic contaminants (dyes) and inorganic pollutants (heavy metals) in
water/wastewater is widely researched. This method is generally treated as an alternative
approach to traditional water/wastewater treatment. It is particularly noteworthy that most AIW
waste is not currently used in the initial state, but is modified to enhance the porosity and
adsorption surface area of the material in a variety of ways. Nanostructuring, activation,
carbonization, and grafting are some common modification technologies for agricultural waste
adsorbents. In addition, the properties, preparation and application of adsorbents from various
industrial wastes, including natural materials and biosorbents, were summarized. Furthermore,
the concerns and prospects for future studies of adsorbents extracted from waste have been
addressed. This research provides useful insight into the use of AIWs as precursor materials for
advertising water/wastewater preparation.

Vergheese & Vishal (2018) synthesized MgO Green synthesis nanoparticles using
Trigonella foenum-graecum. This method renders nanoparticle construction compatible with
antibacterial studies. Trigonella foenum-graecum is a precursor to magnesium nitrate and serves
as a reducting and stabilizing agent. Using SEM with UV wave spectroscopy, FTIR technique,
XRD, EDAX, the synthesized MGO nanoparticles were illuminated. And it was observed that
the MgO nanoparticle displays strong antibacterial activity against both stains.

Dobrucka (2018) synthesized MgO nanoparticles using Artemisia abrotanum herb water
extract. The biologically synthesized MgO nanoparticles have been characterized by UV-Visible
spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM with EDS profile. XRD Studies have shown that natural
monoclinics have been produced to provide structures for MGO nanoparticles. It has been found
that the average size of MgO nanoparticles is 10 nm.

Kumari et al. (2019) presented its potential to participate to solving the increasingly
complex problem of modern years, i.e. waste water managing. The present study illustrates the
significance of (NPs) to facilitate the handling of effluent and enhance the accessibility by
optimizing the production of exotic water. The theory of adsorption is explained, and various
nano-adsorbents, mostly used in treating wastewater, are practically studied. The study also
explains the concepts of contaminants that nano-adsorbents can eliminate, with particular regard
to nano-adsorbent recovery. The objective of this project is to describe the significance of
adsorption and NPs in the water reclamation industry and to show how NPs can transform the
waste water treatment industry. This study aims to describe the majority of nano-adsorbent
information spread over centuries of publications. The harmful effects of dyes, pesticides and the
most common heavy metals present in waste water are also shown, demonstrating the different
adsorbents used by researchers to extract them efficiently. There have been many research design
papers, but to the best of our knowledge, there are none so conclusively covering nano-
adsorbents and their focused contaminants through so many nations. The research measures the
ability of nano-adsorbents for waste water treatment in a persuasive manner.

Zhang et al. (2019) explained the surface tension and viscosity of the reactive dye
solution in textile inkjet printing are two important physical properties for the control of the
formation of droplets. In this study, to explore the impact of reactive dye structures on them, the
surface pressures and viscosities of four reactive dye solutions with/without surfactants and
organic solvents were analyzed. The analysis shows that hydrophobic groups not associated with
or broadly associated with hydrophilic groups can result in a drop in surface tension and a rise in
molecular viscosity of the dye. In addition, droplet formations are observed in these solutions.
Reactive dye structures are also reported to stimulate droplet formation by affecting the surface
tension and viscosity of dye solutions. This study is critical for adjusting the surface tension and
viscosity of the reactive dye solution according to the dye structures.

Calipinar & Ulas (2019) worked To analyze intra-world nanotechnology improvement

techniques and to have relevant specialists for assessment of nanotechnology manufacturing and
standards in Turkey. This article focuses on in-depth interviews - asking sources for open-ended
inquiries, and retrieving information that researchers take into account. Ten officers from
nanotechnology institutes (Turkish Standards Institute, Nanotech, Ministry of Economy,
Universities) were interviewed and given their evaluations. Turkey needs to cope with some
issues associated with nanotechnology. Some of them are Certification abroad due to poorly
recognized institutions, lack of health and environmental requirements of nanotechnology, lack
of prison arrangements, difficulties in nanotechnology products and commercialization, we are a
few of the sectors in nanotechnology. Lack of coordination, loss of preparations for the use of
nanotechnology. There are worldwide requirements, however Turkey does not have health and
environmental standards.

Wong et al. (2019) reported that, the use of enzyme-integrated nanotechnology in the
treatment of dye waste water is of high significance. Therefore, this paper has critically
examined (1) the new technologies available for dye wastewater treatment; (2) the different
methods used for enzyme immobilization; and (3) the application and performance of enzyme-
integrated nanotechnology for dye wastewater treatment. We found that there is a strong
potential for enzyme-integrated nanotechnology to be implemented in dye wastewater treatment
due to the high decolonization efficiency (e.g., lactase immobilized on Fe3O4/SiO2
nanoparticles achieved 99 percent decolonization of Portion Red MX-5B in 20 min). The key
challenges encountered by enzyme-integrated nanotechnology in the treatment of dye waste
water have also been identified, including: the realization of laboratory scale experiments for
industrial applications; (ii) the lack of understanding of nanotechnology-integrated enzymes; (iii)
the recovery of immobilized enzymes; (iv) the synthesis of hybrid nano flowers; and (v) the
sustainability of the nanomaterials used.

Pavitra et al. (2019) In order to control the harmful effects on our environment due to
contaminated water, treatments of dye waste water from the factories are to be carried out. Latest
technologies for extracting dyes from waste water are addressed briefly in this study.
Technologies such as coagulation, membrane treatment, advanced oxidation, biological
treatment and adsorption, and their efficacy, features, benefits and drawbacks have been
highlighted. The study concludes that advanced methods of oxidation, biological treatment and
adsorption are commonly used strategies for dye removal, and a significant number of studies
have been performed in recent years.

Viswanathan et al. (2019) explained many applications across different branches of

medicine, nanotechnology is a promising field. The limited inherent physical, chemical, and
biological properties of nanoparticles permit them to operate at cellular and subcellular levels as
appropriate agents serving distinct functions. One big area in which its uses are being studied is
spinal pathology.

Wouter & Delcor et al. (2019) said the interest in food foam and emulsion stabilization
using food grade nanoparticles has risen significantly (NPs). To generate such NPs, cereal
proteins are a promising class of raw materials. So far, studies have concentrated primarily on
NPs based on wheat gliadin and maize zein. Several methods were introduced to alter the surface
properties of wheat gliadin and maize zein NPs. This has leads to improved foam or emulsion
consistency in some situations. Future efforts should, however, be continued to gain basic
insights into the interfacial behavior of NPs, to further analyze the strategies of NP surface
modification, and to justify the use of NPs in modern food systems.
 Mishra et al. 2019 reported analytical participation in agriculture is of primary
importance when it comes to food production in a productive approach. Focus is now focused on
the use of nanotechnology, with existing traditional technologies encouraging high yields,
increased production and safety of crops. Discovering new nanotechnology applications has
gained popularity in recent years and has shown adoption in sectors such as food. The agreed
status in agriculture can still be considered on the moderate side in terms of nanotechnology
applications, as compared with other sectors. Researchers are now interested in making
applications based on nanotechnology more functional, realizing that traditional and macro-
technologies do not ensure reliable food protection and eco friendly methods in agriculture.
There is also a significant immense potential for nanoparticles to leverage a future agricultural
technology which remains to be investigated. In addition to offering potential benefits, concerns
about the potential issues related with nanoparticles are high. It is critical that a consistent
regulatory framework be established in order to address security concerns regarding
nanoparticles. It is very vital to build benchmarks for the use of nano-regulation and to
incorporate nanotechnology into a stable technology network for agriculture sector and bio-
diverse countries such as India.

Xiaojia et al. (2019) explained the massive rise of nanotechnology has accelerated the
improvement of conventional food and agricultural industries, along with discovery of advanced
and efficient packaging, nanosensors, nanopesticides, and nanofertilizers. Many new
nanomaterials have been created to enhance food safety and protection, crop development and
overall management conditions. This study looks at the latest developments in nanotechnology
and describes the most challenging challenges and exciting prospects in selected new research in
the food and agriculture sectors. Also discussed are the carcinogenicity principles of these
emerging food and agricultural products and the risk evaluation of nanomaterials. For
environmental sustainability, the possible use of bio-synthesized and bio-inspired nanomaterials
has been highlighted. However, with reference to high performance and low destructive
nanomaterials, in order to promote effective production and execution, fundamental questions
need to be answered. Control and policies to govern the manufacturing, refining, use and waste
of nanomaterials. Attempts to increase public attentions of and acceptance of creative Nano-
enabled food and agricultural products are still required. We conclude that nanotechnology
provides a variety of opportunities by offering a novel and safer food substitute.
 Saravanan et al. (2020) explained that a number of mixtures of polluting chemicals,
including solvents, detergents and colorants, contain waste water from the textile industry.
Textile producers are in a position to tackle this problem by introducing a suitable treatment
technology for textile waste. In particular, the application of Nano Filtration (NF) ceramics plays
an important role in the recycling of unique waste in the textile industry, thereby paving the way
for waste to be recycled rather than disposed of on the ground, while in most traditional
technologies the treatment of this textile effluent seems impossible. The initial performance of
commercial NF membranes concerning the rejection of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has been extensively studied.
The result showed that, due to the conflicting parameters of the selected textile waste water and
NF membranes, some of the commercial membranes achieved optimum separation of dye and
salts, while some achieved greater flux. The problem associated with the recycling of textile
waste water and waste water using a ceramic nano filtration membrane has been investigated.

Kaung et al. (2020) work on the manipulation of matter by nanotechnology on a small

scale is (1-billionth of a meter). Nanomaterials have been used extensively in food processing
and packaging to improve food safety and food quality. However, consumer awareness of
nanotechnology is low and public perceptions of its use in food are poorly understood. This
study analyzed customer knowledge and attitudes towards food nanotechnology and measured
the degree of liking and purpose to purchase tasted foods presented as having unique
nanotechnology benefits. 161 young people participated, primarily college-educated adults.
Samples of fresh cherry tomatoes and chocolate ice cream were checked for general like and
like, using 15 cm line scales. They were told that there was no nanotechnology (control) in the
first sample of each food, but subsequent samples were developed using nanotechnology
materials. Nanoparticles were applied to the packaging for the tomatoes as an anti-microbial
agent or to extend freshness; nanoparticles were inserted into the food matrix for the ice cream to
provide probiotics or minimize icing. In fact, nanotechnology has not created any foodThere
were also surveys completed by participants on their food attitudes and understanding. The
results showed that all the samples were highly liked, regardless of whether they appeared to
give nanotechnology benefits. "In addition, most participants (75-86 percent) were willing to buy
nanotechnology foods; "sensory appeal" and "nanotechnology gain" were the main reasons for
this (p<0.01). These findings indicate that a majority of young, educated consumers were able to
purchase foods with nanotechnology and had positive attitudes toward them.

Pandiyan et al. (2020) present application of titanium nanorods to carbon fabrics by solar-
powered interfacial steam generation mechanisms to efficiently extract dye molecules such as
Rhodamine B from contaminated water. As hydrogen and oxygen are used as fuels, the
combustion product is always just water, which never causes environmental emissions. Thus,
pollution can be controlled and, consequently, anthropogenic climate change can be stopped,
which is also one of the tremendous issues a few days ago. In any event, however, during the
production stage of the hydrogen used as fuel, fuel cells also implicitly pollute the atmosphere.
The application of nanotechnology essentially makes fuel cells non-polluting in this process.
Here comes another issue of storing hydrogen, as needed by the fuel cells. This problem can also
be solved by incorporating nanotechnology. Carbon-nanotubes can, when needed, be used to
store hydrogen effectively.

Balakrishnan et al. (2020) explained the current work focuses on the synthesis of MgO
nanoparticles by means of combustion. The precursor material is dissolved in 50 ml water along
with the fuel and the solution is heated for 2 h at 80 °C. The precursor material is dissolved in 50
ml water along with the fuel and the solution is heated for 2 h. The solution is then transmitted to
the crucible and held at a temperature of 500°C. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),
photoluminescence (PL) and photo catalytic experiments, the synthesized MgO nan powders are
analyzed. The cubic structure with a crystallite size of 27 nm was suggested by the XRD results
of MgO nanoparticles. FESEM experiments have shown the development of spherically formed
MgO crystallites. MgO nanoparticles are, in addition, brittle and agglomerated. The PL spectrum
of MgO materials has emission peaks, suggesting the presence of a transition from band to band
with a 2.9 eV band gap. Using the as-prepared MgO nanoparticles under UV light, the photo
catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye is measured. Photo catalytic tests show the catalyst's
75 percent degradation efficiency after 120 minutes of irradiation. The MgO Nanoparticles (NPs)
can also be used to treat effluent from the dye industry.

Acharya et al. (2020) reported nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the
agro-food market, including many project applications. With the total global population reaching
close to 7 billion, food shortages are a problem affecting many developing countries.
Agricultural nanotechnology can greatly increase crop production, with its potential applications
ranging from improved food quality to the minimization of agriculture inputs. With novel
instruments, disease diagnosis and management, nanowire-pesticide delivery including green
pesticides and bio pesticides, gradual and sustained release of mm, nanotechnology will
contribute to the agro-food industry. Unfortunately, this field's study results are mainly confined
to the laboratory, and the rules and regulations involved are often not well recorded. To add to
this, industry experts are hesitant to invest substantially in this sector owing to large initial
production investments. Thus, to address these global challenges, focused efforts from all
directions are required. All these aspects related to agricultural nanotechnology will be covered
by the current review, citing specific examples from the current recent literature reviews, as well
as focusing on future prospects for this field.

Zoe et al. (2020) explained that in order to meet human food and fiber needs in an
environmentally and economically sustainable way, it is important to increase the productivity of
waste, water and nutrient use by converting large quantities of agricultural and food waste into
renewable bio products. This work converts waste cherry pits to bio chars and activated bio chars
via s, an abundant food waste in the Great Lakes area. The bio chars can be implemented as soil
modifications to reduce nutrient run-off and serve as a beneficial carbon sink (bio chars generate
74-79 percent carbon), potentially reducing toxic algal blooms in the Great Lakes. The surface
area of the CO2-activated biochar is up to 629 m2/g and exhibits selective metal adsorption for
the removal of metals from simulated contaminated drinking water. Via sustainable waste-to-
product valorization, we convert this waste food biomass into biochar for use as a soil shift and
into activated biochar to remove metals from drinking water, thus alleviating economic problems
associated with the handling of cherry pit waste and reducing the environmental impact of the
cherry processing industry.

Hossain (2020) explained that the water-energy nexus amplifies the importance of
understanding the transport, fate and recovery of radioisotopes in the sense of a changing
environment. Though countries are more interested in zero/low greenhouse gas emission
technologies, the generation of electricity from nuclear power plants (NPP) may be a prominent
solution. Moreover, Radioisotopes are also used for other benefits, such as medical research,
manufacturing processes, and much more. Due to the inadequate disposal of nuclear waste, these
radionuclides are inadvertently or purposely mixed with water or waste water; and thus, the
management of nuclear waste is an imperative duty such that the adverse effects of waste on the
environment, ecosystems and human beings are impaired. A large number of physical, chemical
and biological processes have been implemented as remediation processes because of the
production of significant quantities of waste during its use, while methods of optimal removal
process are still under investigation. In this analysis, removal mechanisms and influencing
factors for radionuclide removal are explained so that operation and process improvement can be
further encouraged. Again, to increase the removal rates and minimize the information gaps
present in the creation and applications of new decontamination technologies, resource recovery,
opportunities and challenges are also addressed.

Mohsenpour et al. (2020) reported that improving the ecological status of water sources
is a growing priority for many developed and developing countries, especially with regard to the
reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus in waste water effluents. In recent years, mixotrophic
microalgae have acquired an increased interest in their use as part of wastewater treatment. This
is focused on their ability to grow organic and inorganic carbon and inorganic nitrogen (N) and
phosphorus (P) in waste water, with the desired effect of reducing the concentration of these
substances in the water. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a critical account of micro-
algae as an essential step in the treatment of waste water in order to boost the reduction of the
demand for N, P and chemical oxygen (COD) in waste water, while allowing use of a fraction of
traditional biological treatment systems' energy demand. Here, we begin with an overview of the
various steps in the treatment process, followed by an overview of the cellular and metabolic
mechanisms used by micro-algae to reduce N, P and COD wastewater, which outlines when the
process may be most efficient. A thorough analysis of the current state of the art in the use of
micro-algae in the treatment of waste water is also given.

Rostam et al. (2020) reported that recent environmental and health issues have
contributed to the introduction of modern and innovative treatment systems because of the
abundance of waste water and effluent and its drawbacks. The importance of integrated
processes can be explained because, due to additional choices, single processes can not optimize
wastewater as perfectly as integrated methods. Second, various oxidation systems and methods,
as well as membrane reactors and bioreactors, are introduced in separate sections. In the role of
pre-treatment, post-treatment and simultaneous treatment of biological and simple membrane
reactors, the combination of advanced oxidation approaches is discussed as a goal. Finally, the
hybrid method research will be performed using a comparative analysis of multiple mixed
treatment regimens rather than single systems to decide if they have been used as effective or
not.
Cai et al. (2020) explained that dyeing in liquid ammonia has the advantage of penetrating
the reactive dye molecules within the fiber structure by shifting the supramolecular cellulose
from a crystalline to an amorphous form. However, the baking procedure's dye fixation rate is
unsatisfactory (29.45 percent. Ramie yarn hanks in liquid ammonia were colored in this study,
and auxiliary silicone micro-emulsion cationic fixation was used to fix the dye molecules in the
fibers to increase the rate and strength of dye fixation properties. The fixation parameters were
optimized using the Taguchi process. Using the L16 orthogonal array, the optimal conditions of
the cationic fixation auxiliary mass, fixation time, and water content with four levels of fixation
rate were investigated. The larger-the-better signal-to-noise ratio was applied to optimize the
responses of the parameters. For the main effect and interaction diagram, multiple variables have
been tested, with results showing that the most influential parameter for reactive dye fixation is
the mass of the auxiliary cationic fixation (P < 0.05). Under ideal conditions, a fixation rate of
52.82 percent ± 0.5 percent for the reactive dye was observed. The color uniformity, washing
strength and rubbing strength of the dyed sample treated by the cationic fixation of the auxiliary
silicone micro-emulsion were outstanding.
Sarmah et al. (2020) worked on nanotechnology and its use in stroke diagnosis and
treatment has been ignited by increasing advances in the field of nanotechnology. The
advantages of structural modification, ease of synthesis, and biocompatibility make the use of
nanomaterials simpler for the clinic. Shock pathophysiology is complex, affecting multiple brain
regions; thus, therapeutic agents must be distributed to specific regions. Nanoparticles (NPs) may
be established to help enhance the centralized distribution and release, particularly in the
penumbra, of therapeutic agents. This applies not only to rehabilitation, but to neurosurgery and
neuroimaging as well. Nanomaterials, with few adverse effects, often offer high performance.
We provide a succinct overview of the caveats associated with nanotechnology in relation to
stroke therapy and diagnosis in this article.
 Pourrahim et at. (2020) worked on one of the dangerous materials is solid waste from the
ductile iron sector, which contains at least 88.0 percent magnesium oxide and leads to land
pollution. On the other hand, it is difficult to remove reactive dyes from waste water, which
needs strong adsorbents such as nano-porous MgO. The production of nano-porous magnesium
oxide through deposition from solid waste for the disposal of reactive dye-contaminated waste
water normally used in the textile industry is a novelty of the current study. Combinations of
surfactants containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
and polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (TX100) were added on the basis of the precipitation
mixture design algorithm to improve the adsorptive properties of the extracted MgO powder. The
results showed that the SDS and TX100 1:1 combination played an effective function, which is
fitting. The processed adsorbent showed a strong preference in the optimum condition for the
removal of reactive dye, which shows a relatively pH-independent efficiency in the 3-9 range.
Eventually, the pH-dependent issue of toxic dye absorption, which involves the production of an
adsorbent with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1000 mg g-1, is solved by the manufacturer of
the adsorbent.
Mingjie et al. (2020) reported that as the interface between daily human life and the
environment, waste management is an important part of rural regions. However, from the point
of view of the integrated rural water-food-energy system, the study of the micro-scale method
was not well studied in order to expose the impact of waste management on the local climate.
The inadequacy data is a major barrier to understanding the clear quantitative effects of different
waste management systems and the local area's value of sustainable waste management. In this
article, a micro-scale, process-based material and energy flow analysis is presented to make a
comprehensive comparison between end-pipe waste management and resource waste. Studies
have demonstrated that the waste management in rural areas has a direct impact on the flow of
nitrogen and phosphorus. Based on the quantity analysis, because of the element device failure,
chemical fertilizer is also considered unavoidable to ensure the food supply. In addition, due to
its unique transfer mechanisms, the continuous optimum point of various nutrient elements is
difficult to attain. Our outcomes will encourage educators and the public make educated choices
on waste management policies.
 Kmarulzaman et al. (2020) explained that Nanotechnology facilitates the development
of new and improved goods. However, the public is still interested in unknown risks associated
with nanotechnology-enabled goods. The study aims to broaden the understanding of public
benefit and risk perceptions as a basis for successful policy formulation that reflects public
interests in order to resolve this issue. Via a questionnaire survey conducted in Klang Valley,
Malaysia, the research examines the public benefit and risk perceptions of psychological and
sociological dimensions of nanotechnology development. Variance Analysis (ANOVA) reveals
that, in terms of public gain and risk perceptions, demographics actually influence the
development of nanotechnology. However, public awareness of nanotechnology has no impact
on public benefit and risk perceptions of nanotechnology development based on independent t-
tests. Simple linear regression suggests that the loss of public government confidence increases
the risk perception. The concept of profit but not the perception of risk are affected by public
lifestyles, such as culture, religious beliefs and social groups. The purpose of the outcome is to
better convey the benefits and risks of nanotechnology to the public, as well as to create an
ethical framework for the development of nanotechnology.
Chapter 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

My research work has been done on Iresine herbstii to prepare its leaf extract. The leaf
extract was used to synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles. And then, these synthesized
magnesium oxide nanoparticles were used for the remediation of Reactive Brown 9 dye. The
experimental work was carried out at laboratory running under the supervision of Dr. Shumaila
Kiran Associate Professor of Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University
Faisalabad, Pakistan. For conducting research following plans and design were executed.

Apparatus

Name Volume
Beakers 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL
Reagent bottle 250 mL
Magnetic beed 10 g
Funnel 10 mL
Spatula 50 g
Measuring cylinder 10 mL, 100 mL
Volumetric flask 500 mL

Instruments

 Grinder
 Aluminium Foil paper
 Filter papers
 Microwave oven
 Spectrophotometer
 Centrifuge Machine
 Centrifuge tubes
 Measuring balance
 Scanning Electron Microscopy
 Hot plate
 Chemicals

 Magnesium nitrate
 Reactive brown 9 dye
 Sodium hydroxide
 Hydrochloric acid

3.1 Estimation of the treatment via quality assurance parameters

Firstly, prepared the solutions for the assessment of quality assurance parameters such
as;
1) Digestion solution
This solution was made by the adding 0.833 g Hg 2SO4, 0.26g K2Cr2O7, in 42mL of H2SO4
and then diluted it with deionized water up to 250mL.
2) Catalyst solution
This was made by dissolving 0.253 g Ag 2SO4 in 25mL concentrated sulphuric acid and kept
it for two days in order to dissolve completely.
3) Standard Solution of Potassium hydrogen phthalate
The standard solution was set up from a standard arrangement 1 g KHP/1L of 425 ppm conc.
in the distilled water. The 425 ppm soln. provides COD of 500 mg/L.
4) 2N potassium dichromate solution

This solution was made by adding 98.06 g K2Cr2O7 in one litter.

The present task was the synthesis of MgO-NPs and to decolourize the dye by using these
nanoparticles. The analysis was done in the laboratory running under the supervisor of Dr.
Shumaila Kiran Associate Professor of Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College
University Faisalabad. Firstly, MgO-NPs were synthesized by green way. Secondly
characterization may performed to confirm the presence of MgO nanoparticles. Thirdly,
optimization of reaction parameters for decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye by utilizing
MgO nanoparticles were took place.
 O
OH SO2CH2CH2OSO3Na
HO H

N N
N N
N
N
N H
NaO3S
Cl

Fig. 3.1 Reactive brown 9 dye (12225-66-0)

3.2 Sample collection

Fresh and healthy leaves of (Iresine herbstii) free from disease were collected from
Punjab Forest Department, Faisalabad Pakistan.

Fig 3.2 Fresh leaves of Iresine herbstii

3.2.1 Sample preparation
The leaves collected were carefully washed in tap water and eventually washed with tap
water and now there's no external material left. The freshly washed leaves were left to dry for
nearly 10 days in a closed room (25-28 °C). To attain a powdered form, the dried plant parts
were placed in a purified electrical blender (Andleeb et al., 2019).
 Fig. 3.3 Dried leaves of Iresine herbstii
3.2.2 Extract preparation
By taking 25 g of finely chopped leaves and boiling for 20 mint, leaf extract of iresine
herbstii was prepared by  250 mL of water in distilled form. By using whattmann filter paper 42
the extract was saparated and refrigerated at 4 ˚C for further use (Dipanker & Murugan 2012).

Fig. 3.4 Extract Preparation

3.2.3 Biosynthesis of MgO nanoparticles from the aqueous leaf extract of Iresine herbsti
25 g powdered sample was taken and add 250mL distilled water in it. After that the
solution was put into a hot plate and boil for 20 mint. at 60 0C. Add 8 g of salt i.e magnesium
nitrate and magnetic beed in it and boil for 4 hours at 80 0C. Add sodium hydroxide drop wise
in the solution. When sodium hydroxide were added the colour begin to change. The formation
of a brownish-grey coloured solution indicated the formation of the MgO-NPs. The MgO
nanoparticles then undergo centrifuge process and for that purpose the brownish-grey coloured
solution were kept in a small glass centrifugal tubes which was placed in centrifuge machine.
The centrifuge sample then placed in a petri dishes just to dry it. For drying, placed it in
microwave oven at 600 C for a day. The dried sample was stored in an eppendorf tube for further
usage (Dipanker & Murugan 2012).

Fig 3.5 Eppendorf tubes containing MgO NPs Suspension

 Fig 3.6 MgO NPs

3.3 Characterization of synthesized MgO nanoparticles

 XRD

3.4 Scanning of λ max for reaction progress determination

Dye solution was prepared by taking 0.01 g reactive Brown 9 dy
Then check the absorbance of dye solution ranging from 360 to 470 nm wavelength with an
interval of 15 mint. and noted the wavelength where maximum absorbance took place.
Wavelength of maximum absorption will be scanned by using double beam spectrophotometer.
3.4.1 Experimental Procedure
Reactive Brown 9 dye solution was taken
and pH of this solution was checked and it was adjusted at 5 by adding 1M HCl solution into it
and stirred it on hot plate with magnetic stirrer at 40 0C for 90 minutes and noted the
absorbance after every 15 mint. to check the absorbance.
 Fig. 3.5 Experimental Set up

3.5 Optimization of parameters for decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye

For the degradation of Reactive Brown 9 dye solution, following parameters were
optimized:
1. Conc. of dye in wastewater (0.01-0.05%)
2. Conc. of NPs (1-6mg)
3. pH (4-9)
4. Temperature (30-80°C)
3.5.1 Optimization of dye concentration
Five concentrations (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05%) were taken one by one. pH of the
solution was maintained at 5 (acidic pH) at room temperature and dose of NPs was also constant.
Put it on a hot plate on continuous stirring take the absorbance after regular interval of 15 mints.
The treatment method was done for 90 minutes.
3.5.2 Optimization of concentration of nanoparticles
The optimized absorbance which was noticed for dye solution is 0.02 g was taken and
diluted it upto 100 mL. Then 2 beaker was taken and divide the solution into 50,50 mL. Add
0.001 g nanoparticles in one beaker and 0.002 g in another one. Now check the absorbance by
using spectrophotometer after regular interval of 15 mints. Repeat this procedure for 0.003 g and
0.004 g concentration of nanoparticles. For 0.005 g concentration of nanoparticles, 0.02% of dye
solution was prepared by taking 0.02 g of dye into 100 mL of water then 70 mL was taken from
this solution and diluted it by adding 30 mL of water in it and now absorbance was taken after
every 15 mint.
3.5.3 Optimization of pH
Different concentrations of pH (4-7) of dye solution were taken. The experiments were
conducted using the same technique as described above. The progress of the reaction was
evaluated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to assess its absorption at 390 nm. 
3.5.4 Optimization of temperature
Different temperature (30-80℃ by difference of 15) of dye solution were taken. As
mentioned above, the experiments were performed in the same way. The progress of the reaction
was evaluated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to assess its absorption at 390 nm.  The
decolorization was determined using the above-mentioned formula.
3.6 Chemical analysis
All the decolorization tests were done thrice. The color absorbance was observed at 440
nm wavelength after treatment by using spectrophotometer. The effective percentage of
decolorization of all the parameters was estimating by absorbance of solution. To get the
percentage of decolorization, the following equation was applied
Decolorization (%) = [(I-F) /I ]× 100
Here I = initial absorbance at zero time, F = final absorbsance of dye solution.
3.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
To calculate COD, digestion vials were used. 3.5 mL of catalyst solution (solution of
silver sulfate in conc. sulphuric acid), 1.5 mL of digestion solution (solution of potassium
dichromate in acidified mercuric sulfate), and 2.5 mL of dye sample were added into vials. A
blank sample having all material instead of a dye sample was also prepared in deionized water.
The vials were put in an oven for 110 min. at 150 °C. Then vials were chilled and their
absorbance values were noted at 390 nm.
Calculations:
The blank sample absorbance was deducted from the absorbance of the sample for the
precise estimation of the sample.
The following formula was used to find out COD & TOC values
TOC/COD = SF × A
Where SF means standard factor; A means absorbance whereas standard factor can be
calculated as follows:
standard factor = conc. of standard/ its absorbance (Greenberg et al., 1985).
3.8 Total Organic Carbon(TOC)
To find out TOC value, 1.6 mL of conc. H 2SO4 , 1 mL of potassium dichromate solution
(2N), and 4 mL of treated dye solution were added in a vial. The same sample, which acted as a
blank, was prepared with all materials except dye solution. The digestion vials were stored in the
oven at 110 °C for 90 minutes. The vials were then cooled and their absorption values were
registered at 390 nm.
Equation to ascertained TOC:

TOC=standard factor x Absorbance

Formula to measure standard factor:

standard factor = convergence of standard/absorbance of standard (Greenberg et al., 1985).

3.9 Total Dissolve Solids (TDS)

Inorganic salts (primarily calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and
sulphates) and some minor quantities of organic matter that are dissolved in water form total
dissolved solids (TDS).  TDS in drinking water comes from natural sources, drainage, urban run-
off, municipal wastewater, and chemicals used in the process of water treatment. Gravimetric
analysis and conductivity are the two primary methods of calculating total dissolved solids. The
most reliable are gravimetric approaches, which include evaporating the liquid solvent and
calculating the mass of residues remaining. This process is normally the finest, even though it is
time-consuming.
3.9.1 Method of calculating Total Dissolve Solid
There are a number of ways of calculating TDS. The best thing is to filter the sample of
water and then evaporate it in a pre-weighed dish at 180 °C until the weight of the dish no longer
varies. The TDS reflects the increase in weight of the dish, and it is recorded in mg/L. From the
electrical conductivity of the sample, the TDS of a water sample can also be determined
precisely via a linear correlation equation that depends on the real conductivity. Finally,
calculating individual ions and simply adding them together will measure TDS (Greenberg et al.,
1985).
Calculation
To calculate total Dissolve solids, the following formula was used
Total Dissolve solids in mg/L = (w1- w2) × 1000/ sample volume in ml
Where:
W1 = weight of filter paper + dried residue (mg)
W2 = weight of filter paper (mg)
3.10 Statistical analysis
All the tests have been done three times. By means of standard error and standard deviation,
results were determined (Steel and Torrie, 1997).
Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This work was designed for the Synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using leaves of Iresine
herbstii and in the 2nd portion, work was done by its applications for remediation of Reactive
Brown 9 dye. Then these nanoparticles were used to decolorize the Reactive brown 9 dye.

4.1 Determination of λmax for Reactive Brown 9 dye

The solutions concentration can be found by observing the value of absorption. To

perform such spectral analysis, firstly it is necessary to find out the wavelength at which
maximum absorbance is produced. The spectrophotometer is highly sensitive to the absorbance
fluctuations at this wavelength. Therefore, the wavelength that showed the highest absorbance is
normally employed for analysis of experiment. From 360 to 470 nm wavelength range, in the
intervals of 20 nm wavelength, absorbance is noted in order to check the wavelength having
maximum absorbance. In order to calculate the wavelength having highest absorbance, the data
can be graphed. The λ max was found to be 390 nm (evident from the graph below).

12

10

0
360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

Figure 4.1 Determination of λmax by Highest Absorbance for Reactive Brown 9 dye
solution under study
4.2 Characterization of Synthesized MgO nanoparticles using XRD Technique

The prepared nanoparticles was characterized by X-ray diffraction to evaluate its form
and crystal orientation from the diffraction peaks of the proposed features. The XRD study was
performed on a diffractometer at 40 kV with a current voltage of 35 mA with a medium of Cu
exposure (Dawood et al., 2018). In the range of 20-80° using Cu radiation, XRD analysis is
performed. The MgO nanoparticles in XRD studies are shown in Fig. 4.2. The peak at an angle
of 14.23° clearly indicates the formation of the polycrystalline cubic structure of MgO
nanoparticles (Kujur et al., 2018). In the XRD pattern, no other impurity step is found. The
prepared samples are dried in an oven for 3 hours at 400 °C. It tests and studies micro structural
properties. The scale of the MgO nanocrystallite is found to be ~4 nm (Balakrishnan et al.,
2020).

Fig 4.2 XRD Image of MgO NPs

4.3 Optimization conditions for degradation of the Reactive Brown 9 dye in synthetic
wastewater

In current investigation, Reactive brown 9 dye

conditions of several remedies to evaluate the highest degradation percentage of dye under
investigation.
Experimental parameters
1. Conc. of dye in wastewater (0.01-0.05%)                 
2. Conc. of NPs (1-6mg)                                            
3. pH (4-9)
4. Temperature (30-80°C) 

4.3.1 Effect of dye concentration on its decolorization

Concentration of Reactive dye is an important factor for the catalytic water treatment. The
influence of several initial concentrations of dye on catalytic degradation has been researched
from 0.01-0.05%. The increase in initial dye concentration increase the decolourization from
56.54% to 86.65% in 90 min. The maximum decolorization has been occurred at concentration
of 0.02% i.e 92.42%. The decolourization of dye decreased with the increase in its concentration.
The experimental data revealed that the adsorption capacity enhanced with increasing the initial
dye concentration until it reached saturation (Nassar et al., 2019). The increase in the adsorption
capacity with increasing the initial dye concentration may be due to enhancing the driving forces
to overwhelm the resistance of the mass transfer of the dye molecules between the liquid phase
and the solid phase during the adsorption process. The increases concentration of reactive Brown
9 dye, in consequence reduce the path length of photon coming into the synthetic wastewater. At
the high dye concentration considerable quantity of the dye molecule instead of catalyst and this
as well, can decrease catalytic proficiency. My experimental observation was in accordance with
literature (Kale & Kane, 2017; Kamranifar et al., 2018).
Table 4.1 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at different Concentrations

Concentration Time Decolorization Concentratio Time Decolorization

(%) (Min.) (%) n (Min.) (%)
(%)
15 55.43 15 70.76
30 65.54 30 75.87
45 75.45 45 86.65
0.01 0.02*
60 53.79 60 69.76
75 44.87 75 61.87
90 34.65 90 44.76
15 52.76 15 50.89
30 59.56 30 57.76
45 68.65 45 62.54
0.03 0.04
60 61.87 60 55.87
75 57.87 75 43.98
90 50.76 90 33.87
15 42.76

0.05 30 47.87

45 56.54

60 43.65

75 33.45

90 29.54
 80

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.4 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.01% concentration using MgO as a
catalytic agent

100
90
80
70
Decolorization%

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.5 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.02% concentration using MgO
nanoparticles as a catalytic agent
 80

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.6 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.03% concentration using MgO
nanoparticles as a catalytic agent

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.7 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.04% concentration using MgO
nanoparticles as a catalytic agent
 60

50

40
Decolorization%

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.8 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.05% concentration using MgO
nanoparticles as a catalytic agent

100
90

80
70
Decolorization%

60

50
40

30

20
10

0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Dye Concentration(%)

Figure 4.9 Effect of Reactive Brown 9 dye concentration on its decolorization (%) using
MgO nanoparticles as a catalytic agent

4.3.2 Effect of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles on Decolorization

With growing catalyst concentration, which is characteristic of heterogeneous catalysis,

the dye degradation increases. The volume of the catalyst and the aggregation of catalyst
particles in high concentrations of catalyst are also affected by dye degradation. A chain of
experiments was carried out using magnesium oxide nanoparticles at various concentrations
(0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005g/100L) to find the optimum catalyst dose. Above 0.001 g/L of
the dose of MgO nanoparticles, there is no substantial increase in dye decolorization. For
subsequent experiments, 0.003 g/L of MgO nanoparticles was therefore regarded as an optimized
dose of MgO nanoparticles for degradation of the Reactive Brown 9 dye. The increase in the rate
of degradation as catalyst loading increases is due to an increase in the total active surface
region, i.e. the availability of more active catalyst surface sites (Kamranifar et al., 2018). For the
removal of textile anionic dyes such as Reactive Brown 9 dye, the prepared MgO nanostructures
have high adsorption power (Nassar et al., 2016).

Table 4.3.2 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at different levels of Catalyst (MgO
nanoparticles

MgO Time Decolorization MgO Time Decolorization

nanoparticles (Min.) (%) nanoparticles (g) (Min.) (%)
(g)
0.001 15 62.54 0.002 15 76.43
30 69.98 30 70.43
45 78.54 45 85.43
60 58.76 60 68.65
75 51.98 75 61.43
90 45.76 90 57.53
0.003* 15 81.54 0.004 15 71.54
30 87.13 30 76.44
45 92.12 45 81.32
60 76.87 60 65.56
75 72.56 75 61.43
90 68.98 90 58.65
0.005 15 59.34

30 64.67

45 72.54
 60 61.12

75 54.87

90 51.56

90

80

70

60
Decolorization%

50

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.10 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.001g conc. of MgO as a catalyst

90

80

70

60
Decolorization%

50

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.11 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.002g conc. of MgO as a catalyst
 100
90
80
70
Decolorization%

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.12 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.003g conc. of MgO as a catalyst

90

80

70

60
Decolorization%

50

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.13 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.004g conc. of MgO as a catalyst
 80

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.14 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 0.005g conc. of MgO as a catalyst

100
90
80
70
Decolorization%

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0 0 0 0.01
NPs Con.

Figure 4.15 Effect of different amounts of MgO nanoparticles as a catalyst on the

decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye

4.3.3 Effect of pH
We have investigated the effect of the initial pH of the solution on the removal efficiency
of Reactive Brown 9 dye using MgO nanoparticles due to the important influence of pH on the
efficiency of the adsorption process (Nassar et al., 2016). With an increase in pH, the
degradation performance improves and the highest decolorization value for the 60 mint MgO
catalyst is 95.87 percent. For 90 min, the experimental phase was performed. The highest almost
obtained degradation proficiency at pH 4. The normal value of pH has therefore been taken as an
optimum decolorization value and this indicates catalysts color removal skills as a function of pH
(Muhammad et al., 2016). By taking into account the surface charge of the MgO nanoparticles
and the dye molecules at different pH values, this behavior can be clarified. The particles of the
adsorbent surfaces would possibly be filled at lower pH values by protons forming positively
charged particles (Silva et al., 2019). The ideal contact time for the dyes was selected to be 60
minutes because at that time the adsorption process hit the balance and remained constant for
some time (Nassar et al., 2016).

Table 4.3 Decolorization of reactive brown 9 dye at different pH using MgO as Catalyst

pH Time Decolorization (%) pH Time (Min.) Decolorization (%)

(Min.)
15 80.43 15 52.54
30 84.65 30 59.43
45 87.54 45 64.54
4* 5
60 95.87 60 75.32
75 84.54 75 61.76
90 80.65 90 52.87
15 44.05 15 31.43
30 49.45 30 38.54
45 51.45 45 42.76
6 7
60 57.33 60 48.54
75 45.86 75 30.43
90 33.28 90 22.43
15 16.76

8 30 19.43

45 23.32

60 32.54

75 22.76
 90 18.54

100

95

90
Decolorization%

85

80

75

70
15 30 45 60 75 90

Time(mint)

Figure 4.16 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at pH 4 using MgO catalyst

80

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)
Figure 4.17 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at pH 5 using MgO catalyst

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.18 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at pH 6 using MgO catalyst

60

50

40
Decolorization%

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.19 De-colorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at pH 7 using MgO catalyst

 35

30

25
Decolorization%

20

15

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.20 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at pH 8 using MgO catalyst

100
90
80
70
Decolorization%

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4 5 6 7 8
Time(mint)

Figure 4.21 Effect of pH on the decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye using MgO
nanoparticles as a catalytic agent

4.4.4 Effect of Temperature

 It was observed that the rate of decolorization of reactive dyes rises up to the optimal
temperature and after that a border-line decrease in dye degradation (Satar and Husain, 2009).
This whole experiment was done under the optimized parameters such as pH was 4-5, dose of
MgO catalyst was 0.003g/L, amount of reactive Brown 9 dye was 0.02 %. The temperature
effect at different values such as 30 ˚C to 80 ˚C with an interval of 15, temperature influence in
the Reactive Brown 9 dye degradation was studied, respectively. The experimental process was
performed for 90 min. From Table 4.4, it was determined that highest degradation was 95.76%
was observed at 40 ˚C. In this treatment process decolorization proficiency of reactive Brown 9
dye slowly reduced as the temperature increased. Hence, the experimental results indicate that
the adsorption of Reactive Brown 9 dye on MgO nano-adsorbent is an exothermic process and
the reduction in the adsorption rate on raising the temperature may be due to that the dye
molecules tend to leave the solid phase and escape to liquid phase at higher temperatures
(Nassar et al., 2016). There is a decrease in adsorption potential at higher temperatures, possibly
because of the phase transformation with temperature elevation, which contributes to a decline in
the surface area (Lafta, 2015).

Table 4.4 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye by using MgO Nanoparticles as a catalyst
at different levels of temperature

T(˚C) Time(Mint) Decolorization (˚C) Time(Mint) Decolorization

(%) (%)
15 45.65 15 78.23
30 49.87 30 82.54
30 45 56.32 40* 45 89.43
60 64.54 60 95.76
75 53.54 75 76.98
90 49.32 90 65.53
15 61.65 15 43.65
30 67.43 30 49.32
50 45 70.98 60 45 53.65
60 75.65 60 65.69
75 54.34 75 51.34
90 50.65 90 47.98
15 39.65 15 32.43
30 43.76 80 30 38.16
70 45 48.65 45 47.44
 60 56.87 60 52.76
75 44.57 75 43.76
90 40.98 90 39.76

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.22 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 30˚C temperature using MgO NPs
as a catalyst
120

100

80
Decolorization%

60

40

20

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)
Figure 4.23 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 40˚C temperature using MgO NPs
as a catalyst
80

70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.24 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 50˚C temperature using MgO as
catalyst
70

60

50
Decolorization%

40

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.25 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 60˚C temperature using MgO as a
catalyst
 60

50

40
Decolorization%

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.26 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 70˚C temperature using MgO as a
catalyst
60

50

40
Decolorization%

30

20

10

0
15 30 45 60 75 90
Time(mint)

Figure 4.27 Decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye at 80˚C temperature using MgO as a
catalyst
 120

100

80
Decolorization%

60

40

20

0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Time(mint)

Figure 4.28 Effect of Temperature on decolorization of Reactive Brown 9 dye employing

MgO nanoparticles as a catalytic agent

4.4 Total Dissolve Solids (TDS)

Inorganic salts (primarily calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates,
chlorides, and sulphates) and some minor quantities of organic matter that are dissolved in water
form total dissolved solids (TDS). TDS in drinking water comes from natural sources, drainage,
urban run-off, municipal wastewater, and chemicals used in the process of water treatment.
Gravimetric analysis and conductivity are the two primary methods of calculating total dissolved
solids. The most reliable are gravimetric approaches, which include evaporating the liquid
solvent and calculating the mass of residues remaining. This process is normally the finest, even
though it is time-consuming.
3.9.1 Method of calculating Total Dissolve Solid
There are a number of ways of calculating TDS. The best thing is to filter the sample of
water and then evaporate it in a pre-weighed dish at 180 °C until the weight of the dish no longer
varies. The TDS reflects the increase in weight of the dish, and it is recorded in mg/L. From the
electrical conductivity of the sample, the TDS of a water sample can also be determined
precisely via a linear correlation equation that depends on the real conductivity. Finally,
calculating individual ions and simply adding them together will measure TDS (Greenberg et al.,
1985).
Calculation
To calculate total Dissolve solids, the following formula was used
Total Dissolve solids in mg/L = (w1- w2) × 1000/ sample volume in ml
Where:
W1 = weight of filter paper + dried residue (mg)
W2 = weight of filter paper (mg)
4.5 Study of Mineralization 
To inspect the COD and TOC of treated Brown 9 treatment samples using MgO
nanoparticles as a catalyst by using investigating the high-quality warranty parameters for water
to locate their casting effectiveness. It was performed for the treated Reactive Brown 9 dye
answer turned into as compared to the COD and TOC estimates, which brought about a slow
growth inside the removal of each the Charter of Democracy and the TOC (٪) which improved
the response time. Indicates development in minerals. In cataract remedy, COD reduction (٪) and
TOC had been eighty four.35% and 83.24%, respectively. Therefore, it may be expected that
NPs now not simplest get rid of color however additionally lessen the COD and TOC of the
answer to ensure color digestion (Kale & Kane, 2018).
 Fig. 4.25: Effect of catalytic process contact time on water quality parameters

Chapter 5

SUMMARY

Present research work was the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles from the leaves extract of
Iresine herbstii and its remediation for the removal of Reactive Brown 9 dye. Now a days the
approach of nanotechnology by green synthesis seems to be cost effective, ecofriendly and most
promising area of research in modern medical sciences. After the synthesis of MgO-NPs, the
characterization was done by XRD. Then maximum wavelength was measured by using
spectrophotometer and that is 390nm. Now check the different quality assurance parameters like
dye concentration, NP concentration, pH and temperature for the removal of Reactive Brown 9
dye in order to apply the MgO nanoparticles. The maximum decolorization was observed at
concentration of 0.02 %, pH 4, at 40 ᵒC temperature and catalyst dose was 0.003 g/L. COD and
TOC were found to be 84.35 % and 83.24 % respectively.

Conclusion 
Leave extract of Iresine herbstii is used for the synthesis of magnesium oxide
nanoparticles which further apply on wastewater to remove Reactive Brown 9 dye from it.
Maximum decolorization was observed at concentration of 0.02 %, pH 4, at 40ᵒC temperature
and catalyst dose was 0.003g/L. COD and TOC were found to be 84.35 % and 83.24 %
respectively.