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CHAPTER 14

2  MATERIAL-SPECIFIC SEISMIC DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

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3  14.0 Scope

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4  Structural elements, including foundation elements, shall conform to the material design and
detailing requirements set forth in this chapter or as otherwise specified for nonbuilding

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6  structures in Tables 15.4-1 and 15.4-2.

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7  14.1 Steel

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Structures, including foundations, constructed of steel to resist seismic loads shall be designed
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9  and detailed in accordance with this standard including the reference documents and additional
requirements provided in this section.
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11  14.1.1 Reference Documents

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12  The design, construction, and quality of steel members that resist seismic forces shall conform to
13  the applicable requirements, as amended herein, of ANSI/AISC 341, ANSI/AISC 360,
14  ANSI/AISI S100, ANSI/AISI S230, ANSI/AISI S240, ANSI/AISI S310, ANSI/AISI S400,
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15  ANSI/SDI-QA/QC, ANSI/SDI-SD, ANSI/SJI-100, ANSI/SJI-200, ASCE 8, and ASCE 19.

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16  14.1.2 Structural Steel

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14.1.2.1 General
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17 

18  The design of structural steel for buildings and structures shall be in accordance with
19  ANSI/AISC 360. Where required, the seismic design of structural steel structures shall be in
20  accordance with the additional provisions of Section 14.1.2.2.

21  14.1.2.2 Seismic Requirements for Structural Steel Structures

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 1  The design of structural steel structures to resist seismic forces shall be in accordance with the
2  provisions of Section 14.1.2.2.1 or 14.1.2.2.2, as applicable.

3  14.1.2.2.1 Seismic Design Categories B and C. Structural steel structures assigned to Seismic
4  Design Category B or C shall be of any construction permitted by the applicable reference

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5  documents in Section 14.1.1. Where a response modification coefficient, R , is used in
6  accordance with Table 12.2-1 for the design of structural steel structures assigned to Seismic
Design Category B or C, the structures shall be designed and detailed in accordance with the

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8  requirements of AISC 341.

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9  EXCEPTION: The response modification coefficient, R , designated for “steel systems not
10  specifically detailed for seismic resistance, excluding cantilever column systems,” in Table 12.2-
11  1 shall be permitted for systems designed and detailed in accordance with AISC 360 and need
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not be designed and detailed in accordance with AISC 341.
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13  14.1.2.2.2 Seismic Design Categories D through F. Structural steel structures assigned to
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14  Seismic Design Category D, E, or F shall be designed and detailed in accordance with AISC 341,
15  except as permitted in Table 15.4-1.
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16  14.1.3 Cold-Formed Steel

17  14.1.3.1 General

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18  The design of cold-formed carbon or low-alloy steel structural members shall be in accordance
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19  with the requirements of AISI S100, and the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural
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20  members shall be in accordance with the requirements of ASCE 8. Where required, the seismic
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21  design of cold-formed steel structures shall be in accordance with the additional provisions of
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22  Section 14.1.3.2.

23  14.1.3.2 Seismic Requirements for Cold-Formed Steel Structures

24  Where a response modification coefficient, R , in accordance with Table 12.2-1, is used for the
25  design of cold-formed steel structures, the structures shall be designed and detailed in accordance
26  with the requirements of AISI S100, ASCE 8, and AISI S400, as applicable.

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 1  14.1.4 Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction

2  14.1.4.1 General

3  Cold-formed steel light-frame construction shall be designed in accordance with AISI S240.
Where required, the seismic design of cold-formed steel light-frame construction shall be in

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5  accordance with the additional provisions of Section 14.1.4.2.

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6  14.1.4.2 Seismic Requirements for Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction

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7  The design of cold-formed steel light-frame construction to resist seismic forces shall be in

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8  accordance with the provisions of Section 14.1.4.2.1 or 14.1.4.2.2, as applicable.

9  14.1.4.2.1 Seismic Design Categories B and C. Where a response modification coefficient, R , in

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accordance with Table 12.2-1 is used for the design of cold-formed steel light-frame construction
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11  assigned to Seismic Design Category B or C, the structures shall be designed and detailed in
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12  accordance with the requirements of AISI S400.

13  EXCEPTION: The response modification coefficient, R , designated for “steel systems not
14  specifically detailed for seismic resistance, excluding cantilever column systems,” in Table 12.2-
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15  1 shall be permitted for systems designed and detailed in accordance with AISI S240 and need
16  not be designed and detailed in accordance with AISI S400.
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17  14.1.4.2.2 Seismic Design Categories D through F. Cold-formed steel light-frame construction
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18  structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E, or F shall be designed and detailed in
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19  accordance with AISI S400.

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20  14.1.4.3 Prescriptive Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction

21  Cold-formed steel light-frame construction for one- and two-family dwellings is permitted to be
22  designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of AISI S230 subject to the
23  limitations therein.

24  14.1.5 Cold-Formed Steel Deck Diaphragms

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 1  Cold-formed steel deck diaphragms shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of
2  AISI S100, AISI S240, ANSI/SDI-SD, or ASCE 8, as applicable. Nominal strengths shall be
3  determined in accordance with AISI S310. The required strength of diaphragms, including
4  bracing members that form part of the diaphragm, shall be determined in accordance with
5  Section 12.10. Where required by this standard, special seismic detailing requirements shall be in

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6  accordance with AISI S400. Special inspections and qualification of welding special inspectors
7  for cold-formed steel floor and roof deck shall be in accordance with the quality assurance

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8  inspection requirements of ANSI/SDI-QA/QC.

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9  14.1.6 Concrete-Filled Steel Deck Diaphragms

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10  Concrete-filled steel deck diaphragms shall be of any construction permitted by the applicable
11  reference documents in Section 14.1.1. Where a Diaphragm Design Force Reduction Factor, Rs,
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in accordance with Table 12.10-1 is used for design, the concrete-filled steel deck diaphragm and
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13  shear transfer to structural steel members shall be designed and detailed in accordance with the
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14  requirements of AISC 341.

15  14.1.7 Open Web Steel Joists and Joist Girders

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16  The design, manufacture, and use of open web steel joists and joist girders shall be in accordance
17  with SJI-100 and SJI-200, as applicable.
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18  14.1.8 Steel Cables

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19  The design strength of steel cables serving as main structural load carrying members shall be
20  determined by the requirements of ASCE 19.
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21  14.1.9 Additional Detailing Requirements for Steel Piles in Seismic Design Categories D
22  through F

23  In addition to the foundation requirements set forth in Sections 12.1.5 and 12.13, design and
24  detailing of H-piles shall conform to the requirements of AISC 341, and the connection between
25  the pile cap and steel piles or unfilled steel pipe piles in structures assigned to Seismic Design

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 1  Category D, E, or F shall be designed for a tensile force not less than 10% of the pile
2  compression capacity.

3  EXCEPTION: Connection tensile capacity need not exceed the strength required to resist the
4  seismic load effects including overstrength of Section 12.4.3 or 12.14.3.2. Connections need not

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5  be provided where the foundation or supported structure does not rely on the tensile capacity of
6  the piles for stability under the design seismic forces.

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7  14.2 Concrete

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Structures, including foundations, constructed of concrete to resist seismic loads shall be

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9  designed and detailed in accordance with this standard, including the reference documents and
10  additional requirements provided in this section.

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14.2.1 Reference Documents
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12  The quality and testing of concrete materials and the design and construction of structural
13  concrete members that resist seismic forces shall conform to the requirements of ACI 318,
14  except as modified in Section 14.2.2.
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15  14.2.2 Modifications to ACI 318

16  The text of ACI 318 shall be modified as indicated in Sections 14.2.2.1 through 14.2.2.7. Italics
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are used for text within Sections 14.2.2.1 through 14.2.2.7 to indicate requirements that differ
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from ACI 318.
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14.2.2.1 Definitions
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20  Add the following definitions to ACI 318, Section 2.3.

21  Cast-In-Place Concrete Equivalent Precast Diaphragm: A cast-in-place noncomposite

22  topping slab diaphragm, as defined in ACI 318, Section 18.12.5, or a diaphragm constructed with
23  precast concrete components that uses closure strips between precast components with detailing
24  that meets the requirements of ACI 318 for the seismic design category of the structure.

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 1  Detailed Plain Concrete Structural Wall: A wall complying with the requirements of ACI 318,
2  Chapter 14.

3  Ordinary Precast Structural Wall: A precast wall complying with the requirements of ACI
4  318 excluding Chapters 14, 18, and 27.

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5  Precast Concrete Diaphragm: A diaphragm constructed with precast concrete components,
6  with or without a cast-in-place topping, that includes the use of discrete connectors or joint

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7  reinforcement to transmit diaphragm forces.

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9  14.2.2.2 ACI 318, Section 10.7.6

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Modify Section 10.7.6 by revising Section 10.7.6.1.5 to read as follows:
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11  10.7.6.1.5 In structures assigned to Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, or F, the ties or hoops
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12  shall have a hook on each free end that complies with Section 25.3.4.

13  14.2.2.3 Scope

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14  Modify ACI 318, Section 18.2.1.2, to read as follows:

15  18.2.1.2 All members shall satisfy requirements of Chapters 1 to 17 and 19 to 26. Structures
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16  assigned to SDC B, C, D, E, or F also shall satisfy Section 18.2.1.3 through 18.2.1.7, as
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17  applicable, except as modified by the requirements of Chapters 14 and 15 of ASCE 7. Where ACI
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18  318, Chapter 18, conflicts with other ACI 318 chapters, Chapter 18 shall govern.
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19  14.2.2.4 Intermediate Precast Structural Walls

20  Modify ACI 318, Section 18.5, by renumbering Sections 18.5.2.2 and 18.5.2.3 to Sections
21  18.5.2.3 and 18.5.2.4, respectively, and adding a new Section 18.5.2.2 to read as follows:

22  18.5.2.2 Connections that are designed to yield shall be capable of maintaining 80% of their
23  design strength at the deformation induced by design displacement, or shall use type 2
24  mechanical splices.

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 1  18.5.2.3 For elements of the connection that are not designed to yield, the required strength
2  shall be based on 1.5 Sy of the yielding portion of the connection.

3  18.5.2.4 In structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, wall piers shall be designed in accordance

4  with 18.10.8 or 18.14.

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5  14.2.2.5 Special Precast Structural Walls

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6  Modify ACI 318, Section 18.11.2.1, to read as follows:

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7  18.11.2.1 Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete shall satisfy 18.10 in

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8  addition to 18.5.2 as modified by Section 14.2.2 of ASCE 7, except 18.10.2.4 shall not apply for
9  precast walls where deformation demands are concentrated at the panel joints.

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14.2.2.6 Foundations
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11  Modify ACI 318, Section 18.13.1.1, to read as follows:
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12  18.13.1.1 Section 18.13, as modified by Sections 12.1.5 or 12.13 of ASCE 7, shall apply to
13  foundations resisting earthquake-induced forces or transferring earthquake-induced forces
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14  between structure and ground.

15  14.2.2.7 Detailed Plain Concrete Shear Walls

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Modify ACI 318, Section 14.6, by adding a new Section 14.6.2 to read:
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17  ACI 318 Section 14.6.2 Detailed Plain Concrete Shear Walls
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18  14.6.2.1 Detailed plain concrete shear walls are walls conforming to the requirements for
19  ordinary plain concrete shear walls and Section 14.6.2.2.

20  14.6.2.2 Reinforcement shall be provided as follows:

21  (a) Vertical reinforcement of at least 0.20 in2 (129 mm2) in cross-sectional area shall be
22  provided continuously from support to support at each corner, at each side of each opening,

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 1  and at the ends of walls. The continuous vertical bar required beside an opening is permitted
2  to substitute for the No. 5 bar required by Section 11.7.5.1.
3  (b) Horizontal reinforcement of at least 0.20 in2 (129 mm2) in cross-sectional area shall be
4  provided:
5  1. Continuously at structurally connected roof and floor levels and at the top of walls;

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6  2. At the bottom of load-bearing walls or in the top of foundations where doweled to the
7  wall; and

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8  3. At a maximum spacing of 120 in. (3,048 mm).

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9  Reinforcement at the top and bottom of openings, where used in determining the maximum

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10  spacing specified in item 3 in the preceding text, shall be continuous in the wall.

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14.3 Composite Steel and Concrete Structures
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13  Structures, including foundations, constructed of composite steel and concrete to resist seismic
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14  loads shall be designed and detailed in accordance with this standard, including the reference
15  documents and additional requirements provided in this section.
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16  14.3.1 Reference Documents

17  The design, construction, and quality of composite steel and concrete members that resist seismic
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18  forces shall conform to the applicable requirements of AISC 341, AISC 360, and ACI 318,
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19  excluding Chapter 14.

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20  14.3.2 General

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21  Systems of structural steel acting compositely with reinforced concrete shall be designed in
22  accordance with AISC 360 and ACI 318, excluding Chapter 14. Where required, the seismic
23  design of composite steel and concrete systems shall be in accordance with the additional
24  provisions of Section 14.3.3.

25  14.3.3 Seismic Requirements for Composite Steel and Concrete Structures

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 1  Where a response modification coefficient, R , in accordance with Table 12.2-1 is used for the
2  design of systems of structural steel acting compositely with reinforced concrete, the structures
3  shall be designed and detailed in accordance with the requirements of AISC 341.

4  14.3.4 Metal-Cased Concrete Piles

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5  Metal-cased concrete piles shall be designed and detailed in accordance with ACI 318.

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6  14.4 Masonry

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7  Structures, including foundations, constructed of masonry to resist seismic loads shall be

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8  designed and detailed in accordance with this standard, including the references and additional
9  requirements provided in this section.

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14.4.1 Reference Documents
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11  The design, construction, and quality assurance of masonry members that resist seismic forces
12  shall conform to the requirements of TMS 402 and TMS 602, except as modified by Section
13  14.4.
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14  14.4.2 R Factors

15  To qualify for the response modification coefficients, R , set forth in this standard, the
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requirements of TMS 402 and TMS 602, as amended in subsequent sections, shall be satisfied.
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17  Special reinforced masonry shear walls designed in accordance with Section 8.3 or 9.3 of TMS
18  402 shall also comply with the additional requirements in Section 14.4.4 or 14.4.5.
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19  14.4.3 Modifications to Chapter 7 of TMS 402

20  14.4.3.1 Separation Joints

21  Add the following new Section 7.5.1 to TMS 402:

22  7.5.1 Separation Joints. Where concrete abuts structural masonry and the joint between the
23  materials is not designed as a separation joint, the concrete shall be roughened so that the

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 1  average height of aggregate exposure is 0.125 in. (3 mm) and shall be bonded to the masonry in
2  accordance with these requirements as if it were masonry. Vertical joints not intended to act as
3  separation joints shall be crossed by horizontal reinforcement as required by Section 5.1.1.2.

4  14.4.4 Modifications to Chapter 6 of TMS 402

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5  14.4.4.1 Reinforcement Requirements and Details

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6  14.4.4.1.1 Reinforcing Bar Size Limitations. Modify TMS 402, Section 6.1.2, as follows.

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7  Delete TMS 402, Section 6.1.2.1 and replace with:

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8  6.1.2.1 Reinforcing bars used in masonry shall not be larger than No. 9 (M#29).

9  Delete TMS 402, Section 6.1.2.2 and replace with:

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10  6.1.2.2 The nominal bar diameter shall not exceed one-quarter of the least clear dimension of the
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11  cell, course, or collar joint in which it is placed.

12  Add the following sentence to the end of TMS 402, Section 6.1.2.4:
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13  The area of reinforcing bars placed in a cell or in a course of hollow unit construction shall not
14  exceed 4% of the cell area.

15  14.4.4.1.2 Splices in Reinforcement. Add the following new Sections 6.1.6.1.1.4 and 6.1.6.1.2.1
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16  to TMS 402:

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17  6.1.6.1.1.4 Where M/Vudv exceeds 1.5 and the seismic load associated with the development of
18  the nominal shear capacity exceeds 80% of the seismic load associated with development of the
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19  nominal flexural capacity, lap splices shall not be used in plastic hinge zones of special
20  reinforced masonry shear walls. The length of the plastic hinge zone shall be taken as at least
21  0.15 times the distance between the point of zero moment and the point of maximum moment.

22  6.1.6.1.2.1 Where M/Vudv exceeds 1.5 and the seismic load associated with the development of
23  the nominal shear capacity exceeds 80% of the seismic load associated with development of the
24  nominal flexural capacity, welded splices shall not be permitted in plastic hinge zones of special
25  reinforced walls of masonry.

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 1  14.4.5 Modifications to Chapter 9 of TMS 402

2  14.4.5.1 Anchoring to Masonry

3  Add the following as the first paragraph in TMS 402, Section 9.1.6:

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4  9.1.6 Anchor Bolts Embedded in Grout. Anchorage assemblies connecting masonry elements
5  that are part of the seismic force-resisting system to diaphragms and chords shall be designed so

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6  that the strength of the anchor is governed by steel tensile or shear yielding. Alternatively, the

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7  anchorage assembly is permitted to be designed so that it is governed by masonry breakout or

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8  anchor pullout, provided the anchorage assembly is designed to resist not less than 2.0 times the
9  factored forces transmitted by the assembly.

10  14.4.5.2 Coupling Beams

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11  Add the following new Section 9.3.4.2.5 to TMS 402:
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12  9.3.4.2.5 Coupling Beams. Structural members that provide coupling between shear walls shall
13  be designed to reach their moment or shear nominal strength before either shear wall reaches its
14  moment or shear nominal strength. Analysis of coupled shear walls shall comply with accepted
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15  principles of mechanics.

16  The design shear strength, φVn, of the coupling beams shall satisfy the following criterion:
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17  φ𝑉 1.4𝑉
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18  where
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19  M1, M2 = Nominal moment strength at the ends of the beam;

20  Lc = Length of the beam between the shear walls; and

21  Vg = Unfactored shear force caused by gravity loads.

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 1  The calculation of the nominal flexural moment shall include the reinforcement in reinforced
2  concrete roof and floor systems. The width of the reinforced concrete used for calculations of
3  reinforcement shall be six times the floor or roof slab thickness.

4  14.4.6 Modifications to Chapter 12 of TMS 402

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5  14.4.6.1 Corrugated Sheet Metal Anchors

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6  Add Section 12.2.2.11.1.1 to TMS 402 as follows:

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7  12.2.2.11.1.1 Corrugated sheet metal anchors shall not be used.

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8  14.5 Wood

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Structures, including foundations, constructed of wood to resist seismic loads shall be designed
and detailed in accordance with this standard including the references and additional
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11  requirements provided in this section.
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12  14.5.1 Reference Documents

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13  The quality, testing, design, and construction of members and their fastenings in wood systems
14  that resist seismic forces shall conform to the requirements of the applicable following reference
15  documents: AWC NDS and AWC SDPWS.
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16  14.6 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents

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17  See Chapter 23 for the list of consensus standards and other documents that shall be considered
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18  part of this standard to the extent referenced in this chapter.

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