SETS

1) If A and B are any two sets, then A U ( A ∩ B ) is equal to

a) A b) AC c) B d) BC
Sol: Option: (A)
A∩B≤A
AU(A∩B)=AUA
=A
2) What is the Cartesian product of A = { 1 , 2 } and B = { a , b } ?
a) { (1,a) (1,b) (2,a) (b,b) } c) { (1,a) (2,a) (1,b) (2,b) }
b) { (1,1) (2,2) (a,a) (b,b) } d) { (1,1) (a,a) (2,a) (1,b) }
Sol: Option: (C)
A subset R of the Cartesian product A X B is a relation from the set A to the set B
Therefore, { (1,a) (2,a) (1,b) (2,b) }
3) The number of elements in power set P ( S ) of the set S = { [Φ],1,[2,3] }
a) 2 b) 4 c) 8 d) None of the above
Sol: Option: (C)

Number of elements in power set = 2n

= 23 ( Given cardinality of S = 3 )

= 8
4) Which of the following is true ?
a) ( A – B ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ) = A c) ( A – B ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ) = B
b) ( A – B ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ) = Φ d) ( A – B ) ∩ ( A ∩ B ) = A – B
Sol: Option: (B)
By Venn diagram:
A-B

B-A
A B
A∩B

(A–B)∩(A∩B)=Φ
5) Let P ( S ) denotes the power set of the set S , the dual of the lattice ( P(S), ⊆ ) is
a) Doesn’t exist b) ( P(S), ⊆ ) c) ( P(S), ⊇ ) d) ( S,⊇)
Sol: Option: (C)
Dual of lattice can be obtained by interchanging V ¢ Л and ⊆ with ⊇
6) In a room containing 35 people, there are 15 people who speak Hindi, 19 people who
speak Telugu and 22 people who speak Kannada , 10 persons who speak Hindi & Telugu,
11 persons speak both Telugu and Kannada whereas 15 persons speak both Kannada and
English. How many people speak all the three languages ?
a) 6 b) 9 c) 12 d) 15
Sol: Option: (D)
Given, to find n ( H ∩ T ∩ K )
n ( H U T U K ) = n( H ) + n( T ) + n( K ) – n( H ∩ T ) – n( T ∩ K ) – n( K ∩ H ) + n ( H ∩ T ∩ K )
n ( H ∩ T ∩ K ) = n ( H U T U K ) – { n( H ) + n( T ) + n( K ) – n( H ∩ T ) – n( T ∩ K ) – n( K ∩ H ) }
= 35 – { 15+19+22-10-11-15 }
= 35- { 56-36 }
= 15

7) If A,B,C are subsets of universal set U then ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) U ( AI ∩ B ∩ C ) U BI U CI is ?

a) BI U CI b) A U BI U CI c) AI U BI U CI d) U

Sol: Option: (D)

Venn diagram:

A A
B

B C C

A∩B∩C AI ∩ B ∩ C

B C
A A

C B

CI BI

Union of these sets is Universal set

 RELATIONS
8) Let A = { a,b,c,d } which of the following is not true ?

a) R1 = { (a,a) (c,c) } is Symmetric, Anti-Symmetric and Transitive on A

b) R2 = { (a,b) (b,a) (a,c) (c,a) (c,d) } is Symmetric and Anti-Symmetric

c) R3 = { (b,c) (c,b) (d,d) } is Symmetric but not Anti-Symmetric

d) R4 = { (a,b) (b,c) (c,c) } is Anti-Symmetric but not Symmetric

Sol:

A: R1 = { (a,a) (c,c) }
Symmetric:
It fails only when if element of type (a,b) is present and (b,a) doesn’t
present. Other than this remaining all are Symmetric, So it is Symmetric.
Anti-Symmetric:
It fails when elements of type (a,b) & (b,a) are present. So it is Anti-
Symmetric.
Transitive:
It fails when elements of type (a,b) (b,c) present & (a,c) is not present.
Given (a,a) (c,c) is transitive.

B: R2 = { (a,b) (b,a) (a,c) (c,a) (c,d) }

It is not symmetric because there is no symmetry for (c,d)
It is not anti-symmetric because symmetry elements are present i.e., (a,b) (b,a)
& (a,c) (c,a)

C: R3 = { (b,c) (c,b) (d,d) }

It is symmetry because we have symmetry for (b,c) as (c,b) and (d,d) is
symmetry.
It is not anti-symmetry because we have symmetry elements.

D: R4 = { (a,b) (b,c) (c,c) }

It is anti-symmetry because we don’t have symmetric elements
It is not symmetric because there is no symmetric pair for (a,b}

9) Let A = { a,b,c } and a relation on set A is defined as S = { (a,b) (b,c) (a,c) (c,c) (a,a) (b,a)
} which of the following is true ?
a) R Is equivalence relation
b) R is Irreflexive relation ( or ) Anti-symmetric
c) R is Symmetric ( or ) Asymmetric relation
d) R is Transitive
 Sol:
Given S = { (a,b) (b,c) (a,c) (c,c) (a,a) (b,a) }
A: It is not reflexive because we don’t have (b,b) in S. So it is not equivalence.
B: It is not irreflexive because we have (a,a) (c,c) in S and it not anti-symmetric
because we have symmetry for (q,b) as (b,a).
C: It is not symmetric because we don’t have symmetry for (a,c) and it is not
asymmetry because we have (a,a) (c,c).
D: It is transitive because set S satisfies transitive property.
10) Let A = {7,11,2} , R = { (7,7) (7,11) (11,11) (2,2) (11,2) (11,7) } the relation R is ?
a) Equivalence
b) Reflexive, not symmetric and not transitive
c) Reflexive, not symmetric and transitive
d) None of these
Sol: Option: (B)
R = { (7,7) (7,11) (11,11) (2,2) (11,2) (11,7) }
It is reflexive because set R contains all (x,x) ∈ A
It is not transitive because it doesn’t have (7,2) for (7,11) and (11,2)
It is not symmetric because we don’t have symmetry for (11,2)

11) Let P is a relation on R X R defined as P = { (a,b) ∈ R2 / ( a2 + b2 ) = 1 } then which of the

following is true ?
a) P is equivalence relation
b) P forms a lattice
c) P is a partial order relation
d) P is not an equivalence relation
Sol: Suppose if we consider (1,0) & (0,1), it satisfies given relation P

[Since, 12 + 0 2= 1,

02 + 12 = 1]

But for (1,1) it doesn’t satisfy the given relation P

∴ Transitivity doesn’t hold.

12) If a binary relation R on set S is reflexive, Anti-symmetric and transitive then R is,
a) Equivalence relation c) Totally ordered
b) Partially ordered d) None of these
Sol: Option: (B)
By definition of partial order
13) A Boolean algebra is only a
a) Complemented group c) Distributive poset
b) Complemented & distributive set d) Complemented & distributive lattice
 Sol: Option: (D)
In order to be Boolean Algebra it should be complemented and distributive lattice.
14) Let a relation R be defined on the set of all real numbers by a R b <=> 1 + ab > 0 thus R
is ?
a) Reflexive. Transitive but not Symmetric
b) Reflexive. Symmetric but not Transitive
c) Symmetric, Transitive but not Reflexive
d) An equivalence relation
Sol: Option: (B)
1: 1 + ab > 0

1 + (0)(a) = 1+ a2 > 0

∴ (a,a) ∈ R
R is reflexive
2: Let (a,b) € R => 1 + ab > 0

=> 1 + ba > 0 => (b,a) ∈ R

∴R is symmetric

3: Let (a,b)€R => 1+ ab>0 and

(b,c)€R=> 1+bc>0 then

(a,c)€R=> 1+ac is not always greater than zero(over R) , so fails

in transitive.

Case: a is negative and c is positive or a is positive and c is negative but b

should be 0

In the above case, the transitivity always fails.

Ex:

Let (-1,0)€R=> 1+(-1)*0=1 > 0 and

(0,1)€R => 1+ 0*1=1 > 0 then

(-1,1)€R=> 1+ (-1)*1= 0 Is not greater than zero.

So transitivity fails.
 PARTIAL
15)The Poset [ { 2,3,6,9,18,24 } ] is
a) Join semi but not meet semi lattice
b) Meet semi lattice but not join
c) A lattice
d) Neither a join nor meet semi lattice
Sol: Option: (D)
POSET Diagram:
18 24

6 9

2 3
From above poset diagram, we are having 2 minimal elements & 2 maximal
elements.
Since for 2 minimal elements they will not be GLB & for 2 maximal elements they
will not be LUB
16)The poset diagram of a poset P= { a,b,c,d,e,f } is shown below
f
d e

b c

a
Which of the following is not true ?
a) P is a lattice
b) The subset { b,c,e,d } of P is a lattice
c) The poset { a,b,e,f } of P is a lattice
d) The subset { a,b,c,e } of P is a lattice.
Sol: Option: (B)
Explanation:
A: From the poset diagram , we are having one LUB & GLB value.

∴P is a lattice

B: { b,c,d,e }

d e

b c
 From the above poset diagram, we are having 2 maximal value & 2 minimal
value
So for 2 maximal value & 2 minimal value we don’t have Greatest Lower Bound
(GLB) & Least Upper Bound (LUB) values.

∴P is not a lattice

C: { a,b,e,f }
f

b e
a
From the above poset diagram f has Least Upper Bound (LUB) value & a has
Greatest Lower Bound (GLB) value.

∴P is a lattice

D: { a,b,c,e }

b c
a
From the above poset diagram we are having 1 (GLB) value ‘a’ & 1 LUB value
‘f’. So given subset of P is a lattice.
17) Which of the following is not a distributive lattice ?
a) [ P(A); ⊆ ] where A = { a,b,c,d,e }

b) [ D27 ; 1 ]

c) [ R ; ≤ ] R is a set of real numbers

d) [ { 1,2,3,5,30 } ; 1]
Sol: Option: (D)
Explanation: If we have to test whether the lattice is distributive (or) we need to

check L1*, L2* are not sub lattices of given lattice.

A: [ P(A); ⊆ ] A = { a,b,c,d,e }
P(A) is power set of 4. We know that “ Join “ of 2 elements is nothing but “
Union “ & “ Meet “ of 2 elements is “ Intersection “
We know that on a set of all sets “ Union is distributive over Intersection “ and
“ Intersection is distributive over Union “ since this distributive property holds good on
set of any sets.

∴ [ P(A); ⊆ ] is distributive lattice

B: [ D27 ; 1 ]
 D27 means set of all divisions of 27. { 1,3,9,27 }

Poset diagram:
27
9
3
1
Here 1 divides 3, 3 divides 9, 9 divides 27. It is a total order. We know that every total
order is distributive.
IMP Property:

For any [ Dn ; 1 ] where n is +ve integer, Dn is distributive lattice.

C: [ R ; ≤ ]
R is a set of all real numbers. It is also total order contains all integers we
know total order is distributive lattice..

2
1
0
-1
-2

e) D: [ { 1,2,3,5,30 } ; 1] Hasse diagram is below

30

2 3 5

1
This is nothing but L1*. Because 2 is having 3 and 5 as complement, 3 & 5

having 2 complements. Since they are having more than 1 complement it is not
distributive lattice.
18) For the lattice given below. How many compliments does the element B have ?
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
 g
e f

b c

Sol: Option: (B)

Explanation: For the given poset diagram

GLB = a

LUB = g

Element ‘ b ‘ doesn’t have ‘ g ‘ as complement because they join at “g” but do not
meet “a” as their meet (b,g) Is “b”. similarly b doesn’t have d, e,c & a as complement.

For (b,f) they meet at “a” & join of b and f is g. so f is complement of b.

∴ We have 1 complements

19) Which of the following is a Boolean algebra ?

a) [ D49 ; 1 ] b) [ D70 ; 1 ] c) [ D84 ; 1 ] d) [ D16 ; 1 ]

Sol: Option: (B)

Explanation:

A: [ D49 ; 1 ]

D49 contains set of all divisors of 49. i.e., { 1,7,49 }

This is not Boolean algebra because one of divisions 49 is perfect square,

B: [ D70 ; 1 ] => D70 = { 1,2,5,7,10,14,35,70 }

This set of divisions in D70 is Boolean algebra because it doesn’t contain

perfect square.

C: [ D84 ; 1 ] => D84 = { 1,2,4,6,7,12,14,21,28,42,84 }

This is not Boolean algebra because 4 has perfect square,

D: [ D16 ; 1 ] => D84 = { 1,2,4,8,16 }

This is not Boolean algebra because 4 & 16 has perfect squares.

20) Consider the following Hasse diagrams

i) ii) iii) iv)

Which of the above represent a lattice ?

a) (I) and (iv) only c) (iii) only

b) (ii) and (iii) only d) (i), (ii) and (iv) only

Sol: Option: (A)

Explanation: In a poset the Least Upper Bound (or) Greatest Lower Bound of any
two elements if exists is unique

For option(ii) we have 2 maximal elements and 2 minimal elements. So

they are not lattice.

But in the option (iii) the elements b and c have two maximal elements ( d
,e) and the elements d and e have two minimal elements(b,c). So the option (iii) is not
an poset. So it is not a lattice.

Option (iv)

A poset [A;R] is called a lattice ,If LUB and GLB for every pair of elements in A.
clearly from option (iv) figure given is [D12;/] .So it is lattice.
21) Find out the maximal and minimal elements of poset

10 81

4 5

a) Maximal : 10,81 ; Minimal : 9 c) Maximal : 10,81 ; Minimal : 1,3

b) Maximal : none ; Minimal : none d) Maximal : 10,81 ; Minimal : 1

Sol: Option: (C)

Maximal elements of poset is one that is not smaller than any other element.

∴ Maximal elements are 10 & 81

Minimal elements are not greater than any other element.

∴ Minimal elements are 1 & 3

22) Consider the Hasse diagram of a poset given below. Then GLB ( c,d,e ) is

f g
e

c d

a b

a) b b) a c) d d) undefined

Sol: Option: (B)

Explanation: Greatest lower bound of ( c,d,e ) is a because a is the element

lower than element c,d and where they meet.