BLIE-227

Document Processing:
Indira Gandhi Practice
National Open University
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Block

1
CLASSIFICATION-DDC: 19TH EDITION
UNIT 1
Introduction, Structure and Organisation 5
UNIT 2
Definitions, Notes and Instructions 21
UNIT 3
Introduction to Three Summaries and Steps in Classifying
Documents 34
UNIT 4
Relative Index and Its Use 46
UNIT 5
Study of Tables and Schedules 58
UNIT 6
Auxiliary Tables and Devices 106
UNIT 7
Practical Classification 165
Programme Design Committee
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SOSS, IGNOU
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University of Delhi, Delhi
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Faculty of LIS, SOSS, IGNOU

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1-7 Professor M.P. Satija Prof. Uma Kanjilal

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Prof. Jaideep Sharma

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BLOCK 1 CLASSIFICATION-DDC: 19TH
EDITION
Introduction
Library classification is one of the most important tools for organising both macro and
micro documents in a most helpful sequence on the basis of subject matter or thought
content. In libraries and information centres documents are classified with the help of a
library classification scheme. There are several classification schemes with which we
can classify documents. The most popular and widely used library classification scheme
is Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC).
This Block introduces you to the theoretical and practical aspects of DDC and to begin
with, Unit 1 introduces you to the structure and organisation of DDC. In Unit 2 you
are introduced to a variety of definitions, notes and explanations found in DDC. Unit 3
introduces you to the three summaries found in DDC and to the steps in classifying and
Unit 4 deals with Relative Index and its use.
In this Block you will also be introduced to the use of Tables and Schedules for
synthesizing a class number in DDC. Unit 5 deals with the study of seven Tables and
Schedules covering the ten main classes and their divisions and sections. Unit 6 introduces
you to the use of auxiliary tables and devices employed in synthesizing the class number.
Unit 7 deals with suitable worked out examples. This Unit also familiarizes you with
order of precedence and means for fixing the priority of numbers.
The Units in the Block fully demonstrate to you the art of practical classification with
DDC 19th Edition. The worked out examples in the Units (5 to 6) will enable you to
classify various types of documents under different subject fields using Tables, Schedules
and devices to assign compound and complex class numbers. The Self Check Exercises
provided under each Unit will provide you an opportunity to classify documents with
the 19th Edition of DDC.
Blank Page
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND
ORGANISATION
Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 19th Edition of DDC
1.3 Notation
1.4 Properties of Decimal Fractions
1.4.1 Constant Place Value of the Digits
1.4.2 Superfluity of the Right End Zero
1.4.3 Ordinal Value of Digits
1.4.4 Depiction of Hierarchy through Notation

1.5 Basic Plan and Convention of a Minimum of Three Digits

1.6 Volume 1: Introduction and Tables
1.6.1 Auxiliary Tables
1.6.2 Summaries

1.7 Volume 2: Schedules

1.7.1 Hierarchy
1.7.2 Sequence of Numbers
1.7.3 Understanding the Schedules

1.8 Volume 3: Relative Index

1.9 Transcription of a Class Number
1.9.1 Dot
1.9.2 Spaces

1.10 Numbers in Square Brackets, Obsolete Entries

1.10.1 Never Assigned Numbers
1.10.2 Unassigned Numbers
1.10.3 Left Vacant Only
1.10.4 Optional Class Numbers
1.10.5 ‘Formerly’ Notes

1.11 Summary
1.12 Answers to Self Check Exercises
1.13 Keywords
1.14 References and Further Reading

1.0 OBJECTIVES
In this Unit, we introduce you to Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), 19th edition, its
basic plan, notational features and organisation of the three volumes, viz., 1 Tables, 2,
Schedules, and 3. Relative Index.
5
Classification-DDC: After reading this Unit, you will be able. to:
19th Edition
 explain the salient features of the scheme;
 describe the properties of decimal fraction notational system employed in the
scheme;
 discuss the basic plan of the scheme;
 describe the three volume text of DDC 19th edition; and
 refer, read and interpret the schedules.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In a modern library, documents, i.e., books and other reading material are arranged by
subject for their location and also for browsing. For arranging books you may devise a
home-made system of your own, which is a very difficult and time-consuming process.
The other way is to adopt an existing system. There are many universally known and
standard classification systems available for this purpose. Well-known among them are
Dewey Decimal Classification, Library of Congress Classification, Universal Decimal
Classification, Ranganathan’s Colon Classification and many more. Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC) is the most popular of all the general classification systems used
all over the world. It was devised in 1873 by Melvil Dewey (1851-1931) of the USA
and first published in 1876.
From the first (1876) to the 15th edition (1952), DDC was published in one volume of
varying sizes. The 16th edition (1958), a very important edition, was issued for the first
time in two volumes. It made the handling of the growing number of the books easy.
The second volume was mostly devoted to the index, called the Relative Index.
The 18th edition (1971), was issued in three volumes extending the process a bit further.
The 19th edition, published in 1979, is also in three volumes as follows:
Volume 1 Introduction, Tables
Volume 2 Schedules
Volume 3 Relative Index
The 20th edition (1989), the 21st edition (1996), 22nd edition (2003) and 23rd edition
(2011) are all in four volumes each. In this Unit we will be discussing 19th edition of the.
scheme.

1.2 19TH EDITION OF DDC

Different libraries throughout the world are using different editions of DDC depending
on the year of their establishment or the time they started classifying their books. The
three volumes of the 19th edition (1979) consist of 3361 pages in all, bound in light
grey colour. Its bibliographic details are as follows:
Dewey, Melvil: Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index/
Devised by Melvil Dewey, Edition 19, edited under the direction of
Benjamin A. Custer. Albany, N.Y: Forest Press, 1979.3 Volumes.

6
 Introduction,
Activities Structure and
Organization
1) Visit a few libraries in your town/city and note the classification schemes used by
them.
2) Find out which editions of DDC are being used by the libraries in your town/city.
This complete set should be on your table or can be had for reference within the premises
of the study centre nearest to you. There is nothing to be afraid of its size, as it is a
reference book to be referred and consulted rather than read from cover to cover or
memorised. DDC in three volumes is a number building machine, and you have to learn
how to use it.

1.3 NOTATION
As every film presents its story and theme through actors, so every library classification
employs notation to denote classes and subclasses of subjects. Notation may be defined
as a systematic series of shorthand symbols to denote classes and their subdivisions
and to show relationship between subjects. It mechanises the arrangement of books in
a library. Brevity is implied in notation, but contrary to the popular impression, brevity
is not its prime/only concern. It makes the system mechanical.

1.4 PROPERTIES OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS

All decimal fractions follow a whole number preceded by a decimal point, as an indicator.
For example, in 10.5, read as ten point five, 5 is a decimal fraction and is preceded by
a decimal point. Similarly 092 is read as zero point nine two or simply as decimal nine
two. Decimal fractions have some mathematical properties (qualities) which are not
possessed by integral (whole) numbers that we ordinarily use in our day-to-day routine.
The properties of decimal fractions are discussed in the following sub sections below:

1.4.1 Constant Place Value of the Digits

If we add any digit to the right end of any decimal fraction, the place value of the
already present figures does not change. For example, if a decimal fraction 52 is extended
by 5 to make it 525, the original place value of the first two digits, viz., 52 remains
unaltered. This is due to the fact that every digit in a decimal fraction has its fixed
absolute value irrespective of the total number of digits in a decimal sum. This property
is the reverse of what it is in the whole numbers.

1.4.2 Superfluity of the Right End Zero

By virtue of this property, if any zero is added to the right end of a decimal fraction, its
value remains the same. For example, 9.5, 9.50, 9.500 have exactly the same value.
On this account, one has to be a bit more careful in arranging decimal fractions according
to their value. For example, of the two decimal fractions 23 and 1125, the former is of
more value than the later. The simple formula is that of the two or more decimal fractions
the one with a higher initial digit will be of higher value than the rest, irrespective of the
total number of digits in any decimal fraction. For example, decimal 3 is of far more
higher value than decimal 1559.

1.4.3 Ordinal Value of Digits

As in other classification systems, the number/symbols used here to denote subjects
have only ordinal value. They do not possess any cardinal value. Here the numerals 7
Classification-DDC: are devoid of any measure of their weight or power or quantity. They only indicate their
19th Edition sequential value, that is, which number is to come earlier and which later. In DDC, of
the two subjects denoted by numbers, say 953 and 954, it never means that the later is
of any more value or importance than the former or vice-versa. It not only indicates that
on the library shelves the book bearing the class number 954 will come after that of 953
and so on. Similarly 511 will come earlier than 512 on the shelves, not that it is of less
value than 512. And by the same rule, 45 will come earlier than 5, and 301 earlier
than 92.

1.4.4 Depiction of Hierarchy through Notation

With notation alone we do not know the importance or value of a subject, but it does
help to determine its relative status and location among other subjects in the universe of
knowledge. Notation also helps us to know the relative breadth or depth of a subject
and its relationship with other subjects on its left and right sides. DDC is a hierarchical
classification. This means that coordination and subordination of subjects is depicted
through notation. For example, of the two subjects denoted by 5 and 51, we say that
51 is subordinate to 5 and 515 is subordinate to 51 in turn. In other words, 515 is a
part of 51 which in turn is part of 5. Thus, the hierarchical order of these figures/
subjects will be:
5
51
515
This is only possible if the notation is of decimal fractions.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
1) What are the properties of decimal fractions?
2) Arrange the following decimal fractions by their increasing value: 9, 425, 225,
1189, 82, 32552, 8, 65.
3) Arrange the following decimal numbers in a hierarchical order: 455, 401, 4, 45,
4557.
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.....................................................................................................................

1.5 BASIC PLAN AND CONVENTION OF A

MINIMUM OF THREE DIGITS
DDC is a universal scheme and is able to classify books in all branches of knowledge.
It treats the whole of knowledge as unity and divides it in ten mutually exclusive Main
Classes denoted by decimal numbers 0 to 9 as follows:
8
 0 Generalities Introduction,
Structure and
1 Philosophy and Related Disciplines Organization

2 Religion
3 Social Sciences
4 Language
5 Pure Sciences
6 Technology (Applied sciences)
7 The Arts
8 Literature (Belles-letters)
9 General Geography and History and their Auxiliaries
Strictly and mathematically speaking, the number denoting Main Classes should have
been written as 0.0 Generalities, 0.1 Philosophy and related disciplines, 0.2 Religion,
and so on. But for the brevity and simplicity of notation, the initial nought and the
decimal point are omitted, though these are understood to be there. Thus, in DDC, if
you come across a number say 512, then actually it should be treated as 0.512. We
read 512 as five one two and not as five hundred twelve. Similarly we read 91 as nine
one and not ninety-one; and 025.4 as zero two five point four.
To simplify the ordinal value of these decimal fractions and for their arrangement, there
is a convention that no number in DDC shall comprise less than three digits. If any
number is of less than three digits, then we add the required number of zeros to make
the number of digits three. Hence in actual practice the ten main classes are denoted as:
000 Generalities
100 Philosophy and Related Disciplines
200 Religion
300 Social Sciences
400 Language
500 Pure Sciences
600 Technology (Applied sciences)
700 The Arts
800 Literature
900 General Geography and History
The above ten divisions are also called the First Summary of DDC schedules. For the
beginner it is the first practical step to learn the system.

1.6 VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION AND TABLES

It is comparatively a thin volume containing prefatory material and seven auxiliary tables.
It gives a brief history of DDC in “Publisher’s Foreword” (pp. xi-xiii) and has the
preface (pp.xv-xviii) by the Chairman of the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy 9
Classification-DDC: Committee called DCEPC. This preface describes the special features and policies of
19th Edition the 19th edition. Then comes (Benjamin A. Custer) the Editor’s Introduction. It is a
very important and useful part of the system in all respects. The Editor’s Introduction
explains in details, the structure of the scheme, its various plans, its fine features and full
instructions on its use. It also provides guidance in determining the subject (doing subject
analysis) of a book in general (Sec.9, pp. ivi, ix.) and subsequently, in locating the
appropriate class number. It also provides rules to further synthesise (extend) a number
either from the schedules or from any of the auxiliary tables or by both.

1.6.1 Auxiliary Tables

Virtually the second part of the Volume 1 is devoted to the seven auxiliary tables. These
are: 1. Standard Subdivisions, 2. Areas, 3. Subdivisions of Individual Literatures,
4. Subdivisions of Individual Languages, 5. Racial, Ethnic, National Groups, 6.
Languages, and 7. Persons. Use of these tables will be explained to you in Block 1,
Unit 5 of this course.

1.6.2 Summaries
But quite important are the so called Three Summaries of the System (on pages 471-
482, Volume 1). These are three outlines of the scheme given in the order of their
increasing details. The First Summary, also called the Ten Main Classes (p.471), is
the broadest of the first outline of the division of the entire universe of knowledge as per
this system. You can remember this summary even on first reading. On the following
page, p. 472, each of these ten main classes have further been divided into ten branches
called divisions. Hence, there are 10×10 = 100 divisions in all. This is called the
Second Summary or The 100 Divisions of DDC. It is useful to remember this summary
also. An extract from the Second Summary is reproduced below:
Second Summary of the Main Class 300 Social Sciences, as an example, is as follows:
310 Statistics
320 Political Science
330 Economics
340 Law
350 Public Administration
360 Social Problems and Services
370 Education
380 Commerce (Trade)
390 Customs, Etiquette, Folklore
Third Summary of the Division 330 Economic is as follows:
330 Economics
331 Labor Economics
332 Financial Economics
333 Land Economics
10
 334 Cooperatives Introduction,
Structure and
335 Socialism and Related Systems Organization

336 Public Finance

337 International Economics
338 Production
339 Macroeconomics and Related Topics
The Third Summary (pp. 473-482) divides each of the 100 divisions into ten parts
called sections. Hence, there are 100×10=1,000 sections in all. These 1000 Sections
are called Third Summary. These 1,000 sections enumerate and elaborate the scope of
the above 100 divisions. There is no need to remember all these 1,000 sections, unless
you want to become a super expert.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
4) How many Auxiliary Tables are there in the 19th edition of DDC?
5) Assign the class number for the following subjects with the help of the Second
Summary. Folkore, Building, Engineering, Logic, French Language, Graphic Arts,
Italian Literature.
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.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
Activity 2
1) Memorise the First and Second Summary of DDC given at pages 471 and 472
of Volume 1.
2) Familiarise yourself with the Third Summary of the DDC given at pages 473-
482 of Volume I and remember some class numbers important to you, such as
341 International law, 954 History of India, etc.

1.7 VOLUME 2: SCHEDULES

The Schedules are a long table of all DDC numbers given in numerical order and showing
hierarchical relations of subjects. In other words, it is a series of numbers in the order of
their increasing ordinal value. It is the core and central part of the DDC system. To
understand the correct and efficient use of the schedules, it is necessary to understand
various notes and instructions provided under various entries.

1.7.1 Hierarchy
Hierarchy means the sequence of subjects in their successive subordination. Hierarchy
also means the arrangement as per the increasing specificity of subjects as we go down
the chain. This whole-part relationship or increasing specificity of subjects is shown by
11
Classification-DDC: the addition of a digit to the number on the left side and the shift of indention of the
19th Edition verbal heading to the right side.
For Example:
300 Social sciences
330 Economics
332 Financial economics
332.4 Money
332.41 Value of money
332.414 Factors affecting fluctuations in value
In the above case each heading is subordinated to the immediately upper heading.
Note the lengthening of the chain by a digit in the number column on the left and the shift
in (typo-graphical) indention on the right in the corresponding headings.

1.7.2 Sequence of Numbers

The entire schedule has been arranged in a single numerical sequence from 001-999.
As the value and the ascending order of decimal fractions has already been explained in
sub-section 1.4.4, so it should not be difficult for you to reach and locate a desired
number. To reach any number the usual page numbers do not help. Here one has to
proceed through the numerical order or decimal fractions. For the convenience of the
users, the three-digit section number is always written on both the top corners of the
page. It has immense locational value. For example, if we are to reach the class number
333, the broader course will be:
300 - 330 - 333 - Via 331, - 332 - 332.1 – 332.9 (Vol. 2, p. 275).
Similarly, 333.915 will be reached as:
300 - 330 - 333 - 333.0- 333.91- 333.915 (Vol. 2, p.283).

1.7.3 Understanding the Schedules

Making use of the hierarchical principle, the corresponding heading against every number
does not describe the full subject but a term most specific to that digit in the chain of
numbers. Therefore, to understand the full meaning of every heading in the schedule, it
is to be read in the context of its immediate upper heading and simultaneously in the still
broader context of the whole discipline.
Take, for example, a class number:
342.052 Powers, functions and duties
If this entry is taken by itself, one may not understand as to whose “powers, functions
and duties” this refers to. But, if we read it in conjunction with (or in the context of) its
immediately upper number in the hierarchy, then its meaning becomes abundantly clear,
viz., “powers, functions and duties of the legislative branch of the government”. This
can further be read in the context of its still higher number, i.e., 342. Then it will mean
“Powers, functions and duties of the legislative branch of the government in constitutional
and administrative law”.

12
Now, take one more example. Introduction,
Structure and
546.342 Simple Organization

One may not understand what the adjective “simple” stands for here. But, reading it in
the context of its upper number, viz., 546.34, it means simple salt which is quite clear.
But when you read further in the context of its still upper class, i.e., 546 Inorganic
chemistry, then it becomes totally clear to mean Inorganic Simple Salts.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
6) Locate (give page numbers of) the following class numbers in the schedules; and
also write against each the heading (subject).
a) 362.293 ..........................................................................................
b) 621.38 04 ..........................................................................................
c) 621.48 ..........................................................................................
d) 808.888 ..........................................................................................

1.8 VOLUME 3: RELATIVE INDEX

Volume 3 of the set is devoted to the Relative Index consisting of 1217 pages. The
index is always an important part of any classification system. In DDC, it is called
Relative Index, which is better than other alphabetical indexes and is considered an
important and enduring contribution of Melvil Dewey to library classification. Relative
Index is a kind of Index which not only arranges the concepts and their terms in an
alphabetical sequence but also shows the relationship between the terms and the contexts
in which the subjects appear in the schedule. It is not only a key to the classified schedules,
but also makes an independent approach to classification. Thus, it is not an optional
part but an integral part of DDC.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
7) Give the full meaning of the following class numbers:
a) 348.06 Encyclopaedias…………………………
b) 385.12 Rates and fares…………………………..
c) 576.11 Physiology……………………………….
d) 733.5 Roman………………………………………
e) 799.312………………………………..At stationary targets

1.9 TRANSCRIPTION OF A CLASS NUMBER

As you already know:
i) The numbers used in DDC are decimal fractions,
13
Classification-DDC: ii) No class number consists of less than three digits; e.g., 5 is written as 500 and 53
19th Edition as 530,
iii) When a class number extends beyond three digits, a dot is put between the third
and fourth digits, e.g., 324.3, 362.14, 386.242
To break the monotony of lengthy numbers and to aid memory, a dot is used after the
third digit. This is further explained below.

1.9.1 Dot
It is essential to remember that the dot used is not a decimal point as it might be thought
to be. Mathematically it is absurd; a decimal fraction cannot be divided again decimally.
It is simply a psychological pause to break the monotony of numerical digits. It helps to
ease the transcription, copying and remembering of the class number for a short while.
Educational psychologists believe that 324.12 is more easily remembered than 32412.
Hence, this dot has no function other than to reinforce memory.

1.9.2 Spaces
If a class number extends beyond six digits then after every three digits, a space is left.
In other words after the sixth digit the remaining digits are transcribed in ‘groups of
three’, leaving a space between two groups. This space serves exactly the same purpose
as the dot, viz., ease in transcription, copying and remembering of the class number.
For example, the number says 384.1065 Telegraph companies is, in actual practice,
transcribed in the schedules as:
384.106 5
leaving a space between the sixth and the seventh digits (point is not considered as
digit).
Similarly, the class number:
621.38800287 TV testing technique
is actually transcribed as :
621.388 002 87
Leaving spaces between the sixth and the seventh digits and between the ninth and
tenth digits. Such spaces can be extended to any extent necessary. To repeat, the dot
and spaces in a class number are devoid of any substantive meaning. These are
not connecting symbols either.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
8) Transcribe the following class numbers as per conventions of the DDC Schedules:
a) 621.38864 Mobile broadcasting stations
b) 669.950283 X-ray metallography
c) 792.0226 Children’s theatre
d) 351.7222536 Financial administration of development
expenditures of central governments
14
 Introduction,
1.10 NUMBERS IN SQUARE BRACKETS, Structure and
OBSOLETE ENTRIES Organization

While consulting or referring to the schedules, you will often come across many class
numbers at various levels enclosed in square brackets. For example:
[309] Social situation and conditions
[396] [Unassigned]
[654] [Unassigned]
[511.7] Numerical analysis
[351.721] Fiscal policy
Any number enclosed in square brackets is no more in use and is empty of any heading
or meaning at present. Hence, such a number is not to be used. Such bracketed numbers
are, the following five types:
i) Never assigned numbers
ii) Unassigned numbers
iii) Left vacant only
iv) Optional class numbers
v) Formerly notes

1.10.1 Never Assigned Numbers

There are numbers never assigned any meaning/heading in the scheme. Such numbers
have always remained vacant so far. For example:
[004] [Never assigned]
[005] [Never assigned]
The number of such entries is decreasing, in edition after edition. These gaps are helpful
to accommodate new subjects.

1.10.2 Unassigned Numbers

The second type belongs to those bracketed numbers, which have remained vacant for
long since some previous editions. A heading is given against such a number (Unassigned
in square brackets). Immediately below that entry, you will find a note stating when the
number was used last. For example:
[040] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 16
[313] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 14
[426] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 18
[655] [Unassigned]
Most recently used in Edition 17

15
Classification-DDC: Several such vacant numbers are created and later reused as a result of the constant
19th Edition revision of DDC.

1.10.3 Left Vacant Only

The third kind refers to numbers left vacant in the 19th edition and their headings shifted,
relocated to another number in the same edition.
For example:
[329] Political parties and related organizations and processes
Class in 324
[175.83] Reading comics
Number discontinued; class in 175.8
[602.72] Patents
Do not use; class in 608

1.10.4 Optional Class Numbers

The fourth category belongs to optional class numbers in square brackets. Such subjects
have been shifted to other numbers. As a policy, if some libraries do not want to disturb
their existing numbers they have been given the option to retain the old numbers.
For example:
[925] *Scientists
Here, as per the footnote on page 1449 *Use is optional; prefer treatment described
under 920.1-928.9
This instruction means that the biographies of scientists may either be placed at 925 and
its subdivisions or these may preferably be placed in 500.
Below is given another example of optional class number in the DDC schedule.
[330.159] Socialist and related schools
(Use of this number is optional; prefer 335).
Optional numbers signify that a few subjects can be classified at two different places
and DDC leaves it to your choice. For example, the bibliography of a mathematician
can be classed under 925.1 or at 510.92.
Hence, you have to decide under which number you wish to classify such books. But
you have to be consistent in using only one number once you have preferred one of the
two choices. It is a policy matter to be decided in advance.

1.10.5 ‘Formerly’ Notes

Linked with one kind of bracketed numbers are the formerly notes appended to some
entries. When in the process of revision, a subject (heading) is partially or wholly relocated
to a new number, then at the new place a note is given describing the former number of
this newly shifted number. This note is in the form of “formerly ....” printed in italics,
enclosed in square brackets and followed by the former number.
For example:
002 The book [formerly 001.552]
16
It simply means that in the previous edition the class number for the subject “The book” Introduction,
was 001.552 and now it is 002. Structure and
Organization
If an independently existing number is merged into another number, then it is also indicated
the following device.
418.02 Translation and interpretation
Class here machine translation [formerly 029.756]
It simply means that the subject of machine translation was previously given an
independent number 029.756, but in the present edition it has been merged with 418.02
translation techniques in general.
299.934 Theosophy [formerly 147,212.52]
It means that in the previous edition Theosophy 299.934 was distributed at two places,
viz., 147 (in philosophy) and 212.52 (in religion).
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
9) Identify two numbers most recently used in Edition 16.
10) Locate two more numbers, whose use has been discontinued in Edition 19. Also
give the present class number of these headings.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
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1.11 SUMMARY
In this Unit, we have introduced you to the Dewey Decimal Classification system and
explained the structure and organisation of the three-volume scheme.
The main points discussed in this Unit are:
1) DDC was designed in 1873 by Melvil Dewey (1851-1931) and first published in
1876. The 19th edition, which is prescribed for your practice, was published in
1979.
2) DDC uses decimal fraction notation to represent the ten main classes and their
divisions from 0 Generalia to 9 History, etc.
3) Decimal fraction is a convenient device to show the hierarchy of subjects and to
expand a given subject further to give appropriate places to new subjects.
4) Volume 1 of DDC contains introduction, seven (auxiliary) tables and the three
summaries of schedules.
5) Volume 2 (the Schedules) contains divisions of subjects arranged in a sequence of
decimal fraction numbers from 001-999.
17
Classification-DDC: 6) Volume 3 (the index) is called Relative Index. It is an alphabetical key to the
19th Edition schedules and tables.
7) The class numbers given in square brackets are not to be used.
8) To make full and clear meaning, every class number should be read in the context
of the upper number.

1.12 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1) Constant place value of the digits, superfluity of the right and terminal zero.
2) 1189, 225, 32552, 425, 65, 8, 82, 9
3) 4, 401, 45, 455, 4557
4) There are Seven Auxiliary Tables in the 19th ed. of DDC.
5) 390, 690, 620,160, 440, 760, 850.
6) a) Page 473 Drug addiction (social welfare problems and services)
b) Page 949 Color television (engineering)
c) Page 953 Nuclear engineering
d) Page 1396 Prose literature anthology
7) a) Encyclopaedias of laws and regulations, cases
b) Rates and fares in railroad transportation
c) Physiology of microbes
d) Roman sculpture art
e) Shooting with gun at stationary targets
8) a) 621.388 64
b) 669.950 283
c) 792.022 6
d) 351.722 253 6
9) 006,007
10) 175.83 Ethics of reading comics. Present number is 175.8
364.255 Influence of leisure and recreation on crimes and delinquency. Present
number is 364.25

1.13 KEYWORDS
Cardinal Value : Any of the numbers that expresses amount,
quantity as one two, three, etc.
Classification : Art and science of arranging entities (abstract or
concrete) according to their degree of likeness
to one another. It also means sorting or grouping
18
 or separating on the basis of their differences. Introduction,
Structure and
Classification (Library) : Arranging books and other reading materials in Organization
a library primarily on the basis of their subject
contents in a way useful to readers. It is also
called systematic or logical arrangement. It helps
in information retrieval and allows browsing on
the shelves.
Classification Schedule : A printed or otherwise written list of subjects and
their subdivisions arranged in a systematic order
with their notation given against each subdivision.
It is a ready reckoner to assign class numbers to
books on the basis of their subject content.
Classification System : A particular scheme/schedules of library
classification, such as Dewey Decimal
Classification, Ranganathan’s Colon
Classificat ion or Library of Congress
Classification and many more.
Digit : The smallest individual unit in a notation system.
For example, the notation 954 has three digits,
9, 5 and 4; and B,7 has three digits, namely B,
(Comma) and 7.
Hierarchy : A sequence of entities or subjects in successive
subordination relations.
Notation : A systematic series of shorthand symbols to
denote subjects, all their subdivisions and their
relations. It mechanises the arrangement of
documents on shelves.
Ordinal Symbols : Symbols which merely indicate order/sequence
and are devoid of any cardinal value.
Schedules : The long series of numbers arranging all the
subjects and their branches in numerical order
from 001-999 of A/Z order. In DDC-19
Volnme-2 contains the Schedules, 001-999.
Summary : Major outline of the division of knowledge in
DDC. There are three summaries of increasing
details in DDC.
Ten Main Classes : This is the first division of the universe of
knowledge as in DDC. Also called the first
summary, these ten classes pertain to the major
disciplines of knowledge as per this system. The
number of main classes varies from system to
system.

19
Classification-DDC:
19th Edition 1.14 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Comaromi, John P. ,et al. Manual for Use of Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th
ed. Albany, New York: Forest Press,1982. Print.
Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. 19th ed.3vols.
Albany, New York: Forest Press, 1979. Print.
Osborn, Jean. Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th Edition: A Study Manual.
Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1982.Print.
Satija, M.P., and John P. Comaromi. Introduction to the Practice of Decimal.
Classification. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1987. Print.

20
UNIT 2 DEFINITIONS, NOTES AND
INSTRUCTIONS
Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions, Explanation and Scope
2.3 Different Types of Notes
2.3.1 Inclusion Notes
2.3.2 ‘Class here’ Notes
2.3.3 ‘Class elsewhere’ Notes
2.3.4 ‘Class ... in...’ Notes
2.3.5 ‘For... see...’ Notes
2.3.6 ‘Class comprehensive works in…’ Notes
2.3.7 Notes Appearing under Discontinued (Bracketed) Entries
2.3.8 Importance of Various Notes

2.4 Centred Heading/Centred Entry

2.5 Number Building Notes
2.6 Summary
2.7 Answers to Self Check Exercises
2.8 Keywords
2.9 References and Further Reading

2.0 OBJECTIVES
In this Unit, we will introduce to you the definitions, notes and instructions found under
an entry in the schedules of DDC. These notes help in interpreting an entry.
After reading this Unit, you will be able to:
 explain the meaning of various types of notes and instructions appended to an
entry;
 apply the instructions while constructing a class number for a subject; and
 describe the concept and utility of centered headings in the schedule.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In the seven tables (Vol.1) and more so in the schedules (Vol.2), you will find definitions,
notes and instructions under each entry. An entry is a self-contained unit in the schedules
and tables consisting of a number or span of numbers, a heading and often one or more
notes and number building instruction, if needed.
These notes are of various kinds and have different functions to perform. They help us
to understand and interpret the definitions, scope and limitations of a subject covered
by an entry. Some notes refer us to a more apt number and sometimes to a comparable
21
Classification-DDC: and related number. But of greater importance are the notes to extend further a number
19th Edition called “number building” notes. All these types of instructions have been explained to
you in the following sections of this Unit.
Understanding these notes and instructions is very essential for classification of
documents. Therefore, you have to be familiar with these notes and instructions so as to
become a good classifier.

2.2 DEFINITIONS, EXPLANATION AND SCOPE

The scope, connotations and boundaries of a class differ from scheme to scheme.
Therefore, invariably all library classification schemes define the boundaries of a class
by listing all its subtopics. In other words, every library classification follows the principle:
“A class is the sum total of all its enumerated subdivisions” (Ranganathan calls it the
Canon of Enumeration). However, in addition to enumeration, some notes and devices
are employed for more explicitness.
Definition of a Class
In the DDC the definitions of some of the classes or their subdivisions are explicitly
stated in verbal terms. The definition given is appended immediately below the heading
in the entry. For example, there is a very apt definition of “330 Economics” under the
entry, which reads: “The science of human behavior as it relates to utilization of scarce
means for the satisfaction of needs and desires through production, distribution,
consumption.” Sometimes the scope of a subject is elaborated by a definition-like note.
For example: 370.158 Psychological effects of education. Its scope is explained as:
“Effects on students of school situation, teaching methods, other factors”. With this
note the meaning of the entry and the kind of documents to be placed here become
more clear.
Though this is a highly valuable feature of the DDC, yet definition is not the rule. However,
where no definition appears, it is to be taken from the any standard English language
dictionary such as Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
1) Note down the definitions of the following classes as given in DDC 19th Edition.
a) 020 Library and information sciences
b) 351-354 Public administration
c) 361 Social problems and social welfare
d) 530.15 Mathematical physics
2) If a formal definition of a class is not given in the entry, what is the other source
from which to get its formal definition?
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.....................................................................................................................

22
.....................................................................................................................
 Definitions, Notes and
2.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF NOTES Instructions
Sometimes, instead of formally defining a subject, its scope is explained with illustrations.
For example:
330.154 2 Historical school of economic thought
One reads the area covered by the entry as “School of Roscher, Knies, Hildebrand,
Schmoller, Bucher, Knapp”.
Another under 253 Secular clergymen and pastoral duties (Pastoral theology), here its
scope is explicitly explained as:
“Priests, ministers, pastors, rectors, vicars, curates, chaplains, elders, deacons,
assistants”. Sometimes the scope of a subject is explained and illustrated with actual
examples, preceded by the word “Examples”. For instance, note the examples under
the following entry:
549.121 Mechanical properties of minerals
Examples: cleavage, parting, fracture, hardness, tenacity,
specific gravity
Take another example:
025.315 Structure of the library catalog
Examples: divided, unified, classified.
It is only from the examples that we are sure of the internal structure or form of the
library catalogue.
These examples are only illustrative and by no means exhaustive. Many more examples
of a topic could be cited. On the other hand, sometimes the scope is defined by the
exclusion of some topics.
For example:
791 Public performances
Other than musical, sport and game performances
It obviously means that arts such as music, games and sports, though are public performing
arts, have not been included here, as these, being important subjects, have been given
their separate numbers.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
3) In DDC note down the scope of the following Class Numbers:
a) 385.1 Economic aspects of railroad transportation
b) 573.8 Abnormal dimensions in physical anthropology
c) 641.495 Preservation, storage and cooking of other foods
23
Classification-DDC: .....................................................................................................................
19th Edition
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2.3.1 Inclusion Notes

Some topics that are not part of a class are given a standing place with a class. Actually
such topics are not fully developed and their literary warrant does not demand a full and
separate number for them. Hence, these topics are given a standing room (on an ad-
hoc basis) in a class with which it may have affinity. Later, when sufficient literature is
produced on the subject, then, as per policy of DDC editors, these topics may be given
a separate number.
For example, see the Inclusion Note in the following entry:
398.47 Ghosts
Including haunted places
It means that logically speaking folklore with “haunted places” as its theme is not a part
of the entry “398.47 Ghosts as subject of folklore” is not a fully developed subject.
Therefore, for the time being (till giving a full number is justified), it is to be classed at
398.47.
Take another example:
371.104 Relation of teachers to society
Including relation to immediate community, academic freedom;
rights, obligations, public status of teachers
The “including note” in this entry contains many important topics such as relation to
immediate community, academic freedom, right obligations and public status of teachers.
To explain again, the topic of academic freedom has not yet gathered enough literature
to justify a separate class for it. Therefore, for the time being, it has been clubbed with
other topics under the class number 371.104.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
4) What else do the following class numbers include?
a) 296.385 Moral theology in Judaism
b) 345.075 Trial procedure in criminal law
c) 519.4 Applied numerical analysis
d) 530.41 Solid-state physics
e) 535.846 Raman spectroscopy
f) 561.52 Paleobotany of Coniferales
g) 791.435 3 Education and documentary motion films
24 h) 792.16 Staging of religious and morality plays
 ..................................................................................................................... Definitions, Notes and
Instructions
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

2.3.2 ‘Class here’ Notes

Some topics apparently do not seem to be part of a given subject. These are broader
or narrower than a topic to which they are attached with the note: “Class here ...”. It
means that the place given to them is not very logical, yet it provides a class number to
an otherwise unaccommodated topic. For example, note the entry:
576 Microbes
Class here microbiology
It simply means that microbiology, though simply not microbes, is placed with 576
Microbes. Similarly, under:
574.295 Immune reactions
Class here serology
Now, consider the following examples:
370.19 Social aspects of education
Class here educational sociology
370.152 Cognitive processes
Class here intelligence
Principally there is much difference between the topics listed as scope notes and
examples, on the one hand, and Inclusion and Class here notes on the other. Yet their
practical effect is the same.
Examples of such notes can be enormously multiplied. These topics given under notes
are also indexed in the Relative Index (Vol. 3). It makes their location easy in the
schedules.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
5) What else is to be classified under each of the following class numbers?
a) 266 Christian missions
b) 337 International economics
c) 519.5 Statistical mathematics
d) 535.52 Polarization of light
e) 615.1 Drugs (Materia medica)
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Classification-DDC: .....................................................................................................................
19th Edition
.....................................................................................................................

2.3.3 ‘Class elsewhere’ Notes

“Class elsewhere” notes are in direct contrast to “Class here....” or “Including” notes.
Sometimes a subject, seemingly a part of another subject or related to that, is accorded
an independent number, then there appears a note in various forms. Such a note sometimes
refers to a more appropriate class number to the scattered topics of a subject. Such a
note is analogous to a “see” cross reference in an alphabetical list of subject headings.
These notes are further discussed below.

2.3.4 ‘Class…in…’ Notes

Consider the example:
523.302 22 Moon pictures and designs
Class charts and photographs in 523.39
It clearly means that 523.302 22 Moon Pictures and Designs does not include charts
and photographs of the moon, for the latter there is a distinct class number 523.39.
Similarly under:
181.4 Indian Philosophy
Class philosophy of Pakistan and Bangladesh in 181.15
One finds the instruction to class philosophy of Pakistan and Bangladesh in 181.15.
The relation between these two subjects is obvious, so is the need for this note.
Consider one more example:
177.1 Ethics of courtesy, politeness, hospitality
Class etiquette in 395
There one finds the instructive note: “Class etiquette in 395”. It means that the topic
etiquette should not be mistaken as a part of 177.1 Ethics of courtesy, etc. as “etiquette”
has a separate class number.

2.3.5 ‘For …see…’ Notes

Another kind of note cross-refers to a related number. In such a case it takes the form
of “For…see…” (emphasis their’s) note. For example, note the following entry:
398.356 Scientific and technical themes in folklore
For medical folklore, see 398.353
It means that medical folklore has been given (on the basis of its literary warrant) a
distinct number at 398.353, which is a broader subject and seemingly includes it.
Similarly, see the following example:
181.45 Yoga - Indian philosophy
For physical yoga, see 613.704 6; Hindu yogic meditation, 294.543

26
The instruction given under the class number for yoga means that related to yoga Definitions, Notes and
philosophy are the subjects of yogic (physical) exercise and yogic meditation, both of Instructions
them have their separate class numbers as given in the instruction.

2.3.6 ‘Class comprehensive works in ...’ Notes

This type of note is appended to a centred entry (explained, in the next section (2.4) of
this Unit), which is covered by a continuous span of numbers. To assign a single class
number to a work covering all the topics, a note gives one number for such a work.
For example:
181.41-181.48 Hindu-Brahmanical Philosophy
Class comprehensive works in 181.4
Similarly, look at
297.12-297.14 Sources of Islam
Class comprehensive works in 297.1
It means that various sources of Islam are denoted by a span of continuous numbers,
viz., 297.12-297.14, but for a book, comprehensive of all sources of Islam, the number
is 297.1.

2.3.7 Notes Appearing under Discontinued (Bracketed)

Entries
When a number is discontinued in the present edition then there appears a note indicating
its new class number. These notes again are of two types:
a) Having the Form “Do not use; Class ...”
b) Having the Form “Class in...”
Here are some examples of “Do not use; Class...” type note
[221.03] Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of Old Testament
Do not use; class dictionaries and encyclopedias in 221.3, concordances
in 221.4-221.5
It means that in the 19th edition the previous number 221.03 for dictionaries and
encyclopaedias of Old Testament has been discontinued and relocated to 221.3 in the
present edition.
Here is another example:
[250.68] Management of Local Christian Church
Do not use; class management of local Christian church in 254, of
religious congregations and orders in 255
Having the form “Class in ...” type note
Under some discontinued, hence bracketed, numbers appear the instructions as to
where this subject is to be classed now. For example, see the entry:
[301.56] Educational sociology
Class in 370.19
27
Classification-DDC: It simply means that the new number for this topic now is 370.19. This type of note is
19th Edition more simple and straightforward than the previous form, though their meanings and
effects are the same.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
6) Where to class in…the following subjects? Find out from the schedules.
a) 001.6 Data processing
Class business applications in…
b) 070.48 Journalism directed to special groups
Class school journalism in…
c) 305.4 Women
Class women suffrage in…
d) 336 Public finance
Class financial administration of governments in…
e) 910.4 Accounts of travel
Class scientific travels in…
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2.3.8 Importance of Various Notes

An entry may simultaneously have more than one note; in such cases, no note contradicts
the other. The DDC schedules abound with numerous such definitional, scope and
illustrative or “class here or there” notes. These notes immensely help to correctly classify
a document and to arrive at the correct number. Also, these notes contribute to uniformity
in the interpretation of entries and consequently achieve much desired consistency in
the application of DDC in all libraries in all countries. Moreover, there seems no
consensus on the structure of knowledge and the place of various subjects in the tree of
knowledge. The structure of knowledge as outlined and delineated in DDC may not be
correct or logical, but these notes help to understand the position, boundaries and
scope of these subjects as its editors have devised it and wish it to be understood by
the classifiers.

2.4 CENTERED HEADING/CENTERED ENTRY

In the schedules you will often come across some headings denoted not by one but by
a continuous span of numbers.
For example:
381-382 General internal and international commerce (Trade)

28
Here, one topic by virtue of its having many subdivisions has been denoted by a span of Definitions, Notes and
numbers 381-382 and their subdivisions. Hierarchy, here, is deliberately broken down. Instructions
It helps to denote the subdivisions of a centered heading by brief class numbers.
Take one more example
220 Bible
221 Old Testament
222-224 Specific parts of Old Testament
Here, instead of denoting the various parts (books) of Old Testament by hierarchically
subdividing 221, these have been denoted by a series of separate sections, viz., 222-
224, thus providing ample space (and consequently briefer class numbers) for further
subdivisions of Old Testament.
Such entries occur at all the levels of hierarchy. These are called centered entries or
centered headings as these entries are always printed in the centre of the page and
are invariably marked by an equilateral triangle ( ) on the left hand margin pointing
towards the entry. Some other examples of centered headings are:
251-254 Local church
281.1-281.4 Early church
368.06-368.08 Insurance of specific forms of risks
574.873-574.875 Specific components of cell anatomy and physiology
Hundreds of more such examples can be found in the DDC schedules. As already said
(in the section on class elsewhere notes) every centred heading contains a note as to
where the comprehensive works on the topic are to be classed as, in practice, a book
is denoted by one class number not by a span of numbers. For example, under 251-
254 Local church, one finds the instruction: “Class comprehensive works in 250, special
parochial activities in 259.
To repeat, a centred heading is typographically printed in the centre of the schedule
page, denoted by a continuous span of numbers, signalled by a pointing triangle ( )
and contains a note giving the class number for comprehensive works on that subject.
It may be noted that every entry denoted by a span of numbers is not a centered entry.
For example, 324.274-.279 or 367.91-.99 are not centered headings but merely a
group of continuous numbers, which can be further individualised as per instructions.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
7) What are the typographical devices to denote a centered heading?
8) Find the class numbers for comprehensive works on the subjects denoted by each
of the following centered entries.
a) 017-019 General catalogs
b) 017.1-017.4 Classified subject catalogs
c) 384.1-384.7 Telecommunication 29
Classification-DDC: 9) Is the following a centered entry’?
19th Edition
373.3-.9 Secondary education and schools by specific continents, countries,
localities.
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2.5 NUMBER BUILDING NOTES

Any number in the schedules (Vol.2) (and in some cases in Tables 1-7 also) can be
further extended by:
1) Any of the seven tables 1-7 (in Vol. 1).
2) Any number or part of it in the schedules (Vol.2).
The extension (called synthesis or number building) can be with or without instructions.
Without Instructions by the Editor
Any Standard Subdivision in Table 1 can be added to any original or extended number
in the schedules, Vol.2. By extending this provision any number in Table 2 Areas, in
Table 5 Racial, Ethnic National Groups and Table 7 Persons can be added through the
Standard Subdivisions 09,088 and 089.
On Instructions Only
Direct use of numbers from Tables 2-7 (Vol. 1) can be made only on instructions given
in an entry.
Similarly, a number in the schedules can be extended by another whole or part number
in the schedules only on instructions given in the form of: “Add to the base number…
The number following…”. Such kind of instruction is invariably followed by an example
given as an illustration.
a) Individual “add to” Instructions
Such notes are appended to a specific entry. For example under:
333.31 Land reform
Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to the base number 333.31
One reads an instruction: Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to the base number
333.31. Here, this particular number 333.31 is to be further added to by some
appropriate notation from Table 2.
b) Collective Instruction
Sometimes an “add to” instruction applies to a series of numbers all occurring on a
single page of the schedules. In, such a case, all those numbers which have to be further
synthesised are marked with an asterisk (*), and at the foot of the particular page there
is another asterisk and a note giving add-to instructions. This footnote applies to all the
asterisk marked numbers. This is done only to avoid repetition of the same instructions
30 time and again. For example, on page 616 of the schedules a series of numbers from
494.811 to 495.8 have been marked with an asterisk. Then at the foot of this page with Definitions, Notes and
another asterisk there is an instruction reading-, “Add to base number as instructed Instructions
under 420-490”. It simply means that all these numbers, if desired, can be further
extended, as per instruction given under the class numbers 420-490 (at page 600 of
the schedules). These “add-to notes” are the backbone of the number building equipment
of DDC. And these “add-to notes” are a major operational asset in the correct use of
the DDC. Hence, the majority of the other Units of this Block will be devoted to
various forms of “add-notes”. Detailed number building techniques have been explained
in Units 5, 6 and 7 of this Block.

2.6 SUMMARY
In this Unit we have discussed the definitions, notes and instructions provided in the
schedules and their role in the construction of Class Numbers. The main points are:
1) An entry in the schedules of DDC, more often than not, is appended with various
notes and instructions helping to interpret the scope of a class number.
2) Definitional notes illustrate or explain the scope of an entry.
3) Inclusion of “class here” notes direct us to a better or more specific class number
for a related topic or part of that topic under which that topic appears.
4) “Class elsewhere” notes direct us to a better or more specific class number for a
related topic or part of that topic under which that topic appears.
5) A centred heading/entry signalled by a triangular pointer represents a concept by
a span of numbers as there is no specific number in the hierarchy to denote that
concept.
6) The number building notes “Add to the base number…The number following …”
have enormously increased the synthetic or number building capacity of DDC.

2.7 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1) a) 020 = “The science and art utilized in identification, collection, organization,
dissemination, use of books, other printed and written records, audiovisual
materials, information”.
b) 351-354 = “Public administration: the art and science of conducting
government agencies, projects, activities”.
c) 361 = “Social welfare: social assistance, either free or paid for in part or in
full by recipients, to enable individuals to cope with situations beyond their
individual capacities”.
d) 530.15 = “Mathematical description of physical phenomena”.
2) Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language.
3) a) “Market, supply and demand, costs, finance, income, efficiency, competition”.
b) “Dwarfs, midgets, giants”.
c) “Frogs, turtles, snails, insects”.

31
Classification-DDC: 4) a) Conscience, sins, vices, virtues, duties
19th Edition
Including Biblical precepts
b) Including juries and jury selection; opening statements, examination of
witnesses, summations by prosecution and defense; instructions to ,jury,
verdicts.
c) Including computer mathematics, coding theory.
d) Including thin films, electron theory of metals.
e) Including Raman effect,
f) Including Araucariaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae,
Podocarpaceae, Taxaceae, Taxodiaceae.
g) Including newsreels.
h) Including passion miracle, mystery plays.
5) a) Missionary Societies
b) International Economic Planning
c) Numerical Data, Parametric and Nonparametric Methods
d) Polarimeters
e) Pharmacology
6) a) 651.8 b) 371.897 c) 324.623 d) 350.72 e) 508.3
7) A centred heading is printed at the centre of the schedule page, the terminal numbers
are hyphenated, and on the left hand margin this entry is marked by a triangle
pointing towards the entry.
8) a) 010
b) 017
c) 384
9) No.

2.8 KEYWORDS
Add Note : An instruction appended to an entry to extend
the class number by a part of the number taken
either from the schedules (Volume 2) or from any
of the Tables 2 to 7 (Volume 1).
Centred Entry/Centred : A heading denoted by a span of numbers, as
Beading there is no specific number for that heading.
Under every centred entry, a number for
comprehensive works is always given.
‘Class elsewhere’ Note : An instruction given under a heading directing to
a distinct number for a related subject, or for a
part of that subject.
32
‘Class here’ Note : Instruction under a heading giving explicit Definitions, Notes and
instructions to class a topic under that class Instructions
number where apparently it does not seem a part
of that heading, Usually the subject to be classed
there is broader than the heading under which
this note appears.
Classifier : A person who assigns class numbers from a
classification system to books and other reading
material in a library.
‘Inclusion’ Note : A note instructing the classing of some topics
(listed after the term “including”) under a given
number on an ad-hoc basis.
Number Building Note : It is an “add-to” note.

2.9 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Comaromi, John P. ,et al. Manual for Use of Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th
ed. Albany, New York: Forest Press,1982. Print.
Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. 19th ed.3vols.
Albany, New York: Forest Press, 1979. Print.
Osborn, Jean. Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th Edition: A Study Manual.
Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1982. Print.
Satija, M.P., and John P. Comaromi. Introduction to the Practice of Decimal.
Classification. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1987. Print.

33
 UNIT 3 INTRODUCTION TO THREE
SUMMARIES AND STEPS IN
CLASSIFYING DOCUMENTS
Structure
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ten Main Classes
3.2.1 Arrangement of Ten Main Classes

3.3 Second Summary of 100 Divisions

3.4 Third Summary of 1000 Sections
3.5 Multi-Level Summaries
3.6 Steps in Classifying Documents
3.6.1 Determination of the Specific Subject of a Document
3.6.2 Procedure for Determining the Specific Subject of a Book
3.6.3 Other Sources for Determining the Subject of a Book

3.7 Subject Analysis

3.7.1 Knowledge of the DDC

3.8 Steps in Practical Classification

3.9 Summary
3.10 Answers to Self Check Exercises
3.11 Keywords
3.12 References and Further Reading

3.0 OBJECTIVES
In the previous Units 1 and 2 you have been introduced to structure and organisations
and varieties of definitions, notes provided in DDC. In this Unit you are introduced to
the three major summaries, i.e., outlines of classes and other lower level summaries in
DDC and their role in classifying. You will also be given some tips and other instructions
in classifying documents.
After reading this Unit, you will be able to:
 know the three major summaries and other summaries of classes in DDC;
 describe the procedure to determine the specific subject of the document; and
 explain the steps in practical classification.

3.1 INTRODUCTION
DDC is a classification by discipline wherein the universe of knowledge has been divided
into major areas of study. These major divisions are disciplines of studies. Within each
34 discipline the classes are divided hierarchically and listed from the general to the specific
order. Every page is crammed with the details of classes and their subdivisions listed Introductions to Three
hierarchically with increasing details as we go down the hierarchical ladder. Summaries and Steps
in Classifying
For example: Documents

300 Social sciences

330 Economics
332 Financial economics
332.1 Banks and banking
332.11 Central banks
In many classes such as those of science and technology, the details are immense and
minute. But the progression from the general to the specific or from the whole to the
part makes the location of a subject easy. To give outlines of the knowledge for an
overview, DDC has provided summaries of classes at various levels. A summary is a list
of major subdivisions of a number given at the beginning of the full development of a
topic. But the first three summaries are given at the head of the whole classification. The
three main: summaries are listed at the end of Volume 1(pp. 471-482). As mentioned
above the summaries maybe divided into two kinds:
a) Three major summaries of knowledge, i.e., 10 Main Classes, 100 Divisions, and
1000 Sections (given in Vol. 1).
b) Lower level summaries, e.g., of a section, or of a sub-section given in the densely
detailed classes of the schedules (Vol. 2).
The three major summaries are technically known as:
1) First Summary or 10 Main Classes (Vol. 1, p. 471).
2) Second Summary, i.e., 100 Divisions (Vol. 1 p.472),
3) Third Summary, i.e., 1000 Sections (Vol. 1 p. 473-482).
Obviously, the three summaries are in the order of increasing details. Being a decimal
classification at each step of division there are ten classes. So each summary has been
divided by ten.

3.2 TEN MAIN CLASSES

The term “Main Class” is vague. Its definition and scope varies from classification
system to, classification system. In general, it is the first order of classes, i.e., the result
of the first division of the universe of knowledge.
Obviously, the number of main classes in a classification system also depends upon the
kind of notation employed. The ten main classes of DDC and their notations are:
000 Generalities
100 Philosophy and related disciplines
200 Religion
300 Social sciences
400 Language
35
Classification-DDC: 500 Pure sciences
19th Edition
600 Technology (Applied sciences)
700 The arts
800 Literature (Belles-letters)
900 General geography and history and their auxiliaries

3.2.1 Arrangement of Ten Main Classes

As said earlier there is nothing logical or philosophical or natural about the number (ten)
of the main classes that Melvil Dewey created. It all depended on and was constrained
by the only ten places provided by the decimal notation. However, a main class is
always social in character. Their number and scope varies from time to time. New main
classes emerge as the knowledge progresses. These main classes were more or less
the academic disciplines in American universities around the 1870s when the scheme
was first conceived by Dewey. He borrowed the arrangement of subjects from a
contemporary philosopher, W.T. Harris. Hence, it proves that the main classes are
social in character. It is necessary to memorise these ten main classes.

3.3 SECOND SUMMARY OF 100 DIVISIONS

Each of the ten Main Class has further been divided into what is called Divisions. Thus,
there are 10 x 10 = 100 Divisions in all in the DDC. It is also called second summary
given on page 472 (Volume 1). The 100 division are reproduced below:

000 Generalities 500 Pure sciences

010 Bibliography 510 Mathematics
020 Library and information sciences 520 Astronomy & allied sciences
030 General encyclopedic works 530 Physics
040 540 Chemistry & allied sciences
050 General serials publications 550 Sciences of earth & other world
060 General organizations & 560 Paleontology
museology
070 Journalism, publishing, 570 Life sciences
newspapers
080 General collections 580 Botanical sciences
090 Manuscripts & book rarities 590 Zoological sciences
100 Philosophy and related 600 Technology(Applied sciences)
disciplines
110 Metaphysics 610 Medical sciences
120 Epistemology, causation, 620 Engineering & allied operations
humankind
130 Paranormal phenomena & arts 630 Agriculture & related
technologies
140 Specific philosophical viewpoints 640 Home economics & family living
150 Psychology 650 Management & auxiliary services
160 Logic 660 Chemical & related technologies

36
 Ethics (Moral philosophy) 670 Manufactures Introductions to Three
170
Summaries and Steps
180 Ancient, medieval, Oriental 680 Manufacture for specific uses in Classifying
190 Modern Western philosophy 690 Buildings Documents

200 Religion 700 The arts

210 Natural religion 710 Civic & landscape art
220 Bible 720 Architecture
230 Christian theology 730 Plastic arts Sculpture
240 Christian moral & devotional 740 Drawing, decorative & minor arts
250 Local church & religious orders 750 Painting & paintings
260 Social & ecclesiastical theology 760 Graphic arts Prints
270 History & geography of church 770 Photography & photographs
280 Christian denominations & sects 780 Music
290 Other & comparative religions 790 Recreational & performing arts
300 Social sciences 800 Literature (Belles-letters)
310 Statistics 810 American literature in English
320 Political science 820 English & Anglo-Saxon
literatures
330 Economics 830 Literatures of Germanic
languages
340 Law 840 Literatures of Romance languages
350 Public administration 850 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-
Romanic
360 Social problems & services 860 Spanish & Portuguese literatures
370 Education 870 Italic literatures Latin
380 Commerce (Trade) 880 Hellenic literatures Greek
390 Customs, etiquette, folklore 890 Literatures of other languages
400 Language 900 General geography & history
410 Linguistics 910 General geography Travel
420 English & Anglo-Saxon 920 General biography & genealogy
languages
430 Germanic languages, German 930 General history of ancient world
440 Romance languages, French 940 General history of Europe
450 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto- 950 General history of Asia
Romanic
460 Spanish & Portuguese languages 960 General history of Africa
470 Italic languages Latin 970 General history of North America
480 Hellenic Classical Greek 980 General history of South America
490 Other languages 990 General history of other areas

*Consult schedules for complete and exact headings.

Each Main Class has 9 divisions denoted by 1 to 9 preceded by a Generalia division 0
given at the beginning. The sequence of Divisions of a Main Class is according to some
systematic basis. It will add to your efficiency to memorise these 100-divisions, though
it is not very necessary to do so. 37
Classification-DDC:
19th Edition 3.4 THIRD SUMMARY OF 1000 SECTIONS
The third summary comprises 1000 sections. Each of the 100 divisions has been divided
into 10 sections. Therefore, there are 100 divisions × 10 = 1000 Sections. A. section is
a three digited number. For example, the ten sections of the division 33 Economics are:
330 Economics
331 Labor economics
332 Financial economics
333 Land economics
334 Cooperatives
335 Socialism and related systems
336 Public finance
337 International economics
338 Production
339 Macro economics and related topics
It is beneficial to remember some important section numbers such as 327 International
relations 954 History of India from the Third Summary “The 1000 Sections”.

3.5 MULTI- LEVEL SUMMARIES

Summaries provide an overview of classes and save the time of a classifier in flipping
through the pages. At a glance the classifier is able to select the appropriate class. Such
summaries provide a view of the structure of the class. Summaries at lower levels have
been carried on in some densely detailed classes. They are called multi-level summaries.
These may comprise 4 or 5 or even 6 digited numbers.
For example:
The summaries of 615 Pharmacology and therapeutics
615.1 Drugs (Materia medica)
615.2 Inorganic drugs
615.3 Organic drugs
615.4 Practical pharmacy
615.5 Therapeutics
615.6 Methods of medication
615.7 Pharmacodynamics
615.8 Physical and other therapies
615.9 Toxicology (Poisons and poisioning)

38
The sub-section 615.7 Pharmacodynamics has its own summary (p. 860, Vol. 2): Introductions to Three
Summaries and Steps
615.71 Drugs affecting cardiovascular system in Classifying
Documents
615.72 Drugs affecting respiratory system
615.73 Drugs affecting digestive system and metabolism
615.74 Drugs affecting lymphatic and glandular systems
615.75 Antipyretics (Febrifuges)
615.76 Drugs affecting urogential system
615.77 Drugs affecting motor and integumentary systems
615.78 Drugs affecting nervous system
To repeat, the summaries printed in bold face in the centre of the page provide a good
overview of the sub-divisions of various levels of hierarchy. To arrive at the desired
number, by moving down the hierarchy a classifier has not to look through every sub-
division, nor does he has to flip through every page. These summaries may also be
helpful to libraries which prefer broader numbers.Three major summaries and numerous
multi-level summaries are of immense help in locating the desired number efficiently.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
1) Define a summary and state its use in classification.
2) Reproduce the multi-level summaries of the Class ‘628 Sanitary and municipal
engineering’.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

3.6 STEPS IN CLASSIFYING DOCUMENTS

Classifying documents is both a science and an art. In fact a classifier is a matchmaker.
A classier has two tasks to perform:
1) To determine the specific subject of the document to be classified.
2) To assign appropriate notation from the schedules and tables to the specific subject.

3.6.1 Determination of the Specific Subject of a Document

A document is an embodiment of knowledge and is classified in accordance with its
subject contents. It may be clearly noted that the class number is assigned to the subject
of the book and not to the book as a physical entity. Determining the subject of a
document is an intellectual task. It is an art. Flair in classifying depends upon your
knowledge of different subjects. Your efficiency in determining the specific subject of
the book increases with experience. That is why it is called an art. However the specific
subject of a book can be determined by the following procedure.
39
Classification-DDC: 3.6.2 Procedure for Determining the Specific Subject of a
19th Edition
Book
First of all read the title. Most of the titles, if these are plain and straight forward, are
indicative of the subject contents of the book. For example, “Human anatomy”, “Cost
accountancy” and “History of Moghul India” are the titles clearly indicative of the subject
of the book.
Some titles are fanciful or symbolic of the subject content of the book. The subject is
not clear from such titles:
For example:
1) Asian Drama
2) City of Joy
3) I dare
4) Green Wisdom by Arthur Galston
The first is a book on economics, second a book on Calcutta, the third the biography of
an Indian woman police officer Kiran Bedi and the fourth is on plant biology. This can
be fairly known by the sub-title. A sub-title always clarifies or delimits the title. Sometimes
a title though clear of the subject is vague.
For example:
Shakespeare
India
The first book is a biography of William Shakespeare. The second book is on the
culture of India, mostly in photographs. Therefore, it is clear that titles may be deceptive,
misleading or inadequate to know the exact subject of the book. Therefore, the advice
to the classifier is: Never classify by the title alone.

3.6.3 Other Sources for Determining the Subject of a .Book

Blurb: Next to the title, read the blurb of the book, i.e., the customary “About the
Book” feature given on the book jacket or outer cover. It provides a brief introduction
to the subject, its importance and its treatment in the book. It is indispensable for
determining the subject of the book.
Preface: Reading the preface is indispensable for knowing the subject of the book and
its scope and limitations in details. Some authors also give a conspectus of each chapter
in the preface. Every classifier must read it between the lines to know the scope and
limitations of the book.
Other parts of the book: If the preface does not help fully, then you must glance
through the foreward, if any, the table of contents and the text of the book here and
there especially the introductory chapter. Also, look at the index of the book. If there is
any published review of the book that may surely help in determining its subject. The
last resort is to consult a subject expert. These efforts will yield the subject of the book.

40
Self-Check Exercise Introductions to Three
Summaries and Steps
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below. in Classifying
Documents
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
3) Name the sources to determine the specific subject of a book for classification
purposes.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

3.7 SUBJECT ANALYSIS

Having determined the subject of the book we are to do a subject analysis in context of
the classification used. In library or book classification we have to analyse the subject
proper from its viewpoint of presentation, form of internal arrangement of contents, or
its outer physical format. Take for example, the subject economics. The book could be
a history of economics or dictionary of economics. It could be a journal of economics
or a lecture on economics, numerical tables on economics or a video cassette on
economics. A complex title has to be split into its main class and sub-topics and form of
presentation, etc. The title thus analysed is assigned the notation. Many a times, the full
number may be found enumerated. In other cases the number may have to be built with
“add-to” instructions.

3.7.1 Knowledge of the DDC

To assign a notation to the above analysed title, obviously we also need to have
knowledge of the structure of the DDC schedules and tables, the division of classes
and their hierarchical or sequential arrangement in chains and arrays. You must also
know the rules for number-building, i.e., the grammar of the DDC. As already said, as
a classifier you are a matchmaker - matching the specific subject of the book with the
appropriate number from the schedules. For this purpose, you need to have a broader
view of knowledge and its various classes and the trends of the media on current
knowledge being published. This kind of knowledge is never perfect, but goes on
increasing with experience, age and reading.

3.8 STEPS IN PRACTICAL CLASSIFICATION

Classification is an intellectual task which is not bound by any mechanical principles.
However, Ranganathan formulated certain steps for classification in his Colon
Classification to convert or translate the specific subject of the book into a Class Number.
Though fully applicable to a faceted classification, these steps are also helpful in a
scheme like DDC.
The steps are:
Step 0: Raw Title
It is the title given as such on the document. For example, Atomic Weight of Gold or
Shakespeare.
41
Classification-DDC: Step 1: Expressive Title
19th Edition
Here add any word or phrase in the title, if needed, to make it fully expressive of the
subject. In other words make clear or explicit what is latent or hidden. If the title is
fanciful and an expressive title is not given then you have to spell out the complete
subject of the book in your own language. For example: If the title is “Bard of Stratford
upon Avon”, the expressive title will be : “William Shakespeare - An Elizabethan English
Dramatist : Biography”. In our other example mentioned above you may add the word
“Chemistry” to make the title expressive i.e., Atomic Weight of Gold in Chemistry.
Step 2: Kernel Title
Remove anciliary or superflous words from the expressive title. Atomic, Weight, Gold,
Chemistry. English, Literature, Drama, Elizabethan. Shakespeare, Life.
Step 3: Analysed Title
The kernel words are to be analysed in terms of facets or categories, main class, standard
subdivisions, etc. Chemistry (Division). Gold (Inorganic chemistry). Atomic weight
(Physical chemistry). English literature (Basic Class). Plays (Form). Elizabethan (Period).
Shakespeare (Author). Life (Standard Subdivision).
Step 4: Transformed Title
Above analysed title is to be rearranged in terms of the citation order.
Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Gold. Atomic Weight. English literature. Plays.
Elizabethan period. Shakespeare. Life.
Step 5: Title in Standard Terms
In the above transformed title if there is any difference in the terminology of the title and
the schedules, then the authors terminology in the title may be replaced by the terminology
of the schedules. That is, we are to use the standardised terminology of the schedules.
In the above cases the term “play” will be re-placed by “drama” as in the DDC Volume
1 Table 3.
Step 6: Title in Facet Nuinbers
In the above standardised title terms maybe replaced by numbers. For example:
Chemistry 54
Inorganic chemistry 6
Gold 656
Theoretical (physical chemistry) 4
Atomic weight 42
Thus, the number after putting the customary dot after the first three digits the number
is:
546.656 442
Similarly:
English literature 82

42
 Drama 2 Introductions to Three
Summaries and Steps
Elizabethan period 3 in Classifying
Documents
Shakespeare 3
Biography B
Step 7: Class Number
Put a dot after the third digit i.e. 822.33B. We have already arrived at a class number.
So in DDC this step is rather unnecessary.
Step 8: Verification
lf possible the title maybe verified through the Relative Index.
The above procedure, though slow, will make you a systematic and accurate classifier.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
4) What is subject analysis?
5) Name the steps suggested by Ranganathan for practical classification.
6) What is the advice to the classifiers?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

3.9 SUMMARY
DDC is a classification of the entire universe of knowledge. It divides knowledge by
discipline. It is sufficiently detailed hierarchically. To give outlines and overviews of
these details there are three major summaries given at the end of Volume 1 (pp. 471-
483) and numerous multi-level summaries scattered in the schedules (Volume 2). All
the Seven Tables in Volume 1 have their own summaries. The first summary is of the ten
main classes, the second is of 100 divisions-each main class divided into 10 divisions
and the third summary is of 1000 sections-each of the 100 divisions divided into ten
sections numbered 001 to 999. A section comprises three substantive digits. These
summaries provide a good overview of the increasing hierarchical details of the DDC.
These summaries give a view of major classes at a glance and help to pick the right
number without flipping through the pages of the schedules. A classifier easily and quickly
moves down from the first to the third summary and then to the lower summaries and
ultimately to the class number from the schedules and tables. The classes are arranged
in a general to specific order. Summaries are highly useful in locating an apt class number
efficiently.
To classify, we need, first of all, to ascertain the specific subject of the document. The
sources for determining the specific subject are the title, the sub-title, the blurb of the
book, the table of contents, the foreword, if any, the index and reading the text here and 43
Classification-DDC: there. If all these sources do not yield the subject then a published review or consulting
19th Edition a subject expert may definitely help. Sometimes a title is fanciful or inadequate. In such
cases the title must be made expressive. Sometimes titles are superficially adequate.
Titles are deceptive and are not reliable for classification purposes. Therefore, the advice
to the classifiers is: Never classify by the title alone.
Having located the specific subject, analyse it into various aspects, sub-divisions and
standard sub-division. After analysis we are to give a notation. Here, we can also
follow Ranganathan’s Steps for Practical Classification. You have to move through
Raw (given) title to Expressive title, Kernel title, Analysed title, Transformed title,
Standard terms title and Class number. Lastly, verify the class number from the index or
by translating the notation into the words of the schedules. Thus, classification is both
an art and a science. In a practical sense a classifier is a matchmaker matching the
subject of the book with the place (notation) already given in the schedules. As an art it
requires sufficient knowledge of books and subjects and improves with age and
experience.

3.10 ANSWERS TO THE SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1) It gives an overview of the classes. Gives broader details at a glance. Saves the
time of the classifiers. Saves the schedules from wear and tear.
2) 628 Sanitary and municipal engineering
628.1 Water supply
628.2 Sewerage and sewage
628.3 Sewage treatment and disposal
628.4 Public sanitation
628.5 Pollution and industrial sanitation engineering
628.7 Sanitary engineering for rural and sparsely-populated areas
628.9 Other branches
3) Title, sub-title, blurb, table of contents, preface, foreword, index, book reviews
and lastly subject experts.
4) An analysis of the subject of the book in term of main class, facets, subdivisions
and standard sub-division.
5) 0) Raw title, 1) Expressive title, 2) Kernel title, 3) Analysed title, 4) Transformed
title, 5) Title in standard terms, 6) Title in facet numbers, 7) Class number, 8)
Verification.
6) Titles are inadequate and deceptive. Never classify by the title alone.

3.11 KEYWORDS
Blurb : A brief description of the book printed on the
front inside cover of the book. Its usual heading
is “About the Book”.
Division : Each class of the second summary is called a
44
division. There are 100 divisions in all in the DDC
 got by dividing each main class into equal 10 Introductions to Three
branches. Summaries and Steps
in Classifying
Main Classes : In the DDC the entire universe of knowledge has Documents
been divided into ten main classes. Main classes
are the first order array of the division of the
universe of knowledge.
Section : The third summary comprises 1000 sections in
the DDC. Each main branch of the l00 divisions
(second summary) is called a section. Each
section comprises three substantitive digits.
Specific Subject : The specific subject of a document is that which
succinctly expresses the subject of the book or
is a full and exact measure of the length and
breadth of the subject as treated in the document.
Steps in Practical Classification : Eight sequential steps have been suggested by
Ranganathan to transform the title of the book
into the class number.
Subject Analysis : An analysis of the subject of the book in term of
main class, facets, subdivisions and standard sub-
division.
Summary : An overview of the classes listing its major sub-
divisions. The first three summaries are 10 main
classes, 100 divisions and 1000 sections
respectively. These are given at the end of the
volume 1 of the DDC.

3.12 REFERENCES AND FURTHERING READING

Comaromi, John P. ,et al. Manual for Use of Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th
ed. Albany, New York: Forest Press,1982. Print.
Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. 19th ed.3vols.
Albany, New York: Forest Press, 1979. Print.
Osborn, Jean. Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th Edition: A Study Manual.
Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1982.Print.
Satija, M.P., and John P. Comaromi. Introduction to the Practice of Decimal.
Classification. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1987. Print.

45
 UNIT 4 RELATIVE INDEX AND ITS USE
Structure
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Need and Importance
4.2.1 Place of Some Subjects in DDC is Illogical
4.2.2 Limited Knowledge of Classifiers

4.3 Nomenclature : Relative Index

4.4 Scope of the Index
4.5 Organisation of the Index
4.5.1 Looking under Key Terms
4.5.2 Locating Class Numbers in the Index
4.5.3 Abbreviations Used in the Sub-Entries

4.6 Numbers Given Against Entries

4.6.1 Entries from the Seven Tables
4.6.2 Cross-References

4.7 Summary
4.8 Answers to Self Check Exercises
4.9 Keywords
4.10 References and Further Reading

4.0 OBJECTIVES
In the process of assigning a class number to a specific subject of a document, in
addition to the Tables (Volume 1) and Schedules (Volume 2), the Relative Index
(Volume 3) of DDC-19th edition also acts as an important tool. In this Unit, we will
introduce to you the nature and use of the Relative Index.
After reading this Unit, you will be able to:
 define the Relative Index;
 describe its nature and characteristics;
 explain its need and importance;
 describe its organisation and structure; and
 use it for locating a class number in the schedules or tables for a given subject.

4.1 INTRODUCTION
In Unit 3 of this Block, we have explained to you how to do subject analysis and
ascertain the specific subject of a document. You have also been instructed about how
to assign a class number to the specific subject with the help of the Schedules (Volume
2) and Tables (Volume 1) of DDC. In the process of ascertaining a Class Number, the
46
Relative Index (Volume 3) also plays a vital role in guiding you to get the appropriate Relative Index and
Class Number from the Schedules and Tables. Its Use

The Relative Index of DDC has always been a part of the system since the very first
edition (1876). It is not merely an adjunct or aid to the use of the schedules, but an
entity in itself of value not less equal to the schedules. It is considered to be the paramount
and enduring contribution of Melvil Dewey to library classification.

4.2 NEED AND IMPORTANCE

DDC is a classification by discipline. It means that subjects are classified in the context
of a discipline. In the schedules and in the various auxiliary tables all the concepts and
subjects have been arranged logically in their whole part relationship. That is also known
as a systematic arrangement proceeding from the general to the specific. To locate a
desired subject and its class number in the schedules, at least a preliminary knowledge
of its position in the universe of knowledge is necessary. In other words, we should
know the discipline. It is very difficult for any person to have even a preliminary knowledge
of all the subjects in the universe of knowledge. Therefore, all persons, whatever their
knowledge, have to use at one time or the other a key to the schedules. This key is the
index called the Relative Index in DDC. A classifier may use the Index for reasons
which have been explained below.

4.2.1 Place of Some Subjects in DDC is Illogical

In DDC the position of some subjects is not very logical or as per universal consensus
among scholars. Some misplacements in the original plan of 1873-1876 continue to be
so. At later stages some new subjects have been adjusted here and there where no
vacant numbers available at their appropriate places. Now, nobody defends the system
for its logical structure. As a result, the scheme has now a distorted structure. The
number of illogically placed subjects increases with new editions. Therefore, sometimes
even a systematic approach to the schedules may fail to locate a class number.

4.2.2 Limited Knowledge of Classifiers

Besides the illogical structure of DDC, a classifier at times may not understand the
subject of the book to be classified. The term may be new to her/him or the classifier
may understand the subject but may not know of its location in the overall system. Take
the example of the subject of “Birthday Cards”. At first one may not even understand to
which Main Class it may belong. Some classes such as engineering are too crammed
with topics to locate the desired subject easily. For these reasons, at times the DDC
Schedules (Volumes 2) look like an impregnable fort. In some cases the hierarchical
ladder leads to false ends or blind alleys. There seems no way to break open the
schedules to reach the desired subject. In such a frustrating situation, the Relative Index
provides a royal road to the desired subject in the schedules.

4.3 NOMENCLATURE: RELATIVE INDEX

The index is called the Relative Index. The approach of the Relative Index is entirely
opposite to the approach of the schedules. In the Relative Index all the entries have
been arranged in an alphabetical sequence. But more importantly, the disciplines are
scattered by subjects whereas in the schedules the subjects are scattered by the discipline.
Thus, the Relative Index brings at one place all the related aspects of a subject scattered
in the schedules (Volume 2). Its approach is, thus, complementary to that of the schedules.
47
Classification-DDC: This index is called relative because it shows a term and its various aspects in relation to
19th Edition one another. Take, for example, the subject, “Birth”. It may have various aspects scattered
in the schedules. Some of its aspects such as birth control, customs, etc. are shown in
the following simplified entry from the Relative Index (p. 117).
Birth
control
customs
defects
lit.& stage trmt.
of Jesus Christ
So all the aspects of this subject, otherwise scattered in the schedules, have been collected
at one point. This will enable the classifier to study a given topic from different angles
and see its ramifications.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
1) Why is the Index of DDC called the Relative Index?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

4.4 SCOPE OF THE INDEX

The Index consists of the following terms in a single alphabetical sequence:
1) All the key terms/concepts in the schedules.
2) All the examples and illustrations given under entries.
3) Some of the compound concepts which can be obtained by number building notes.
4) All the concepts/entries given in all the seven auxiliary Tables 1-7 (in Volume 1).
5) Cross-Reference entries for synonymous terms and cross-reference to the related
concepts, i.e., see and see also entries.
Thus, the total number of more than 80,000 entries in the Relative Index is far more
than the total of 29,528 entries in the Schedules and Tables of DDC.
The Index cannot be expected to contain the names of all persons, cities, organisations,
minerals, plants, animals, chemical compounds, drugs, manufactured articles and similar
entities. Therefore, for specific names we should not consult the Index. For example, if
our title is “A Biography of Pandit Ravi Shankar”, it will not be fruitful to look into the
Index for Ravi Shankar. Instead we should look under the subject of biography, namely,
musician’s biography. Similarly, if our titles for classification are the Indian Library
Association or Jawaharlal Nehru University, we should not try to look up these names
in the Index. We should rather look under “library associations” and “universities”,
48 respectively.
Self-Check Exercise Relative Index and
Its Use
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
2) Under which terms will you look into the Index for the following subjects?
a) Shalimar Bagh
b) Indian Mathematical Society
c) Life Insurance Corporation of India
d) Biography of Charlie Chaplin
e) Bharatiya Janata Party
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

4.5 ORGANISATION OF THE INDEX

Each page of the Relative Index has been divided into two columns divided by a vertical
line. Each column consists of entries. The entries are arranged alphabetically. Any entry
in the Relative Index is defined as: “A term or phrase followed by information in the
form either of a number or of a reference to another term or phrase”.
For example (p.203):
Cities
local govt. 352.007 24
sociology 307.76
s. a. City
Class numbers in the schedules have been given against each entry.
Another kind of index entry, instead of giving the class number, refers to the other term.
For example(p.124):
Boars see Suiformes
It means that of the two synonymous terms “Boars” and “Suiformes”, the later has been
preferred in the Index. Therefore, all the entries of this concept have been gathered
under Suiformes (p. 1065, Volume 3). And the users who happen to look into this
concept under “Boars” are redirected to Suiformes by a see cross-reference. Another
form of entry may refer to related entries in the form of see also (s. a.) entry.
For example (p.687):
Monism
philosophy 147.3
indiv phil. 180-190
s. a. spec. branches of phil.
e.g. Metaphysics
49
Classification-DDC: The last line in this entry means see also specific branches of philosophy for their monism
19th Edition viewpoint
Let us see another relatively simple entry(p.):
Umpiring
American football 796.332 3
baseball 796.357 3
Canadian football 796.335 3
cricket 796.358 3
rugby 796.333 3
soccer 796.334 3
s. a. other spec. games
In the above entry, after talking umpiring in some of the games (listed alphabetically),
we may, if desired, refer to other specific games, e.g., hockey, for their umpiring aspect.

4.5.1 Looking under Key Terms

For lengthy compound titles we should look into the Index under the key terms. For
locating a number for such a title we may have to look under more than one key term.
The choice of the first key term to be looked under is very important and requires
insight and experience. The simple rule is as follows.
If in the title one term refers to an object/substance and the other is a technique/process/
action, then it is better to look under object/substance, i.e., the concrete term. For
example, if we have to locate the number for “Lunar eclipse” in the Index, we should
first look under “Lunar”. Let us take another title “Manufacture of jute pulp”. Here we
should look under “jute pulp” (Adj+Noun form) instead of manufacture. Moreover,
manufacture seems too vague a term for immediate location.
But if there is a specific process or technique then that process may be safely looked
under. For example, for “Bergius process of manufacturing synthetic petroleum”, look
under Bergius.

4.5.2 Locating Class Numbers in the Index

In the previous section you were asked to look under key terms, but the term you are
looking for may not have been indexed at all. In the Indian context there are several
terms used differently, e.g. a subject like “Primary education”. In this case you will find
that there are two key terms “primary” and “education”. If you check in the Index you
will not find any number for primary education. Under education there is no “primary”
term listed. This is because in western countries it is called “elementary education” and
hence it is also essential to know the preferred terms.
You are also likely to waste time in locating numbers through the index if you do not
understand the subject itself or the correct connection of the terms.
Let us look at a simple example:
Economic geology of copper
There are three key terms: (1) economics (2) geology and (3) copper. Under which
term will you search in the Index? If you check under “economics” you will not find any
number. So will be the case if we look under geology. In this case there is a possibility
of combination of two terms “economic” and “geology”. There is a number listed under
50
“economic geology” but it does not help us further in finding the specific number for the Relative Index and
whole subject. But if you check under “copper” you will come across copper, mineral Its Use
aspects-economic geology (p.250) and the number is 553.43.
Hence, it is essential to check under appropriate terms, otherwise you will be wasting
time in searching. It is always advisable to recheck the numbers in the schedules. It
helps you to understand the hierarchy of numbers and in a few cases, you will also
come to know how the numbers have been coined.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
3) Under which term would you look up the following subjects?
a) Anthology of one act plays
b) Libraries for children
c) Fabian socialism
d) Methods of offset printing
e) Dynamics of particle
f) Air-to-air guided missiles
g) Diseases of legs
h) Multi-language dictionaries
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

4.5.3 Abbreviations Used in the Sub-Entries

In every entry you will find abbreviations throughout the Index. This has been done to
save pace. The list of all abbreviations used has been given in the beginning of the
Relative Index (pp. xi-xiii). Once you go through this list, then it may be easy to
comprehend their full forms. If in the beginning you are not able to understand the full
meaning of an abbreviated term, you may consult the list of abbreviations. With
experience you will learn to read the abbreviations easily.
Some of the abbreviations are:
gen. wks. = general works
s. a. = see also
soc. = social
spec. = specific
spec. jur. = specific jurisdictions
O.T. = Old Testament
St. = Saint
51
Classification-DDC: All the states of the USA have been given in abbreviated form:
19th Edition
Ia = Iowa
Ida = Idaho
Wyo = Wyoming
All the abbreviations have been arranged at their proper places as if they were fully
spelled out.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
4) Spell out the following abbreviations.
a) appl(s). ………………………………………………….
b) gen. wks. ………………………………………………….
c) geog. subd. ………………………………………………….
d) govt. ………………………………………………….
e) ind. ………………………………………………….
f) jur. ………………………………………………….
g) transp ………………………………………………….
h) vet.sci. ………………………………………………….

4.6 NUMBERS GIVEN AGAINST ENTRIES

If a concept occurs in the Schedules (Volume 2), the full number is given against it for
referring back to the Schedules.
For example (p.125):
Boilers
bldg. heating equip. 697.07
s. a. spec. kinds e.g. Steam heating
Let us interpret this partial entry
1) The class number for “Boilers” used as heating equipment for buildings is 697.07
2) The line under “building heating equipment” means: see also specific kinds of heating
equipment for buildings. Steam heating has been cited only as an example. It
means that in addition to “Boilers” as heating devices for buildings have been given
under their specific names. In fact “Boilers” entry is a specific entry for one kind of
heating equipment. For example, some other methods of room (building) heating
are: solar heating, hot water. heating and fireplaces. For these types of room
heating equipment, we should directly look under these terms.

52
For example looking under ‘Solar’ (p.1023): Relative Index and
Its Use
Solar
heating
buildings 697.78
In this case heating is subordinate to solar and building is subordinate to heating. These
subordination aspects have been shown by indenting, i.e., by leaving space to the left.

4.6.1 Entries from the Seven Tables

If the entry is from one of the Seven Auxiliary Tables (Volume 1), then the sequence of
the number column runs as follows:
First is given the short name of the Table in abbreviated form in italics, followed by a
dash and the number proper for the concept.
For example (p.110):
Bhutan area – 549 8
It means that the term Bhutan is from the Areas Table (Table 2) and its number is 5498.
The dash ‘–’ before the number indicates that the number is never used alone but
attached to some number in the schedules.
Take another example:
Bhutanese people r.e.n. – 914 18
It means that the term “Bhutanese people” occurs in the Table of Racial, Ethnic, National
Groups (Table 5), where its number is - 91418.
Abbreviations for the various Tables as used in the Index are as follows:
Table Number Full Name of the Table Abbreviations Used

Table Number Full Name of the Table Abbreviations Used

Table 1 Standard Subdivisions s.s.
Table 2 Areas area

Table 3 Subdivisions of Individual Literatures lit.sub.

Table 4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages lang.sub.
Table 5 Racial, Ethnic, National Groups r.e.n.
Table 6 Languages lang.
Table 7 Persons Pers.

4.6.2 Cross-References
Sometimes we may not find a number against an entry. Instead we may be directed to
some other term by a see or see also note. Understanding these cross-references is
vital in using the Index.

53
Classification-DDC: These are of two types:
19th Edition
a) “see” Type
The Index uses standard terminology, wherein only one term for a concept has been
used. In case of synonymous terms, we are referred from the unused term to the used
term.
For example:
Linum see Flax
Linoleum see Floor coverings
Zyriam see Permian
Cartesian systems see coordinate systems
Jackals see Canidae
Dust-caused respiratory diseases see Pneumoconiosis
Immigrants see Ethnic groups; also Minority groups
Zoroastrian music see Zoroastrian sacred music
Flautists see Flutists
Tswana see Bantu
Brass
arts
decorative 739.52
other aspects see Metal arts
Similarly from abbreviated terms the reader maybe referred to the full form.
For example:
ADP see Automatic data processing
VAT see Added value taxes UN see United Nations
However, if a country has two names in English, then an entry is made under both.
For example:
Siam area-593
Thailand area-593
Ceylon area-549 3
SriLanka area-549 3
Holland area-492
Netherlands area-492

54
b) “s.a.(see also)” Type Relative Index and
Its Use
But more important are the see also (entered in the index as s. a.) references. Such
cross-references direct us to explore related topics entered under different terms in the
Index.
Consider the following entry (p.402):
Flags 929.92
mil.sc. 355.15
s a. spec. mil. branches
nonverbal commun. see Flag signals
The above entry means that the general number for “Flags” is 929.92. Class number
for “Flags” in the context of military science (mil.sc.) is 355.15. Again as a sub-aspect
of military science there is s.a, (see also) entry directing us to specific branches of
military such as Navy and Air Force, for flags of those branches.
Such a cross-reference is called a scatter reference as it does not refer to a specific
term but suggests other possibilities.

4.7 SUMMARY
In this Unit, we have discussed the need value, scope, entry, format and use of the
Relative Index. The main points are:
1) Relative Index contains, in a single alphabet, a word-by-word sequence of all the
key terms in the Schedules, the Seven Auxiliary Tables and some of the synonymous
terms.
2) Relative Index (Volume 3) of DDC is not only the key to the classified arrangement
of the concepts in the Schedules (Volume 3) and Tables (Volume 1) but also
provides an independent approach to knowledge classification.
3) In the Relative Index, the disciplines are subordinated to the subject. Through the
Index we can see at one glance the various scattered-by-discipline aspects of a
subject which is not possible through the schedules.
4) For synonymous terms see cross-reference has been used to direct us from an
unused term to the used term in the Index.
5) For related subjects scattered under different terms s. a. (see also) cross-references
have been used.
6) Many of the sub-entries have been abbreviated and the key to the abbreviations
has been given in the beginning of the Index.
7) We should not lean too much on the Index as it retards our learning and using of
Schedules. It should be used only when the direct approach to the Schedules
seems difficult or fails.

4.8 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1) It is called relative, as its approach to knowledge organization is inverse to that of
the Schedules. It also depicts all the relations of the subject.
55
Classification-DDC: 2) a) Gardens
19th Edition
b) Mathematics, societies/associations
c) Life insurance companies
d) Actors, biographies and work, motion pictures
e) Political parties
3) a) One-act plays
b) Children’s libraries
c) Fabian socialism
d) Offset printing-There is a see direction
e) Dynamics, particles
f) Either under guided missiles or air-to-air
g) Legs
h) Dictionaries
4) a) applications, applied
b) general works
c) geographical subdivisions
d) government(s), governmental
e) industrial, industries, industry
f) jurisdiction(s)
g) transport, transportation
i) veterinary science

4.9 KEY WORDS

Entry : A term or phrase followed by information in the
form either of a number or of a reference to
another term or phrase or both.
Indentation : Typographical setting in which sub-headings are
printed leaving a space to the left of the line of
the first letter of the main heading.
Index : Ordinarily an alphabetically arranged list of topics/
concepts in the book giving information for each
item is to be traced by means of a number. In
some indexes the arrangement may be other than
alphabetical.
Relative Index : An alphabetical index to a classification scheme
in which all relationships and aspects of a subject
are brought together under each index entry.
56
Scatter Reference : A cross-reference in the index not referring to a Relative Index and
specific term but suggesting a variety of Its Use
possibilities. This is done by see also references.
See : A direction note from a not used term to the used
term. A direction note referring the user to related
topics.
s.a. : This refers to related topics scattered in the Index
under different terms.
Word-by-Word Alphabetisation : In it terns/concepts which have the same first
words are arranged in the alphabetical order of
the subsequent word. Here the word (not the
letter) is the unit. It is also called the nothing
before-something method. This method is also
recommended by the British Standards
Institution.

4.10 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Comaromi, John P. ,et al. Manual for Use of Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th
ed. Albany, New York: Forest Press,1982. Print.
Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. 19th ed.3vols.
Albany, New York: Forest Press, 1979. Print.
Osborn, Jean. Dewey Decimal Classification, 19th Edition: A Study Manual.
Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1982. Print.
Satija, M.P., and John P. Comaromi. Introduction to the Practice of Decimal.
Classification. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1987. Print.

57
 UNIT 5 STUDY OF TABLES AND
SCHEDULES
Structure
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Tables
5.2.1 Table 1 : Standard Subdivisions
5.2.2 Table 2 : Areas
5.2.3 Table 3 : Subdivisions of Individual Literatures
5.2.4 Table 4 : Subdivisions of Individual Languages
5.2.5 Table 6 : Languages
5.2.6 Table 5 : Racial, Ethnic, National Groups
5.2.7 Table 7 : Persons

5.3 Schedules
5.3.1 Generalities 000
5.3.2 Philosophy and Related Disciplines 100
5.3.3 Religion 200
5.3.4 Social Sciences 300
5.3.5 Language 400
5.3.6 Pure Sciences 500
5.3.7 Technology (Applied Sciences) 600
5.3.8 The Arts 700
5.3.9 Literature 800
5.3.10 General Geography and History 900
5.4 Summary
5.5 Answers to Self Check Exercises
5.6 Key Words
5.7 References and Further Reading

5.0 OBJECTIVES
In this Unit we introduce you to the Tables and Schedules of Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC), 19th Edition. You have to use the Tables very frequently along
with the Schedules for building a Class Number.
After reading this Unit, you will be able to:
 understand the nature and utility of the seven (auxiliary) tables;
 apply these tables for synthesis or the number-building process;
 understand the main classes and their divisions and sub-divisions represented in
the schedules;
 apply the instructions and guidelines provided at various points in the schedules;
and
 build class numbers for titles falling under various branches of main classes using
notation from tables and schedules.
58
 Study of Tables and
5.1 INTRODUCTION Schedules
You have been already introduced to the structure, features and characteristics of DDC
(19th Edition) in Block 1, Units 1-4. This Unit familiarises you with the Seven Auxiliary
Tables, viz., Tl Standard Subdivisions, T2 Areas, T3 Subdivisions of Individual
Literatures, T4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages, T5 Racial, Ethnic, National Groups,
T6 Languages and T7 Persons. This Unit also brings to your attention important aspects
and summary of schedules representing important divisions of the universe of subjects
(000-999) and their use in synthesis or the number-building process.

5.2 TABLES
A table has been defined as “a sequence of dependant notation indicating various special
concepts used repeatedly with a variety of subjects and disciplines”. There are seven
auxiliary tables listed in this section, which support the schedules. The use of these
seven tables in the number building process is presented in the following subsections
with suitable worked out examples.

5.2.1 Table 1: Standard Subdivisions

Table 1 is very frequently used in DDC. The dash or hyphen (-) preceding each number
never stands alone. The hyphen (-) is omitted when you add a specific number from
Table 1 to the base number from the Schedules.
Examples
Title: Study and teaching of library classification
Class Number: 025.420 7
Analysis:
020 = Library and Information Science
025.42 = Library classification
-07 (Table 1) = Study and teaching
Synthesis:
025.42 + -07 = 025.420 7
Title: Formula in Physics
Class Number: 530.212
Analysis:
530 = Physics
-0212 (Table 1) = Formulas
Synthesis:
530 + -0212
53 + -0212 = 530.212
Title: Market research in silk textiles Class Number: 677.390 688
59
Classification-DDC:
19th Edition Analysis:
677.39 = Silk textiles
-0688 (Table 1) = Market research
Synthesis:
677.39 + -0688 = 677.390 688
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
1) Assign class numbers to the following titles:
a) Scientific principles in chemistry
b) Serial publications in astronomy
c) Correspondence courses in public administration
d) International organisations in trade
e) History of philosophy
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.2.2 Table 2: Areas

Table 2 is also one of the important and frequently used tables in DDC for synthesising
a class number. Table 2 includes areas, regions, places in general (-1), which include
physiographical features, population clusters, political and economic groups. It also
includes persons in general (-2), ancient world (-3) and modern world (-4 and -9). In
DDC 18th Edition (1971), “Divide like” instruction was replaced by “Add to” from
Schedules spans and “Add from” Tables. You will find in DDC-19th Edition “Add to”
instruction at several places in the Tables and Schedules for the use of area subdivisions
from Table 2 to the base number.
Take for example
327.3 –.9 = Foreign policies and foreign relations between specific nations
Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number 327, e.g., Foreign Policy of
United Kingdom 327.41 (Table 2).
Examples
Title: Buddhist religious sects and reform movements in Japan
Class Number: 294.390 952

60
 Study of Tables and
Analysis: Schedules
294.39 = Buddhist sects and reform movements
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-52 (Table 2) = Japan
Synthesis:
294.39 + - 09 + - 52 =294.390 952
Title: Elementary education in India
Class Number: 372.954
Analysis:
372 = Elementary education
372.91 - .99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number 372.9)
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
372.9 + - 54 = 372.954
Title: Geography of the USA
Class Number: 917.3
Analysis:
910 = General Geography
-73 (Table 2) = USA
Synthesis:
910 + - 73
91 +-73 = 917.3
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
2) Assign class numbers to the following titles:
a) University libraries in UK
b) Birds of Burma
c) Economic conditions in Nepal
d) Geography of Brazil
e) Foreign policy of China
61
Classification-DDC: .....................................................................................................................
19th Edition
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.2.3 Table 3: Subdivisions of Individual Literatures

The subdivisions under Table 3 consist of specific literary forms -1 to -7, miscellaneous
writing -8, and specific periods -81 to -89. The notation from Table 3 is never used
alone but may be used as required with the base number for individual literature identified
by * under 810 4890 (schedules). Tables 3 is followed and supplemented by Table 3-
A which provides additional elements for building numbers with Table 3.
Examples
Title: Idealism in English poetry
Class Number: 821.13
Analysis:
820 = English literature
-1 (Table 3) = Poetry
13 (Table 3-A) = Idealism
Synthesis:
820 + - 1 + 13
82 + - 1 + 13 = 821.13
Title: German short stories
Class Number: 833.01
Analysis:
830 = German literature
-301 (Table 3) = Short stories
Synthesis:
830 + -301
83 + -301 = 833.01
Title: Critical appraisal of Telugu poetry
Class Number: 894.827 109
Analysis:
894.827 = Telugu literature
-1 (Table 3) = Poetry
- 09 (Table 3) = Critical appraisal
Synthesis:
894.827 + - 1 + -09 = 894.827 109
62
5.2.4 Table 4 : Subdivisions of Individual Languages Study of Tables and
Schedules
Table 4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages is never used alone, but may be used as
required with the base numbers for individual languages identified by * asterisk under
420 - 490 in the schedule.
Examples
Title: French grammar
Class Number: 445
Analysis:
440 = French language
-5 (Table 4) = Grammar
Synthesis:
440 + -5
44 + -5 = 445
Title: English words in Hindi
Class Number: 491.432 421
Analysis:
491.43 = Hindi language
-24 (Table 4) = Foreign elements(Add “Languages” notation 1-9
from Table 6 to -24)
-21 (Table 6) = English
Synthesis:
491.43 + - 24+ -21 = 491.432 421
Title: German French dicti0nary
Class Number: 433.31
Analysis:
430 = German language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
-31 (Table 6) = French language
Synthesis:
430 + - 3 + - 31
43 + - 3 + - 31 = 433.31

5.2.5 Table 6: Languages

Table 6 Languages never used alone, but may be used with those numbers from the
schedules and other tables to which the classifier is instructed to add notation from
Table 6. The use of this table is mostly confined to the main classes, 400 Language and
800 Literature.
63
Classification-DDC: Examples
19th Edition
Title: Bengali language encyclopaedias
Class Number: 039.914 4
Analysis:
039 = Encyclopedias in other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to
base number 039)
-9144 (Table 6) = Bengali language
Synthesis:
039 + -9144 = 039.914 4
Title: Bible in Malayalam
Class Number: 220.594 812
Analysis:
220.5 = Modern versions and translations of the Bible
220.53 -.59 In other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 3-9 from Table 6 to base
number 220.5)
-94812 (Table 6) = Malayalam
Synthesis:
220.5 +.-94812 = 220.594 812
Title: Social status of Nepalis
Class Number: 305.791 49
Analysis:
305.7 = Social status of language groups
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to base
number 305.7)
- 9149 (Table 6) = Nepali
Synthesis:
305.7 +.- 9149 = 305.791 49
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
3) Assign class numbers to the-following titles:
a) French rhetoric
b) Technical writing in Russian
64 c) Collection of letters of social themes.
 d) French-English dictionary Study of Tables and
Schedules
e) Arabic language collections
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.2.6 Tables 5: Racial, Ethnic, National Groups

The notation in this Table is never used alone but may be used as required either directly
or with “Add to” instruction or through the interposition of notation -089 from Table 1,
with any number from Schedules.
Examples
Title: Religion of Bantus
Class Number: 299.683
Analysis:
299.6 = Religion of Black African and Negro Origin
299.68 = Of specific groups and tribes
(Add to base number 299.68 the numbers following
96 in Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation
961 - 969 from Table 5).
- 963 (Table 5) = Bantus
Synthesis:
299.68 + - 963
299.68 + 3 = 299.683
Title: Japanese cooking
Class Number: 641. 592 956
Analysis:
641.592= = Ethnic cookery
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 03 –
99 from
Table 5 to base number 641. 592).
- 956 (Table 5) = Japanese
Synthesis:
641.592 + - 956 = 641. 592 956

65
Classification-DDC: Title: North American native races
19th Edition
Class Number: 572. 897
Analysis:
572 = Human races
572. 8 = Specific human races
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01 –
99 from
Table 5 to base number 572. 8)
- 97 (Table 5) = North American Native races
Synthesis:
572. 8 + - 97 = 572. 897

5.2.7 Table 7: Persons

The notation from Table 7 Persons is never used alone, but may be used as required
with any appropriate number from the schedules with “Add to” instruction or through
interposition of notation -024 from Table 1.
Examples
Title: Hindu religious groups in South Africa
Class Number: 305.694 506 8
Analysis:
305.6 = Religious groups- (Add to base number 305.6 the
numbers following 2 in Persons’ notation 21-29 from
Table 7, then add 0 and to the result add “Areas”
notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-2945 (Table 7) = Hindus
0 (Zero, Vol. 2, p.206) = Facet Indicator
-68 (Table 2) = South Africa
Synthesis:
305.6 + - 2945+ 0 + -68
305.6 + - 945+ 0 + -68 = 305.694 506 8
Title: Custom of doctors
Class Number: 390.461
Analysis:
390.4 = Customs of people of various specific occupations
(Add “Persons”notation 09-99 from Table 7 to the base
number 390.4)
-61 (Table 7) = Doctors
Synthesis:
390.4 + - 61 = 390.461

66
Title: Psychology books for teachers Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 150.243 72
Analysis:
150 = Psychology
-024 (Table 1) = Works for specific types of users
(Add “Persons” notation 03-99 from Table 7 to the
base number -024)
-372 (Table 7) = Teachers
Synthesis:
150 + - 024 + - 372
15 + - 024 + - 372 = 150.243 72
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
4) Assign class numbers to the following titles:
a) Religion of Nigerians
b) Social status of Koreans
c) Buddhist religious groups
d) Custom of lawyers
e) Psychology books for doctors
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.3 SCHEDULES
In the preceding sections and sub-sections you have been introduced to the seven
auxiliary Tables (1-7) and the number-building process with suitable worked out
examples. In the following sections and sub-sections you will be introduced to Schedules,
i.e., the main classes and their divisions. The worked out examples under each Main
Class will give an idea as to the nature of the titles and the need for following “Add to”
instructions to be found at various points in the Schedules to build appropriate Class
Numbers.

5.3.1 Generalities 000

The schedule of this Main Class not only deals with general aspects of knowledge but
also some specific disciplines/subject fields such as Bibliography 010, Library and
Information Sciences 020, Museology 060, Journalism, Publishing, Newspapers 070
and Book Rarities 090. This class is also known as the hold-all class. The second and 67
Classification-DDC: third summaries in DDC, Vol. 1, will provide you an idea of the divisions and sections
19th Edition of this Main Class. The following worked out examples cover some of the important
divisions of this Main Class.
Examples:
Title: British National Bibliography
Class Number: 015.41
Analysis:
015 = Bibliographies from specific places
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base
number 015)
-41 (Table 2) = Britain
Synthesis:
015 + - 41 = 015.41
Title: Classification of Botany
Class Number: 025.465 81
Analysis:
025.46 = Classification of specific disciplines and subjects
(Add 001 - 999 to base number 025.46)
581 (Vol. 2, p.763) = Botany
Synthesis:
025.46 + 581 = 025.465 81
Title: General organisations in Mexico city
Class Number: 068.7253
Analysis:
068 = General organisations in other geographical areas
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
068)
-7253 (Table 2) = Mexico state
Synthesis:
068 + - 7253 = 068.725 3
Title: Social welfare reporting
Class Number: 070.449 361
Analysis:
070.449 = Specific subject (Journalism)
(Add 001-999 to base number 070.449)
361 (Vol. 2, p. 359) = Social welfare
Synthesis:
070.449 + 361 = 070.449 361
68
Title: German incunabula Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 093.094 3
Analysis:
093 = Incunabula
-09 (Table 1) = Geographical treatment
-43 (Table 2) = Germany
Synthesis:
093 + - 09 + - 43 = 093.094 3
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
5) Assign class numbers to the following titles:
a) Journalism in developing countries
b) Catalogue of Persian manuscripts
c) Data processing in banking
d) Bibliographies of Nuclear physics
e) Selection and acquisition of motion pictures
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.3.2 Philosophy and Related Disciplines 100

This Main Class includes two important branches of the Universe of Knowledge, i.e.,
philosophy and psychology. The important branches are metaphysics, epistemology,
logic, ethics, ancient, medieval and oriental philosophies and modern western
philosophies. The second and third summaries in DDC, Vol. l, provide you an idea of
the divisions and sections of this Main Class. The following worked out examples cover
some of the divisions of this Main Class.
Examples
Title: A survey of research in child psychology
Class Number: 155.407 23
Analysis:
155.4 = Child psychology
-0723 (Table 1) = Research survey
Synthesis:
155.4 + - 0723 = 155.407 23
69
Classification-DDC: Title: Aesthetic theories
19th Edition
Class Number: 111.850 1
Analysis:
111.85 = Beauty (Aesthetics)
-01 (Table 1) = Theory
Synthesis:
111.85 + - 01 = 111.850 1
Title: Psychology for teachers
Class number: 150.243 72
Analysis:
150 = Psychology
-024 (Table 1) = Works for specific types of users
(Add to “Persons” notation 03-99 from Table 7 to base
number-024)
-372 (Table 7) = Teachers
Synthesis:
150 +- 024 + - 372
15 +- 024 + -372 = 150.243 72
Title: Ethics of painters
Class Number: 174.975
Analysis:
174.9 = Ethics of other professions and occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number174.9)
-75 (Table 7) = Painters
Synthesis:
174.9 + -75 = 174.975
Title: Hindu philosophy
Class Number: 181.045
Analysis:
181 = Oriental philosophy ,
181.04 - .09 = Based on specific religions
(Add to base number 181.0 the numbers following 29
in294-299)
294.5 (Vol. 2) = = Hinduism
Synthesis:
181.0 + 294.5
181.0+ 4 .5 = 181.045
70
Self-Check Exercise Study of Tables and
Schedules
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
6) Assign class numbers to the following titles:
a) Dictionary of astrology
b) Psychology of Indians
c) Ethics of musicians
d) Buddhist philosophy
e) Canadian philosophy
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.3.3 Religion 200

This Main Class is mostly devoted to the various aspects of Christianity. Most parts of
the notation 210-289 are devoted to Christianity. Other major religions of the world
are listed at 292-299. The divisions and sections of this Main Class are listed under
second and third summaries (Vol.1). The following worked out examples cover some
of the important branches of religion.
Examples
Title: Bible in German language
Class Number: 220.531
Analysis:
220.5 = Modern versions and translations of Bible
220.53-.59 = In other Languages
(Add “Languages” notation 3-9 from Table 6 to the
base number 220.5)
-31 (Table 6) = German
Synthesis:
220.5 + - 31 = 220.531

71
Classification-DDC: Title: Worship in Buddhism
19th Edition
Class Number: 294.344 3

Analysis:
294.34 = Doctrines and practices in Buddhism-
(Add to base number 294.34 the numbers following
291 in291.2-291.4)
291.43 = Worship
Synthesis:
294.34 + 291.43
294.34+ 43 = = 294.344 3
Title: Sacred books of Jainism
Class Number: 294.482
Analysis:
294.4= = Jainism
294.41- .48 = Jainism, general principles
(Add to base number 294.4 the numbers following 291
in 291.1-291.8)
291.82 = Sacred books
Synthesis:
294.4 + 291.82
294.4 + 82 = 294.482
Title: Hindu religious gurus
Class Number: 294.561
Analysis:
294.5 = Hinduism
294.56-.57 = Leader organisations, activities
(Add to base number 294.5 the numbers following 291
in 291.6-291.7)
291.61 = Religious gurus
Synthesis:
294.5 + 291.61
294.5 + .61 = 294.561

72
Title: Religion of Hottentots Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 299.681
Analysis:
299 = Other Religions
299.68 Religion of specific groups and tribes
(Add to base number 299.68 the numbers following
96 in”Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 961-
969 from Table 5)
-961 (Table 5) = = Hottentots
Synthesis:
299.68 + - 961
299.68 + - 1 = 299.681
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
7) Assign class numbers to the following, titles:
a) English version of New Testament
b) Religious freedom in Buddhism
c) Worship in Jainism
d) Sikh religious organisations
e) Translations of Babylonian Talmund
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.3.4 Social Sciences 300

All the important disciplines in the social science are listed in this Main Class. Some of
the disciplines such as psychology, history and geography are listed under 150 and
900, separating from the Main Class 300. At several places in the schedules for social
sciences you will find special tables. The notation from these tables have to be applied
to those divisions identified by an asterisk. The divisions and sections falling under
social sciences are found in Vol.1, p.476 under second summary and third summary.
The following worked out examples cover some of the important branches of social
sciences.

73
Classification-DDC: Examples
19th Edition
Title: Indians in the United States
Class Number: 305.891 411 073
Analysis:
305.8 = Social stratification of Racial, Ethnic, National Groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 305.8 then, unless it is
redundant, add 0 to the result, and add “Areas” notation
1-9 from Table 3)
- 91411 (Table 5) = Indians
0 (Vol. 2, p.207) = Facet Indicator
-73 (Table 2) = United States
Synthesis:
305.8 + - 91411 + 0 + - 73 = 305.891 411 073
Title: Conservation and protection of forest lands
Class Number: 333.751 6
Analysis:
333.75 = * Forest lands
(*Add as instructed under 333.7)
333.7 = Natural resources
(special divisions are listed)
16 (Vol. 2, p.280) = Conservation and protection (Listed under 333.7)
Synthesis:
333.75 + 16 = 333.751 6
Title: Election law of India
Class Number: 342.540 7
Analysis:
342 = Constitutional and administrative law
342.3-.9 = Specific jurisdictions and areas
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
342)
-54 (Table 2) = India
342.07 = Election law
Synthesis:
342 + -54 + 342.07

74 342 + -54 + 07 = 342.540 7

Title: Cabinet government in France Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 354.440 4
Analysis:
354 = Public international organisations and specific central
governments other than those of United States
354.3-.9 Specific central governments other than those of the
UnitedStates
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
354)
-44 (Table 2) = France
04 = Cabinet (Special divisions listed under 354.3-.9)
Synthesis:
354 + - 44 +04 = : 354.440 4
Title: Admission procedure in elementary schools
Class Number: 372.121 6
Analysis:
372 = Elementary education
372.11-.18 = Organisation and administration
(Add to base number 372.1 the number following 371
in 371.1-371.8)
371.216 = Admission procedures
Synthesis:
372.1 + 371.216
372.1 + .216 = 372.121 6
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
8) Assign the class numbers to the following titles:
a) Religious holidays of Hinduism
b) Trade agreements between India and Russia
c) Counselling and guidance of drug addicts
d) Government corporations in France
:
e) Law of evidence in Canada.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 75
Classification-DDC: 5.3.5 Language 400
19th Edition
The Main Class Language 400 includes important languages of the world. The other
major and minor languages of the world are listed under Table 6 Languages. Various
aspects of languages such as etymology, dictionaries, structural systems, etc., are listed
under Table 4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages. Individual languages identified by
an * asterisk in the schedules listed under 420-490 have to be further expanded by
taking notation from Table 4. The use of notation from Table 4 has already been explained
to you in sub-section 5.2.4
Examples
Title: Structure of Hindi
Class Number: 491.435
Analysis:
491.43 = *Hindi
(Add to base number as instructed under 420-
490 “Under each language identified by *, add
“Subdivisions of Individual Language” notation
01-86 from Table 4 to designated base number)
- 5 (Table 4) = Structure
Synthesis:
491.43 + - 5 = 491.435
Title: English-Telugu dictionary
Class Number: 423.948 27
Analysis:
420 = English language
-32’to-39 (Table 4) = Bilingual dictionaries
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to-3)
-94827 (Table 6) = Telugu
Synthesis:
420 + - 3 + - 94827
42+ -3+ -94827 = 423.948 27
Title: Pronunciation of French
Class Number: 441. 81
Analysis:
440 = French language
441 = Written and spoken codes of standard French
-81 (Table 4) = Pronunciation
Synthesis:
441 +- 81 = 441.81
76
Title: Sanskrit words in Kanada Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 494.814 249 12
Analysis:
494.814 = Kanada
-24. (Table4) Foreign elements
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to -24)
-912 (Table s-6) = Sanskrit
Synthesis:
494.814 +-24+ -912 = 494.814 249 12
Title: Russian grammar for students
Class Number: 491.750 243 75
Analysis:
491.7 = Russian language
-5 (Table 4) = Grammar
-024 (Table 1) = Works for specific types of users
(Add “Persons” notation 03-99 from Table 7 to base
number-024)
-375 (Table 7) = Students
Synthesis:
491.7 +-5+ -024+ -375 = 491.750 243 75
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
9) Assign the class numbers to the following titles:
a) Spanish phonology
b) Homonyms in Italian language dictionaries
c) Portuguese paleography
d) Tamil vocabulary
e) Chinese language readers
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
77
Classification-DDC: 5.3.6 Pure Sciences 500
19th Edition
This Main Class covers important branches of pure sciences such as Mathematics,
astrology, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, botany and zoology. The branches have
been minutely divided, At certain places in the schedules you will find use of special
tables to achieve synthesis for number building.
Examples
Title: Size of Venus
Class Number: 532.421
Analysis:
523.42 = *Venus
(Add as instructed under 523.41-523.48)(Add to each
subdivision identified by * the numbers following 523.3
in 523.31-523.37)
523.31 = Size
Synthesis:
523.42 + 523.31
523.42 + 1 = 523.421
Title: Liquid state Chemistry
Class Number: 541.042 2
Analysis:
541 = Physical and theoretical Chemistry
541.042 States of matter
(Add to base number 541.042 the numbers following
530.4 in530.41-530.44)
530.42 = Liquid-state physics
Synthesis:
541.042 + 530.42
541.042 + 2 = 541.042 2
Title: Forecasting snowstorms
Class Number: 551.645 5
Analysis:
551 = Geology, meteorology, general hydrology
551.64 Forecasting of specific elements and phenomena
(Add to base number 551.64 the numbers following
551.5 in551.51-551.57)
551.555 = Snowstorms
Synthesis:
551.64 + 551.555
551.64 + 55 = 551.645 5
78
Title: Pathology of rose plants Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 583.372 042
Analysis:
583.372 = *Roses
(Add as instructed under 582-589)
04 (Vol. 2, p.769) = General principles (Listed under 582-589)
(Add to 04 the number following 581 in 581.1-581.8)
581.2 = Pathology
Synthesis:
583.372 + 04 +581.2
583.372 + 04 + 2 = 583.372 042
Title: Respiratory organs of amphibians
Class Number: 597.604 42
Analysis:
597.6 = *Amphibians
(Add as instructed under 592-599)
04 (Vol. 2, p.795) = General principles (Listed under 592-599)
(Add to 04 the numbers following 591 in
591.1-591.8)
591.42 = Respiratory organs
Synthesis:
597.6 + 04 + 591.42
597.6 + 04 + 42 = 597.604 42
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit..
10) Assign class numbers to the following titles:
a) Bird watching in India
b) Botanical gardens in USA
c) Fresh water microorganisms
d) Geomorphology of China
e) Quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 79
Classification-DDC: 5.3.7 Technology (Applied Sciences) 600
19th Edition
In this Main Class a very detailed and elaborate treatment has been given to all branches
of technology. At different places in the Schedules you will find Special Tables to assist
in number building. The Tables have enhanced the synthetic feature in DDC. This Main
Class covers important subject fields such as medical sciences, engineering, agriculture,
home economics, management, chemical engineering, manufacturing and buildings.
Examples
Title: Treatment of gastric ulcers
Class Number: 616.334 06
Analysis:
616.334 = *Gastric ulcers
(Add as instructed under 616.1-616.9)
06 (Vol. 2, p.869) = Therapy (Listed under 616.1-616.9)
Synthesis:
616.334 + 06 = 616.334 06
Title: Testing of copper material
Class Number: 620.182 028 7
Analysis:
620.182 = *Copper (material)
(*Add as instructed under 620.12-620.19)
0287 (Vol. 2, p.919) = Testing and measurement (Listed under 620.12-
620.19)
Synthesis:
620.182 +0287 = 620.182 028 7
Title: Fungus diseases of grapes
Class Number: 634.824
Analysis:
634.82 = Grape diseases
= (Add to base number 634.82 the numbers following
632 in .632.1-6319)
632.4. = Fungus diseases
Synthesis:
634.82 + 632.4
634.82 + 4 = 634.824

80
Title: Aromatic ethers Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 661.846
Analysis:
661.84 = *Ethers
(*Add as instructed under 661.82-661.89)
(Add to each subdivision identified by * the-numbers
following661.81 in 661.814-661.816)
661.816 = Aromatic
Synthesis:
661.84 + 661.816
661.84+ 6 = 661.846
Title: Sheep wool fabrics
Class Number: 667.316 4
Analysis:
677.31 = Sheep wool
677.312-.317 = Techniques, etc.
(Add to base number 677.31 the numbers following
677,028 in 677.0282-677.0287)
677.028 64 = Fabrics
Synthesis:
677.31 + . 677.028 64
677.31 + 64 = 677.316 4
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
11) Assign the class numbers to the following titles:
a) Plastic building material’s
b) Zinc welding
c) Chinese-cookery
d) Fungus diseases of wheat
e) Surgical therapy of digestive system
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
81
Classification-DDC: 5.3.8 The Arts 700
19th Edition
In this Main Class, important branches of fine arts, viz., civic art, architecture, plastic
arts, drawing arts, painting, graphic arts, photography, music and recreational arts have
been enumerated. Under each art, aspects like description, critical appraisal, techniques,
procedures, apparatus, equipments and materials have been listed. The fine arts have
been broadly grouped under fine, decorative, literary, performing and recreational arts.
Examples
Title: Remodeling of industrial buildings
Class Number: 725.402 86
Analysis:
725.4 = industrial buildings
(*Add as instructed under 721-729)
0286 (Vol. 2, p1238) = Remodeling (Listed under 721-729)
Synthesis:
725.4 + 0286 = 725.402 86
Title: Religious symbolism in Iconography
Class Number: 731.88
Analysis:
731.8 = Iconography
731.82-.89 = Specific subjects in Iconography
(Add to base number 731.8 the numbers following
704.94 in 704.942-704.949)
704.948 = Religious symbolism
Synthesis:
731.8 + 704.94 8
731.8 + 8 = 731.88
Title: Preservation of rugs and carpets
Class Number: 746.704 88
Analysis:
746.7 = *Rugs and carpets
(*Add as instructed under 746)
0488 (Vol. 2, p1283)= preservation (Listed under 746)
Synthesis:
746.7+ 0488 = 746.704 88

82
Title: Mythology and legend in water colour painting Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 751.422 47
Analysis:
751.4224 = Water colour painting techniques by subject
(Add to base number 751.4224 the numbers following
704.94 in 704.942-704.949)
704.947 = Mythology and legend
Synthesis:
751.422 4 + 704.947
751.422 4 + 7 = 751.422 47
Title: Scores in Rock ‘n’ Roll music
Class Number: 784.540 6
Analysis:
784.54 = *Rock V Roll music
(*Add as instructed under 784.1 -784.7)
06 (Vol. 2, p. 1335) = Scores (Listed under 784.1 - 784.7)
Synthesis:
785.54 + 06 = 784.540 6
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
12) Assign the class numbers to the following titles:
a) Personnel management of athletic games
b) Violin concerts and recitals
c) Motion picture photography of mammals
d) Silver vases
e) Remodeling of hotels and motels
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
83
Classification-DDC: 5.3.9 Literature 800
19th Edition
This Main Class includes important literatures of the world including literary forms suclKas
poetry, drama, fiction, essays, speeches, letters, etc. The basic arrangement is first by
language followed by forms and period. This Main Class is supported by Table 3 and
Table 3-A and Table 6 for specific languages. Indian literatures are; listed under 891
and 894.
Examples
Title: English short stories of early 20th century
Class Number: 823.019 12
Analysis:
820 = English literature
- 301 (Table 3) = Short stories
912 (Vol. 2, p.1404) = Early 20th century (Period)
Synthesis:
820 + - 301 + 912
82 + - 301 + 912 = 823.019 12
Title: Critical appraisal of idealism in French poetry
Class Number: 841.009 13
Analysis:
840 = French literature
-1009 (Table 3) = Critical appraisal of poetry
(Add to - 1009 notation 1-9 from Table 3-A)
13 (Table 3:A) = Idealism
Synthesis:
840 + - 1009 + 13
84 + - 1009 + 13 = 841.009 13
Title: Collection of Spanish essays
Class Number: 864.008
Analysis:
.860 = Spanish literature
-4 (Table 3) = Essays
-400M009(Table3) = Standard subdivisions
(Add to -400 the numbers following -100 in -1001-
1009)
-1008 (Table 3) = Collection
Synthesis:
860 + - 400 + - 1008
86 4—.400 + - 8 = 864.008
84
Title: Hindi satire and humour after 1940 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 891.437 7
Analysis:
891.43 = Hindi literature
-7 (Table 3) = Satire and humour
7 (Vol. 2, p. 1422) = After 1940 (Period)
Synthesis:
891.43 +-7 + 7 = 891.437 7
Title: Collection of modern Telugu poetry
Class Number: 894.827 100 87
Analysis:
894.827 = Telugu literature
-1008 (Table 3) = Collection of poetry
7 (Vol. 2, p. 1430) = Modern period
Synthesis:
894.827 + - 1008+ 7 = 894.827 100 87
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
13) Assign the class numbers to the following titles:
a) Critical appraisal of comedy in Tamil drama
b) Collection of Panjabi poetry
c) Japanese historical fiction of late 20th century
d) Sanskrit poetry displaying religious concepts
e) Persians quotations
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.3.10 General Geography and History 900

This Main Class includes important subjects such as geography, history and biography.
At a few places in the Schedules you will find special tables to facilitate number building.
For important countries you will also find the historical periods.
85
Classification-DDC: Examples
19th Edition
Title: Travel in ancient India
Class Number: 913.404
Analysis:
913 = Travel in ancient world
913.1-.9 = Continents, countries, etc.
(Add “Areas” notation 31- 39 from Table.2 to base
number 91 then add as further...)
-34 (Table 2) = Ancient India
04 (Vol. 2, p 1442) = Travel (Listed under 913.1-.9)
Synthesis:
913 + -34 +04
91 + -34 +04 = 913.404
Title: Geography of Brazil
Class Number: 918.1
Analysis:
918 = *Geography of South America
(*Add as instructed under 914-919)
(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base
number 91)
-81 (Table 2) = Brazil
Synthesis:
918 +- 81
91 +- 81 = 91.8.1
Title: Dictionary of Indian National Biography
Class Number: 920.054
Analysis:
920.03-.09 = General collections of biography
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
920.0)
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
920.0 + - 54 = = 920.054

86
Title: Study and teaching of independent India’s history Study of Tables and
Schedules
Class Number: 954.040 7
Analysis:
954.04 = Independent India
- 07 (Table 1) = Study and teaching
Synthesis:
954.04 + - 07 = 954.040 7
Title: Historians of Mauryan period of India
Class Number: 934.040 072 02
Analysis:
934.04 = *India, Mauryan period
= (*Add as instructed under 930-990)
007202 (Vol. 2, p. 1451) = Historians (Listed under 930-990)
Synthesis:
934.04 + 007202 = 934.040 072 02
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
14) Assign the class numbers to the following titles:
a) Travel in USA
b) History of tropical regions
c) Travels in Indian ocean
d) Maps of southern hemisphere
e) Indian genealogy
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

5.4 SUMMARY
In the preceding sections of this Unit you have been introduced to the seven auxiliary
tables, viz., Tl Standard Subdivisions, T2 Areas, T3 Subdivisions of Individual
Literatures, T4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages, T5 Racial, Ethnic, National,
Groups, T6 Languages, and.T7 Persons and schedules, i.e., main classes, viz., generalia
000, philosophy and related discipline 100, religion 200, social sciences 300, language
87
Classification-DDC: 400, pure sciences 500, technology 600, the arts 700, literature 800 and the general
19th Edition geography and history 900.
The seven auxiliary tables help in synthesising or number building in DDC. These seven
tables have to be used along with schedules. You have been introduced to the main
divisions of each main class and various types of add notes found in the schedules.
These add notes are to be followed carefully for synthesis process in construction of a
class number for simple, compound and complex subjects using the schedules and
tables of DDC, 19th edition.

5.5 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1)
a) 540.15
Analysis:
540 = Chemistry
-015 (Table 1) = Scientific principles
Synthesis:
540 + - 015
54 + - 015 = 540.15
b) 520.5
Analysis:
520 = Astronomy
-05 (Table 1) = Serial publication
Synthesis:
520 + - 05
52 + -05 = 520.5
c) 350.007 154
Analysis:
350 = Public administration
-007 154 (Table 1)= Correspondence courses
Synthesis:
350 + - 007 154 = 350.007 154
d) 380.10601
Analysis:
380.1 = Commerce (Trade)
-0601 (Table 1) = International organisations
Synthesis:
380.1 + -0601 = 380.106 01
88
 e) 109 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Analysis:
100 = Philosophy
-09 (Table 1) = History
Synthesis:
100 + - 09
10 +- 09 = 109
2)
a) 027.741
Analysis:
027.7 = University libraries
027.709 = Historical and geographical treatment
027.73-.79 = Specific institutions
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 form Table 2 to base number
027.7)
-41 (Table 2) = UK
Synthesis:
027.7 + -41 = 027.741
b) 598.295 91
Analysis:
598 = Aves (Birds)
598.293-.299 = Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
598.29)
-591 (Table 2) = Burma
Synthesis:
598.29 + -591 = 598.295 91
c) 330.954 96
Analysis:
330.9 = Economic situation and condition
330.91 - .99 = Geographic treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base
number 330.9)
-5496 (Table 2) = Nepal
Synthesis:
330.9 + -5496 = 330.954 96
89
Classification-DDC: d) 918.1
19th Edition
Analysis:
914 – 919 = Geography of and travel in specific continents, countries,
localities in modern world...
(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base number
91)
-81 (Table 2) = Brazil
Synthesis:
91 + -81 = 918.1
e) 327.51
Analysis:
327 = International relations
327.09 = Historical and geographical treatment(Class foreign
policies of and foreign relations between specificnations
in 327.3 - 327.9)
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to the base
number 327)
-51 (Table 2) = China
Synthesis:
327+ -51 = 327.51
3)
a) 808.0441
Analysis:
808.043-.049 = Rhetoric in Other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 3-9 from Table 6 to base
number808.04).
-41 (Table 6) = French
Synthesis:
808.04 + -41 = 808.044 1
b) 808.066 609 171
Analysis:
808.0666 = Technical writing
(Add 0 and to the result add ‘Languages’ notation 2-9
fromTable 6)
0 = Facet Indicator
-9171 (Table 6) = Russian
Synthesis:
808.0666 + 0 + -9171 = 808.066 609 171
90
c) 808.869 355 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Analysis:
808 = Rhetoric and collections
808.869 = Letters displaying specific features
(Add notation 1-3 from Table 3-A to base number
808.869)
355 (Table 3-A) = Social themes
Synthesis:
808.869 + 355 = 808.869 355
d) 443.21
Analysis:
440 = French language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
-21(Table 6) = English language
Synthesis:
440 + -3 + -21
44 + -3 + -21 = 443.21
e) 089.927
Analysis:
089 = General collections in other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to base
number089)
-927 (Table 6) = North Arabic languages
Synthesis:
089 +-927 = 089. 927
4)
a) 299.689 669
Analysis:
299.6 = Religion of Black Africans and Negro Origin
299.68 Of specific groups and tribes
(Add to base number 299.68 the numbers following
96 in “ Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 961-
969 from Table 5)
-966 -968 (Table 5) = National Groups in Africa(Add to base number -96
the numbers following 6 in”Areas” notation 66-68
from Table 2)
-669 (Table 2) = Nigeria
Synthesis:
299.68 + -96 + -669
299.68 + -96 + - 69 = 299.689 669
91
Classification-DDC: b) 305.895 7
19th Edition
Analysis:
305.8 = Social stratification of racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 fromTable 5 to base number 305.8)
-957 (Table 5) = Koreans
Synthesis:
305.8 + -957 = 305.895 7
c) 305:694 3
Analysis:
305.6 = Social stratification of adherents of religious groups
(Add to base number 305.6 the numbers following 2 in
“Persons”notation 21-29 from Table 7)
-2943 (Table 7) = Buddhism
Synthesis:
305.6. + -2943
305.6 + - 943 = 305.694 3
d) 390.434 4
Analysis:
390.4 = Customs of people of various specific occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number390.4)
-344 (Table 7) = Lawyers
Synthesis:
390. 4 + -344 = 390.434 4
e) 150.246 1
Analysis:
150 = Psychology
-024 (Table 1) = Works for Specific types of users
(Add “Persons” notation 03-99 from Table 7 to base
number -024)
-61 (Table 7) = Doctors
Synthesis:
150 + - 024 + - 61
15 + - 024 + - 61 = 150.246 1
92
5) Study of Tables and
Schedules
a) 079. 172 3

Analysis:

079 = Journalism in other geographical areas

(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number

079)

-1723 (Table 2) = Medium (developing countries)

Synthesis:

079 +-1723 = 079.172 3

b) 016.091

Analysis:

016.001-.003 = Bibliographies and catalogs of inter disciplinary works

(Add 001-003 to base number 016)

091 (Vol.2, p. 51) = Manuscripts

Synthesis:

016 + 091 = 016.091

c) 332.102 85

Analysis:

332.1 = Banks and banking

-0285 (Table 1) = Data processing

Synthesis:

332.1+-0285 = 332.102 85

d) 016.539 7

Analysis:

016.1-.9 = Bibliographies and catalogs of specific disciplinesand

subjects

(Add 100-900 to base number 016)

539.7 (Vol. 2, p. 674) = Atomic and Nuclear Physics

Synthesis:

016 + 539.7 = 016.539 7

93
Classification-DDC: e) 025.287 3
19th Edition
Analysis:
025 = Library operations
025.28 = Selection and acquisition of materials in special forms
(Add to base number 025.28 the numbers following
025.17 in 025.171 - 025.179)
025.1773 = Pictures and materials for projection
Synthesis:
025.28 + 025.1773
025.28 + 73 = 025.287 3
6)
a) 133.503
Analysis:
133.5 = Astrology
-03 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
133.5 + - 03 = 133.503
b) 155. 895 4
Analysis:
155.89 = National Psychology
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
155.89)
-54 (Table 2) = = India
Synthesis:
155. 89 + -54 = 155. 895 4
c) 174.978
Analysis:
174.9 = Ethics of other professions and occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number174.9)
-78 (Table 7) = Musicians
Synthesis:
174.9 + -78 = 174.978

94
d) 181.043 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Analysis:
181 = Oriental Philosophy
181.04-.09 = Based on specific religions
(Add to base number 181.0 the numbers following 29
in 294-299)
294.3 = Buddhism
Synthesis:
181.0 + 294.3
181.0+ 4.3 = 181.043
e) 199.71
Analysis:
199 = = Philosophy of other geographical areas
(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 form Table 2 to base number
199)
-71 (Table 2) = Canada
Synthesis:
199 + -71 = 199 .71
7)
a) 225. 520 1
Analysis:
225 = New Testament
225.1 -.8 = General principles
(Add to base number 225 the numbers following 220
in 220.1-220.8)
220. 5201 = English version before 1582
Synthesis:
225 + 220. 5201
225 + 5201 = 225. 520 1
b) 294. 337 72
Analysis:
294.33 = Relationships and attitudes in Buddhism (Add to base
number 294.33 the numbers following 291.1 in 291.13
- 291.17)
291.1772 = Religious freedom
Synthesis:
294. 33 + 291. 1772
294. 33 + 772 = 294. 337 72
95
Classification-DDC: c) 294.443
19th Edition
Analysis:

294.4 = Jainism

294.41-.48 = General principles

(Add to base number 294.4 the numbers following

291in 291.1 -291.8)

291.43 = Worship

Synthesis:

294. 4 + 291.43

294. 4 + .43 = 294. 443

d) 294.66

Analysis:

294.6 = Sikhism

294.61-.69 = Specific elements

(Add to base number 294.6 the numbers following 291

in 291.1 - 291.9)

291.6 Leaders and organisation

Synthesis:

294. 6 + 291.6

294. 6 + 6 = 294.66

e) 296.125 05

Analysis:

296 = Judaism

296.12 = Talmudic literature

296.125 = Babylonian Talmud

(Add as instructed under 296.123 - 296.127)

05 = Translations (Listed under 296.123-296.127)

Synthesis:

296.125 + 05 = 296.125 05

96
8) Study of Tables and
Schedules
a) 394. 268 294 5
Analysis:
394 = General customs
394. 268 = Specific holidays
394. 268 29 Other
(Add to base number 394. 268 29 the numbers
following 29 in 292-299)
294.5 = Hinduism
Synthesis:
394. 268 29 + 294. 5
394. 268 29 + 4. 5 = 394. 268 294 5
b) 382. 095 404 7
Analysis:
382 = International commerce (Foreign Trade)
382. 09 = Historical and geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table to base number
382.09, for trade between two countries add 0 and
again add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-54 (Table 2) = India
0 (Vol. 2, p. 556) = Facet Indicator
-47 (Table 2) = Russia.
Synthesis:
382. 09 + - 54 + 0 + -47 = 382.095 404 7
c) 362. 293 86
Analysis:
362 = Social welfare problems and services
362. 293 = Drug addiction (Add as instructed under 362-363)
86 = Counseling and guidance (Listed under 362-363
specific social problems and services)
Synthesis:
362. 293 + 86 = 362. 293 86

97
Classification-DDC: d) 354. 440 92
19th Edition
Analysis:
354 = Public international organisations and specific central
governments other than those of United States
354.3 - .9 = Specific central governments other than those of United
States
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
354)
44 (Table 2) = France
092 = Government cooperations (Listed under 354.3 - .9)
Synthesis:
354 + - 44 + 092 = 354. 440 92
e) 354.710 6
Analysis:
345 = Criminal law
345. 06 = Evidence
- 71 (Table 2) = Canada
Synthesis:
345 + - 71 + 345.06
345 + - 71 + 06 = 345. 710 6
9)
a) 461.5
Analysis:
460 = Spanish
-15 (Table 4) = Phonology
Synthesis:
460 + -15
46 + -15 = 461.5
b) 453.1
Analysis:
450 = Dictionaries of Italian
- 31 (Table 4) = Homonyms
Synthesis:
450+ -31
45+ -31 = 453.1
98
c) 469.17 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Analysis:
469 = Portuguese
-17 (Table 4) = Paleography
Synthesis:
469 + - 17 = 469.17
d) 494. 811 82
Analysis:
494. 811 = Tamil
-82 (Table 4) = Vocabulary
Synthesis:
494. 811 + -82 = 494. 811 82
e) 495.186
Analysis:
495.1 = Chinese
-86 (Table 4) = Readers
Synthesis:
495.1 + - 86 = 495. 186
10)
a) 598. 072 345 4
Analysis:
598 = Birds (Aves)
598. 07234 Birds watching
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
598. 07234)
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
598. 07234 + -54 = 598. 072 345 4
b) 580. 744 73
Analysis:
580. 744 = Botanical gardens (Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from
Table 2 to base number 580.744)
-73 (Table 2) = USA
Synthesis:
580. 744+ -73 = 580. 744 73
99
Classification-DDC: c) 576.192 9
19th Edition
Analysis:
576 = Microbes
576. 19 = Geographical treatment of Microbes
(Add to base number 576.19 the numbers following
574.9 in574.909 - 574. 999)
574. 929 = Fresh water biology
Synthesis:
576. 19 + 574. 929
576. 19 29 = 576.192 9
d) 551.409 51
Analysis:
551.4 = Geomorphology
- 09 (Table 1) = Standard subdivision
-51 (Table 2) = China
Synthesis:
551.4 + -09 + -51 = 551.409 51
e) 547. 010 465
Analysis:
547 = Organic Chemistry
547. 01 = Hydrocarbons
(Add as instructed under 547)
0465 = Quantitative analysis (Listed under 547)
Synthesis:
547. 01 + 0465 = 547. 010 465
11)
a) 693. 992 3
Analysis:
693. 99 Miscellaneous materials for building
(Add to base number 693.99 the numbers following
620.19 in 620.191 - 620. 199)
620. 1923 = Plastic
Synthesis:
693. 99 + 620. 1923
693. 99 + 23 = 693.992 3
100
b) 673.525 2 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Analysis;
673. 52 = *Zinc
(Add as instructed under 673)(Under 673 add to each
subdivision identified by * the numbersfollowing 671 in
671.2 - 671.8)
671. 52 = Welding
Synthesis:
.673. 52 + 671. 52
673. 52 + 52 = 673. 525 2
c) 641.592 951
Analysis:
641. 592 = Ethnic cookery
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 03-
99 for Table 5 to base number 641. 592)
-951 (Table 5) = Chinese
Synthesis:
641. 592+ -951 = 641. 592 951
d) 633.4
Analysis:
633.11 = *Wheat (Add as instructed under 633-635)
9 = Injuries diseases, pests (listed under 633-635)
(Add to 9 the numbers following 632 in 632.1-632.9)
632. 4 = Fungus diseases
Synthesis:
633.11 + 9 + 632.4
633.11 + 9 + 4 = 633.1194
e) 617.430 59
Analysis:
617.43 = *Digestive system(Add as instructed under 617)
059 = Surgical therapy (Listed under 617)
Synthesis:
617.43 + 059 = = 617.430 59

101
Classification-DDC: 12)
19th Edition
a) 796.069 3
Analysis:
796 = Athletic and outdoor sports and games
796.069 = Management
(Add to base number 796.069 the numbers following
068 in’Standard Subdivisions’ notation 0681 - 0688
from Table 1)
-0683 (Table 1) = Personnel management
Synthesis:
796.069 + - 0683
796.069 + 3 = 796.069 3
b) 787.107 3
Analysis:
787.1 = * Violin (Add as instructed under 787 - 789)
073 = Concerts and recitals(Listed under 787 - 789)
Synthesis:
787.1 + 073 = 787.107 3
c) 778.538 599
Analysis:
778.538 = Photography of specific subjects
(Add 001 - 999 to base number 778.538)
599 (Vol. 2) = Mammalia (Mammals)
Synthesis:
778.538 + 599 = 778.538 599
d) 739.238 4
Analysis:
739 = Art metalwork
739.23 = Silversmithing
(Add to base number 739.23 the numbers following
739.22 in 739.22028 - 739.228)
739.2284 = Vases
Synthesis:
739.23 + 739.2284
739.23 + 84 = 739.238 4
102
e) 728.502 86 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Analysis:
728.5 = Buildings of hotels and motels
(Add as instructed under 721 - 729)
0286 (Vol. 2, p. 1238) = Remodelling (Listed under 721-729)
Synthesis:
728.5 + 0286 = 728.502 86
13)
a) 894.811 205 230 9
Analysis:
894.811 = Tamil literature
- 205 23 (Table 3) = Comedy
(Add as instructed under 1 - 8)
-09 = Critical appraisal (Listed under 1-8)
Synthesis:
894.811 + - 20523 + - 09 = 894.811205 230 9
b) 891.421 008
Analysis:
891.42 = Punjabi literature
- 1008 (Table 3) = Collection of poetry
Synthesis:
891.42 + -1008 = 891.421 008
c) 895.635
Analysis:
895.6 = Japanese literature
-3 (Table 3) = Fiction
5 (Vol. 2, p. 1431) = Late 20th century
Synthesis:
895.6 + - 3 +5= 895.635
d) 891. 210 093 82
Analysis:
891.2 = Sanskrit literature
- 1009 (Table 3) = Critical appraisal
382 (Table 3-A) = Religious concepts
Synthesis:
891.2 + - 1009 + 382 = 891.210 093 82

103
Classification-DDC: e) 891.558 02
19th Edition
Analysis:
891.55 = Modern Persian
- 802 (Table 3) = Quotations
Synthesis:
891.55 + - 802 = 891.558 02
14)
a) 917.3
Analysis:
917 = Geography of and travel in North America
(Add as instructed under 914-919)Under 914 –
919(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base
number 91)
- 73 (Table 2) = USA
Synthesis:
917 + - 73
91 + - 73 = 917.3
b) 909.093
Analysis:
909 = General World history
909.09 = Areas, regions, places in general
(Add to base number 909.09 the numbers following 1
in “Areas” notation 11-19 from Table 2)
- 13 (Table 2) = Tropical regions
Synthesis:
909.09 + - 13
909.09 + 3 = 909.093
c) 910.091 65
Analysis:
910 = General geography Travel
910.09 = Travel in areas...
(Add “Areas” notation 1 from Table 2 to the base
number 910.09)
- 165 (Table 1) = Indian Ocean
Synthesis:
910.09 + - 165 = 910.091 65
104
d) 912.198 14 Study of Tables and
Schedules
Analysis:
912 = = Graphic representation of surface of earth and of extra
terrestrial Worlds
912-19 = = Areas, regions, places in general
(Add to base number 912.19 the numbers following 1
in “Areas” notation 11-19 from Table 2)
- 1814 (Table 2) = Southern Hemisphere
Synthesis:
912.19 + -1814
912.19 + 814 = 912.198 14
e) 929.354
Analysis:
929 = Genealogy
929.33 - .39 = Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to the base
number 929.3)
- 54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
929.3 + - 54 = 929.354

5.6 KEYWORDS
Add Note : An instruction directing the addition to a designated base
number ofdigits derived either from a number sequence
in the schedules or from a table.
Schedules : The series of numbers constituting the notation for the
ten main DDC classes and all their subdivisions.
Tables : A sequence of dependent notation indicating various
special conceptsused repeatedly with a variety of
subjects and disciplines.

5.7 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Comoromi, John P. [et al]. Manual for Use of the Dewey Decimal Classification.
19th ed. Albany: Forest Press, 1982. Print
Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. 3 Vols. 19th ed.
Albany: Forest Press, 1979. Print
Raju, A.A.N. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC-20), Theory and Practice: A
Self- Instructional Manual. Madras: T.R. Publications, 1995. Print
105
 UNIT 6 AUXILIARY TABLES AND DEVICES
Structure
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Number-Building with Tables
6.3 Use of Table 1: Standard Subdivisions
6.3.1 Characteristics of-Standard Subdivisions
6.3.2 Use of Standard Subdivisions
6.3.3 Adding a Standard Subdivision with Varying Numbers of Zeroes

6.4 Use of Table 2: Areas

6.4.1 Adding an Area Number
6.4.2 Adding Area Number through Standard Subdivision 09
6.4.3 Adding Area Number on Add-to Instructions
6.4.4 Adding Two Area Numbers

6.5 Table 3: Subdivisions of Individual Literatures

6.5.1 Classifying Literary Works of Individual Authors
6.5.2 Anthologies and Literary Criticism of Literature in Specific Languages

6.6 Use of Table 4 : Subdivisions of Individual Languages

6.7 Use of Table 6 : Languages
6.7.1 Classifying Bilingual Dictionaries

6.8 Use of Table 5: Racial, Ethnic, National Groups

6.8.1 Using Table 5 on Instructions
6.8.2 Extending Table 5 by Areas Notation from Table 2
6.8.3 Extending Table 5 Using Zero as a Facet Indicator
6.8.4 Using Table 5 through Standard Subdivision 089

6.9 Use of Table 7 : Persons

6.9.1 Using Table 7 on Instructions
6.9.2 Using Table 7 through Standard Subdivision 088

6.10 Summary
6.11 Answers to Self Check Exercises
6.12 Keywords
6.13 References and Further Reading

6.0 OBJECTIVES
You have been already familiarised with Seven Tables in Unit 5 of this Course.
In this Unit we introduce you to the use of the Seven Auxiliary Tables given in Volume
I for extending a Class Number from the Schedules (Volume 2). You will be frequently
using these Tables in conjunction with the Schedules for minute classification.
After reading this Unit, you will be able to:
106
 identify the concepts available from any of the Seven Tables as distinguished from Auxiliary Tables
the numbers available in the Schedules (Volume 2); and Devices

 extend any number in the Schedules by adding any number in any of the Seven
Tables; and
 use two or more Tables together.

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Auxiliary Tables and Devices
The DDC started as a purely enumerative classification scheme listing all known basic
and compound subjects. Gradually provisions for synthesis of Class Numbers were
introduced to cope with the turbulently expanding universe of knowledge throwing
forth extremely complex and compound subjects. One provision is to extend any number
from any whole or part number from the Schedules by the add-to device. The other
provision is to extend a number from the Schedules to form a number from separate
Tables now given in Volume 1. Table 1 was introduced in the 2nd edition (1885). Table
2 “Areas” was separately listed in the 17th edition (1965), and the last five Tables were
introduced for the first time in the 18th edition (1971). These are Auxiliary Tables. It
means, these are peripheral or non-essential Tables required only for depth classification.
In other words, these are supplementary to the Schedules. These numbers are never
used alone. For small libraries desiring broader Class Numbers these may not be used.
Their use is optional. The Seven Tables given in Volume 1 are:

Number Name Abbreviation Pages in Vol. 1

Table 1 Standard Subdivisions s. s.- 1-13
Table 2 Areas area - 14-386
Table 3 Subdivisions of Individual lit. sub. - 387-403
Literatures
Table 4 Subdivisions of Individual lang. sub. - 404-407
Languages
Table 5 Racial, Ethnic, National r. e. n. - 408-417
Groups
Table 6 Languages Ian. - 418-431
Table 7 Persons pers. - 432-452

6.2 NUMBER-BUILDING WITH TABLES

It may be noted that these numbers in the Tables are never used alone. These are only
attachable to a number in the Schedule. As already said, a number in the Schedules can
be further extended on specific instructions as to what to add, and from where, to a
given Class Number as the base. But the addition of a number from Table 1 Standard
Subdivisions can be done without any instruction to do so. Table 2 Areas can be added
on your own through the ss-09; and Table 5 through the w-089; and Table 7 through
the .M-088 whenever needed by a classifier. Otherwise all the tables from 2 to 7 can be
added directly only on instructions given under an entry in the Schedules. Use of Tables
has made the DDC more synthetic and has also made number-building easier.

6.3 USE OF TABLE 1: STANDARD SUBDIVISIONS

A Standard Subdivision usually represents the viewpoint of presentation of the subject
or the medium and form of the document. For example, philosophy, history, and research 107
Classification-DDC: are viewpoints. Serials, conference proceedings, dictionaries, anthologies are forms.
19th Edition All these non-subject recurring concepts are known as standard subdivisions, as their
name/term and the notation remain the same. For example, the standard subdivision for
encyclopaedia of any subject will always be -03 whether it be encyclopaedia of
philosophy, or mathematics, or algebra.

6.3.1 Characteristics of Standard Subdivisions

a) These are non-subject recurring aspects of a subject.
b) They always begin with a zero, e.g., -01 philosophy and theory; -05 serial
publications; -09 history.
c) By themselves these do not form a class number; these are only attached to a class
number.

6.3.2 Use of Standard Subdivisions

To classify a title, first of all identify the Standard Subdivision, if any, from the subject
proper.
The subject proper is given the Class Numbers from the Schedules as usual. Then to
the result the ss from Table 1 is added at the end.
Examples
Title: A dictionary of algebra
Class Number: 512.003
Analysis:
512 = Algebra
-003 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
512 + -003 = 512.003 .
Title: A journal on Hinduism
Class Number: 294.505
Analysis:
294.5 = Journalism
-05 (Table 1) = Serial
Synthesis:
294.5 + -05 = 294.505

6.3.3 Adding a Standard Subdivision with Varying Numbers

of Zeroes
At places, as per instructions or examples in the Schedules, a Standard Subdivision
requires more than one zero for attachment to a given Class Number; and in some
cases of Main Classes and divisions, these are seemingly attached without a zero.
108
When we add a Standard Subdivision to a Main Class (with two zeros), or to a division
(with one zero) the superfluous (or filler) zeroes are removed, for example: Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Example
Title: Dictionary of science
Class Number: 503
Analysis:
500 = Science
- 03 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
500 + -03
5 + -03 = 503
Title: Dictionary of mathematics
Class Number: 510.3
Analysis:
510 = Mathematics
-03 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
510 + -03
51 +-03 = 510.3
Title: History of medicine
Class Number: 610.9
Analysis:
610 Medicine
- 09 (Table 1) = History
Synthesis:
610 + - 09
61 + - 09 610.9
However, there are many exception to this rule. For example:
200.7 Study and teaching of religion
300.3 Encyclopaedia of social sciences
Whenever such variations occur clear examples or instructions are given in the Schedules.
Using Two Zeroes
Under some Class Numbers you will get instructions or examples indicating the use of
Standard Subdivisions with two or three zeroes. For example:
109
Classification-DDC: Title: Encyclopedia of constitutional law
19th Edition
The class number for the constitutional law is 342. Here we find the instructions/pattern:
use 342.001 - .009 for standard subdivisions (Vol. 2 p.333). Hence our number will
be:
Class Number: 342.003
Analysis:
342 = Constitutional law
(Use 342.001 – 342.009 for st andard
subdivisions)(Use 342.001 -342.009 for standard
subdivisions)
-003 (Table 1) = Encyclopaedia(Instead of 03 we are using 003 as
instructed)(Instead of 03 we are using 003 as instructed)
Synthesis:
342 + :003 = 342.003
Similarly,
Title: Research in mammals
Class Number: 599.007 2
Analysis:
599 = Mammals
(.001 -.009 standard subdivisions)
-0072 (Table 1) = Research
(Instead of -072 we are using -0072 as instructed)
Synthesis:
599+ -0072 = 599.007 2
Title: Journal of human anatomy
Class Number: 611.005
Analysis:
611 = Human anatomy
(.001 -.009 standard subdivisions Notations from Table
1)(.001 -.009 standard subdivisions Notations from
Table 1)
-005 (Table 1) = Journal
(Instead of -05 we are using -005 as instructed)(Instead
of -05 we are using -005 as instructed)
Synthesis:
611 + -005 = 611.005

110
Take another example: Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Title: Dictionary of Economics
Class Number: 330.03
Under 330 Economics we have the enumerations as:
330.01 philosophy and theory
330.02- 08 standard subdivisions
(Notations from Table 1)
It has shown as the pattern of adding the ss, though no direct instructions are given.
Analysis:
330 = Economics
(.02 -.08 standard subdivisions Notations from Table 1)
-03 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
330 + -03 = 330.03
Title: Research in economics
Class Number: 330.072
Analysis:
330 = Economics
(.02 -.08 standard subdivisions Notations from
Table 1)
-072 (Table 1) = Research
Synthesis:
330 + -072 = 330.072
Using Three Zeroes
There are cases when a standard subdivision is attachable even with three zeroes as
per instructions. Take for example, the class 351 Central governments:
351.0001 Philosophy and theory of Central governments
(351.0002-.0003 standard subdivisions)
Therefore:
Title: A journal on central governments
Class Number: 351.000 5
Analysis:
351 = Central governments
-0005 (Table 1) = Journal
(Zeros are added as instructed)
Synthesis:
351 + -0005 = 351.000 5 111
Classification-DDC: Title: Research on central governments
19th Edition
Class Number: 351.000 72
Analysis:
351 = Central governments
35J.0007-.0009 = Standard subdivisions (Notations from Table 1)
-00072 (Table 1) = Research (Zeros are added as instructed)
Synthesis:
351 + -00072 =351.000 72
Similarly,
Title: A journal on curriculum
Class Number: 375.000 5
Analysis:
375 = Curriculums (.0001 -.0008 standard subdivisions
Notations from Table 1)
-0005 (Table 1) = Journal
Synthesis:
375 +-0005 = 375.000 5
There are no fixed rules regarding the number of zeroes in a Standard Subdivision. You
are simply to look for any special instruction or the pattern for adding Standard
Subdivisions. These instructions/patterns are given under the entry.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
1) Build class numbers for the following titles:
a) Dictionary of physical chemistry.
b) History of science
c) Study and teaching of astronomy
d) Manual of (human) diseases
e) A Journal on the US government.
f) An audiovisual on the history of Central Europe
g) Tables, and formulas in economics
h) International organisations on human diseases
i) Dictionary of law
.....................................................................................................................
112
 ..................................................................................................................... Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.4 USE OF TABLE 2: AREAS

It is a systematic list of areas, population clusters, political, natural, physical and
geophysical divisions of the world. The major divisions of Table 2 are:
- 1 Areas and places in general
- 2 Persons/population clusters
- 3 Ancient world
- 4 Europe
- 5 Asia
- 6 Africa
- 7 North America
- 8 South America
- 9 Other parts of die world

6.4.1 Adding an Area Number

An area number is added to the ultimate Class Number. A Class Number may have an
area number in three ways:
1) It is already a part of the enumerated Class Number.
315 General statistics of Asia
915 General Geography of Asia
950 General History of Asia
2) Area can be added to any Class Number through the ss-09
3) Area may be added directly on instructions.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
2) Classify the following titles involving the use of Table 2.
a) Education of women in ancient China
b) Education policy in India 113
Classification-DDC: c) General statistics of Finland
19th Edition
d) General geology of Himachal Pradesh
e) History of Kashmir
f) History of Kashmir during the reign of Aurangzeb
g) General organisations in Liverpool, England
h) Newspapers and journalism in Norway
i) Art galleries in Sweden
j) U.S. federal government
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.4.2 Adding Area Number through Standard Subdivision

09
Some topics warrant the addition of an area number but there are no instructions to do
so under that entry in the Schedules. In such cases, it is to be added through the ss-
- 09 You may recall that in the ss-09 we have :
- 091 Treatment by area, regions, places in general
- 093-099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities, extraterrestrial
worlds. Under these entries there appear instructions which ‘read :
“Add “Areas” notation 1 from Table 2 to base number -09". It means that the area
numbers covered by the span 1 or 3-9, may be added. Since the ss-09 can be added
to any number in the schedules, so, through, this any area number may be added to any
Class Number, without any difficulty.
Examples
Title: Commercial banks in India
Class Number: 332.120 954
Here the core subject is “commercial banks”. Its class number is 332.12. Under this
entry, there is no provision for its geographical treatment. Hence, we will add area
notation through the ss-091, or -093-099.
Analysis:
332.12 = Commercial banks
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
332.12+ -09 + -54 = 332.120 954
114
Let us take another example: Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Title: Women labour in China
Class Number: 331.409 51
Here the core subject is “women labour or women workers”. Its class number is 331.4.
Under 331.4 and its subdivisions, there is no provision for the addition of an area
number. Hence, we will add area number through the ss-09. The number for China in
Table 2 is -51.
Analysis:
331.4 = Women workers
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-51 (Table 2) = China
Synthesis:
331.4 + -09 + -51 = 331,409 51
Title: Freedom of speech in Communist countries
Class Number: 323.443 091 717
Analysis:
323.443 = Freedom of speech
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-1717 (Table 2) = Communist bloc
Synthesis:
323.443 + -09 + -1717 = 323.443 091 717
It may be noted that here the “Areas” notation from Table 2 has been added as per
instructions under ss-091, and not under ss-093-099.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
3) Build class numbers for the following titles with the help of Area Table:
a) Political rights in Pakistan
b) Child, labour in developing countries
c) Taxes and taxation in Kuwait
d) Costumes of Gujarat
e) Prices in France - an economic study
f) Sea (Naval) forces in India
.....................................................................................................................
115
Classification-DDC: .....................................................................................................................
19th Edition
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.4.3 Adding Area Number on Add-to Instructions

DDC, while enumerating some of the subjects, has anticipated the use. of area notation
and accordingly, made provision at several places to add geographical place names.
Under several entries an “Add-to from Table 2 Areas” instruction is given. Usually such
an instruction is extended at subdivision marked for geographical treatment of the
subject.” In such cases, adding an area number from the Schedules is as simple and
easy as adding a ss from Table l.
Examples
Title: Elementary education in India
Class Number: 372.954
Here the core subject is elementary education. Its class number is 372. Scanning its
special summary (page 529) we find that:
372.9 Historical and geographical treatment of elementary education his is our
appropriate base number. Looking at its subdivisions (Vol. 2, page 534) we find:
372.91 - .99 Geographical treatments
Here we find an “Add-to” instruction which reads:
Add “Areas” notation 1 -9 from Table 2 to base number 372.9
The number for India in Table 2 is -54. Adding this to the base number we get :
372.9 + -54 = 372.954
This is the required number.
Title: Elementary education in Assam
Class Number: 372.954 162
Analysis:
372 = Elementary education
372.9 = Historical and geographical treatment
372.91 -.99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
372.9)
-54162 (Table 2) = Assam
Synthesis:
372.9 +-54162 =372.954 162

116
Title: Elementary education in rural areas of the world Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Class Number: 372.917 34
Analysis:
372 = Elementary Education
372.9 = Historical and geographical treatment
372.91 -.99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
372.9)
-1734 (Table 2) = Rural areas
Synthesis:
372.9 +-1734 = 372.917 34
Title: Economic-conditions in India
Class Number: 330.954
Analysis:
330 = Economics
330.9 = Economic situation and conditions
330.91 -.99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
330.9)(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base
number
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
330.9 + -54 = 330.954
Title: Economy (Economic conditions) of Himachal Pradesh
Class Number: 330.954 52
Analysis:
330 = Economics
330.9 = Economic situation and conditions
330.91-.99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
330.9)
-5452 (Table 2) = Himachal Pradesh
Synthesis:
330.9+ -54 52 = 330.954 52
117
Classification-DDC: Title: Birds of Antarctica
19th Edition
Class Number: 598.299 89
Analysis:
598 = Aves (Birds)
598.29 = Geographical treatment of aves
598.293-.299 = Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
598.29)
-989 (Table 2) = Antarctica
Synthesis:
598.29 + - 989 = 598.299 89
Sometimes a section (three digit figure) is directly divided by area.
Take for example the subject:
Examples
Title: Foreign policy of China
Class Number: 327.51
Analysis:
327 = Foreign policy
327.3 -.9 = Foreign policies of and foreign relations between specific
nations
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
327)
-51 (Table 2) = China
Synthesis:
327 +-51 = 327.51
Here the subject is “foreign policy”, and its number is 327. Looking under its subdivisions
327.3 - .9, it means that the foreign policies of different countries are to be classed
here. The instruction here reads: “Add ‘Areas’ notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base
number 327.
Title: Foreign policy of Sri Lanka
Class Number: 327.549 3
Analysis:
327 = Foreign policy
327.3 -.9 = Foreign policies of and foreign relations between specific
nations
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
327)
-5493 (Table 2) = Sri Lanka
Synthesis:
327 + -5493 = 327.549 3
118
Self-Check Exercise Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
4) Assign class numbers to the following titles:
a) Social welfare programmes in the third world countries
b) General clubs in Afro-Asian countries
c) General clubs in Nicaragua
d) Insurance system of China
e) Insurance system in communist countries
f) Economic policies of the United States of America
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.4.4 Adding Two Area Numbers

Examples
Title: Foreign relations between India and Russia
Class Number: 327.540 47
Analysis:
327 = International relations
327.3 -.9 = Foreign policies of and foreign relations between specific
nations(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base
number 327...then for foreign relations between that
nation and anothernations, region, area, place add 0
and to the result add “Areas”notation 1-9 from Table
2...)

-54 (Table 2) = India

0 = Facet Indicator
-47 (Table 2) = Russia
Synthesis:
327 + -54 + 0 + -47= 327.540 47

119
Classification-DDC: Title: Foreign relations between Japan and the USA
19th Edition
Class Number: 327.520 73
Analysis:
327 = International relations
327.3 -.9 = Foreign policies of and foreign relations between specific
Nations
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
327...then for foreign relations between that nation and
anothernations, region, area, place add 0 and to the
result add “Areas”notation 1-9 from Table 2...)
-52 (Table 2) = Japan
0 = Facet Indicator
-73 (Table 2) = United States
Synthesis:
327 + -52 +0+ -73= 327.520 73
Now take another example:
Title: Trade between India and Iran
Class Number: 382.095 405 5
Analysis:
382 = International commerce (Foreign Trade)
382.09 = Historical and geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
382 .09.. .then for trade between two countries regions,
areas, places add 0 and again add “Areas” notation
1.-9 from Table 2)
-54 (Table 2) = India
0 = Facet Indicator
-55 (Table 2) = Iran
Synthesis:
382.09 + -54 + 0+ -55 = 382.095 405 5
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
5) Classify the following titles involving two areas:
a) Migration from Asian countries to the USA
120 b) Trade agreements between India and Italy
 c) Trade between India and Italy Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
d) Foreign relations between India and Australia
e) US economic aid to developing countries
f) Italian possessions in Africa
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.5 TABLE 3: SUBDIVISIONS OF INDIVIDUAL

LITERATURES
Rarely is a class number found readymade in the schedule of 800 literature. Class
numbers for Literary work have to be constructed, with the help of Table 3 or 3-A or
both as per Instructions in the main class 800 and its subdivisions. Table 3 lists notation
for regularly recurring topics applicable to any language literature 810-890. Table 3
lists various forms of literature such as -1 Poetry, -2 Drama, -3 Fiction, and so on.
Table 3-A lists various themes in literature. Table 3-A usually supplements Table 3.

6.5.1 Classifying Literary Works of Individual Authors

For works of an individual author the formula is Base (Language) Number (Vol.2) +
Form (Table 3) + Period (Special chronological tables are given under each language
literature in Vol. 2).
Title: Paradise Lost by John Milton (1608-1674)
It is a post-Elizabethan English poetry.
Class Number: 821.4
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-1 (Table 3) = Poetry
4 = Period (1608 -1674) (Vol. 2, p. 1403)
Synthesis:
82 + -1 4- 4 = 821.4
Title: Poetry of John Keats (1795-1821)
He was an English poet of the Romantic period.
Class Number: 821.7
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-1 (Table 3) = Poetry
7 = Period (1795 - 1821) (Vol. 2, p. 1404)
Synthesis:
82 + -1 + 7 = 821.7
121
Classification-DDC: Title: David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
19th Edition
He was an English novelist of the Victorian era.
Class Number: 823.8
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-3 (Table 3) = Fiction
8 = Period (1812-1870)
Synthesis:
82 + -3 + 8 = 823.8
Now, let us make class numbers for some Indian writers. The period table for Indian
languages is given under 891.4 (page 1422 vol.2).
Title: Hindi poetry of Jai Shanker Prasad (1890)
Class Number: 891.431 6
Analysis:
.891.43 = Hindi literature
-1 (Table 3) = Poetry
6 = Period (Vol. 2, p. 1422)
Synthesis:
891.43 + -1 + 6 = 891.431 6
Title: Godan by Prem Chand (1880-1936)
Class Number: 891.433 5
Analysis:
891.43 = Hindi literature
-3 (Table 3) = Fiction
5 = Period (Vol. 2, p. 1422)
Synthesis:
891.43 + -3.+ 5 = 891.433 5
Title: (Bengali) Plays of Tagore (1861-1941)
Class Number: 891.442 5
Analysis:
891.44 = Bengali literature
-2 (Table 3) = Drama
5 = Period (Vol. 2, p. 1422)
Synthesis:
891.44 + -2 + 5 = 891.442 5
122
Title: Poetry of Malyalam Poet Shanker G. Kurup (1901 - ) Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Class Number: 894.812 6
Analysis:
894.812 = Malyalam literature
-1 (Table 3) = Poetry
6 = Period (Vol. 2, p. 1430)
Synthesis:
894.812 + -1 + 6 = 894.812 6

6.5.2 Anthologies and Literary Criticism of Literature in

Specific Languages
Examples
Title: History of English literature
Class Number: 820.9
Analysis:
82 = English literature
- 09 (Table 3) = History
Synthesis:
82 + - 09 = 820.9
Title: History of 20th century English literature
Class Number: 820.900 91
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-09 (Table 3) = History
-09001 -09009 (Table 3) = Literature from specific periods
(Add to 0900 the notation from the period table for the
specific literature)
91 = 20th Century (Vol. 2, p. 1404)
Synthesis:
82+ -0900 + 91 = 820.900 91
Title: An anthology of German poetry
Class Number: 831.008
Analysis:
830 = German literature
-1008 (Table 3) = Anthology
Synthesis:
830+ -1008
83 +-1008 = 831.008 ‘
123
Classification-DDC: Title: Anthology of English literature displaying romanticism
19th Edition
Class Number: 820.80145
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-08 (Table 3) = Collections (In more than one form by more than one
author)
(Add to 080 notations 01-99 from Table 3-A)
-145 (Table 3-A) = Romanticism
Synthesis:
82 + -080 + -145 = 820.801 45
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
6) Classify the- following titles:
a) English Poetry of John Donne (1572-1632)
b) History of Urdu literature
c) Dictionary of Hindi Epic poetry
d) Anthology of one-act plays in German
e) Collections of English poetry for children
f) Dramatic works of Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.6 USE OF TABLE 4: SUBDIVISIONS OF

INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGES
It is a table of notation designating regularly recurring topics applicable to any language
in the main class 400. It is to be used on instructions. Any asterisked (*) number in the
400 class, via the footnote, leads us to the instructions under 420-490 specific languages.
The relevant instruction (on page 600, Volume 2) reads: “Under each language identified
by *, add ‘Subdivisions of Individual Languages’ notation 01-86 from Table 4 to
designated base number”. Let us take some examples:
Examples
Title: German grammar
It is a subject of the German language. Its base number is 43, which is an asterisked
number. “Grammar” is a linguistic aspect whose number in Table 4 is -5. Hence the
124 complete class number is:
Class Number: 435 Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Analysis:
43 = *German language
-5 (Table 4) = Grammar
Synthesis:
43 + -5 = 435
Title: Sanskrit grammar
Class Number: 491.25
Analysis: .
491.2 =- *Sanskrit language
-5 (Table 4) = Grammar
Synthesis:
491.2 + -5 = 491.25
Title: A dictionary of Hindi language
Class Number: 491.433
Analysis:
491.43 = *Hindi language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
491.43 + -3 = 491.433
It may be reminded here that a number in 420-490 without an asterisk cannot be
extended by Table 4. For example:
Grammar of Pali Language
491.37
Grammar of Nepali language
491.49
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
7) Classify the following titles pertaining to the subject languages.
a) Pronunciation of Bengali language
b) Sanskrit paleography
c) Translating Hindi in other languages
125
Classification-DDC: d) Study of modern Persian (Farsi) words
19th Edition
e) Grammar of Portuguese language
f) Grammar of Konkani language
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.7 USE OF TABLE 6 : LANGUAGES

This table systematically lists almost all the known languages. It is to be added on
instructions.
Unlike Tables 3 and 4, Table 6 is applicable in many places in the Schedules and
Auxiliary Tables. However, sufficient and clear add-to-notes exist under the entries
requiring addition of notation from Table 6.
Examples
Title: Bible in Hindi
Class Number: 220.591 43
Analysis:
220.5 = Bible, Modern versions and translations
220.53 -.59 = In other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 3-9 from Table 6 to base
number220.5)
-9143 (Table 6) = Hindi
Synthesis:
220.5 + -9143 = 220.591 43
Similarly:
Bible in French language
220.5 + -41 (Table 6) = 220.541
Bible in Sinhalese language
220.5+ -9148 (Table 6) = 220.59148 66

126
 Auxiliary Tables
Title: Talmudic literature in English and Devices
Class Number: 296.120 521
Analysis:
296.12 = Talmudic Language
296.1205 = Translations
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to base
number 296.1205)
-21 (Table 6) = = English
Synthesis:
296.1205 + -21 = 296.120 521
Let us take some more cases officially inviting us to add notation from the Table 6.
Title: A social study of English speaking people
Class Number: 305.721
Analysis:
305 = Social stratification
305.7 = Language groups
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to base
number 305.7)(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from
Table 6 to base number 305.7)
-21 (Table 6) = English
Synthesis:
305.7 + -21 = 305.721
Title: A social study of Bengalis
Class Number: 305.791 44
Analysis:
305 = Social stratification
305.7 = Language groups
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to base
number 305.7)
-9144 (Table 6) = Bengali
Synthesis:
305.7 + -9144 = 305.791 44
As per instructions under 305.7 the number got by the addition of Table 6 to 305.7, it
can further be extended by Table 2 through 0 (Zero) as a facet indicator. For example:
127
Classification-DDC: Title: A social study of Bengalis in England
19th Edition
Class Number: 305.791440 42
Analysis:
305 = Social stratification
305.7 = Language groups
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to base
number 305.7... then add 0 and to the result add
“Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
.9144 (Table 6) = Bengali
0 = Facet Indicator
-42 (Table 2) = England
Synthesis:
305.7 + -9144 + 0 + -42 = 305.791 440 42
General encyclopaedias 031-039 have been divided on the basis of their languages;
and class numbers for some of the general encyclopaedias in major languages have
been given readymade.
Title: Hindi Vishv Kosh - a general encyclopaedia in Hindi language
Class Number: 039.914 3
Analysis:
039 = Encyclopaedia in other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to base
number 039)
-9143 (Table 6) = Hindi
Synthesis:
039 + -9143 = 039.914 3
Title: General encyclopaedia in Telugu
Class Number: 039.948 27
Analysis:
039 = Encyclopaedia in other languages(Add “Languages”
notation 2-9 from Table 6 to base number 039)
-94827 (Table 6) = Telugu
Synthesis:
039 + -94827 = 039.948 27
Similarly, 051-059 general periodicals have been divided by language on the pattern of
031-039 general encyclopaedias.
128
Title: General periodicals in Spanish Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Class Number: 056.1
Analysis:
056 = Periodicals in Spanish and Portuguese
(Add “Languages” notation 61-69 from Table 6 to
base number 05)
-61 (Table 6) = Spanish Spanish
Synthesis:
05 + -61 = 056.1
Title: General periodicals in Portuguese
Class Number: 056.9
Analysis:
056 = Periodicals in Spanish and Portuguese
(Add “Languages” notation 61-69 from Table 6 to base
number 05)
-69 (Table 6) = Portuguese
Synthesis:
05.+ -69 = 056.9
Title: A general periodical in Hindi
Class. Number: 059.914 3
Analysis:
059 = Periodicals in other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to base
number 059)
-9143 (Table 6) = Hindi
Synthesis:
059 +-9143 = 059.914 3
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
8) Classify the following titles involving the use of Table 6.
a) French language encyclopaedia
b) General encyclopaedia in Bengali language
c) Bible in Urdu language
d) Swahili - an African language 129
Classification-DDC: e) A study of Egyptian language
19th Edition
f) A grammar of Egyptian language
g) French- as second language in secondary schools
h) Chinese proverbs
i) Calligraphy in Russian language
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.7.1 Classifying Bilingual Dictionaries

As already said, Table 6 can also be used on instructions with other tables. Its important
use is with Table 4 which it. supplements for many linguistic subjects especially in bilingual
dictionaries. In bilingual dictionaries the words are given in one language and their
meanings in another. The formula for number building of such dictionaries is: \
Base number + -3 (Table 4) + Table 6
There is a clear cut rule in Table 4 for building the number for bilingual (two languages)
dictionaries. You are directed to classify under the language which is more useful in the
library concerned.
A Russian - English Dictionary in our country will be more useful if it is first classified in
Russian.
Examples
Title: Russian English Dictionary
Class Number: 491.732 1
Analysis:
491.7 = Russian language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
-21 (Table 6) = English
Synthesis:
491.7 + -3 + -21 = 491.7321
Title: Tamil Hindi Dictionary
Class Number: 494.811 391 431
Analysis:
494.811 = Tamil language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
-91431 (Table 6) = Hindi
Synthesis:
494.811+-3+-91431 = 494.811 391 431

130
A Tamil Hindi Dictionary in Hindi speaking area will be more useful if it is first classified Auxiliary Tables
in Tamil. (See the above title) The same dictionary in Tamil speaking area will be: and Devices

Title: Tamil Hindi Dictionary

Class Number: 494.433 948 11
Analysis:
494.43 = Hindi language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
-94811 (Table 6) = Tamil
Synthesis:
494.43+-3 + -94811 = 494.433 948 11
Hence you will note here that the class number for a bilingual dictionary will vary according
to the library where it is classified. A question may arise under which language it is to be
classified first when two languages are equally useful. Table 4 prescribes another rule
for such contingencies. A Spanish Greek Dictionary in our country can be classified
under any one. But the rule says such dictionaries be first classified under the language
coming later in sequence.
The number for
Spanish = 451
Greek = 480
In these numbers 480 comes later in sequence and as such it is to be taken as the base
number hence the class number will be:
Title: Greek Spanish Dictionary
Class Number: 483.61
Analysis:
480 = Greek language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
-61 (Table 6) = Spanish
Synthesis:
480 + -3 + -61
48 + -3 + -61 = 483.61
In Table 4 (page 405) there are worked out numbers for bilingual dictionaries and also
the rules prescribed for them. Try to work out the numbers and classify the examples
given in Self Check Exercise 9 and Check your Answers later.
As per instructions, Table 6 is also used with the following subdivisions in Table 4:
- 24 Foreign elements
- 834 Audio-lingual approach to expression for those whose native language is
different 131
Classification-DDC: - 864 Readers (primers) for those whose native language is different Let us take
19th Edition some cases illustrating their use:
Title: French words and phrases used in English
Class Number: 422.441
Analysis:
420 = English language
-24 (Table 4) = Foreign elements
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to -24)
-41 (Table 6) = French
Synthesis:
420 + -24 + -4142 + -24 + -41 = 422.441
Here it is the English language, which will form the base number.
Title: Latin elements in French language
Class Number: 442.471
Analysis:
440 = French language
-24 (Table 4) = Foreign elements
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to -24)
-71 (Table 6) = Latin
Synthesis:
440 + -24 + -7144 + -24 + -71 = 442.471
Title: Persian words in Urdu language
Class Number: 491.439 249 155
Analysis:
491.439 = Urdu language
-24 (Table 1) = Foreign elements
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to -24)
-9155 (Table 6) = Persian
Synthesis:
491.439 + -24 + -9155 = 491.439 249 155
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
132
9) Classifying the following titles involving the simultaneous use of Tables 4 and 6. Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
a) German-English Dictionary
b) Hindi-Telugu Dictionary
c) English words absorbed in Marathi language
d) Sanskrit words in Bengali language: a study
e) Learning French through English
f) Audio-lingual approach to Russian for Hindi speaking learners
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.8 USE OF TABLE 5: RACIAL, ETHNIC, NATIONAL

GROUPS
It is a table listing groups of people by their national, racial and ethnical origins. This
table is to be applied mostly on invitation. In case of need it can be applied through the
w-089.

6.8.1 Using Table 5 on Instructions

Let us take some examples to see the use of this table in building Class numbers.
Examples
Title: Ethnopsychology of German people
Class Number: 155.843 1
Analysis:
.155.8 = Ethnopsychology
155.84 Ethnopsychology of specific and racial groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 155.84)
-31 (Table 5) = German
Synthesis:
155.84 + - 31 = 155.843 1

133
Classification-DDC: Similarly:
19th Edition
Title: Ethnopsychology of Jews
Class Number: 155.849 24
Analysis:
155.8 = Ethnopsychology
155.84 = Ethnopsychology of specific and racial groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 155.84)
-924 (Table 5) = Jews
Synthesis:
155.84 + - 924 = 155.849 24
Also under 305.8 Social stratification of racial, ethnic, national groups we are asked to
add notation from Table 5 to the base number 305.8. For example:
Title: A social stratification of German people
Class Number: 305.831
Analysis:
305.8 = Social stratification of racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 305.8)
-31 (Table 5) = German
Synthesis:
305:8 + -31 = 305.831
Under 362.797 social welfare services to young people of various specific racial, ethnic,
national groups, we are inevitably asked to add notation from Table 5. For example:
Title: Social welfare services to Indians
Class Number: 362.797 914 11
Analysis:
362.797 Young people of various specific racial, ethnic, national
groups .
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 362.797)
-91411 (Table 5) = Indians
Synthesis:
362.797 +-91411 = 362.797 914 11

134
Ethnic cookery 641.592 is to be extended by Table 5. Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Title: Australian cookery
Class Number: 641.592 24
Analysis:
641.592 = Ethnic cookery
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 03-
99 from Table 5 to base number 641.592)
-24 (Table 5) = Australian
Synthesis:
641.592 + -24 = 641.592 24
Title: Punjabi culinary art
Class Number: 641.592 914 2
Analysis:
641.592 = Ethnic cookery
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 03-
99 from Table 5 to base number 641.592)
-9142 (Table 5) = Punjabi
Synthesis:
641.592 + -9142 = 641.592 914 2

6.8.2 Extending Table 5 by Areas Notation from Table 2

As per instructions preceding Table 5 (page 408) each number in this table may further
be extended by a notation from Table 2. This addition of Areas Table 2 to Table 5 can
be done in two ways:
1) Through 0 (zero) as a facet indicator. Any number in Table 5 may be extended by
areas notation through 0 as a facet indicator. To do this, there is no need of any
specific instruction.
2) Sometimes instructions exist to directly divide a number in Table 5 by a number in
the Areas Table. In such cases there is no need of a zero to work as a facet
indicator.

6.8.3 Extending Table 5 Using Zero as a Facet Indicator

The requisite instruction reads: “Except where the schedules instruct otherwise, and
unless it is redundant, add 0 to the number from this table and to the result add ‘Areas’
notation 1-9 from Table 2". For example:
Germans in Brazil
-31 (Table 5) + 0 + -81 (Table 2) = -31081

135
Classification-DDC: Analysis:
19th Edition
305.8 = Social stratification of racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 305.8... add 0 and to
the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-924 (Table 5)_ = Jews
0 = Facet Indicator
-43 (Table 2) = Germany
Synthesis:
305.8 + -924 + 0 + -43 = 305.892 404 3
Title:. A social study of German nationals in the USA
Class Number: 305.831 073
Analysis:
305.8 = Social stratification of racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 305.8... add 0 bid to
the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-31 (Table 5) = Germans
0 = Facet Indicator
-73 (Table 2) = United State
Synthesis:
305.8 + -31 + 0 + -73 = 305.831 073
Title: A social study of Nepalis in India
Class Number: 305.891495 054
Analysis:
305.8 = Social stratification of racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 305.8... add 0 and to
the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-91495 (Table 5) = Nepalis
0 = Facet Indicator
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
305.8 + -91495 + 0 + -54 = 305.891 495 054

136
Title: Relation of state to Negroes (Africans) in USA: a political study Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Class Number: 323.119 607 3
Analysis:
323 = Relation of state to its residents
323.11 = Racial, ethnic, national aggregates
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 2-9
from Table 5 to base number 323.11... add 0 and to
the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-96 (Table 5) = Negroes
0 = Facet Indicator
-73 (Table 2) = United States
Synthesis:
323.11 + -96 + 0+ -73 = 323.119 607 3
Title: Education of Bengali children in UK
Class Number: 371.979 144 041
Analysis:
371.97 = Students exceptional because of racial, ethnic, national
origin
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 371.97 then add 0
and to the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table
2)
-9144 (Table 5) = Bengali
0 = Facet Indicator
-41 (Table 2) = UK
Synthesis:
371.97 + -9144 + 0 + -41 = 371.979 144 041
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
10) Classify the following titles:
a) Ethno psychology of Brazilians
b) Folksongs of Gypsies
c) Dutchs - a social study
d) Bengali dishes
137
Classification-DDC: e) Migrant Labour of Nepali origin in India
19th Edition
f) Relation of state to Dravidian minority in Sri Lanka
.....................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................

6.8.4 Using Table 5 through Standard Subdivision 089

In the 19th Edition its use has been universalised. Now it can be freely added to any
class number in the schedules through a standard subdivision, namely:
-089 Treatment among specific, racial, ethnic, national groups
Here we are instructed to add 01-99 from Table 5 to base number -089.
Examples
Title: Development of hockey among Punjabi people
Class Number: 796.355 089 914 2
Analysis:
796.355 = Field hockey
-089 (Table 1) = Treatment among specific racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number -089)
-9142 (Table 5) = Punjabis
Synthesis:
796.355 + -089 + -9142 = 796.355 089 914 2
Title: Development of puppetry among Bengalis
Class Number: 791.530 899 144
Analysis:
791.53 = Puppetry
-089 (Table 1) = Treatment among specific racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from . Table 5 to base number -089)
-9144 (Table 5) = Bengalis
Synthesis:
791.53 + -089 + -9144 = 791.530 899 144
Title: Punjabi Ahmadiyyas - a religion derived from Islam

138 Class Number: 297.860 899 142

 Auxiliary Tables
Analysis: and Devices
297.86 = Ahmadiyya movement
-089 (Table 1) = Treatment among specific racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number -089)
-9142 (Table 5) - Punjabis
Synthesis:
297.86 + -089 + -9142 = 297.860 899 142
Title: Punjabi Ahmadiyyas in England
Class Number: 297.860 899 142 042
Analysis:
297.86 = Ahmadiyya movement
-089 (Table 1) = Treatment among specific racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number -089)
-9142 (Table 5) = Punjabis
0 = Facet Indicator
-42 (Table 2) = England
Synthesis:
297.86 + -089 + -9142 + 0 + -42 = 297.860 899 142 042
Note that -9142 in Table 5 has been further divided by areas notation from Table 2
through 0 as a facet indicator.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
11) Classify the following titles using Table 5.
a) Use of libraries by Indians in UK
b) Labour-unions of Indians in USA
c) Judicial Judges of Indian origin in UK
d) English poetry written by Sindhis - a collection
e) Collection of English poetry by Sindhis in India
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.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
139
Classification-DDC:
19th Edition 6.9 USE OF TABLE 7: PERSONS
It is a table of notation designating persons by their specific occupations and other
characteristics such as their social, economic and marital status. Table 7 is used in two
ways: on instructions in the schedules; and on your own through the Standard Subdivision
088.

6.9.1 Using Table 7 on Instructions

390.4 Customs of people of various specific occupations
As per instructions here, to 390.4 we are to add appropriate notation from Table 7.
Title: Customs of lawyers
Class Number: 390.434 4
Analysis:
390.4 = Customs of people of various specific occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number 390.4)
-344 (Table 7) = Lawyers
Synthesis:
390.4 + -344 = 390.434 4
Title: Customs of surgeons
Class Number: 390.461 7
Analysis:
390.4 = Customs of people of various specific occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number 390.4)
-617 (Table 7) = Persons with surgical specialties
Synthesis:
390.4 + -617 = 390.461 7
Title: Customs of military personnel
Class Number: 390.435 5
Analysis:
390.4 = Customs of people of various specific occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number 390.4)
-355 (Table 7) = Military personnel
Synthesis:
390.4 + -355 = 390.435 5

140
Title: Muslim artists Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Class Number: 704.297 1
Analysis:
704 Fine and decorative art
704.04-.87 Treatment among other groups of specific kinds of
persons
(Add “Persons” notation 04-87 from Table 7 to base
number 704)
-2971 (Table 7) = Muslims
Synthesis:
704 +-2971 = 704.297 1

6.9.2 Using Table 7 through Standard Subdivision 088

Under ss-088 (Table 1) there is an instruction to extend it by Table 7, if needed.
Examples
Title: Cartoons drawn by school children
Class Number: 741.508 805 4
Analysis:
741.5 Cartoons
-088 (Table 1) = Treatment among groups of specific kinds of persons
(Add “Persons” notation 04-99 from Table 7 to
base number -088)
-054 (Table 7) = Children
Synthesis:
741.5 + -088 + -054 741.508 805 4
Title: Contributions to music by blind persons
Class Number: 780.880 816 1
Analysis:
780 = Music
-088 (Table 1) = Treatment among groups of specific kinds of persons
(Add “Persons” notation 04-99 from Table 7 to base
number -088)
-08161 (Table 7) = Blind persons
Synthesis:
780 + -088 + -08161
78 + -088 + -08161 = 780.880 816 1
141
Classification-DDC: The filler zero in 780 has been removed while adding the ss-088, as per instructions
19th Edition under 780 in the Schedule.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
12) Classify the following titles.
a) Customs of police
b) Customs of Journalists
c) Handicrafts by handicaps
d) Ethics of social scientists
e) Reading habits of pre-school children
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.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

6.10 SUMMARY
In the 19th edition of the DDC there are in all seven Tables given in volume 1. The last
five of these tables were introduced for the first time in the 18th (1971) edition. These
tables designate with notation various non-essential aspects of subjects; or some aspects
supplementary to the class numbers in the Schedules. These numbers never come alone,
but are to be added to the numbers in the Schedules; on instructions a number in a
Table may also be used to extend another number in the table. These Tables are
supplementary to the Schedules. The numbers in the Tables 2-7 are usually added on
instructions. Table 1 lists viewpoints, internal forms and the mode of presentation of a
document, e.g., bibliography, encyclopaedia, history, philosophy, are all standard
subdivisions. The standard subdivisions are attachable to any class numbers in the
schedules. No invitation is required for their use. These begin with a featured zero; but
in some cases the ss are added with one, two or even three zeroes. While adding a
standard subdivision to a main class or a division the filler zeroes are usually removed
unless there are instructions to the contrary.
Table 2 is a list of political, and geographical, geophysical areas and population clusters
of the world. The main divisions are political. Numbers from this Table can be added
directly on instructions or through ss-09. Table 3 “Subdivisions of Individual Literatures”
has two parts Table 3 and 3-A. Table 3 lists standards subdivisions applicable to literature
and forms of literature such as poetry, drama, fiction, etc., Table 3-A list various themes
or topics treated in literature. It is mostly used in the main class 800 literature. Table 3
is to be used only on invitation. Table 4 “Subdivisions of Individual Languages” lists
linguistic aspects such as grammar, word usage, phonetics, etc. It is used on invitation
with the main class 400 only. Bilingual dictionaries involve the use of Table 4 and 6
together. Table 5 is a listing of people by their racial, ethnic and national origins, and can
be used either on instructions or through the w-089, if needed. It is obviously used to
specify such racial and ethnic groups in relation to a subject. Table 6 lists the languages
of the world. It is used on instructions when the language aspects of a subject or a
group of people are to be specified. It is also used in conjunction with Table 4. Table 7
142
“Persons” lists persons by their social, economic, marital status. But the major part of Auxiliary Tables
this table lists people by their professions and occupations, e.g., doctors, lawyers, and Devices
economists. This is to be used either on instructions or through the ss-088.
The use of all these tables increases the versatility and number-building power of the
DDC. These tables, especially Table 3 to Table 7, are required for depth/classification.

6.11 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

i)
a) 541.03
Analysis:
541 = Physical chemistry
-03 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
541 + -03 = 541.03
b) 509
Analysis:
500 = Science
-09 (Table 1) = History
Synthesis:
500 + -09
5 +-09 = 509
c) 520.7
Analysis:
520 = Astronomy
-07 (Table 1) = Study and teaching
Synthesis:
520 + -07
52 + -07 = 520.7
d) -616.002 02
Analysis:
616 = Diseases(.001 -.008 Standard Subdivision Notation
from Table 1)
-00202 (Table 1) = Manuals
Synthesis:
616 + -002 02 = 616.002 02
143
Classification-DDC: e) 353.000 5
19th Edition
Analysis:
353 = United States federal and state government
0005 = Serial publications
Synthesis:
353 + .0005 = 353.000 5
f) 943.000 208
Analysis:
943 = Central Europe
(.0001 -.0009 standard subdivisions)
-000208 (Table 1) = Audio visual treatment
Synthesis:
943 + -0002 08 = 943.000 208
g) 330.021 2
Analysis:
330 = Economics(.02 -.08 standard subdivisions Notations
from Table 1)
-0212 (Table 1) = Tables, formulas, specifications, statistics
Synthesis:
330+-0212 = 330.021 2
h) 616.006 01
Analysis:
616 = Diseases(.001 -.008. standard subdivisions Notations
from Table 1)
-00601 (Table 1) = International organizations
Synthesis:
616 + -00601 = 616.006 01
j) 340.03k)
Analysis:
340 = Law
- 03 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
340 + - 03 340.03
144
2) Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
a) 376.931
Analysis:
376 = Education of women
.91 -.99 = Geographical treatment(Add “Areas” notation 1-9
from Table 2 to base number 376.9)
-31 (Table 2) = China
Synthesis:
376.9 + -31 = 376.931
b) 379.54
Analysis:
379 = Education and the state
379.4-.9 = Education and the state, public education by
specificcontinents, countries, localities in modern
world(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base
number 379)
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
379+ -54 = 379.54
c) 314.897
Analysis:
314 = General statistics of Europe(Add as instructed under
314-319)
314 -319 = General statistics by specific continents, countries,
localities in modern world(Add “Areas” notation 4-9
from Table 2 to base number 31)
-4897 (Table 2) = Finland
Synthesis:
314+ -489731 +-4897= 314.897
d) 555.452
Analysis:
555 = Geology treatment in Asia
(Add as instructed under 554 -559)
554-559 = Treatment by continents, countries...
(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base number
55)
-54 (Table 2) = Himachal Pradesh
Synthesis:
55 + -5452 = 555.452
145
Classification-DDC: e) 954.6
19th Edition
Analysis:
954 = History of India(Add as instructed under 930 -990)
930-990 = General history by...
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
9)
-546 (Table 2) = Jammu and Kashmir
Synthesis:
9 + -546 = 954.6
f) 954.602 58
Analysis:
954 = History of India(Add as instructed under 930 -990)
930-990 = General history...
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
9)
-546 (Table 2) = Jammu and Kashmir
954.0258 = Aurangzeb, 1658 -1707 (Vol. 2, p. 1504)
Synthesis:
9 + -546 + .0258 = 954.602 58
g) 062.753
Analysis:
062 = General organizations in British Isles in England
062.1-.8 = In England
(Add to base number 062 the numbers following 42 in
“Areas” notation 421-428 from Table 2)
-42753 (Table 2) = Liverpool
Synthesis:
062+ -42753
062 + - 753 = 062.753
h) 078.1
Analysis:
078 = Journalism in Scandinavia
(Add to base number 078 the numbers following 48 in
“Areas” notation 481 - 489 from Table 2)
-481 (Table 2) = Norway
Synthesis:
078 + -481
078 + - 1 = 078.1
146
i) 708.85 Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Analysis:
708 = Galleries...
708.3 -.8 = In other modern European countries
(Add to base number 708 the numbers following 4 in
“Areas” notation 43 - 48 from Table 2)
-485 (Table 2) = Sweden
Synthesis:
708 + -485
708 + 85 = 708.85
j) 353
Analysis:
353 = United States Federal Government
Synthesis:
353
3)
a) 323.509 549 1
Analysis:
325.5 = Political rights
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-5491(Table 2) = Pakistan
Synthesis:
325.5 + -09+ -5491 = 323.509549 1
b) 331.310 917 24
Analysis:
331.31 = Children workers
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-1724 (Table 2) = Low (developing countries)
Synthesis:
331.31 +-09 +-1724 = 331.310 917 24

147
Classification-DDC: c) 336.200 953 67
19th Edition
Analysis:
336 = Taxes and taxation
336.2009 = Historical and geographical treatment
-5367 (Table 2) = Kuwait
Synthesis:
336.2009 + -5367 = 336.20095367 |
d) 391.009 547 5
Analysis:
391 = Costumes and personal appearance
391.009 = Historical and geographical treatment
-5475 (Table 2) = Gujrat
Synthesis:
391.009 + -5475 = 391.009 547 5
e) 338.520 944
Analysis:
338 = Production
338.52 = Prices
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-44 (Table 2) = France
Synthesis:
338.52 + -09 + -44 = 338.520 944
f) 359.009 54
Analysis:
359 = Sea (Naval) forces and warfare (Use 359.001 -.009
for standard subdivision)
-009 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
359 + -009 + -54 = 359.009 54

148
4) Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
a) 362.917 24
Analysis:
362 = Social welfare problems and services
362.9 = Historical and geographical treatment
362.91 -.99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
362.9)
-1724 (Table 2) = Low (Third World Countries)
Synthesis:
362.9+ -1724 = 362.917 24
b) 367.917 165
Analysis:
367 = General clubs
367.9 = Historical and geographical treatment
367.91 -.99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
367.9)
17165 (Table 2) = Afro-Asian bloc
Synthesis:
367.9 + -17165 = 367.917 165
c) 367.972 85
Analysis:
367 = General clubs
367.9 = Historical and geographical treatment
367.91 -.99 = Geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
367.9)
-7285 (Table 2) = Nicaragua
Synthesis:
367.9 + -7285 = 367.972 85

149
Classification-DDC: d) 368.951
19th Edition
Analysis:
368 = Insurance
368.9 = Insurance by specific continents, countries, localities in
modem world
(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base number
368.9)
-51 (Table 2) = China
Synthesis:
368.9 + -51 = 368.951
e) 368.909 171 7
Analysis:
368 = Insurance
368.9 = Insurance by specific continents, countries, localities in
modem world
(Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base number
368.9)
-09 (Table 1) = Historical and geographical treatment
-1717 (Table 2) = Communist bloc
Synthesis:
368.9 + -09 + -1717 = 368.909 171 7
f) 338.973
Analysis:
338 = Production
338.9 = Development programs and policies of specific
jurisdiction...
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
338.9)
-73 (Table 2) = United States
Synthesis:
338.9 + -73 = 338.973

150
5) Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
a) 304.873 05
Analysis:
304.8 = Movement of populations
304.83 -.89 = Movement to specific areas
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
304.8... then add 0 and to the result add “Areas”
notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-73 (Table 2) = United States
0 = Facet Indicator
-5 (Table 2) = Asia
Synthesis:
304.8 + -73 + 0 + -5 = 304.873 05
b) 382.954 045
Analysis:
382 = International commerce (Foreign Trade)
382.93 -.99 = by specific countries
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
382.9 then for bilateral agreements add 0 and again
add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2)
-54 (Table 2) = India
0 = Facet Indicator
-45 (Table 2) = Italy
Synthesis:
382.9 + -54 + 0 + -45 = 382.954 045
c) 382.095 404 5
Analysis:
382 = International commerce (Foreign Trade)
382.09 = Historical and geographical treatment
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
382.09,., then for trade between two countries, regions,
areas, places, add 0 and again add “Areas” notation
1-9 from Table 2)
-54 (Table 2) = India
0 = Facet Indicator
-45 (Table2) = Italy
Synthesis:
382.09 + -54 +0 + -45 = 382.0954045

151
Classification-DDC: d) 327.540 94
19th Edition
Analysis:
327 = International relations
327.3-.9 = Foreign policies and foreign relations between specific
nations
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
327... then for foreign relations between that nation and
another nation, region, area, place add 0 and to the
result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-54 (Table 2) = India
0 = Facet Indicator
-94 (Table2) = Australia
Synthesis:
327 + -54 +0 + -94 = 327.5494
e) 338.917 301 724
Analysis:
338.9 = Economic development and growth
338.911 -.919 International assistance (Aid) by specific jurisdiction and
groups of jurisdiction
(Add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2 to base number
338.91... then for assistance by a specific jurisdictions
to another jurisdiction or groups of jurisdictions add 0
and to the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table
2)
-73 (Table 2) = United States
0 = Facet Indicator
-1724 (Table 2) = Low (developing countries)
Synthesis:
338.91 + -73 + 0 + -1724 = 338.917301 724
f) 325.345 096
Analysis:
325 = International migration
325.3 = Colonization
325.33-.39 Colonization by specific countries
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 from Table 2 to base number
325,3... then add 09 and to the result add “Areas”
notation 1-9 from Table 2 for place colonized)
-45 (Table 2) = Italy
-6 (Table 2) = Africa
Synthesis:
152 325.3 + -45 + 09 +6 = 325.345 096
6) Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
a) 821.3
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-1. (Table 3) = Poetry
3 = Period (1572-1632) (Vol. 2, p. 1403)
Synthesis:
82 + -1 + 3 = 821.3
b) 891.439 09
Analysis:
891.439 = Urdu literature
- 09 (Table 3) = History
Synthesis:
891.439+ -09 = 891.439 09
c) 891.431 030 3
Analysis:
891.43 = Hindi literature
-103 (Table 3) = Epic Poetry
- 03 (Table 1) = Dictionary
Synthesis:
891.43+-103+ -03 = 891.431 030 3
d) 832.04108
Analysis:
83 = German literature
-2041 (Table 3) = One-act-plays
-08 (Table 3) = Collections
Synthesis:
83 + -2041 + -08 = 832.041 08
e) 821.008 092 82
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-1008 (Table 3) = Collections of poetry by more than one author from
more than one period
(Add to 10080 notations 1-9 from Table 3-A)
9282 (Table 3-A) = Children
Synthesis:
82+ -10080 + 9282 = 821.008 092 82
153
Classification-DDC: f) 822.8
19th Edition
Analysis:
82 = English literature
-2 (Table 3) = Drama
8 = Period (1854 – 1900) (Vol. 2, p. 1404)
Synthesis:
82+ -2 + 8 = 822.8
7)
a) 491.441 52
Analysis: .
491.44 = Bengali language
-152 (Table 4) = Spelling and pronunciation
Synthesis:
491.44 +-152 = 491.441 52
b) 491.217
Analysis:
491.2 = *Sanskrit language(Add as instructed under 420-490)
(Add “Subdivisions of Individual Languages” notation
01-86 from Table 4)
-17 (Table 4) = Paleography
Synthesis:
491.2 + -17 = 491.217
c) 491.438 02
Analysis:
491.43 = Hindi language
-802 (Table 4) = Translation to and from other languages
Synthesis:
491.43 + -802 = 491.438 02
d) 491.558 1
Analysis:
491.55 = Modern PersianWords
-81 (Table 4) = Words
Synthesis:
491.55 + -81 = 491.558 1
154
e) 469.5 Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Analysis:
469 = Portuguese language
-5 (Table 4) = Grammar
Synthesis:
469 + -5 = 469.5
f) 491.467
Analysis:
491.467 = Non standard Marathi including Konkani dialect
Synthesis:
491.467
8)
a) 034.1
Analysis:
034 = Encyclopaedia in French
(Add .”Languages” notation 51-59 from Table “6 to
base number 03)
-41 (Table 6) = French
Synthesis:
03 + -41 = 034.1
b) 039.914 4
Analysis:
039 = Encyclopaedia in other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to base
number 039)
-9144 (Table 6) = Bengali
Synthesis:
039 + -9144 = 039.914 4
c) 220.591 439
Analysis:
220 = Bible
220.5 = Modern versions and translations
220.53 -59 = In other languages
(Add “Languages” notation 3-9 from Table 6 to base
number 220.5)
-91439 (Table 6) = Urdu
Synthesis:
220.5 + -91439 = 220.591 439
155
Classification-DDC: d) 496.392
19th Edition
Analysis:
496 = African languages
(Add to 496 the numbers following 96 in “Languages”
notation 961-969 from Table 6) .
-96392 (Table 6) = Swahili
Synthesis:
496 + -96392 496 + - 392 = 496.392
e) 493.1
Analysis:
493 = Hamitic and Chad languages
(Add to 493 the numbers following 93 in “Languages”
notation 931-937 from Table 6)
-931 (Table 6) = Egyptian languages
Synthesis:
493 + -931
493 + - 1 = 493.1
f) 493.1
Analysis:
493 = Hamitic and Chad languages
(Add to 493 the numbers following 93 in “Languages”
notation 931-937 from Table 6)
-931 (Table 6) = Egyptian languages
Synthesis:
493 +-931493 + -1 = 493.1
g) 372.654 1
Analysis:
372 = Elementary education
372.65 = Foreign languages
(Add to “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to base
number 372.65)
-41 (Table 6) = French
Synthesis:
372.65 + -41 = 372.654 1
156
h) 398.995 1 Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Analysis:
398.9 = Proverbs
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to base
number 398:9)
-951 (Table 6) = Chinese
Synthesis:
398.9 +-951 = 398.995 1
i) 745.619 917 1
Analysis:
745.61 = Decorative lettering calligraphy
745.619 = Language notations
745.6199 = Other languages notations
(Add “Languages” notation 91-99 from Table 6 to base
number 745.619)
-9171 (Table 6) = Russian
Synthesis:
745.619 + -9171 = 745.619 917 1
9)
a) 433.21
Analysis:
433 = Dictionaries of standard German English
-21 (Table 6) = English
Synthesis:
433 + -21 = 433.21
b) 491.433 948 27
Analysis:
491.43 = Hindi language
-3 (Table 4) = Dictionary
-94827 (Table 6) = Telugu
Synthesis:
491.43 + -3 + -94827 = 491.433 948 27

157
Classification-DDC: c) 491.462 421
19th Edition
Analysis:
491.46 = Marathi language
-24 (Table 4) = Foreign elements
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to -24)
-21 (Table 6) = English
Synthesis:
491.46 +. -24 + -21 = 491.462 421
d) 491.442 491 2
Analysis:
491.44 = Bengali language
-24 (Table.4) = Foreign elements
(Add “Languages” notation 1-9 from Table 6 to -24)
-912 (Table 6) = Sanskrit
Synthesis:
491.44 + -24 + -912 = 491.442 4912
e) 448.642 1
Analysis:
440 = French
-864 (Table 4) = For those readers whose native language is different
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to -864)
-21 (Table 6) = English
Synthesis:
440 + -864 + -2144 + -864 + -21 = 448.642 1
f) 491.783 491 431
Analysis:
491.7 = Russian language
-83 (Table 4) = Audio-visual approach to expression
-834 (Table 4) = For those whose native language is different
(Add “Languages” notation 2-9 from Table 6 to -834)
-91431 (Table 6) = Hindi
Synthesis:

158 491.7 + -834 + -91431= 491.783 491 431

10) Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
a) 155.846 98
Analysis:
155 = Psychology
155.84 = Ethnopsychology of racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 155.84)
-698 (Table 5) = Brazilians
Synthesis:
155.84 + -698 = 155.846 98
b) 784.769 149 7
Analysis:
784.76 = Songs of ethnic and cultural groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 784.76)
-91497 (Table 5) = Gypsies
Synthesis
784.76 + -914 97 = 784.769 149 7
c) 305.839 31
Analysis:
305.8 = Social stratification of racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number 305. 8)
-3931 (Table 5) = Dutch
Synthesis:
305.8 + -3931 = 305. 839 31
d) 641.592 914 4
Analysis:
641.592 = Ethnic cookery
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 83-
99 from Table 5 to base number 641.592)
-9144 (Table 5) = Bengali
Synthesis:
641.592+ -9144 = 614.592 914 4
159
Classification-DDC: e) 331.639 149 5054
19th Edition
Analysis:
331.6 = Categories of workers by racial, ethnic, national origin
331.63 = Native-born non indigenous ethnic groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 03-
99 from Table 5 to base number 331.63... then add 0
and to the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table
2)
-91495 (Table 5) = Nepalis
0 = Facet Indicator
-54 (Table 2) = India
Synthesis:
331.63 + -914 95 + 0 + -54 = 331.639 149 505 4
f) 323.119 480 549 3
Analysis:
323 = Relation of state to its resident
323.11 = Racial, ethnic, national aggregates
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 2-9
from Table 5 to base number 323.11... add 0 and to
the result add “Areas” notation 1-9 from Table 2)
-948 (Table 5) = Dravidians
0 = Facet Indicator
-5493 (Table 2) = Sri Lanka
Synthesis:
323.11 + -948 + 0 + -5493 = 323.119 480 549 3
11)
a) 025.580 899 141 104 1
Analysis:
025.58 = Library use studies
-089 (Table 2) = Treatment among specific racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number -089)
-91411 (Table 5) = Indians
0 = Facet Indicator
-41 (Table 2) = England
Synthesis:
025.58 + -089 + -91411 + 0 + -41 = 025.580 899 141 104 1

160
b) 331.880 899 141 107 3 Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Analysis:
331.88 = Labour unions
-089 (Table 1) = Treatment among specific racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number -089)
-91411 (Table 5) = Indians
0 = Facet Indicator
-73 (Table 2) = United States
Synthesis:
331.88 + - 089 + -91411 +0 + -73 = 331.880 899 141107 3
c) 347.014 089 914 11
Analysis:
347.014 = Judges
-089 (Table 1) = Treatment among specific racial, ethnic, national groups
(Add “Racial, Ethnic, National Groups” notation 01-
99 from Table 5 to base number -089)
-91411 (Table 5) = Indians
Synthesis:
347.014 + - 089 + -91411 = 347.014 089 914 11
d) 821.008 894 8
Analysis:
820 = English literature
-1 (Table 3) = Poetry
-1008 (Table 3) = Collections of poetry by more than one author from
more than one period
8 (Table 3A) = Literature for and by various specific racial, ethnic,
national groups
(Add “Racial,-Ethnic, National Groups” notation 03-
99 from Table 5)
.-948 (Table 5) = Sindhis
Synthesis:
820 +-1008 +8 + -948
82 +-1008+8 + -948 = 821.008 894 8

161
Classification-DDC: e) 821.008 894 805 4
19th Edition
Analysis:
820 = English literature
-1008 (Table 3) = Collections of poetry by more than one author from
more than one period
8 (Table 3A) = Literature for and by various specific racial, ethnic,
national groups
(Add “Racial,-Ethnic, National Groups” notation 03-
99 from Table 5)
-948 (Table 5) = Sindhis
0 = Facet Indicator
-54 (Table 1) = India
Synthesis:
820 +-1008 +8 + 0 + -54
82 +-1008 + -8 + 0 + -54 = 821.008 894 805 4
12)
a) 390.436 32
Analysis:
390.4 = Customs of people of various specific occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number 390.4)
-3632 (Table 7) = Police
Synthesis:
390.4+ -3632 = 390.436 32
b) 390.409 7
Analysis:
390.4 = Customs of People of various specific occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number 390.4)
-097 (Table 7) = Journalists
Synthesis:
390.4 + -097 = 390.409 7

162
c) 745.508 80816 Auxiliary Tables
and Devices
Analysis:
745.5 = Handicrafts
-088 = Treatment among groups of specific kinds of person
(Add “Persons” notation 04-99 from Table 7 to base
number-088)
-097 (Table 7) = Persons with handicaps
Synthesis:
745.5 +-088 +-0816 = 745.508 808 16
d) 174.930 1
Analysis:
174.9 = Ethics of other profession and occupations
(Add “Persons” notation 09-99 from Table 7 to base
number 174.9)
-301 (Table 7) = Social scientists
Synthesis:
174.9 + -301 = 174.950 1

e) 028.534 3
Analysis:
028.53 = Reading and use of other information media by specific
age groups
(Add to base number 028.53 the numbers following
05 in “Persons” notation 054-055 from Table 7)
-0543 (Table 7) = Preschool children
Synthesis:
028.53 + -05 43028.53 + - 43 = 028.534 3

6.12 KEYWORDS
Non-Subject Aspects : These aspects of a document which represent
the viewpoint, or inner form of a document
embodying knowledge; or the medium of
knowledge. For example history, philosophy are
viewpoints but dictionary is inner form. These
are required only in library classification, and not
in knowledge classification.

163
Classification-DDC: Schedules : A schedule means a list. Here a Schedule is a
19th Edition long list of classes arranged systematically along
with their notation. Volume 2 of the DDC is
named Schedules.
Standard Subdivisions : These are non-subject recurring aspects of a
subject such as bibliography, serial, conference,
philosophy, history, dictionary. Their name and
notation remain the same whatsoever the subject
-, so their name is standard subdivisions. These
are listed as Table 1 (Volume 1).
Tables : List of auxiliary non-essential, aspects of a
document. There are seven Tables (Table 1 to
Table 7) in the DDC-19. These have been listed
in Volume 1 of the DDC-19th edition.

6.13 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Batty, C. D. Introduction to the Nineteenth Edition of Dewey Decimal
Classification. London: Forest Press,1981. Print
Comoromi, John P. [et al] Manual for the Use of the Dewey Decimal Classification,
Edition 19. Albany: Forest Press,1982. Print
Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. 3 Vols. 19th ed.
Albany: Forest Press, 1979. Print

164
UNIT 7 PRACTICAL CLASSIFICATION
Structure
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Simple Synthesis
7.3 Multiple Synthesis
7.3.1 Examples from Social Sciences
7.3.2 Examples from Science and Technology
7.3.3 An Example from the Humanities

7.4 Order of Precedence

7.4.1 Table of Precedence
7.4.2 Order of Precedence Note

7.5 Other Means for Fixing Priority of Numbers

7.5.1 By the Number of Zeros in a Class Number
7.5.2 Preferring the Concrete over the Abstract

7.6 Table of Precedence for Standard Subdivisions (Table 1)

7.7 Summary
7.8 Answers to Self Check Exercises
7.9 Key Words
7.10 References and Further Reading

7.0 OBJECTIVES
This Unit will help you to apply multiple synthesis to building of complex class numbers
which require the use of repeated add to instructions on the same base. Secondly, you
learn to choose more appropriate or specific number in case the Schedule does not
allow the synthesis. This requires the use of Precedence Tables appended to some
entries in the Schedules.
After reading this Unit, you will be able to;
 handle cases involving multiple synthesis; and
 interpret and apply the precedence tables and notes for choice between two class
numbers.

7.1 INTRODUCTION
You have been introduced to the process of synthesis of numbers in Unit 5 and the use
of seven Tables in Unit 6 of this Block. This Unit is devoted to the process of multiple
synthesis required for the advanced/depth classification of highly complex subjects.
Multiple synthesis may be defined as the process of number building carried out with
more than one add-to instructions. The provisions for multiple synthesis are increasing
with each edition of the DDC, though the term “multiple synthesis” as such has not been
used in the DDC.
165
Classification-DDC: As in the case of simple synthesis the basic issue is the identification of the correct base
19th Edition number. Choice of the right base number will depend upon your knowledge of the
structure of the DDC and on your perception of those aspects in a subject which are of
primary importance. It will also require some experience to become proficient in
identifying a base number in a complex subject. Ranganathan’s facet formula PMEST
may also be of great help. In a basic class, if one of the two aspects, is concrete and the
other is abstract, the concrete facet will usually form the base number for further synthesis.
The core number is the base. There is ample guidance in the Schedules to identify the
base number. A base is invariably appended with “add-to” instructions in the Schedules.
In the process of multiple synthesis we have to move backward and forward in the
Schedule to pick up components of some numbers to add them to the chosen base.

7.2 SIMPLE SYNTHESIS

To a base number a full or part number from the Schedules is only added on instructions.
When you are given such an “add to” instruction, it is essentially accompanied by an
example. On the basis of that readymade number, given as example, you can coin the
number for the document you are classifying. There is ample step by step guidance in
the Schedules to build on the base number. Let us take the title whose worked out
number has been given in the Schedules.
Now we will analyse the different steps given in the Schedules for this worked out
example.
Example
Title: Administration of secondary school libraries
Class Number: 025.197 822 3
Analysis:
025.19 = Administration of specific types of libraries(Add to base
number 025.19 the numbers following 02 in026 -027)
026- 027)
027.8223 = Secondary school libraries
Synthesis:
025.19 +027.822 3
025.19+7.822 3 = 025.197 822 3

7.3 MULTIPLE SYNTHESIS

The above one was an example .of simple synthesis. Let us now take an example
involving double synthesis:
Title: Administration of Jaw libraries
Class Number: 025.196 34
Analysis:
025.19 = Administration of specific types of libraries(Add to base
number 025.19 the numbers following 02 in 026 - 027)
026 = Special Library(Add 001 - 999 to base number 026)
166
 Practical
340 = Law Classification
026 + 340 026.34 = Law Library(Now going back to 025.19 we are to
add to this base number the number following 02 in
026.34)
Synthesis:
025.19 + 026.34
025.19 +6.34=025.196 34

7.3.1 Examples from Social Sciences

Title: International law for trade in tobacco
Class Number: 341.754 713 71
Analysis:
341 = International law
341.754 7 = International law for trade in specific commodities(Add
to base number 341.754 7 the numbers following
380.14 in 380.141; - 380.145)
380.141 = Commerce in products of agricultureFor specific number
of Tobacco there is an instruction under 380.141which
says:(Add to base number 380.141 the number
following 63 in 633-638)
633.71 = TobaccoWe will add the number following 63 in
633.71, i.e., 371 to the base number 380.141
Synthesis:
380.141 + 633.71
380.141+3.71 = 380.141371
This is the number for Tobacco TradeNow again going back to original base 341.7547
where we are to add to this number the number following 380.14 in 380.141 371.Now
adding this number to 341.754 7 we get:341.754 7 + 380.141 371341.754 7+1371
=341.754 713 71Repeating the process:341.754 7 (Base Number) + 1 (From 380.141)
+ 371 (From 633.71) ‘The number for International Law for Trade in Tobacco is
341.754 713 71
Title: Wages of women in the textile industry
Class Number: 331,428 77
This is a subject of economics.
Analysis:
331.4 = Women workers
331.41-.42331.28 == Specific aspects of employment of women(Now, there
is an instruction to add to the base number 33 L4the
numbers following 331 in 331.1-331.2)Wages in
specific industries...
Synthesis: Thus, the wages of331.4 + 331.28 -331.4+ 28 =
women in (manufacturing) industry is 167
Classification-DDC: 331.4+.331.28
19th Edition
331.4+28 = 331.428
Analysis:
331.282 - .289 = Extractive, manufacturing, construction
(Add to the base number 331.28 the numbers following
6 in620-690)(Now 331.28 is further extended by the
numbers following 6in 620 - 690)
677 Textile
We will add to base number 331.28 the number following 6 in 677.
Synthesis:
331.28+677 331.28+77 = 331.2877
Hence, the number for Wages of women in the textile industry will be:
331.4 Women Labour
28 from 331.28 = Wages
77 from 677 = Textile industry
Synthesis:
331.4 + 331.28 +677
331.4 + 28 +77 = 331.428 77
Title: Foreign Ministry of the Government of India
Class Number 354,540 61
Analysis:
354 = Public international organizations and specific central
governments other than those of United States
=
354.3 - 9 Specific central governments other than those of United
States
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 form Table 2 to base number
354 then also add further as the table provided under
354.3 - .9)
-54 (Table 2) = India
06 Specific executive departments and ministries of cabinet
rank (Special Table provided under 354.3 - .9) (Under
06 there is an instruction Add to 06 the number
following 351.0 in 351.01 - 351.08)
351.01 = Foreign ministry
Synthesis:
354+ - 54 + 06+ 351.01
354 + - 54 +06+ 1 = 354.540 61

168
Title: Home Ministry of the Indian Government Practical
Classification
Class Number: 354.540 63
Analysis:
354 = Public international organizations and specific central
governments other than those of United States
354.3 - .9 = Specific central governments other than those of United
States
(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 form Table 2 to base number
354 then also add further as the table provided under
354.3 - .9)
-54 (Table 2) = India
06 = Specific executive departments and ministries of cabinet
rank (Special Table provided under 354.3 - .9) (Under
06 there is an instruction Add to 06 the number following
351.0 in 351.01 - 351.08)
351.03 = Home affairs departments
Synthesis:
354 + - 54 + 06+ 351.03354 + - 54 +06+ 3 = 354.540 63

7.3.2 Examples from Science and Technology

Title: Atomic structure of uranium
Class Number: 546.431 44
Analysis:
546.431 = *Uranium(Add as instructed under 546)
4 = Theoretical chemistry(listed under 546)The digit 4 is
further amplified.
(Add to 4 the numbers following 541.2 in 541.22 -
541.28)
541.24 = Atomic structure
4 + 541.24
4+ 4 = 44
Synthesis:
546.431 + 4 +541.24
546.431 +4 +4 = 546.431 44

169
Classification-DDC: Title: Radiochemistry of uranium
19th Edition
Class Number: 546.431 58
Analysis:
546.431 = *Uranium(Add as instructed under 546)
5 = Physical chemistry(listed under 546)The digit 5 is further
amplified.
(Add to 5 the numbers following 541.3 in 541.34 -
541.39)
541.38 = Radiochemistry
5 + 541.38
5+8 = 58 -
Synthesis:
546.431 + 5 +l541.38
546.431 + 5 +8 = 546.431 58
Title: Anatomy of horses
Class Number: 636.108 91
Analysis:
636.1 = Horses
636.101-.108 = General principles
(Add to the base number 636.10 the numbers following
636.0 in 636.01 - 636.08)
636.089 = Veterinary sciences/medicine(Anatomy is a topic of
veterinary medicine)(Add to base number 636.089 the
numbers following 61 in610 - 619)
611 (Vol. 2, p. 828) = Anatomy
Synthesis:636.089 + 611636.089 + 1= 636.089 1
Title: Monkeys as pests of apple orchards
Class Number: 634.119 698 2
Analysis:
634.11 = *Apples(Add as instructed under 633 - 635)
9 = Pests(Listed under 633 - 635 with an instruction)
(Add to 9 the numbers following 632 in 632.1 - 632.9)
632.6 = Animal pests(Add to base number 632.6 the numbers
following 59 in 592 - 599)
599.82 = Monkey
Synthesis:

170
634.11+9 + 632.6 + 599.82634.11+9+ 6+ 9.82 = 634.119 698 2
Title: Rats as wheat pests Practical
Classification
Class Number: 633.119 693 233
Analysis:
633.11 = *Wheat(Add as instructed under 633 - 635)
9 = Pests(Listed under 633 - 635 with an instruction)(Add
to 9 the numbers following 632 in 632.1 - 632.9)
632.6 = Animal pests(Add to base number 632.6 the numbers
following 59 in 592- 599)
599.3233 = Rats
Synthesis:
633.11 + 9 +632.6 6+. 599.3233633.11 + 9 +6+ 9.3233 = 633.119 693 233
Title: Anatomy of the lungs of horses
Class Number: 636.108 912 4
Analysis:
636.1 = Horses
636.1O1-.108 = General Principles
(Add to the base number 636.10 the numbers following
636.0
in 636.01 - 636.08)
636.089 = Veterinary sciences/medicine(Anatomy is a topic of
veterinary medicine)(Add to base number 636.089 the
numbers following 61 in610 - 619) *
611.24 = Anatomy of lungs
Synthesis
636.089 +611.24
636.089 +124= 636.089 124

7.3.3 An Example from the Humanities

Title: Photography of Hindu religious festivals
Class Number: 778.9894536
Analysis:
770 = Photography
778.9 = Photography of specific subjectsAdd to the base
number 778.9 the numbers following 704.94 in
704.942 - 704.949)
704.948 = Religion and religious symbols
171
Classification-DDC:
19th Edition 704.9489 = Other religions(Add to base number 704.9489 the
numbers following 29 in 292 - 299)
294.5 = Hindu Religion
But in this example we need a number for Hindu Religious Festivals.
294.51-53 = Relationships, doctrines, public worship(Add to base
number 294.5 the numbers following 291 in 291.1 -
291.3)
291.36 = Religious festivals
So we will add 36 number following 291
294.5 + 291.36
294.5 + 36 = 294.536
294.536 = Hindu religious festivals
Now we will again go back to 704.9489 to add the number following 29 in
294.536
704.9489 + 294.536
704.9489 + 4.536 = 704.948 945 36
704.948 945 36 = Art Hindu religions festivals
Now we will again go back to 778.9
Here we are told to add the number following 704.94 in 704.948 945 36
Synthesis:
778.9 + 704.948 945 36
778.9 + 8 945 36 = 778.989 4536

778.9 89 45 36 = Photography of

Hindu religious

Photography Other Hinduism Festival

of Specific Religion Form Forms
Subjects Form

704.94 89 29 4.5 291. 36

To sum up, multiple synthesis is simply a repeated synthesis wherein we carry out the
“add to” instructions more than once. If you choose the correct base and then follow
the “add to” instructions carefully, there is nothing to be afraid of in the slightly circuitous
process. In tact building the correct class number by repeated synthesis gives joy and
172 confidence.
Self-Check Exercise Practical
Classification
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
1) Classify the following titles involving multiple synthesis.
a) Social reform movement for drug-addicts
b) Synthesis of organo-sodium drugs
c) Study of respiratory system in cats
d) Administration of medical libraries
e) Diseases of pet dogs
f) Electrotherapy for blood diseases
g) Debates in Indian Parliament
h) Indian marriage law
i) Injuries caused to tomato plants by high temperature
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

7.4 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

Notwithstanding synthesis, multiple-synthesis, and indepth enumeration of multitopical
subjects, it is not always possible to provide a co-extensive (covering all facets of the
subject) class number for a given subject. For example, let us take a simple title
“Classification in public libraries”. In the DDC the class number for library classification
is 025.42, and for public libraries it is 027.4. Separate numbers exist for both but
nothing can be done to combine them. One reason for such problems is that the DDC
is still an enumerative classification, with the aim to broadly group documents (and to
be a shelf classification). It is not a device for complete subject analysis of the documents.
Anyhow, as a practical classifier in libraries you will often find yourself face to face with
such situations and problems. Inevitably in such situations we will have to take one
facet/aspect and ignore the other. The problem here is which to ignore and which to
consider.
Decision making in such situations depends upon many factors-. Firstly, the aspect
emphasised by the author must be considered foremost. It may also depend upon the
library policy. If this situation does not apply, then the general (and common sense) rule
is that more specific of the two aspects is to be chosen though to know which is more
specific of the two is not as easy. To help resolve such situations some guidance has
been provided officially in the Editor’s Introduction to the DDC. These include providing
Tables of Precedence or Precedence Notes under various entries; and some other
general rules for comparing the specificity of two or more aspects.

173
Classification-DDC: 7.4.1 Table of Precedence
19th Edition
Table of Precedence is a tabulated list of aspects of a subject fixing the priority of one
aspect over the other. The priority may also be fixed in a note form. ATable of Precedence
is officially defined as a “note stating the correct citation order under a subject that the
Shedules subdivide according to more than one aspect”. For example, under:
155.42-155.45 Child psychology by specific groupings (Vol.2, p. 175) is given a table
of precedence with a note observe the following table of precedence, e.g., preschool
boys 155 423 (not 155.432).
Exceptional children 155.45
By class, type, relationships 155.44
By age groups 155.42
By sex 155.43
Let us take an example:
Title: Psychology of exceptional sibling children
Class Number: 155.45
This complex subject can be broken into the following viable components:
155.43 = Psychology of sibling children
155.45 = Psychology of exceptional children
Preferred Class Number will be 155.45
Since as per the above Table of Precedence 155.45, exceptional children is to be
preferred over 155.44 or its derivatives, so our preferred class number will be 155.45
Similarly:
Title: Psychology of pre-school girls
Class Number:55.423 not 155.433
Another table of precedence has been provided under: 291.61-291.64 Religious leaders
and their work (Vol.2, p. 176)
291.63 = Divinely inspired persons
291.62 = Persons endowed with supernatural power
291.61 = Clergy and counselors
291.64 = Interpreters of religion
For a title:
‘Clergymen with supernatural power’
291.62(not 291.61)
Divinely inspired religious writers
291.62(not 291.64)
174
Again under: Practical
Classification
362.79 (Problems of and welfare services to) other classes of young people (Vol.2, p.
476).
Here we are given the following table of precedence with a note:
“Observe the following table of precedence, e.g., adolescent male immigrants 362.799
(not 362,792 or 362.796)”
362.799 = Miscellaneous classes
362.795 = Children
362.793 = Females
362.792 = Males
362.796 = Adolescents
362.796 = Young people of various specific racial, ethnic, national
groups
Let us take an example:
‘Welfare services to city youth males’
Here as per the above table “city youth”, falling in miscellaneous class 362.799, is to be
preferred over “males” 362.792. Hence the correct number is 362.79,
Another example of the table of precedence occurs at page 1125 (Vol.2) under specific
management activities 658.401-658.409.
658.409 = Personal aspect of management
658.407 = Management of executive personnel
658.402 = Internal organisation
658.406 = Managing change
658.401 = Planning, policy making, control
658.403 = Decision making and information management
658.408 = Social responsibility of management
658.404 = Project management
Applying the above table
Decision making and information management for internal organisation is 658.402 (not
658.403) Policy making for project management is 658.401 (not 658.404) Examples
of many more such Tables throughout the Schedule can be cited.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
2) Classify the following titles by using the table of precedence.
175
Classification-DDC: 1) Preparing luncheon for schools
19th Edition
2) Deportation for political offences
3) Painting of miniature portraits of women
4) Cooking lunch in schools
5) Rearing deaf boys
6) Miniature portraits of men
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

7.4.2 Order of Precedence Note

Instead of giving the order of precedence of topics in a tabulated form, we are given a
blanket instruction to use either an earlier or a later number coming in the Schedules.
These are called precedence notes and have the same purpose and effect as those of
Precedence Order Tables.
Let us take some examples of both the cases.
Using Last Number
For example under “365 Penal institutions”, the instruction reads : “Unless other
instructions are given, class complex subjects with aspects in two or more subdivisions
of this schedule in the number coming last in the schedule.” Therefore
Examples
Maximum security military prisons (camp)
365.48 (not 365.33)
Prison discipline for political prisoners
365.643 (not 365.45)
Similarly under:
395 Etiquette (manners)
A similar note appears instructing us to use the class number coming later in the Schedules.
Examples
Etiquettes for entertainments at weddings
395.3 (not 395.22)
Table manners for people of specific ages and sex 395.54 (not 395.1)
In Table 7 “Persons under -03-08 persons by various non-occupational characteristics”
appears a note: “Unless other instructions are given class complex subjects with aspects
in two or more subdivisions in this table in the number coming last in the table”
176
Examples Practical
Classification
Upper class retired persons
-0696 (not -0621)
Upper class middle-aged persons
-062(not -0564)
Using the above titles in a full number:
Upper class middle-aged persons as artists
704.062 1 (not 704.056 4)
Upper class retired persons as artists
704.0696 (not 704.062 1)
Using an Earlier Number
On the other hand there are occasions in the DDC when we are asked to use the earlier
number in such situations.
Examples
Under 331.3-.6 Labour Force by Personal Characteristics
The instruction reads: “Unless other instructions are given, class complex subjects with
aspects in two or more sub-divisions of this schedule in the number coming first in the
Schedules”.
Immigrant women labour
331.4 (not 331.62 or its subdivisions)
Middle-aged casual labour force 331.394 (not 331.544)
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
3) Classify the following titles using last or earlier numbers from the Schedules.
1) Educational service in adult women prisons
2) Gifted male adolescents as artists
3) Middle aged migrant workers
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

177
Classification-DDC:
19th Edition 7.5 OTHER MEANS FOR FIXING PRIORITY OF
NUMBERS
When no obvious instructions are provided under that class, then there are some general
or commonsense rules, for determining the specificity of a subject. Here are some tips
as given by the editors in Section 8.55 of the Editor’s Introduction. (Vol. 1, pp. xlvii-
xlix)

7.5.1 By the Number of Zeros in a Class Number

There is one very interesting tip to prefer one number over the other. As per this tip, a
class number without a zero is to be preferred over a class number with a zero; and
similarly a class number with one zero is to be preferred over a class number with two
zeros.
Examples
Social aspects of direct relief to young people
362.71 (not 362.704)
Manufacture of metallic outdoor furniture
684.18 (not 684.105)
Architecture of wooden ceilings
721.7 (not 721.044 8)
Planning and policy making in home affairs department
351.03 (not 351.007 2)

7.5.2 Preferring the Concrete over the Abstract

Examples
Curriculum for kindergarten
372.218 (not 372.19)
(Preferring concrete over the abstract)
Harvesting of China jute
633.56 (not 631.5)
Grammar of Oriya language 491.45 (not 415)
In the last two examples we have preferred material (concrete) entities over the process/
operation; besides this the citation order is also the one used in these two respective
classes of agriculture and language.
Self-Check Exercise
Note: i) Write your answers in the space given below.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
4) Classify the following titles by preferring concrete over the abstract.
178
 1) Production efficiency in agriculture production economics Practical
Classification
2) Causes of maladjusted young people
3) Evaluation and revision of curriculum in history
4) Colour printing by photo mechanical techniques
5) Metallic chairs
6) Atomic weight of curium chemical element
7) Breeding of Oriental horses
8) Diseases of China jute
9) Pali language poetry
10) Maintenance and repair of snow shoes
11) Qualifications of teachers in private schools
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

7.6 TABLE OF PRECEDENCE FOR STANDARD

SUBDIVISIONS (TABLE 1)
Usually two standard subdivisions are not applied in succession to a class number. If a
subject poses two standard subdivisions, then only one is to be applied, on a preferential
basis, and the other is to be ignored. The table of precedence is prefixed to the Table 1.
A brief extract is reproduced below:
Study and teaching -07
Management -068
Miscellany -02
Organizations -06
Terminology -014
Dictionaries, etc. -03
Serial publications -05
If we examine, the preferential order, it becomes obvious that the facet indicator “general
special” is followed by “viewpoints”, and the real form divisions come in the end. It
means internal forms are to be preferred over external forms.
Let us take the example “encyclopaedia of organisations on applied psychology”. Here
“Encyclopaedia” and “Organisations” both are standard subdivisions with notation -03
and -06 respectively. Therefore, only one of them is to be added, As per preferential
table, “-.06” is to be given preference over “-03”. Therefore, the correct class number
is 158.06 and not 158.03 or any number combining the two ss, viz., 158.0306.
179
Classification-DDC: Similarly, “Directory of library schools in India” will get. the class number:
19th Edition
020.711 54 instead of 020.255 4
Journal of terminology of science
501.4 (not 505)
Therefore, whenever there are two standard subdivisions coming together in a subject,
this table must be consulted to know which of them is to be applied, and which is to be
ignored.
If, however, a class number is susceptible to two standard subdivisions, such cases in
the schedule have been spelled out. Such cases admitting two ss are a few, but clearly
indicated. However, any standard subdivision from 01-09 may be added to the ss 04.
The reasons are obvious 04 is not a ss in the real sense.

7.7 SUMMARY
In this Unit you have been introduced to the process of multiple synthesis and the order
of precedence in the number building process in the DDC. The examples given and
explained in various sections of this Unit will clearly demonstrate the use of multiple
synthesis for classification of complex subjects. The main points are:
1) The term multiple synthesis has not been formally used in the DDC. We may
define it as the process of number building through the addition of two or more
facets or aspects one after another to the same base number by repeated add-to
instructions.
2) There are many situations and provisions in the DDC where you will have to use
the “add-to” operation more than once on the same base number.
3) In classifying complex subjects, the main problem is the identification of the base
number and deciding the sequence of various aspects or facets, which may go
with the base number.
4) The formula may be: entity/operation/agent.
5) The order of precedence means fixing the priority number in case there is a choice
between two or more class numbers. Generally we have to prefer the more specific
of the two numbers. The choice may also depend upon author’s emphasis.
6) The table of precedence in a tabular form gives us guidance in preferring one
number over the other. It is a list of classes in preferred order.
7) In a precedence note we are directed either to use the number coming earlier or
latter in , a schedule. We are also advised to prefer a number without a zero over
the one having j a zero; a number with one zero is preferred over a number having
two zeros.
8) If no clear guidance is available, we have to prefer the more specifics of the two
numbers, though at times it may not be easy to compare the specificity of two
numbers. In such cases we have to prefer the concrete over the abstract; the
whole over the part; and the entity over the process.

180
 Practical
7.8 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES Classification
1)
1) 362.293 524.
Analysis:
362.293 = Drug addiction(Add as instructed under 362 - 363)
5 = Social action(As given in the special table in 362 - 363
with an instruction) (Add to 5 the numbers following
361 in 361.2 - 361.8)
361.24 = Reform movements
Synthesis:
362.293+5+ 361.24
362.293 + 5+ 24 = 362.293 524
2) 615.315 382
Analysis:
615.3 = Organic drugs
615.3.1 = Synthetic drugs
(Add to base number 615.31 the numbers following
547.0 in
547.01 - 547.08)
547.053 - .056 = Specific Organo metallic compounds
(Add to base number 547.05 the numbers following
546 in
546.38 - 546.68)
546.382 = Sodium
Synthesis:
615.31 + 547.05 +546.382
615.31 + 5 +382 = 615.315 382
3) 636.808 912
Analysis:
636.8 = Cats
636.801 .808 = General principles(Add to base number 636.80 the
numbers following 636. 0 in 636.01 - 636.08)
636.089 = Veterinary sciences/medicine(Add to base number
636.089 the numbers following 61 in 610 - 619)
612.2 = Respiratory organs 181
Classification-DDC:
19th Edition Synthesis:
636.80 + 636.089 + 611.2
636.80 + 89 +12 = 636.808 912
4) 025.196 61
Analysis:
025 = Library operation
025.19 = Administration of specific types of libraries
(Add to base number 025.19 the numbers following
02 in 026 -027)
026 = Libraries devoted to various specific disciplines and
subjects
(Add 001 - 999 to base number 026)
610 = Medicine
Synthesis:
025.19 + 026 + 610
025.19 + 6 + 61= 025.196 61
5) 636.708 96
Analysis:
636.7 = Dogs
636.701-708 = General principles(Add to base number 636.70 the
numbers following 636.0 in 636.01 - 636.08)
636.089 = Veterinary sciences/medicine(Add to base number
636.089 the numbers following 61in 610 - 619)
616 = Diseases
Synthesis:
636.70+636.089+616
636.70+89+6=636.708 96
6) 616.150 645
Analysis:
616.15 = Diseases of blood(Add as instructed under 616.1 -
616.9)
616.1-616.9 = Specific diseases
062-069 = Other therapies(Listed under specific disease 616.1 -
616.9 with an instruction)(Add to 06 the numbers
following 615.8 in 615.82 - 615.89)
615.845 = Electrotherapy
Synthesis:
616.15+06+615.845
616.15+06+45=616.150645
182
7) 328.540 2 Practical
Classification
Analysis:
328 = Legislation
328.4-9 = Legislative branch of specific jurisdiction in modern
world (Add “Areas” notation 4-9 from Table 2 to base
number 328, then add further from the special table
given)then add further from the special table given)
54(Table 2) = India
02 = Debates(Listed under special table in 328.4 - .9)
Sysnthesis:
328+ -58+02=328.540 2
8) 346.540 16
Analysis:
346 = Private law
346.3-9 = Specific jurisdiction(Add “Areas” notation 3-9 Table
2 to base number 346 then to the result add the numbers
following 346 in 346.001-346.096
54(Table 2) = India
346.016 = Marriage law
Synthesis:
364+-54+346.016
364+-54+016=346.540 16
9) 635.642 912
Analysis:
635.642 = Tomatoes
(Add as instructed under 633 - 635)
633 - 635 = Specific plant crops
(Add to the notation for each term identified by *.)
9 = Injuries (Listed under 633 - 635)
(Add to 9 the number following 632 in 632.1 - 632.9)
632.12 = Injuries caused by high temperatures and drought
Synthesis:
635.642 + 9 + 632.12
635.642 + 9 +12 = 635.642 912
183
Classification-DDC: 2) 1) 641.571 (not 641.53)
19th Edition
2) 364.68 (not 364.131)
3) 757.7 (not 757A)
4) 641.571 (not 641,53)
5) 649.1512 (not 649.132)
6) 757.7 (not 757.3)
3) 1) 365.66 (not 365.43)
2) 704.082 (not 704.055 or 704.041)
3) 331.52 (not 331.62)
4) 331.394 (not 331.544)
4) 1) 338.1 (not 338.06)
2) 362.74 (not 362.704 2)
3) 375.9 (not 375.006)
4) 686.232 (not 686.230 42)
5) 684.13 (not 684.105)
6) 546.442 (not 541.242)
7) 636.11 (not 636.082)
8) 633.56 (not 632.4)
9) 891.3
10) 685.363 (not 685.3104)
11) 371.12 (not 371.02)

7.9 KEYWORDS
Complex Subjects : A subject with multiple aspects/All class numbers
obtained through synthesis are of complex
subjects. The DDC is still not able to provide
complete (co-extensive) class numbers for many
complex subjects, so one has to rely on the order
of precedence of characteristics to avoid cross
classification. (The term multiple synthesis has not
been formally used in the DDC).
Cross Classification : Situations in the classification of complex subjects
having inconsistency in the use of precedence of
characteristics. For example, in classifying
“storing of China jute” one classifies in storing;
and the other may put it. under China jute.
Order of Precedence : A table or note fixing the priority in case of a
Table/Note choice between two or more aspects of a subject.
This instruction may be in a tabulated or note
184
form.
7.10 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Comoromi, John P. [et al]. Manual for Use of the Dewey Decimal Classification,
19th ed Albany: forest Press, 1982. Print
Dewey, Melvil. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, 3 Vols. 19th ed.
Albany: Forest Press, 1979. Print
Raju, A.A.N. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC-20), Theory and Practice: A
Self-Instructional, Manual, Madras: T.R. Publication, 1995. Print

185
.