UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

Course
Code & UEME1323 Statics
Name
Practical
No. & Title

Practical P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9
Group P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18
P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27
P28 P29 P30 P31 P32 P33 P34 P35 P36
Instructor

Date &
Time of
Practical

Group Members:
No Student Name Student ID Programme

1
2

3
4

Report (20%)

Total (100%)
Name of student:
Subject code and name:
Title of experiment:
Name of instructor: Name of lecturer:
Assessment of Laboratory Report
A. Overall form of report Score (See Scoring Rubric)
Title, aim(s) of experiment, group number and names
of group members are included
Introduction: make predictions/hypothesis based
on background information 4 3 2 1
Diagrams of set up with necessary label
Procedure is complete, materials are listed
Organisation of report; easy to read and understand
Clear text, tables, figures
Grammar, punctuation, spelling checked
Completed on time
Originality/Avoid plagiarising
Appropriate citing of
B. Quality of the observations/data
Accurate measurements/observations
Complete data table and qualitative observations
Correct units
4 3 2 1
Data valid and consistent with event
C. Graphs
Appropriate data
Curve appropriate to data trend
Data points plotted accurately
4 3 2 1
Appropriate scale with units
Axes labeled with correct variables and
units Legend if more than one set of data
includedof Calculations
D. Quality
Mathematical relationship/formula stated
Necessary formula (e) derived
All steps mathematically correct and calculated correctly
4 3 2 1
Selected and substituted correct data into relationship
Error
calculations
Results
E. Discussion
Answers all questions in the experimental handouts
(The questions may acts as a guide to help students determine
what should be included in discussion)
4 3 2 1
Compare and discuss between experimental and
theoretical results
Verify/comfirm the validity of physical law
Identifies major sources of errors and explains their effects
on results
Identifies possible improvements in the experimental design
F. Conclusion
Consistent with theory
Consistent with data/observations and objectives
4 3 2 1
G. Ability to perform experiment
Able to perform experiment without assistance
Perform experiments safely
Determine the priority of the laboratory
4 3 2 1
environment Achieving experimental objectives

Total possible points: /28 = %

 Scoring rubric for laboratory report
Overall report
Excellent: Level 4 – 4 points Report uniquely organized with title, figure explanations, written in
clear & concise English. Complete aim(s), procedures, material list
including deviations from provided document
Good: Level 3 – 3 points Well presented but some small deficiencies in the presentation. Few
grammar, spelling & punctuation mistakes. Aims well stated.
Procedure well stated but limited to obvious steps.
Satisfactory: Level 2 – 2 points Poor layout of report, some errors in spelling and grammar

Poor: Level 1 – 1 points Untidy and careless presentation

Quality of observations/data
Excellent: Level 4 – 4 points Valid observations, consistent with event and demonstrate attention to
detail. Quality of data reflects student’s ability to utilize computer
software in analysis (if applicable). Data presented in an organized
manner
Good: Level 3 – 3 points Valid observations, consistent with event and demonstrate some
attention to detail. Quality of data reflects student’s ability to
perform experiment successfully. Most data are presented in an
organized manner
Satisfactory: Level 2 – 2 points Vague observations, inconsistent with event and lack attention to detail.
Quality of data reflects student’s limited ability to perform experiment.
Data are presented in a disorganized manner. Missing tables, graphs,
charts
Poor: Level 1 – 1 points Poor observations, inconsistent with event and show no attention
to detail. Quality of data reflects student’s little/no ability to
perform experiment. Missing data, tables, graphs, charts

Graphs/Quality
of calculations
Excellent: Level 4 – 4 points All calculations and graphs correct

Good: Level 3 – 3 points Some minor calculations and graphs errors

Satisfactory: Level 2 – 2 points Some error in graphs and calculations

Poor: Level 1 – 1 points Careless mistakes, many errors, some required calculations missing

Discussion/Conclusion
Excellent: Level 4 – 4 points Comments show complete understanding of experiment and
significance of data and clearly show a relationship between data and
Good: Level 3 – 3 points conclusion.
All questions answered demonstrating a good grasp of ideas. Comments
show a relationship between data and conclusion.
Satisfactory: Level 2 – 2 points Rudimentary answers to questions. Comments fail to show a
relationship between data and conclusion.
Poor: Level 1 – 1 points Questions incorrectly answered or not answered. Conclusions are
unrelated to experiment
Ability to perform experiment
Excellent: Level 4 – 4 points Able to perform all experiments without assistant and, successfully and
safely, work in-group effectively, determine the priority of the
laboratory environment, supervise own work in achieving
experimental objectives.
Good: Level 3 – 3 points Able to perform 80% of the experiments. Seek for assistant and,
successfully and safely, work in-group effectively, determine the
priority of the laboratory environment, perform experiment based
on protocol and procedures and understand the problem statement.
Satisfactory: Level 2 – 2 points Able to perform 50% of the experiments. Seek for assistant and, under
supervision while performing experiment, understand the problem
statement and ask questions. Perform experiment based on protocol
and procedures and understand the problem statement; not critical on
the reasons for doing experiments.
Poor: Level 1 – 1 points Not able to perform the experiments. Fail to identify the important
information in the lab, depend on continuous assistance; not being
able to decide on their own work

Universiti Tunku Abdul

Rahman

Faculty Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and

Science
Department: Department of Mechanical and Materials
 Engineering
Unit Code and Name UEME1132 Statics
Experiment No.: 1
Title of Experiment: Young Modulus
Laboratory Room No. and Name: KB733 Applied Mechanics Laboratory II
Experiment Duration (hour): 3 hours
Number of Student per Group 5 students x 2 (10 students per session)

Introduction

The Young’s Modulus Apparatus is a benchtop model designed for student to understand
and to determine Young’s Modulus of given material samples by the deflection of the
beam.

It consists of an epoxy coated steel reaction frame completed with a meter long linear
scale. Student can measure the length of the beam easier with the feature of linear scale.
Two adjustable supports provide the variable span needed to perform the experiment.
Student can adjust the support to either fixed support or simple support according to their
needs. Besides, 4 pieces of 5N stainless steel weights and hangers are provided for loading
of the beams. Next, one set of dial gauges to 0.01mm resolutions complete with mounting
brackets are employed for the measurement of the beam deflection.

A theory and experiment work sheet are provided for student to follow the correct
procedure of operation and computation.

Equipment and Materials

Quantity estimation
Item Description *Item category (e.g. per set/group of student)
Set of Stainless steel hanger and weights W 1 set
Set of dial gauges (0.01 mm resolution) W 1

*Item category
SP Sample or specimen
C Consumable
CH Chemical
W Labware, glassware , tool , and components
E Equipment
S Software
Experimental Capabilities

1. To investigate the relationship between load, span width, height and deflection of a
beam.

2. To ascertain the Coefficient of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) for steel, brass

and aluminum.

Accessories : Set of Stainless steel hanger and

weights Set of dial gauges (0.01 mm
resolution) Four leveling feet with
built in spirit level

Dimensions : 1050 x 400 x 300

mm Weight : Approximately
50kg

6
 INTRODUCTION

Young Modulus

Young Modulus which also called as elastic modulus, is the measure of stiffness of a given
material. The stiffness of a material is the resistance of a material to deformation when a force is
applied. A material with high Young Modulus value means it is stiff while a material with low
Young Modulus value mean the material is flexible.

Every material undergoes deformation when it experiences a stress. There are two type of
deformation, elastic deformation and plastic deformation. Elastic deformation is defined as a
temporary change of its physical shape and will able to return to its original state after the force
is removed. The elastic deformation occurs when stress experienced by the material does not
exceed the elastic limit. When the stress exerted on the material go beyond the yield point, it will
experience plastic deformation which the change of its physical shape is permanent. So, type of
deformation relies on the amount of stress applied and the elastic limit of each material. Stress is
defined as force per unit area while strain is extension per unit length. Young Modulus is a
property of material that shows the ratio of stress to the strain. So, Young modulus play an
important role in various aspect of material engineering for design purpose. This constant tell us
whether the structure will deform in certain situation. Engineers select the most suitable material
by comparing the Young Modulus between various materials.

According to the definition of Young Modulus, Young Modulus can be obtained by calculating
the gradient of the stress and strain graph. Besides , Young Modulus of material also can be
determined by observing the deflection of the material (beam) when subjected to load.

There are a few factors that will affect the deflection of beam. The length and cross-sectional
shape of a beam will affect the deflection of beam. Besides, different material of a beam will
produce different deflection of the beam. The deflection of the beam also depends on the location
of the forced applied and the type of beam supported.

7
 Moment of Inertia, I

Moment of Inertia, I, which is also called as rotational inertia, is a property of an object associated
with the resistance to rotational acceleration .Moment of inertia shows the difficulty to accelerate the
object around the given rotational axis. A rotated object with small moment of inertia is easier to
increase the rotational velocity compared to the object with large moment of inertia. The moment of
inertia is defined as the sum of the product of the mass of a point particle making up the object and
the square of the distance between the point mass and the axis given . In general, it depends on the
mass of the object and the distribution of mass with respect to the axis of rotation. However, for
different type of shapes, they have their own formula to calculate moment of inertia due to different
distribution of mass.

For any beam, the moment of inertia depends on the cross section shape and the thickness but not
based on the length and material of the beam. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section beam is
calculated by the formula I=bh3 /12 which b is the width of the beam and h is the height of the beam
(refer to diagram 1). From the formula, we find out that moment of inertia of the rectangular section
is based on the height and width of the beam. Besides, the formula of calculating the moment of
inertia of circular section is I = πd 4 /64 which d is diameter of circular section(refer to diagram 2) .
This shows that the moment of inertia of circular section depends on the diameter of circular section.

Below attached with two example diagrams with labelled:

Diagram 2
Diagram 1 Moment of Inertia for circular
Moment of Inertia for rectangular
section section

3 I=πd 4 /64
I= bh /12
b = width of beam D=diameter of circular section
h = height of beam

8
Deflection equation with different beam support types
1. One fixed end and one simple support end

F = load applied
L = beam length
a= intermediate length of beam
δ = deflection
E = Young Modulus I
= Moment of inertia

The deflection at length a from the fixed support is:

support :
3 2 3
δ = Fa (L - a) (4L - a) / 12EIL

For a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a = L/2 in the above equation, the deflection is:

3
δ = 3.5FL / 384EI

2. Two simple supports end

The deflection at distance a from the left-hand support is:

2 2
δ = Fa (L - a) /3EIL

For a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a = L/2 in the above equation, the deflection is:

3
δ = FL /48EI

9
EXPERIMENTS BENDING OF BEAM AND COEFFICIENT OF

ELASTICITY

OBJECTIVE

Part 1: To investigate the relationship between load, span, width, height and deflection of a
beam, placed on two bearer and affected by a concentrated load at the centre.

Part 2: To ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for steel, brass and aluminum.
METHODOLOGY

Part I
a) One fixed end and one simple support end.
1)The clamping length (L) is set to 800mm.
2)The width and height of the test specimen are measured using a caliper and the values are recoded.
3)The test specimen is placed on the bearers.
4)One end is set as fixed end by tightening the screw.
5)The load (F) hanger is mounted on the center of the test specimen.
6)The dial gauge is moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge is adjusted so
that the needle touched the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge is recorded.
7)5N weight is loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading is recorded.
8)Procedure (7) is repeated until the loads reached 20N. All the gauge readings must be recorded.
9)After result taken, the loads are removed.
10)The experiment is repeated once again to get the average deflection value.
11)The graph of force versus deflection is plotted.
12)The experimental young modulus for respective beam/material are calculated and compared with
theoretical value.
13)The experiment is repeated by using different material beam (i.e aluminum, mild steel, brass).

Part II

b) Two simple supports end.

1)The clamping length (L) is set to 800mm.
2)The width and height of the test specimen are measured using a caliper and the values are recorded.
3)The test specimen is placed on the bearers.
4)The screw is not tightened since both ends are simple support.
5)The load (F) hanger is mounted on the center of the test specimen.
6)The dial gauge is moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge is adjusted so
that the needle touched the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge is recorded.
7)5N weight is loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading is recorded.
8)Procedure (7) is repeated until the loads reached 20N. All the gauge readings must be recorded.
9)After result taken, all the loads are removed.
10)The experiment is repeated once again to get the average deflection value.
11)The graph of force versus deflection is plotted.
12)The experimental young modulus for respective beam/material are calculated and compared with
theoretical value.
13)The experiment is repeated by using different material beam (i.e aluminum, mild steel, brass).

Part III

1.The experiment is run by using different clamping length, L = 500mm for one fixed end and one
simple support end.
2.The experiment is run by using different width height (h) beam (i.e 12mm) for two simple supports
end.
 RESULTS

Part I: Deflection of test specimen a) One fixed end and one simple support end.

Measurement of test specimen

Length, L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)
800.00 6.50 25.30
Steel
800.00 6.58 25.48
Brass
800.00 6.64 25.30
Aluminum

Steel
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 28.77 28.67 28.57 28.67

10 59.33 59.33 59.33 59.33

15 88.67 88.67 88.67 88.67

20 118.23 118.33 118.43 118.33

Brass
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 57.57 57.67 57.77 57.67

10 112.00 112.00 112.00 112.00

15 174.77 174.67 174.57 174.67

241.67 241.77 241.57 241.67
20
 Aluminum
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 74.77 74.67 74.57 74.67

10 150.77 150.57 150.67 150.67

15 233.00 233.00 233.00 233.00

20 309.00 309.00 309.00 309.00

Part II: Deflection of test specimen - Two simply support ends

Measurement of test specimen

Length, L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)

800.00 6.50 25.30
Steel
800.00 6.58 25.48
Brass
800.00 6.64 25.30
Aluminum

Steel
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 57.33 57.33 57.33 57.33

10 112.43 112.23 112.33 112.33

15 169.67 169.57 169.77 169.67

20 227.57 227.77 227.67 227.67

Brass
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
142.43 142.33 142.23 142.33
5
10 377.00 377.10 376.90 377.00

15 416.00 416.00 416.00 416.00

553.90 554.00 554.10 554.00
20
 Aluminum
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 160.33 160.43 160.23 160.33

10 221.00 221.00 221.00 221.00

15 378.57 378.67 378.77 378.67

20 536.23 536.33 536.43 536.33

Part III: Deflection of test specimen – a) Different clamping length

Measurement of test specimen

Length, L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)
500.00 6.50 25.30
Steel
500.00 6.58 25.48
Brass
500.00 6.64 25.30
Aluminum

Steel
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

10 12.00 11.90 12.10 12.00

15 21.57 21.67 21.77 21.67

20 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.00

Brass
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 12.67 12.77 12.57 12.67

10 28.33 28.23 28.43 28.33

15 42.57 42.77 42.67 42.67

57.00 57.00 57.00 57.00
20
Aluminum
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 18.90 19.00 19.10 19.00

10 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

15 59.43 59.23 59.33 59.33

20 79.00 79.00 79.00 79.00

Part III: Deflection of test specimen – b) Different specimen height

Measurement of test specimen

Length, L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)
500.00 7.38 19.42
Steel
500.00 6.72 19.42
Brass
500.00 6.78 19.50
Aluminium

Steel
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 11.77 11.57 11.67 11.67

10 25.67 25.77 25.57 25.67

15 41.33 41.23 41.43 41.33

20 56.00 56.00 56.00 56.00

Brass
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 26.67 26.57 26.77 26.67

10 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00

15 76.77 76.57 76.67 76.67

102.57 102.67 102.77 102.67
20
Aluminum
Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 30.67 30.77 30.57 30.67

10 74.43 74.23 74.33 74.33

15 121.57 121.67 121.77 121.67

20 166.00 166.00 166.00 166.00

*Plot the graph of Load versus deflection. Find the slope of the line (i.e F/δ).

Part 1 Force verses Deflection Graph

350

309
300 f(x) = 15.71 x − 4.49

250 241.67
233
Average Deflection(mm)

f(x) = 12.29 x − 7.17

200
174.67
150.67
150
112 118.33
f(x) = 5.97 x − 0.83 88.67
100
74.67
57.67 59.33
50
28.67

0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Force(N)
Steel Linear (Steel) Brass
Linear (Brass) Aluminum Linear (Aluminum)
 600
Part 2 Force verses Deflection Graph
554
536.33
f(x) = 25.48 x + 53.83
500 f(x) = 25.71 x + 2.67

416
400 377 378.67
Deflection(mm)

300

221 227.67

200 f(x) = 11.37 x − 0.34 169.67

160.33
142.33
112.33
100
57.33

0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Force(N)
Steel Linear (Steel) Brass
Linear (Brass) Linear (Brass) Aluminum
Linear (Aluminum)
 CALCULATION

First, the moment of inertia of the beam is determined. For rectangular section beam,

3
I = bh /12 … … (1)

If it is center load on beam with one fixed end and one simple support end, we used
3
δ = 3.5FL /384EI … … (2)
Rearrange equation (2), we have

3
E = 3.5FL /384Iδ ... ... (3)

We can determine the beam Young modulus by rearrange equation (3)

3
E = (F/δ)(3.5L /384I) ... ... (4)

Notation

E = Young modulus (Pa)

F = Force/load applied (N)
δ = Deflection (m) L
= Beam length (m)
4
I = Moment of Inertia (m )
F/δ = Slope of graph line force versus deflection

Part 1
b h3
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I =
12

b=width of beam
h=height of beam
3
b h3 25.30(6.50)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( steel )= = =579.00 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 25.48(6.58)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( brass )= = =604.92 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 25.30(6.64)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( aluminum )= = =617.23 kg . mm 2
12 12

3.5 FL3
The deflection δ :
384 EI
Rearrange:
 F 3.5 L3
Young Modulus , E=( )
δ 384 I

For steel:
F 3.5 L3 3.5 (800)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 384 I
=( 5.9664 )
384(579.00)
=48088.42
mm2
=4 8.09GPa

For brass:
F 3.5 L3 3.5(800)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 384 I
=( 12.293 )
384 (604.92)
=94834.58
mm 2
=94.83GPa

For aluminum:
F 3.5 L3 3.5(800)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 384 I
=( 15.706 )
384(617.23)
=118747.74
mm2
=118.75 GPa

|E theoretical−E experimental|
Error (%) : × 100 %
Etheoretical

Given theoretical
Material Young modulus (GPa)
Steel 200
Brass 100
Aluminum 70
For steel:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |200 ×109 −48.09 ×10 9|

Error (%) : = ×100 %=75.96 %
Etheoretical 200× 109
For brass:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |100 ×109 −94.83 ×109|

Error (%) : = ×100 %=5.17 %
Etheoretical 100 ×10 9
For aluminum:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |70 ×109 −118.75 ×109|

Error (%) : = ×100 %=69.64 %
Etheoretical 70 ×109

Part 2
b h3
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I =
12

b=width of beam
h=height of beam
 3
b h3 25.30(6.50)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( steel )= = =579.00 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 25.48(6.58)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( brass )= = =604.92 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 25.30(6.64)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( aluminum )= = =617.23 kg . mm 2
12 12

FL3
The deflection δ :
48 EI
Rearrange:
F L3
Young Modulus , E=( )
δ 48 I

For steel:
F L3 (800)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 48 I
=( 11.367 )
48(579.00)
=209409.33
mm2
=209.41 GPa

For brass:
F L3 (800)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 48 I
=( 25.480 )
48 (604.92)
=449293.57
mm2
=449.29GPa

For aluminum:
F L3 (800)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 48 I
=( 25.713 )
48(617.23)
=444359.48
mm2
=444.36GPa

|E theoretical−E experimental|
Error (%) : × 100 %
Etheoretical

Given theoretical
Material Young modulus (GPa)
Steel 200
Brass 100
Aluminum 70
For steel:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |200 ×109 −209.41× 109|

Error (%) : = × 100 %=4.71 %
Etheoretical 200 ×10 9
For brass:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |100 ×109 −449.29 ×109|

Error (%) : = ×100 %=349.29 %
Etheoretical 100 × 109
For aluminum:
 |E theoretical−E experimental| |70 ×109 −444.36 ×10 9|
Error (%) : = ×100 %=534.80 %
Etheoretical 70× 109

Part 3(a)
b h3
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I =
12

b=width of beam
h=height of beam
3
b h3 25.30(6.50)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( steel )= = =579.00 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 25.48(6.58)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( brass )= = =604.92 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 25.30(6.64)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( aluminum )= = =617.23 kg . mm 2
12 12

3.5 FL3
The deflection δ :
384 EI
Rearrange:
F 3.5 L3
Young Modulus , E=( )
δ 384 I

For steel:
F 3.5 L3 3.5(500)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 384 I
=( 1.5134 )
384(579.00)
=2977.98
mm2
=2.97 GPa

For brass:
F 3.5 L3 3.5 (500)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 384 I
=( 2.9466 )
384(604.92)
=5549.71
mm2
=5.55 GPa

For aluminum:
F 3.5 L3 3.5 (500)3 N
Young Modulus , E=
δ 384 I ( )
=( 3.9866 )
384(617.23)
=7358.72
mm2
=7.36 GPa

|E theoretical−E experimental|
Error (%) : × 100 %
Etheoretical

Given theoretical
Material Young modulus (GPa)
 Steel 200
Brass 100
Aluminum 70
For steel:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |200 ×109 −2.97 ×109|

Error (%) : = ×100 %=98.52 %
Etheoretical 200 × 109
For brass:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |100 ×109 −5.55× 109|

Error (%) : = × 100 %=94.45 %
Etheoretical 100 ×10 9
For aluminum:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |70 ×109 −7.36 ×109|

Error (%) : = × 100 %=89.49 %
Etheoretical 70 ×10 9

Part 3(b)
b h3
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I =
12

b=width of beam
h=height of beam
3
b h3 19.42(7.38)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( steel )= = =650.48 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 19.42(6.72)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( brass )= = =491.11 kg . mm2
12 12
3
b h3 19.50(6.78)
Moment of inertial for rectangular section I ( aluminum )= = =506.46 kg . mm2
12 12

FL3
The deflection δ :
48 EI
Rearrange:
F L3
Young Modulus , E=( )
δ 48 I

For steel:
F L3 (500)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 48 I
=( 2.973 )
48 (650.48)
=11902.27
mm 2
=11.90 GPa

For brass:
F L3 (500)3 N
Young Modulus , E= ( )
δ 48 I
=( 5.0534 )
48(491.11)
=26796.23
mm2
=26.80GPa
For aluminum:
F L3 (500)3 N
Young Modulus , E=
δ 48 I ( )
=( 9.0606 )
48(506.46)
=46588.70
mm2
=46.59 GPa

|E theoretical−E experimental|
Error (%) : × 100 %
Etheoretical

Given theoretical
Material Young modulus (GPa)
Steel 200
Brass 100
Aluminum 70

For steel:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |200 ×109 −11.90 ×10 9|

Error (%) : = ×100 %=94.05 %
Etheoretical 200 ×109
For brass:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |100 ×109 −26.80× 109|

Error (%) : = × 100 %=73.20 %
Etheoretical 100 ×10 9
For aluminum:

|E theoretical−E experimental| |70 ×109 −46.59 ×10 9|

Error (%) : = ×100 %=33.44 %
Etheoretical 70× 109
 DISCUSSION

Young’s Modulus is a measure of the stiffness of material and it describes the properties of
elasticity of a solid that undergoes extension or compression. N/m² is the SI unit of Young’s
Modulus (E) while Gigapascals (Gpa) is the practical unit. Young’s Modulus is also a type of
reaction force that caused by the stiffness of the material to resisting the opposite force such
which is try to deflect the beam.

Three types of materials are been used in this experiment, which is steel, brass and aluminum.
The experiment is divided into 3 Parts to study the relationship between load, span, width,
length, height and deflection of beam. All the experiments were conducted with the loads
placed on the center of test specimen.

Two condition which are one of the ends of the beam was fixed and another end with the
simple support and another condition with both the ends of the beam were simple supports only
are conducted respectively in Part 1 and Part 2 to study the deflection of two different beam
support types. The Part 3 of this experiment is conducted with different clamping length and
different width height to determine the relationship between width, height, length and the
deflection of test specimen.

Based on this experiment, all the data and results show that the length of the deflection is
proportional to the weight of load. In Part 1, the value of Young’s Modulus of steel beam is
48.09Gpa. However, the value is 209.41Gpa in Part 2. This condition also same when the
experiment conducted with brass and aluminum. Therefore, we can conclude that the value of
Young’s Modulus is larger when the beam was supported with both ends using simple supports
than one fixed end and one simple support end.

For Part 3(a), the clamping length is decrease to 500mm and the same experiment is conducted
for one fixed end and one simple support end which is similar to Part 1. The deflection of the
steel beam is decrease and the Young’s Modulus of steel beam is drop to 2.97Gpa. Thus, this
show that the deflection and value of Young’s Modulus is directly proportional to the length of
test specimen. While in Part 3(b), the experiment is run by using larger width height for two
simple supports end, which is similar to Part 2. Deflection of the steel beam is decrease and
same goes to Young’ Modulus values which drop to 11.90Gpa. Hence, we can conclude that
the deflection and Young’s Modulus value is inversely proportional to the value of width
height.

Few of precaution are require to be notice in this experiment. First, parallax error should be
avoided when measuring the dimension of test specimen and also the deflection. Several times
of result should also need to be taken and calculate the average value. Then, zero error also
need to be prevented by manipulate the data while using dial gauges. Therefore, the more
accurate result can be collected.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the experiment succeeded in finding the objectives. The result of the experiment
indicated one of the factors (load, span, length) increased would lead to the increasing of the
deflection of the beam but the increasing of the width and height would lead to the decreasing
of the deflection of the beam. Therefore, we can conclude that the deflection of the beam is
directly proportional to load, span and length of the beam. However, the deflection is inversely
proportional to width and height of the beam. The experiment has led us to conclude that steel
has the greatest coefficient of the elastic among brass and aluminum. Aluminum has the lowest
coefficient of elastic meanwhile brass ranked in between steel and aluminum. The experiment
error should be minimized as we need to avoid human error such as bad calculation or not
following procedure.
Reference
1. https://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/fluids/node3.html
2. https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Biomaterials/young's_m
odulus.htm
3. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/stiffness-d_1396.html
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)
5. https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_moment_inertia
6. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-
tutorial/v/more-on-moment-of-inertia
7. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-
tutorial/a/rotational-inertia