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ME322
Principles of Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning
Hassan Rijabo

Lecture 1
Air Conditioning Concept
and Applications
UNIVERSITY OF TRIPOLI
Faculty of Engineering-Department of
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
[email protected]
ME322.eng
ME322.eng.uot

Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

‫الكتاب المنهجي للمقرر‬

Text book
1- Heating, Ventilating And Air Conditioning by McQuiston, Parker and Spitler

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‫‪Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications‬‬

‫أسلوب التقييم ‪Grading Program‬‬

‫‪Fall 2020‬‬

‫‪Quizzes, assignments and Project) 40%‬‬

‫‪Midterm Exam 1 0%‬‬

‫‪Midterm Exam 2 0%‬‬

‫‪Final Exam 60%‬‬

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‫‪Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications‬‬

‫مفاتيح النجاح في المقرر ‪Keys to success in ME302‬‬

‫حضور المحاضرات النظرية والتدريبية سواء بالحضور االعتيادي او االلكتروني عن‬
‫بعد‪ ،‬وتدوين المالحظات بعناية‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫اصطحاب جداول ومخططات تبريد وتكييف الهواء وآلة حاسبة كل محاضرة‪.‬‬

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‫مراجعة وإعادة كتابة المالحظات بعد المحاضرة في أسرع وقت‪.‬‬

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‫تخصيص على األقل ضعف زمن المحاضرة لمراجعة ما تم اعطاءه فيها‪.‬‬

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‫مراجعة الكتاب المنهجي‪ ،‬والتدرب على حل أكبر عدد من المسائل بما فيها االختبارات‬
‫السابقة‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ال تتردد في سؤال أستاذ المقرر واالستفسار عن اي شئ غير مفهوم في المقرر‪.‬‬

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‫التواصل مع أستاذ المقرر أثناء الساعات المكتبية او من خالل التواصل االلكتروني ‪.‬‬
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

Application of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

✓ Food processing,
preservation and distribution
✓ Chemical and process
industries
✓ Cold treatment of metals
✓ Medical
✓ Comfort air-conditioning
✓ Computer rooms
✓ Vehicular
✓ Textiles
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

Available Software’s in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Analysis and Simulations:

HAP : Hourly Analysis Program

ENERGY PLUS

REVIT Autodesk

CoolPack
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

1. Air conditioning Concept

Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C, AC or aircon) is the process
of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity)
to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing
the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve thermal
comfort and indoor air quality.

2. History
The basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in
ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in windows and were moistened
with trickling water. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing
through the window. This process also made the air more humid, which
can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.
In Ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the
walls of certain houses to cool them. Other techniques in
medieval Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers to cool
buildings during the hot season.
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

• Modern air conditioning emerged from

advances in chemistry during the 19th
century, and the first large-scale electrical
air conditioning was invented and used in
1902 by American inventor Willis Carrier.

• The introduction of residential air

conditioning in the 1920s helped enable the
great migration to the Sun Belt in the
United States.

• In 1902, the first modern electrical air

conditioning unit was invented by Willis
Carrier in Buffalo, New York.

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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

3. What are the benefits of Air Conditioning ?

• The benefits of Air Conditioning are to give a comfortable
environment at work or at home throughout the seasons, Spring,
Summer, Autumn and Winter.
• An Air Conditioning unit can have two functions - heating and cooling.
With an auto changeover switch on most new units, you set the
temperature and the unit will cool or heat as required automatically.

• Also air purification is another benefit as an anti-fungus filter is used

in most modern air conditioning units. This catches allergy-causing
mites, smoke particles and odours, making the air in your environment
clean and fresh.
•
When outside air temperatures reach uncomfortable levels, the
coolest temperature we can hope to maintain within our homes is the
same, despite any amount of ventilation through the use of
conventional fans. In reality, our homes become even warmer than the
outside air temperature, through solar gains and additional heat-loads
from within.
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

• With air-conditioning equipment installed, we can quickly reduce

the temperature within any of the rooms within the home to a
comfortable level, whilst at the same time reducing the humidity.

• Doors and windows can be kept closed improving the security of

your home, whilst at the same time keeping out nuisance insects
and any external noise pollution.

• The air within the room is recirculated through filters to trap

dust and pollens, in turn benefiting people suffering from allergies
and respiratory problems.

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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

4. The methods used in air conditioning

4.1 Refrigeration cycle

• In the refrigeration cycle, heat is transported
from a colder location to a hotter area. As heat
would naturally flow in the opposite direction,
work is required to achieve this. A refrigerator is
an example of such a system, as it transports the
heat out of the interior and into its environment
(i.e. the room). The refrigerant is used as the
medium which absorbs and removes heat from the
space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that
heat elsewhere.

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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

• Circulating refrigerant vapor enters

the compressor and is compressed to a
Condenser
higher pressure, resulting in a higher
temperature as well. The hot,
compressed refrigerant vapor is now
at a temperature and pressure at
which it can be condensed and is Expansion
routed through a condenser. Here it is Valve
cooled by air flowing across the
Compressor
condenser coils and condensed into a
liquid. Thus, the circulating
refrigerant rejects heat from the
Evaporator
system and the heat is carried away
by the air.

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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

• The condensed and pressurized liquid

refrigerant is next routed through
an expansion valve where it undergoes an
abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure Condenser
reduction results in flash evaporation of a
part of the liquid refrigerant, lowering its
temperature. The cold refrigerant is then Expansion
routed through the evaporator. A fan blows Valve
the warm air (which is to be cooled) across Compressor
the evaporator, causing the liquid part of
the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate Evaporator
as well, further lowering the temperature.
The warm air is therefore cooled.
• To complete the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapor is
routed back into the compressor.
• The engineering of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas–
vapor mixtures is called psychrometrics
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

Heat pump
• Heat pump is a term for a type of air conditioner
in which the refrigeration cycle can be reversed,
producing heating instead of cooling in the indoor
environment. They are also commonly referred
to, and marketed as, a "reverse cycle air
conditioner".
• Using an air conditioner in this way to produce
heat is significantly more energy efficient
than electric resistance heating. Some
homeowners elect to have a heat pump system
installed, which is simply a central air
conditioner with heat pump functionality (the
refrigeration cycle can be reversed in cold
weather).
• When the heat pump is in heating mode, the
indoor evaporator coil switches roles and
becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The
outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to
serve as the evaporator, and discharges cold air
(colder than the ambient outdoor air).
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

• Heat pumps are more popular in milder winter climates where the
temperature is frequently in the range of 40–55 °F (4–13 °C), because heat
pumps become inefficient in more extreme cold. This is due to the problem
of ice forming on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air
flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must
temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch
the outdoor evaporator coil back to being the condenser coil, so that it can
heat up and defrost. A heat pump system will therefore have a form of
electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in
this mode in order to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling,
which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter

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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

4.2 Evaporative cooling

• In very dry climates, evaporative coolers,
sometimes referred to as swamp coolers
or desert coolers, are popular for
improving coolness during hot weather.
• An evaporative cooler is a device that
draws outside air through a wet pad, such
as a large sponge soaked with water.
• The sensible heat of the incoming air, as
measured by a dry bulb thermometer, is
reduced. The total heat (sensible heat plus
latent heat) of the entering air is
unchanged. Some of the sensible heat of
the entering air is converted to latent
heat by the evaporation of water in the
wet cooler pads. If the entering air is dry
enough, the results can be quite cooling.

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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

• Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times
of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers
can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants.
• Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the
outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air
before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system;
this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within
the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or
window. These coolers cost less and are mechanically simple to
understand and maintain.

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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

Pros and cons

• Pros: )‫(االيجابيات‬
• Costs less to install in some instances.
• Costs less to run. (careful some can have
1600w fans! that isn't necessarily cheap
tor run)
• Allows you to vent heat from the house if
it cools down outside by drawing in cool
ambient air.

• Cons: )‫(السلبيات‬
• Increases humidity.
• They can only cool relative to that day’s
wet bulb temperature.
• Generally require slightly more
maintenance than air conditioning.
• Consider carefully before purchasing in
water restricted areas or where
dependent on limited water as water
consumption can be up to 80 litres per
hour.
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

4.3 Free cooling

Air conditioning can also be provided by a process called free cooling which
uses pumps to circulate a coolant (typically water or a glycol mix) from a
cold source, which in turn acts as a heat sink for the energy that is
removed from the cooled space.
• Common storage media are deep aquifers
or a natural underground rock mass
accessed via a cluster of small-diameter
boreholes, equipped with heat exchanger.
Some systems with small storage capacity
are hybrid systems, using free cooling
early in the cooling season, and later
employing a heat pump to chill the
circulation coming from the storage. The
heat pump is added because the
temperature of the storage gradually
increases during the cooling season,
thereby declining its effectiveness.
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Lecture1. Air Conditioning Concept and Applications

• Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are
sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)
so the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning.

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Any Questions???

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