BIOGAS PLANTS

A Project Report Submitted to

As Partial Fulfilments of the Requirements for the Award of

Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Chemical Engineering
By
Dainik savaliya (En no: 201703102010002)
Sahil Ghetiya (En no: 201703102010013)
Hiren shuhagiya (En no: 201703102010014)
Nirmit lathiya (En no: 201803102020004)
Akash maniya (En no: 201703102020006)

Under the Guidance of

Dr.Jitendra Kumar
(Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CHHOTUBHAI GOPALBHAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
UKA TARSADIYA UNIVERSITY
BARDOLI, SURAT-394350
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING (JANUARY 2021)
 CHHOTUBHAI GOPALBHAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
UKA TARSADIYA UNIVERSITY
BARDOLI, SURAT-39435

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that research work embodied in this project report entitled “ Bio Gas
Plant” was carried out by
Mr.Dainik savaliya (En no: 201703102010002)
Mr.Sahil Ghetiya (En no: 201703102010013)
Mr.Hiren shuhagiya (En no: 201703102010014)
Mr.Nirmit lathiya (En no: 201803102020004)
Mr.Akash maniya (En no: 201703102020006)
for the course of Bachelor of Technology in Chemical Engineering
at Chhotubhai Gopalbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Uka Tarsadia
University. This research work has been carried out by them within the
prescribed period under my supervision and guidance during the academic
session 2019-20.
Date
Place: Bardoli (Gujarat)

Signature and Name of Supervisor

Dr. Jitendra Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering

Signature and Name of HOD

Dr. Susmit A. Ilame
Head
Department of Chemical Engineering Signature and Name of Jury

Signature and Name of Director

Dr. Rajkumar Patil
CGPIT
 DECLARATION

We hereby certify that we are the sole authors of this pre-assessment project report
and that neither any part of this project report nor the whole of the project report has
been submitted for a degree to any other University or Institution.

We certify that, to the best our knowledge, our project report does not infringe upon
anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques,
quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in our project
report, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the
standard referencing practices.

We declare that this is a true copy of our pre-assessment project report, including any
final revision, as approved by our project report review committee.

Date: ……………
Place: Bardoli (Gujarat)

Mr.Dainik savaliya
(En no: 201703102010002)
Mr.Sahil Ghetiya
(En no: 201703102010013)
Mr.Hiren shuhagiya
(En no: 201703102010014)
Mr.Nirmit lathiya
(En no: 201803102020004)
Mr.Akash maniya
(En no: 201803102020006)
Verified by
Dr. Jitendra Kumar
(Guide)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and indepthness to
our esteemed supervisor Dr. Jitendra Kumar Assistant Professor C.G.P.I.T., Who have
helped enormously and always inspired us by their indispensable guidance and
encouragement during the whole long dissertation work. They have always supported and
strengthen us in many aspects. Their thoughtful and valuable reviews, constructive
criticism and tireless review of the manuscript has immensely helped us to improve the
work. We considered ourself fortunate to have work under his supervision.
We will be highly grateful to Dr. Susmit Ilame, Head of the Department (Chemical
Engineering), and C.G.P.I.T. for providing necessary facilities and encouragement during
the course of the work.
At last, our sincere gratitude goes to all of our friends who directly or indirectly help
us to complete thepre-assessmentproject report.

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 ABSTRACT
A biogas plant is modern energy source and is suitable to the necessities of the
future. With the appropriate application of the digestion technology, the development of
economically feasible biogas digesters systems is not beyond the capability of Trinidad
and Tobago’s small poultry farms. The central purpose of the study is to outline if any,
the conditions under which biogas digesters would be feasible for small poultry farmers
in the Caribbean country of Trinidad and Tobago. The production of biogas by anaerobic
digestion of organic waste is a mature expertise that may present tangible benefits to
poultry producers. Biogas technology can alleviate many grave problems in the
developing countries, such as rural energy scarcity, low agriculture yield, and poor public
health. In addition through the utilization of biogas technology toxic farm waste can be
properly handled through anaerobic digestion; generation of natural fertilizers and
ultimately lead to an increase in output and income. From analysis it will become
apparent that farmers using digesters systems have greater earnings or benefits than those
farmers who do not resulting in the preservation and increase viability of the poultry
industry in Trinidad and Tobago.

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 Table of Contents
I. CERTIFICATE
II. DELARATION
III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IV. ABSTRACT

CHAPTER-1

1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 6

1.2 Background ………………………………………………………. 7
1.3 Purpose of Study …………………………………………………. 8

CHAPTER-2

2.1 History of Biogas ……………………………………………10

2.2 Feed Method…………………………………………………10
2.3 Types of Biogas ………………………………………………… 10
2.3.1 fixed-dome plants ………………………………. 11
2.3.2 floating-drum plants………………………. 12

CHAPTER-3

3.1 The digestion process………………………………………………… 14

3.2 The fermentation slurry……………………………………… 15
3.3 Fermentation slurry fertilizer……………………….……………………..16

CHAPTER-4

4 Summary…………………………………............17

CHAPTER-5

5.1Discussion and Conclusion to be taken ……………………………… 18

CHAPTER -6 6.1 Reference.........................................19

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CHAPTER :-1
1.1 Introduction

Interest in small-scale biogas technologies has increased in recent years across

Africa, Asia and Latin Americe This has been driven by the socio- economic and
environmental benefits of using biogas. such as reduced firewood and kerosene
consumption, lower emissions of greenhouse gases and indoor air pollutants and the
possibilities to use biogas to treat human and animal wastes (Bunny & Besselink, 2005),
Given this trend, biogas use needs to be accurately monitored and measured.

This Quicy aims to help energy statisticians to measure and estimate the capacity
and production of biogas plarts, as well as other aspects of biogas production. The main
focus is on data collection from small-scale household communal or farm biogas plants
that produce biogas in a continuous process (Le feedstocks are added and biogas removed
every day)

The methods described here may also be used for large scale biogas plants or plants
producing electricity, but such facilities should have monitoring devices to measure
production more easily and accurately Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant
and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a
process called anaerobic digestion.

Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them
into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and
solids). The chief constituent of biogas is methane (65%).

It is a mixture of:

• Methane (CH4)

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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 • Hydrogen (H2)

• Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

1.2 Background

The first digestion plant was built at a leper colony in Bombay, India in 1859.

1. AD reached England in 1895 when biogas was recovered from a "carefully

designed" sewage treatment facility and used to fuel street lamps in Exeter.

2. The development of microbiology as a science led to research by Buswell

3 others in the 1930s to identify anaerobic bacteria and the conditions that promote
methane production.

In the world of AD technology, farm-based facilities are perhaps the most

common. Six to eight million family-sized, low-technology digesters are used to provide
biogas for cooking and lighting fuels with varying degrees of success. In China and India,
there is a trend toward using larger, more sophisticated systems with better process
control that generate electricity.

1.3 Purpose Of Study

The Purpose of study of bio gas plant is the Promote the sustainable
Production Of Renewable energy from the biogas obtained of agricultural residues and
food and beverage industry wast(agro-food wast) in small-scale concepts for energy self-
sufficiency

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CHAPTER :-2
2.1 History Of Biogas

John Dalton and Humphrey Davy clarified that this flammable gas was methane.
The first major anaerobic digestion plant dates back to 1859 in Bombay. Not long after,
in 1898, the UK used anaerobic digestion to convert sewage into biogas

2.2 Types of The Biogas Plant

Bio gas plant can be classified with accordance to the different criteria

2.2.1 On the basis of the construction of plant

2.2.2 On the basis of types of feeding

2.2.1 On the basis of the construction of plant

I. fixed-dome plants
II. floating-drum plants

[ I. ] fixed-dome plants

A fixed-dome plant consists of an enclosed digester with a fixed, non-movable gas space.
The gas is stored in the upper part of the digester. When gas production commences, the slurry is
displaced into the compensating tank. Gas pressure increases with the volume of gas stored,
therefore the volume of the digester should not exceed 20 m³. If there is little gas in the holder,
the gas pressure is low.

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 If the gas is required at constant pressure (e.g., for engines), a gas pressure regulator or a
floating gasholder is required. Engines require a great deal of gas, and hence large gasholders.
The gas pressure then becomes too high if there is no floating gasholder.

Advantages:

Low construction cost, no moving parts, no rusting steel parts, hence long life (20 years or
more), underground construction, affording protection from winter cold and saving space, creates
employment locally.

Disadvantages:

Plants often not gaslight (porosity and cracks), gas pressure fluctuates substantially and is
often very high, low digester temperatures. Fixed-dome plants can be recommended only where
construction can be supervised by experienced biogas technicians.

[ II. ] floating-drum plants

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 Floating-drum plants consist of a digester and a moving gasholder. The gasholder floats
either direct on the fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own. The gas collects in the gas
drum, which thereby rises. If gas is drawn off, it falls again. The gas drum is prevented from
tilting by a guide frame.

Advantages:

Simple, easily understood operation, constant gas pressure volume of stored gas visible
directly

Disadvantages:

High construction cost of floating-drum, many steel parts liable to corrosion, resulting in
short life (up to 15 years; in tropical coastal regions about five years for the drum), regular
maintenance costs 15 due to painting.

2.2.2 On the basis of types of feeding

I. Batch digester
II. Continuous digester

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[ I. ] Batch digester

In the batch process, the substrate is put in the reactor at the beginning of the degradation
period and sealed for the complete retention time, after which it is opened and the effluent is
removed. The reaction stages occur more or less consecutively and the production of the biogas
follows a bell curve with time. When waste is first loaded, hydrolysis takes place and gas
production is low. forming only carbon dioxide. Methane production increases during the acid
forming stages and is maximum halfway through the degradation period when methanogenesis
dominates the processes. Towards the end of the degradation period, only the least casily
digestible material remains, and gas production drops. The sludge in a batch reactor is normally
not mixed, allowing the content of the digester to stratify into layers of gas, scum, supernatant,
an active layer. and stabilized solids at the bottom. Influent and effluent valves reside in the
supernatant layer and solids must be removed near the bottom. Retention times range from 30-60
days with an organic loading rate between 0.48 and 1.6 kg TVS/m² reactor volume/day. The
disadvantage of this type of system is the large tank volume required due to the long retention
time, the low organic loading rate and the formation of a scum layer. Only about 1/3 of the tank
volume is used for active digestion, making this a poor option in crowded urban settings.

[ II. ] Continuous digester

In the continuous process, fresh material continuously enters the tank and an equal
amount of digested material is removed in an ongoing process. There are distinct stages of
digestion throughout the batch process whereas equilibrium is achieved in the continuous
process. When consistent feedstock input is used, all reactions occur at a fairly steady rate
resulting in approximately constant biogas production. The structure for a continuous process
can be identical to a batch process, a cylindrical tank with influent and effluent valves. Because
there is constant movement, however, material inside the tank is mixed and does not become
stratified. This allows for more optimal use of the tank volume. The disadvantage of the
continuous process is the removed effluent is a combination of completely digested and partially
digested material. To minimize the removal of partially digested material, some dictate the of the
digestion inside the chamber, for example through the use of interior walls. The reported
residence time for a continuous process is an average across the substrate,

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Ch 3

3.1Idea Generation

During idea generation phase, different model, design and type of bio gas plant were studied.

The most common type of design studied was:

a) Floating drum Type

b) Fixed dome type

Floating Drum Type

Floating Drum is mostly popular India and some part of South East Asia. In India. It is
popularly known as ARTI (Appropriate Rural Technology Institute) model. So ARTI is well
known institute for floating drum Biogas plant in India. Detail of this type is already discussed in
literature review part. So it has got both advantages and disadvantages. Floating drum s normally
made from two drum where one drum is floating gas holder drum which should be polythene
drum, but the Digester tank may be either R.B.C or G.Lsheet or polythene drum.

Fixed Dome Type

Fixed dome type is popular all over Asia and it is popularly known as Gobar gas plant in
south East Asia. It was introduced from china. It has only one fixed dome where the drum half
part acts as gas holder and half for fermentation. But it has also got both advantages and
disadvantages. It can also be made of either Re-inforced Brick Concrete, or G.I.sheet or
polythene drum.

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The common existing model and design are:

a. Fixed Dome Type

I. GGC concrete Model Biogas plant

II. Chinese model fixed dome biogas plant
III. Deenbanhdu Biogas plant.
IV. PVC bag Digester etc.

b. Floating Drum Type

I. KVIC floating gas holder system

II. ARTI floating drum gas holder system. Etc

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CHAPTER:-3
3.1 The digestion process

Biogas is produced by putrefactive bacteria, which break down organic material under
airless conditions. This process is called "anaerobic digestion".

The digestion process consists of two main phases:

- acid formation,

- methane formation.

In the first phase, protein, carbohydrate and fat give rise to fatty acids, amino acids
and alcohols. Methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia form in the second phase. The
slurry becomes somewhat thinner during the process of digestion.

The better the two phases merge into each other, the shorter the digestion process.
The conditions for this are particularly favourable in the "fermentation channel"
arrangement

The following types of digestion are distinguished according to the temperature in

the digester:

- psychrophilic digestion (10-20 °C, retention time over 100 days),

- mesophilic digestion (20-35 °C, retention time over 20 days),

15
- thermophilic digestion (50-60 °C, retention time over 8 days). Thermophilic digestion
is not an option for simple plants.

The pH of the fermentation slurry indicates whether the digestion process is

proceeding without disturbance. The pH should be about 7. This means that the slurry
should be neither alkaline nor acid.

Biogas can in principle be obtained from any organic material. Cattle manure can be
used as a "starter". Feed material containing lingnin, such as straw, should be
precomposted and preferably chopped before digestion. More than ten days' preliminary
rotting is best for water hyacinths. Gas production is substantially improved if the
preliminary rotting time is twenty days.

3.2 The fermentation slurry

All feed materials consist of

- organic solids,

- inorganic solids,

- water.

The biogas is formed by digestion of the organic substances. The inorganic

materials (minerals and metals) are unused ballast, which is unaffected by the digestion
process.

Adding water or urine gives the substrate fluid properties. This is important for the
operation of a biogas plant. It is easier for the methane bacteria to come into contact with
feed material which is still fresh when the slurry is liquid. This accelerates the digestion
process. Regular stirring thus speeds up the gas production.

Slurry with a solids content of 5-10% is particularly well suited to the operation of
continuous biogas plants.

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3.3 Fermentation slurry as fertilizer

During the digestion process, gaseous nitrogen (N) is converted to ammonia (NH3).
In this water-soluble form the nitrogen is available to the plants as a nutrient. A
particularly nutrient-rich fertilizer is obtained if not only dung but also urine is digested.

Compared with solid sludge from fermented straw and grass, the liquid slurry is rich
in nitrogen and potassium. The solid fermentation sludge, on the other hand, is relatively
richer in phosphorus. A mixture of solid and liquid fermented material gives the best
yields. The nutrient ratio is then approximately N:P2O5:K2O= 1:0.5:1. A fermented
slurry with a lower C/N ratio has better fertilizing characteristics. Compared with fresh
manure, increases in yield of 5 - 15 % are possible. Particularly good harvests are
obtained from the combined use of compost and fermentation slurry.

The fertilization effect depends on the type of crop and on the soil. Information given
in specialized literature is seldom applicable directly. Tests of one's own are always
better. Reliable information is possible only after three to five years.

When fermentation slurry is used as fertilizer for years, the soil structure is improved.
The proportion of organic materials in the soil is increased, enabling the soil to store
more water.

If fermentation slurry is to be stored before spreading on the field, it should be

covered with earth in layers. This reduces evaporative nitrogen losses even further

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CHAPTER :-4
4.1Summary

Agriculture continues to be the most predominant sector of the district, as 70% of the
population is engaged in agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood,

Livestock rearing and poultry farming are integral part of agriculture in the district

The district has a geographical area of 3.36 lakh ha with a gross cropped area of
around 206 lakh ha with a cropping intensity of 1.2

The area under irrigation is 42.0 % of the total cropped area and the irrigation
intensity is 1.2. * Principal crops cultivated in Namakkal district are Rice, Sorghum.
Groundnut. Tapioca. Sugarcane, Pulses, Cotton and Onion

The area under Cotton, Sugarcane and Millets especially Maize is fast increasing
while the arga under Pulses and Oilseeds is decreasing

CHAPTER:-5
3.4 Conclusion

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 Biogas is a clean source of energy. Biogas plants have been in operation for a long
period of time, especially in rural areas around the globe.

The research organizations should focus on newer efficient low cost designs.

The governments can play important role by introducing different legal frameworks,
education schemes and the availability of technology and simultaneously creating more
awareness and providing more subsidies

CHAPTER:-6
References

(Osama Khayal)

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336414255_ADVANTAGES_AND_LIMITAT
IONS_OF_BIOGAS_TECHNOLOGIES/link/5df30fcd299bf10bc357395d/download

Moulik T. K. Srivastava U. K-(1975) “ Biogas Plants of village level- Problems &

Prospects in Gujarat.” Academic book center Ahmadabad

Chanakya, H. N. and Sreesha Malayil- (2012) “Anaerobic Digestion for Bioenergy

from Agro-Residues and Other Solid Wastes” An Overview of Science, Technology and
Sustainability - Journal of the Indian Institute of Science VOL 92:1 Jan.–Mar. 2012
journal.

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