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Eurocode Hierarchy

EN 1990 Structural safety, serviceability

Introduction to Eurocode 2 Basis of Design and durability

EN 1991 Actions on structures

Actions on Structures

SPATA Training EN 1992 Concrete Design and detailing

EN 1993 Steel
4 October 2012 EN 1994 Composite
EN 1995 Timber
Charles Goodchild EN 1996
EN 1999
Masonry
Aluminium

BSc CEng MCIOB MIStructE

EN 1997 EN 1998 Geotechnical & seismic
Geotechnical Seismic design
The Concrete Centre Design Design
4

Outline Challenges of the Eurocodes

• 58 Parts to Eurocodes plus National

Annexes
•Setting the scene for the Eurocodes,
• their format,
• Culture shock / steep learning curve

• their hierarchy, • New symbols and terminology

• how they interact. • Affects all materials
• An overview of Eurocode 2,
• Confusion over timescales
• highlighting changes from and
• Costs:
• comparing it to BS8110
◦ Training
• How it all fits together.
◦ Resources
2 5

Setting the scene Eurocodes: Timescales

Eurocodes are
being/ will be BS 8110 and all old structural design British Standards have now
used in: been ‘withdrawn’. There will be a period of co-existence between
our current codes and the Eurocodes.
• EU countries
• EFTA Countries DCLG letter: “Building Control will continue to consider the
appropriate use of relevant standards on a case by case
• Malaysia CEN National Members
basis….. [The ‘traditional’] British Standards may not necessarily
• Singapore Austria Belgium be suitable ….. in the medium and long term.”
Cyprus Czech Republic
• Vietnam Denmark Estonia Finland DCLG 2012 Consultation document – Eurocodes only in AD A by
France Germany Greece 2013?
• Sri Lanka
Hungary Iceland Ireland
• Others? Italy Latvia Lithuania
Luxembourg Malta The
Scottish Technical Handbook: ‘The structural design and
Netherlands Norway construction of a building should be carried out in
Poland Portugal Romania accordance with the following Structural Eurocodes’.
Slovakia Slovenia Spain
Sweden Switzerland Insurers? Large projects? International projects?
United Kingdom 3 6

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Eurocodes: Timescales Format of the Eurocodes

Highways:
Each Eurocode Contains:

HA IAN 124/11 July 2011 a. National front cover

b. National forward
3 Implementation
“Unless otherwise agreed with HA Project Sponsors/Project
Managers and the Technical Approval Authority (TAA),
Eurocodes must be used for the design of new and
modification of existing highway structures (including
geotechnical works), . . . .”

7 10

Opportunities Format of the Eurocodes

• Most of Europe using the same basic design codes:

Each Eurocode Contains:
◦ Increased market for UK consultants
◦ Increased market for UK manufacturers a. National front cover
◦ Reduced costs when working in several European
markets b. National forward
◦ Greater transferability of highly skilled staff c. CEN front cover
◦ Greater understanding of research, proprietary products
etc.
◦ Reduce software development costs

• Technically advanced codes

• Logical, organised to avoid conflicts between codes

8 11

Format of the Eurocodes Format of the Eurocodes

(e.g. Eurocode 2)

Each Eurocode Contains: Each Eurocode Contains:

a. National front cover a. National front cover
b. National forward
c. CEN front cover
d. Main text and annexes
(which must be as
produced by CEN)

9 12

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Format of the Eurocodes Eurocode Hierarchy

Each Eurocode Contains: These EN 1990 + NA

Structural safety, serviceability
Basis of Design and durability
a. National front cover affect
b. National forward EN 1991 Actions on structures
concrete Actions on Structures + NA

c. CEN front cover

design EN 1992 Concrete + NAs Design and detailing
d. Main text and annexes EN 1993 Steel
(which must be as EN 1994 Composite
EN 1995 Timber
produced by CEN) + PDs
EN 1996 Masonry
EN 1999 Aluminium
e. Annexes - can by
normative and/or EN 1997 EN 1998 Geotechnical & seismic
informative Geotechnical Seismic + NA design
+ NA Design Design
13 16

Format of the Eurocodes The Eurocodes

National • BS EN 1990 (EC0): Basis of structural design

Annex • BS EN 1991 (EC1): Actions on Structures
(NA).
• BS EN 1992 (EC2): Design of concrete structures
• BS EN 1993 (EC3): Design of steel structures
• BS EN 1994 (EC4): Design of composite steel and concrete structures
• BS EN 1995 (EC5): Design of timber structures
• BS EN 1996 (EC6): Design of masonry structures
• BS EN 1997 (EC7): Geotechnical design
• BS EN 1998 (EC8): Design of structures for earthquake resistance
• BS EN 1999 (EC9): Design of aluminium structures

17

Eurocode
The National Annex provides:
Basis of structural design

• Values of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)

EN 1990 provides comprehensive information and guidance
(NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability)
for all the Eurocodes, on the principles and requirements for
• Example: Min diameter for longitudinal steel in columns
safety and serviceability.
min = 8 mm in text min = 12 mm in N.A.
• The decision where main text allows alternatives It gives the safety factors for actions and combinations of
• Example: Load arrangements in Cl. 5.1.3 (1) P action for the verification of both ultimate and
• The choice to adopt informative annexes serviceability limit states.
• Example: Annexes E [Strength class for durability] and
J [particular detailing rules] are not used in the UK
• Non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI)
• TR 43: Post-tensioned concrete floors – design handbook
15

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Eurocode: BS EN 1990 (EC0): Eurocode – EC0

Basis of design Ultimate Limit State – Categories
Published 27 July 2002
The ULS is divided into the following categories:
Says that structures are to be designed, executed
and maintained so that, with appropriate forms of EQU Loss of equilibrium of the structure.
reliability, they will: Ed,dst ≤ Ed,stb
• Perform adequately under all expected actions
STR Internal failure or excessive deformation of the
• Withstand all actions and other influences likely structure or structural member.
to occur during construction and use Ed  Rd;

• Have adequate durability in relation to the cost GEO Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground.

• Not be damaged disproportionately by FAT Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.
exceptional hazards 19

Eurocode – EC0
Representative value of an action Eurocode: ULS Actions

Design value of an action = Fd

Design values of actions, ultimate limit state – persistent and
= F  Frep transient design situations (Table A1.2(B) Eurocode)
= F  (  FK ) Comb’tion Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable
where expression variable actions
FK = the characteristic value of action reference Unfavourable Favourable action Main(if Others
Frep =  FK - is the representative value any)
 = Four values, namely, 1.0 or 0 or 1 or 2 Eqn (6.10) 1.35
γ Gk k,j,sup
G,j,sup G
1.0 GkGk,j,inf
γG,j,inf 1.5
γQ,1 Q
Qk,1
k,1
1.5
γ Q,i Ψ0,i
Qk,i
0,i Q k,i

Qk = Characteristic Value (of a variable action) 1.35

Eqn (6.10a) γ Gk k,j,sup 1.0 GkGk,j,inf 1.5 Ψ0,1QQk,1k 1.5 Q k,i
G,j,sup G γG,j,inf γ Q,1Ψ0,1 γ Q,i Ψ0,i k,i
0 Qk = Combination Value Eqn (6.10b) ξ0.925x1.35G
γG,j,supGk,j,sup γ
k 1.0 GkGk,j,inf
G,j,inf γ
1.5 Qk,1
Q,1 Q k,1 γ Q,i Ψ0,i Q
1.5 Qk,i
k,i
1 Qk = Frequent Value
2 Qk =Quasi-permanent Value Generally for one variable action: 1.25 Gk + 1.5 Qk
Provided:
23
1. Permanent actions < 4.5 x variable actions
2. Excludes storage loads

Load arrangements to EC2

Greek Alphabet

24

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Eurocode: Annex A
Load arrangements to EC2
alternative to UK NA Action 0 1 2
Category A: domestic, residential areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B: office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C: congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D: shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E: storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F: traffic area 0.7 0.7 0.6
(vehicle weight < 30 kN)
Category G: traffic area 0.7 0.5 0.3
(30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN)
Category H: roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow (For sites located at altitude H 0.5 0.2 0
<1000 m asl)
25 Wind loads on buildings (BS EN 1991-1-4) 0.5 0.2 0 28

The Eurocodes
Eurocode: SLS Actions

Characteristic combination (Normally used for irreversible • BS EN 1990 (EC0): Basis of structural design
limit states)
• BS EN 1991 (EC1): Actions on Structures
Gk,j + Qk,1 + 0,IQk,I
• BS EN 1992 (EC2): Design of concrete structures
Frequent combination (Normally used for reversible limit • BS EN 1993 (EC3): Design of steel structures
states) • BS EN 1994 (EC4): Design of composite steel and concrete structures

Gk,j + 1,1Qk,1 +  2,IQk,I • BS EN 1995 (EC5): Design of timber structures

• BS EN 1996 (EC6): Design of masonry structures

Quasi-permanent combination (Normally used for long • BS EN 1997 (EC7): Geotechnical design
term effects and appearance of the structure) • BS EN 1998 (EC8): Design of structures for earthquake resistance

Gk,j +  2,IQk,I • BS EN 1999 (EC9): Design of aluminium structures

26 29

Eurocode
Eurocode: SLS Actions -  Eurocode 1: Actions

Eurocode 1 has ten parts:

• 1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loads

• 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
• 1991-1-3 Snow loads
• 1991-1-4 Wind actions
• 1991-1-5 Thermal actions
• 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
• 1991-1-7 Accidental actions due to impact and explosions
• 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
• 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
27 30
• 1991-4 Actions in silos and tanks

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Eurocode 1
Eurocode 2 & BS 8110 Compared
• Code deals with phenomenon, rather than element types so
Bending, Shear, Torsion, Punching, Crack control, Deflection
control (not beams, slabs, columns)
Eurocode 1 Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight and
• Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength
imposed loads
• No derived formulae (e.g. only the details of the stress block is
given, not the flexural design formulae)
• Bulk density of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m3
• No ‘tips’ (e.g. concentrated loads, column loads, )

• The UK NA uses the same loads as BS 6399 • Unit of stress in MPa

• Plain or mild steel not covered
• Plant loading not given • Notional horizontal loads considered in addition to lateral loads
• High strength, up to C90/105 covered
• No materials and workmanship
31 34
• Part of the Eurocode system

The Eurocodes Eurocode 2

Concrete properties (Table 3.1)
• BS EN 1990 (EC0): Basis of structural design Strength classes for concrete
• BS EN 1991 (EC1): Actions on Structures fck (MPa) 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90
• BS EN 1992 (EC2): Design of concrete structures fck,cube (MPa) 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105
• BS EN 1993 (EC3): Design of steel structures fcm (MPa) 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
• BS EN 1994 (EC4): Design of composite steel and concrete structures fctm (MPa) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0
• BS EN 1995 (EC5): Design of timber structures Ecm (GPa) 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 44
• BS EN 1996 (EC6): Design of masonry structures
fck = Concrete cylinder strength fck,cube = Concrete cube strength
• BS EN 1997 (EC7): Geotechnical design fcm = Mean concrete strength fctm = Mean concrete tensile strength
• BS EN 1998 (EC8): Design of structures for earthquake resistance Ecm = Mean value of elastic modulus

• BS EN 1999 (EC9): Design of aluminium structures

• BS 8500 includes C28/35 & C32/40

32 • For shear design, max shear strength as for C50/60 35

Eurocode 2: Context Reinforcement properties (Annex C)

Date UK CEB/fib Eurocode 2
1968 CP114 (CP110 draft) Blue Book (Limit state design) Product form Bars and de-coiled rods Wire Fabrics

1972 CP110 (Limit state design) Red Book

Class A B C A B C
1975 Treaty of Rome
1978 Model code Characteristic yield 400 to 600
1985 BS8110 Eurocode 2 (EC) strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa)
1990 Model Code k = (ft/fy)k 1,05 1,08 1,15 1,05 1,08 1,15
1993 EC2: Part 1-1(ENV) (CEN) <1,35 <1,35
2004 EC2: Part 1-1 (EN)
Characteristic strain at 2,5 5,0 7,5 2,5 5,0 7,5
2005 UK Nat. Annex.
maximum force, uk (%)
2006 BS110/EC2 PD 6687
2010 EC2 Model Code 2010 Fatigue stress range
(N = 2 x 106) (MPa) with 150 100
Eurocode 2 is more extensive than old codes an upper limit of 0.6fyk

Eurocode 2 is less restrictive than old codes

• In UK NA max. char yield strength, fyk, = 600 MPa
Eurocode 2 can give more economic structures [?] 33 • BS 4449 and 4483 have adopted 500 MPa 36

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Extract BS 8666 EC2 - Cover

BS EN 1992-1-2 Structural Fire Design
Scope
Part 1-2 Structural fire design gives several methods for fire engineering
Tabulated data for various elements is given in section 5

Reinforcement cover

Axis distance, a, to
centre of bar
a = c + m/2 + l
a Axis
Distance

37

Part 1-2 Fire: Section 5.

Eurocode 2 - Cover

Nominal cover, cnom Section 5. Tabulated data

Provides design solutions fire exposure up to 4 hours

Minimum cover, cmin  The tables have been developed on an empirical basis
cmin = max {cmin,dur; cmin,b ; 10 mm} confirmed by experience and theoretical evaluation of tests

durability as per BS 8500 bond ≡  Values are given for normal weight concrete made with
siliceous aggregates
Allowance for deviation, ∆cdev
 No further checks are required for shear, torsion or
10 mm anchorage
 No further checks are required for spalling up to an axis
distance of 70 mm
Axis distance, a
Fire protection  For HSC (> C50/60) other rules apply
38 41
Tables in Section 5 of part 1-2

Part 1-2 Fire Section 5. Tabulated data

BS EN 1992-1-1 & Cover
Columns: Method A
Minimum cover, cmin = max {cmin,b; cmin,dur ;10 mm}

cmin,b = min cover due to bond (= )

cmin,dur = min cover due to exposure
– see BS 8500 Tables A3, A4, A5 etc

39 fi = NEd,fi/ NRd or conservatively 0.7 42

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Part 1-2 Fire Section 5. Tabulated data EC2 - Flexure

Continuous Beams
Flow Chart for singly reinforced section
Standard
d
fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm) Calculate lever arm z from: z 1  1  3.53K   0.95d *
Possible combinations of a and bmin
2
where a is the average axis Web thickness * A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.
distance and bmin is the width of bw
be am

M
R 30 bmin= 80 160 80 Calculate tension steel required from: As 
a = 15* 12*
fyd z

R 60 bmin= 120 200 100

a = 25 12* Check minimum reinforcement requirements:
R 90 bmin= 150 250 110 0.26 fctm bt d
a = 35 25 As,min   0.0013 bt d
fyk
R 120 bmin= 200 300 450 500 130
a = 45 35 35 30

R 180 bmin= 240 400 550 600 150 Check max reinforcement provided As,max  0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)
a = 60 50 50 40
Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5
R 240 bmin= 280 500 650 700 170
a = 75 60 60 50 43 Check max spacing between bars

EC2 - Flexure
Eurocode 2 - Flexure essential design by hand

As = MEd/fydz z
d
2
 
1  1  3.53 K  0.95d *

where K = M/bd2fck

435 MPa
= 500/1.15 =

For grades of concrete up to C50/60,

εcu= 0.0035; =1;  = 0.8 ;
z = d x z/d
fcd = cc fck/ c = 0.85 fck/1.5 = 0.57 fck fyd = fyk/1.15 = 435 MPa

Derived formulae include:

Check min reinforcement provided As,min > 0.26(fctm/fyk)btd (Cl. 9.2.1.1)
z/d = (1 + (1 + 3.529K)0.5] / 2 (where K = M/bd2fck) Check max reinforcement provided As,max  0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)
As = MEd/(1.15 fykz ) Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5
K’ = 0.207 ( = 1. But UK best practice limits x/d to 0.45 max44 Check max spacing between bars
which in turn limits K’ to 0.167)

EC2 - Flexure
Eurocode 2 – Beam shear
Design Flowchart
Strut inclination method
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular 21.8 <  < 45
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement
Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)

Determine K and K’ from:

M  K’
K & K '  0.6  0.18 2  0.21
2
b d fck 1.00 0.208
Note:  =1.0 means no redistribution and  = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution. 0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
Yes No 0.85 0.168
Is K ≤ K’ ?
0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
Beam singly reinforced Beam doubly reinforced – 0.70 0.120
compression steel needed Asw
VRd, s  z f ywd cot 
s 48
It is often recommended in the UK that K’ is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure

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Eurocode 2 vs BS8110: Shear Eurocode 2 – Deflection

Safer!
The deflection limits stated to be:
Shear • Span/250 under quasi-permanent loads to avoid impairment
reinforcement Eurocode 2:
density
of appearance and general utility
BS8110: VR = VC + VS VRmax
Asfyd/s • Span/500 after construction under the quasi-permanent
loads to avoid damage to adjacent parts of the structure.

Less links! Test results VR

(but more Deflection requirements can be satisfied by the following
critical) methods:
Minimum links • Direct calculation (Eurocode 2 methods considered to be an
improvement on BS 8110) .
• Limiting span-to-effective-depth ratios
Shear Strength, VR
49 52

EC2 - Shear
Eurocode 2 – Flow chart for L/d
Design Flow Chart for Shear
Determine basic l/d
Determine vEd where: including K for structural system
vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bwz) = VEd/(bw 0.9d)]
Factor F1 for ribbed and waffle slabs only
F1 = 1 – 0.1 ((bf/bw) – 1) ≥ 0.8
Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd when cot  = 2.5
vRd = 0.138fck(1-fck/250)
Factor F2 for spans supporting brittle partitions > 7m
F2 = 7/leff
No Determine  from:
Is vRd > vEd?
 = 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))] Factor F3 accounts for stress in the reinforcement Increase
F3 = 310/s ≤ 1.5 As,prov
Yes (cot  = 2.5)
where s is tensile stress under characteristic load or or fck
No
As,prov/As,req’d
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
No
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 >Actual l/d?
Check maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :
s,max = 0.75 d Yes
For vertical shear reinforcement Check complete
53

Eurocode 2 – Beam shear Shear Basic span/effective depth ratios

essential design by hand
fck vRd cot  = 2.5
We can manipulate the Structural K
MPa MPa
Expressions for concrete system
struts so that 20 2.54 Simply 1.0
Span to depth ratio (l/d)

when 25 3.10 supported

vEd < vRd,cot  =2.5, 28 3.43 End span 1.3

then
30 3.64 20.5 Internal span 1.5
32 3.84 Flat slab 1.2
cot  = 2.5 ( = 21.8°)
and
35 4.15 Cantilever 0.4

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd.2.5) 40 4.63 fck = 30,

45 5.08  = 0.50%
50 5.51
51 54
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,req’d/bd)

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EC2 Columns: Design moments EC2 Columns: Slenderness (2)

& 2nd order moments: Effective length & F

Actions
F
1st order moments:
First order moments
M01 = Min {|Mtop|,|Mbottom|} + ei Ned
M02 = Max {|Mtop|,|Mbottom|} + ei Ned  Slenderness, 
where
 Effective length, l0
ei = Max {Io/400, h/30, 20} M

(20 mm usually critical) l0 = l l0 = 2l l0 = 0,7l l0 = l / 2 l0 = l l /2 <l0< l l0 > 2l Slenderness limit, lim

Braced members: Yes Slen-

For stocky columns: Is   lim?
 k1   k2  der
F = 0,51   1 
Design moment, MEd = M02  0,45  k1   0,45  k2  No
Design Moments, MEd
Unbraced members:
 Calculate As
k k  k1   k 2  
F= max  1  10  1 2 ;  1     1  1  k  
55  k1  k 2  1  k1   2  
58
Detailing

EC2 Columns: Slenderness (7) EC2 Columns: Slenderness (3)

& 2nd order moments & 2nd order moments: Effective length & F

For Slender columns, F: working out k (each end)

Actions Actions
k = relative stiffness
MEd = Max[M02, M 0e + M2, M01 + M 2/2]
First order moments = ( / M) (E / l) (From Eurocode 2) First order moments
Where
Slenderness, 
M2 = nominal 2nd
order moment Slenderness,  Alternatively...
M2 = NEd e2 where e2 = fn(deflection)
There are alternative methods for calculating Effective length, l0 Effective length, l0
eccentricity, e2, for slender columns
E Ic (From PD 6687:
Slenderness limit, lim lc Background paper to Slenderness limit, lim
M0e + M2 k  0 .1
M0e 2E I b UK NA)
Yes Slen-  Yes Slen-
Is   lim? lb Is   lim?
der der
No Where: No
Design Moments MEd Ib,Ic are the beam and column uncracked Design Moments, MEd
second moments of area
Calculate As Calculate As
lb,lc are the beam and column lengths
56 59
Detailing Detailing

EC2 Columns: Slenderness EC2 Columns: Slenderness (4)

& 2nd order moments: Slenderness & 2nd order moments: Effective length : F from k
Actions Actions
ki = relative stiffness
Slenderness  = l0/i First order moments each end First order moments
where
Slenderness,  E Ic Slenderness, 
l0 = Effective length, lc
k  0 .1
= Fl Effective length, l0 
2E I b F Effective length, l0
lb
. . . . . of which more later (or use BS8110 factors!}
Slenderness limit, lim Slenderness limit, lim

i = radius of gyration Yes Slen- l0 = Fl Yes Slen-

= (I/A) Is   lim? Is   lim?
der And der
No No
For a rectangular section,  = 3.46 l0 / h Design Moments, MEd Design Moments, MEd
For a circular section,  = 4 l0 / h
Calculate As
Slenderness  = l0/i Calculate As

Detailing 57 Detailing 60

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EC2 Columns: Slenderness (5) Eurocode 2: Column design

& 2nd order moments: Allowable Slenderness
Allowable Slenderness
Actions
lim = 20ABC/n
where: First order moments
A = 1 / (1+0,2ef) So we have
ef is the effective creep ratio; NEd and MEd !!!!
Slenderness, 
(if ef is not known, A = 0,7 may be used)
Effective length, l0
B = (1 + 2)  = Asfyd / (Acfcd) If using column charts we want:
(if  is not known, B = 1,1 may be used) Slenderness limit, lim NEd/bhfck and MEd/bh2fck
C = 1.7 - rm
rm = M01/M02 Is   lim?
Yes Slen- from which we get:
der Asfyk/bhfck
M01, M02 are first order end moments, No
M02  M01 Design Moments, MEd
(if rm is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
Calculate As
n = NEd / (Acfcd)
61 64
Detailing

EC2 Columns: Slenderness (6) Eurocode 2: Column design

& 2nd order moments: Allowable Slenderness & C

lim = 20ABC/n
Actions
105 kNm 105 kNm 105 kNm Asfyk/bhfck = 1 ≡ As/bd = 6%
First order moments
for C30/37 concrete and B500 steel
Slenderness, 

Effective length, l0

Slenderness limit, lim

-105 kNm 105 kNm
Yes Slen-
rm = M01/ M02 rm = M01/ M02 rm = M01/ M02 Is   lim?
der
= 0 / 105 = 105 / -105 = 105 / 105 No
=0 = -1 =1 Design Moments, MEd
C = 1.7 – 0 C = 1.7 + 1 C = 1.7 – 1
= 1.7 = 2.7 = 0.7 Calculate As
62 65
Detailing

EC2 Columns: Slenderness (7) EC2 – Detailing: Ultimate bond stress

& 2nd order moments
If
Slenderness > Allowable slenderness The design value of the ultimate bond stress, fbd = 2.25 12fctd
Actions
Then include nominal 2nd order moment, M2 where fctd should be limited to C60/75
M2 = NEd e2 where e2 = fn(deflection) 1 =1 for ‘good’ and 0.7 for ‘poor’ bond conditions
First order moments
There are alternative methods for calculating 2 = 1 for   32, otherwise (132- )/100
eccentricity, e2, for slender columns
Slenderness, 
Direction of concreting Direction of concreting

Effective length, l0

Slenderness limit, lim  250

M0e M0e + M2 a) 45º    90º c) h > 250 mm

Yes Slen- Direction of concreting
Is   lim? Direction of concreting
der
No  300
h h
Design Moments MEd
b) h  250 mm d) h > 600 mm
Calculate As
unhatched zone – ‘good’ bond conditions
63
Detailing hatched zone - ‘poor’ bond conditions

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EC2 – Detailing: Eurocode 2: relationships –

Design Anchorage Length, lbd BS EN 1990

BS EN 1997 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL BS EN 1998
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN SEISMIC DESIGN

lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb,rqd  lb,min DESIGN

BS EN 10138
BS EN 1991 Prestressing
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES Steels
However: BS 8500 BS EN 206 BS EN 10080
Specifying Concrete Reinforcing
(α2 α3 α5)  0.7 Concrete BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE Steels
STRUCTURES
BS EN 13670
lb,min > max(0.3lb; 15, 100mm) NSCS Execution of
Part 1-1: General Rules for
Structures BS 4449
Structures Reinforcing
DMRB? Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
Steels
NBS?
Rail? BS EN 1994 BS EN 13369
BS EN 1992 BS EN 1992
CESWI? Design of Pre-cast
Part 2: Part 3: Liquid
Comp. Concrete
Bridges Ret.
Struct. 70
Structures

EC2 – Detailing: Alpha values BS EN 13670

Specifications

71

EC2 – Detailing
BS EN 13670 & NSCS
Curtailment of reinforcement

Envelope of (M Ed /z +N Ed )
lbd
Acting tensile force lbd

R esisting tensile force lbd

Ftd
al

al
lbd
Ftd
lbd
“Shift rule”
lbd
lbd lbd

• For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d New Types of Finish Types of Finish as BS EN 13670

• For members with shear reinforcement: al = (MEd/z) + 0.5VEd Cot 

Hierarchy of Tolerances Hierarchy of Tolerances
But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d
Includes NA Green Issues 72

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Eurocode 2: relationships –
Technical publications (CCIP)

BS EN 1990
BS EN 1997 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL BS EN 1998
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN SEISMIC DESIGN
DESIGN
Concise Eurocode 2 Worked Examples RC Spreadsheets
BS EN 10138
BS EN 1991 Prestressing
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES ‘How to’
Steels
compendium
BS 8500 BS EN 206
Specifying BS EN 10080
Concrete Reinforcing
Concrete BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE Steels
STRUCTURES Concise Eurocode 2 ECFE – scheme sizing Scheme design
BS EN 13670
Part 1-1: General Rules for for Bridges
NSCS Execution of BS 4449
Structures
Structures Reinforcing
DMRB? Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
Steels
NBS?
Properties
Rail? BS EN 1994 BS EN 13369
BS EN 1992 BS EN 1992
CESWI? Design of Pre-cast of concrete
Part 2: Part 3: Liquid
Comp. Concrete
Bridges Ret. www. eurocode2.info
Struct. 73 Precast Design Precast Worked 76
Structures
Manual Examples

Eurocode 2 & the UK

Concise Eurocode 2
– what does it mean?
A paper by Moss and Webster (BS8110 vs EC2, TSE 16/03/04)
Clarity
concluded:·
Clear references
• big impact
Comment
• learning curve
Design aids
• not wildly different from BS8110 in terms of the design approach.

• similar answers

• marginally more economic.

• less prescriptive and more extensive than BS8110

• gives designers the opportunity to derive benefit from the

considerable advances in concrete technology over recent years

• believe that after an initial acclimatisation period, EC2 will be

generally regarded as a very good code . 74 77

Flat slabs: Economic depths ‘How to’ compendium

500

450 To BS8110

400
IL = 5 kN/m2
350 To BS8110 incl 1.5 SDL IL = 2.5 kN/m2
300 EC2: up to 15 mm To BS8110 incl 1.5 SDL
SLAB DEPTH, mm

shallower @ 6 m EC2: up to 25 mm
250 shallower @ 9 m

200 To
5 to 7 % savings? EC2
150
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
75 78
SPAN, m
Rev’d 12 May 10

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Spreadsheets to BS EN 1992-1-1
(and UK NA)
Spreadsheets
TCC11 Element design
TCC12 Bending and Axial Force
TCC13 Punching Shear
TCC14 Crack Width
TCC21 Subframe analysis
TCC31 One-way Solid Slabs (A & D)
TCC31R Rigorous* One-way Solid Slab
TCC32 Ribbed slabs (A & D)
TCC33 Flat Slabs (A & D) (single bay)
TCC33X Flat Slabs. Xls (whole floor)
TCC41 Continuous beams (A & D)
TCC41R Rigorous* Continuous Beams
TCC42 (β) Post-tensioned Slabs & Beams (A & D)
TCC43 Wide Beams (A & D)
TCC51 Column Load Take-down & Design
TCC52 Column Chart generation
TCC53 Column Design
TCC54 Circular Column Design
TCC55 Axial Column Shortening
TCC71 Stair Flight & Landing – Single
TCC81 Foundation Pads 79
TCC82 Pilecap Design

Design Guidance
New Concrete Industry Design
Guidance is written for Eurocode 2
• TR 64 Flat Slab
• TR43 PT
• TR58 Deflections

Text books

80

Introduction to Eurocode 2

Charles Goodchild,
BSc CEng MCIOB MIStructE

The Concrete Centre

www.concretecentre.com
www.eurocode2.info
81

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 14