1.

1 OLYMPIC MOVEMENTS

Olympic Games

Olympic Games is an international sports event in which intercontinental and

international competitors participate in the sports competitions. Participation in sports help the
peoples to know one another and also it provides opportunities to the participant to see
each other
It unites countries and continents. The Olympic movement like sport in general by its
very nature brings in international understanding and opposes the division of the world,
rapprochement and friendship among people of all continents.

Objectives of Olympic Games

1. To develop interest and competence of life time participation in games and sports and for that
purpose.
 To develop physical and motor fitness i.e strength, endurance speed agility, flexibility
balance, accuracy etc.
 To develop good body mechanics and skills in a variety of dynamic forms of movements
applied in games and sports
 To develop a fir level of skills to specific major games and track and field events
Gymnastics and yoga exercises
2. To develop interest for games and sports as a cultural heritage
3. To develop social aim.
4. To develop social qualities such as cooperation sympathy team spirit, helpfulness, tolerance,
patience and sportsmanship.
5. To develop emotional maturity mental alertness and moral goodness
6. To develop Psycho somatic unity i.e. unity of the mind and body
7. To develop motor skills i.e Neuromuscular coordination

Ancient Olympic Games

The Olympic Games were held once in four years on the full moon day in the month of
August or September at Olympia in Greece in honour of their God Zesus. We cannot
definitely state the origin of these games, but these are a few legends which show that these
games were in existence from very remote times.

Origin

1. It was believed by the Greeks that there was a wresting contest between God Zeus and God
Kronos for the Possession of Earth. In the contest God Zeus won and in remembrance of the
victory of Zeus, the Olympic Games were started.
2. Hercules it is said defeated King Augeas and in honour of his victory he instituted the Olympic
games (Circa 1253 B.C)
3. Peoples won over king Aenomanus in a chariot race and married the latters daughter
Hippodemia. As king Aenomaus died in the race itself. Peoples took his kingdom. Peoples
was worshipped as a hero and behalf of his death the Olymbic games instituted (884B.C)
4. Another version states that Lycurqus, the Great Sparta law giver joined hands with lphitus of
Elis to Urestoreu the Olympic festival in 820 B.C. The version indicates that the games had
been run before.

Thus these legends clearly show that the Olympic Games had a long past history.

Although the origin of the Olympic games is lost if legend and obscurity the year 776 B.C. was
reckoned and recorded as the date of the first ancient Olympics thanks to the efforts taken by
Cleosthenes (King Pisa) and Iphitus (Kin of Ellis) who become weary of the war over the control of
Olympia made a sacred truce and revived the ancient Olympic festival.
 The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 B.C., when a cook
named Coroebus won the only event–a 192-meter footrace called the stade (the origin of the modern
“stadium”)–to become the first Olympic champion. From this date onwards the games were held
regularly once in four years until 394 A.D when the games were abolished by the Roman emperor
Theodosius I.
Rules Eligibility for Competition

1. The participants should be free born Greeks

2. The amateurs were allowed to participate
3. The competition must have had at least 10 months of training prior to their participation in the
Olympics the final month being spend at Olympia under the control of the Hellanodikai the official
judges of the games.
4. They should have no criminal record

Conduct of the Games

Assembly: Before the start of the games the competitors their trainers their trainers their
fathers their brothers and the judges assembled in the council house in front of the state of
Zesus (God of oaths)

Sacrifice: Sacrificed a pig to Zesus

Oath: All took an oath that they would not resort to any unfair means to secure victory further the
competitions took the oath that they had 10 months of training as per Olympic regulations.
Thereafter the Olympic judges swore that they would be honest and fair in their decisions.

March Past: The march past took place in which the Trumpeter Officials and the competitors
participated. In the courts of the March past as the competitors passed by the Herald
announced to the spectators the name of each competitor his father’s name and his city and
asked whether anyone had any charge to make against him. Silence on the part of the
specifications was considered as No Objection for the competitor concerned.

Opening Ceremony: Then the herald proclaimed the opening of the games. The chief judge or
some distinguished person addressed the participants. Afterwards the events were conducted
the sacred fire was kept burning perpetually at the altar of Zeus.

Events

Originally foot race was the only item it Ancient Olympics and it was conducted in single day.
Later on other events were added and they were foot race, chariot race, horse race, pentathlon
(Running, long jump, discuss throw, javelin throw and wresting) Boxing Wresting, pancratium
etc. Because of the addition of more events from time to time, the duration of the games was
extended to 5 days.
The first day was devoted to religious sacrifice and oath taking and no Competitions were held.
On the second day there was a march past, the introduction of the competitions to the public and
the opening of the games. This was followed by chariot race horse race and pentathlon.
The third day was the day of official sacrifice of a 100 oxen in the morning at the Altar of Zeus in
The afternoon footrace; wresting and boxing were conducted for the boys.
The fourth day was reserved mainly for the chief athletic events for men via three foot race and
the dual combats (Wresting, boxing and pancratium). The day’s programs would come to an end
with the race in armor.
The fifth day was the last day which is intended only for feasting and rejoicing.

Originally women were not allowed to complete in the Olympics and the married women were
not even allowed to witness the competitions. It is understood that women had their own festival
called the heraca in honour of hera, wife of God Zeus In this festival women had athletic
competitions. Later on women were allowed to Compete in the Olympics in the Chariot race.

Awards

The Olympic victor was highly honored. It seems that tripods and other valuable objects were
given as prizes to the Olympic victor till the 7th Olympiad.
 Later on the only reward from the judges at the Olympic stadium was a wreath made out of Olive leaves
plucked from the sacred Olive tree in the temple of Zeus.
Poets immortalized his name in poems and sculptors carved his figure in stones. The concerned
Olympiad was named after the name of the victor of the state race i.e. 200 yards race.
The winners were escorted home in triumph by their fellowmen and loaded with honor, gifts and
privileges. We even come to know that they were received in their cities not through the ordinary gates
but through a breach made in the walls of the city. They were even considered as demo gods. To be
crowned a victory in the Olympics was the highest honor to every Greek.

1.2 Modern Olympic Games (From

1896 AD onwards)

For nearly 1500 years since 394 A.D. there were no Olympics. The first efforts towards
renaissance of the Olympics in modern times were made by the Greek in 1859 and 1870. The Greeks
and Evangelos Zappas a Greek living in Romania, began working towards the revival of the Olympics
long before Coubertin the Frenchman succeeded. Two Olympic games organized by the Greeks in
1859 and 1870 were unsuccessful.
In 1894 A.D. Baron Pierre De Coubertin a Frenchman revived the Olympic games. He felt that
international unity and brotherhood can be achieved through competitions in sport and games among
the youth of the various countries at one place similar to the ancient Olympic Games. He visited various
countries and put forth his ideas. His ideas were welcomed and it was decided to hold the first Olympics
in Greece. As the ancient site at Olympia was not suitable to conduct the games. Athens in Greece was
selected.

The sponsors of the Modern Olympics were hard pressed for money. The Greek Government gave
about 2 ½ lakhs of drachmae in addition to the money bequeathed by Zappas. Even this amount was
not enough. Fortunately one George Averoff a merchant of Alexandria gave a princely gift of million
drachmae for restoring the Pan Athenian stadium and conducting the games.

Modern Olympics is held once in four years But during the times of world wars, the Olympic games
(i.e VI, XII and XIII Olympiads respectively in the years 1916, 1940 and 1944) were and held in the days
of Ancient Olympics such sanctity was attached to the games that wars were stopped for the conduct of
the Olympics whereas in the days of Modern Olympics. We have witnessed that Olympic Games had
to be stopped for the conduct of the wars.

Governing Body

The international Olympic Committee is the controlling body for the Modern Olympic Games. The
I.O.C. is a permanent and self elected body which has at least one member from a country where there
is a National Olympic committee.
The members shall elect a president for eight years and he is eligible for reelection

Two Vice presidents shall also be elected for a period of four years who are also eligible for
reelection
A small Executive board shall be formed which shall include the president the two Vice presidents and
four other
members elected for a period of 4 years who shall retire by rotation
The I.O.C fixes the venue for competition draws the rules for competition draws the rules for
competition and
the general programme for Olympics

Rules of Eligibility of Competition

1. One who is a native or naturalized subject of a member country can alone participate
 2. One who has competed already in the Olympic games for a nation cannot compete in future
Olympic games for another nation even if he has become a naturalized subject of that nation
except in the case of conquest or the creation of a new state ratified by a treaty.
3. Every competitor must be an amateur This must be certified by the national body controlled that
activity and countersigned by the National Olympic committee. In addition each competitor must
give a personal declaration that he is an amateur.
4. There is no age limit for a competitor.

Organization and conduct of the Games

The Olympic Games should be held in the first years of the Olympiad. The games under no pretext can be
adjourned to another year. The period of the games shall not exceed 16 days
Venue

The venue for the Olympic competitions will be fixed by a majority of votes among the members of the
international Olympic committee, taking into consideration the claims made by the cities opting to stage
the games. Committee from the I.O.C and the respective NOC’s (National Olympic Committees) along
with the respective international sports federations visits the cities aspiring to hold the games to determine
its suitability.

After various committees submit their respective reports to the IOC it takes the final decision through a
ballot at a session held in a country, no city of which was a candidate. The selection unless in exceptional
circumstances, is made at least six years in advances.

When the venue is fixed the mayor of that city will be informed about the decision of IOC. The Mayor in
turn will inform the National Olympic Committee and this committee will take up the responsibility of
Organizing and conducting the games.

Events
The events are fixed by the organizing committee in consultation with international Olympic Committee.
The usual events are track and field sports, Gymnastics, Boxing, Fencing Wresting Shooting, Rowing
Swimming and Diving Equestrian Sports (Horse riding) Football, water polo, Hockey, Cycling, Weightlifting
yachting (Sailing, Ship racing) Basket ball, Volleyball etc.

Olympic -Opening Ceremony

For opening of the games, usually the President, King or any other head of the State will be asked to
preside and declare the games open. The president will then mount up the Tribune of Honour and the
National Anthem of the host country will be played.

The march past of the athletes and the officials will take place according to the alphabetical order of the
countries. In the march past the Greek contingent will always take the lead while the host country will be
at the end.
The president of the games will declare open the Olympiad of the modern era

Hoisting of the Olympic flag with fanfare of trumpets followed by a salute of gun fire and pigeons release
The Olympic torch will be brought into the stadium and the Olympic flames will be lit in the bowl
constructed for this purpose. The flames will be burning throughout the period of the Olympic Games.

All the bearers will move forward to the Rostrum and stand in a semi circular fashion facing the Tribune of
Honour.

The Olympic oath will be taken by a representative of the athletes usually an athlete of the host country
who will take the following oath.

We swear that we will take part in the Olympic games in loyal competition respecting the regulations
which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour
of our country and for the glory of sports.

Presently this oath has been revised a sunder and given effect from Sydney Olympics 2002.
In the name of all competitors I promise that we shall take part in this Olympic game respecting and
abiding by the rules which govern them without the use of doping and drugs in the true spirit of
sportsmanship for the glory of sports and the honour of our teams.

After the Oath the National Anthem of the host country will be played. The athletes and the Officials shall
march out of the stadium. The games shall then begin.

Awards

1. Those who get the first three places will mount the Victory stand. The first place winner will be at
the centre at a higher level.
2. The second place winners will be on his right and the third place winners on his left. As soon as
they have mounted the victory stand the national flags of the winners will go up the masts. The
National Anthem of the winner will be briefly played.
3. The victors will be crowned with Olive Wreaths. The President of the International Olympic
committee or his representatives will give away medals and diplomas (Gold Medal for I place,
Silver Medal for II place and Bronze medal for III place)
4. The banes of the victors will be inscribed on the walls of the stadium where the Olympics games
are conducted. In addition a Roll of honour is keep with the international Olympic Committee in
which the names of the first six competitions are entered. Competitors who have secured IV, V and
VI places in each event are awarded only Diplomas. Souvenir medals are given to all
participants.

Closing of the Games

The closing of the games will take place in a solemn manner. The president of the International
Olympic Committee will express his gratitude to the organizers. He will then declare the games
closed and will call upon the youth of the various countries to assemble again after four years at
the next venue of the games.
Immediately after his declaration the ceremonial Olympic flag (not the one that was hoisted on the
flag mast) will be handed over to the Mayor of the city, so that he can keep the flag safety till the
next Olympic Games. Then trumpets will be sounded, the Olympic flames will be extinguished and
the Olympic flag will be lowered. Thus the games come to a close.

Olympic Flag

There are two kinds of flags used by the International Olympics Committee

a. Olympic flag for hoisting purpose during Olympic

b. Ceremonial Olympic flag

(i) Olympic flag

This Olympic flag is based on a model design by Baron de
Coubertin in 1914. It was first hoisted in 1920 at Antwerp
(Beigium) Olympic Games.
The Olympic flag is made of white silk without any borders. In
the centre, there are five interacted rings in the colours of
Blue, Yellow, Black, Green and Red representing the five continents viz. America, Asia, Africa, Europe
and Australia.
The five rings are arranged in the shape of a W
The blue ring shall be high on the left nearer the flag pole.
Below the rings appears the Olympic Motto: Citius, Altius, Fortius which means ever faster, higher,
stronger.

Those rings together with the motto constitute the Olympic emblem which is the exclusive properly of the
International Olympic committee.

Only the flag is hoisted during the Olympic Games

(ii) Ceremonial Olympic flag
 This flag is made of silk and this is borded with the colors of the rings (blue , yellow, black,
green and red)
 This flag is not intended for hoisting purpose
 The flag is handed over to the Mayor of the city conducting the concerned Olympics by the
president of I.O.C at the time of the closing ceremony. This shall be under the custody of
the Mayor of the city till the next Olympics

Motto of the modern Olympic games

The Olympic Games had come to stay in 1897. The international Olympic games committee
adopted a Dominican monks worlds. Citius Aitius, Fortius Ever (fastest, highest, strongest) as the
Olympic motto to embody the spirit of the games.

Olympic Creed:
The most important thing in the game is not to win but to take part just as the most important thing
in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have
fought well.

Olympic Torch
The ritual flame lighting ceremony takes place at the temples of Hera, near the stadium where the
ancient Olympics were held. An actress from the Greek national theatre, portraying a priest-ess ,
uses a concave mirror to catch the sun’s rays to ignite the torch which is then handed over to
young athletes who carry it for one kilometer each (if it has to be flown, the flame is kept in
specially made lanterns while it is being transported to the hot nation).
This torch shall then be relayed on foot (as for as possible) by runners until it is finally taken
to the city where the games are to be conducted.

On its way as it passes through various countries the particular country through which it
passes shall arrange for the relay of runners to bear the torch. The last runners shall be an athlete
from the host country and his arrival with the torch will be synchronized with the opening of the
games.
This was first initiated by the Germans while they organized the Berlin Olympic Games in
the year 1936. From Berlin Olympic onwards this practice is continued. Now a day’s torch is also
carried in aero planes from one country to another where it is not possible to carry it by a relay of
runners.

1.3 Winter Olympic Games

The Winter Olympic Games were first introduced in the year 1924 these are also held
once in four years in the same year of the Olympics but not at the same time. Hence there is a
district cycle of winter games. This Olympics is held at the places where the geographical and
climatic conditions will be conductive of the conduct of these games. The events where the
 geographical and climatic conditions will be conductive for the conduct of these games. The
events for the competitions are Ice Hockey, Skating, and Skiing etc.

1.4 Special Olympics

Special Olympics in an international organization dedicated to empowering individuals with
mental retardation to become physically fit, productive and respected members of society through
sports training and competition. Special Olympics offers children and adults with mental retardation
year round training and competition in 26 Olympic type summer and winter sports. To be eligible
to participate in Special Olympics they must be at least eight years old and identified by an agency
or professional as having one of the following conditions.
Mental retardation cognitive delays a measured by formal assessment or significant
learning or vocational problems due to cognitive delay that require or have required specially
designed instruction. It does not cost anything to participate. The special Olympics world summer
games are held every four years and the special Olympics world winter games also are held every
four years.
1.5 The Marathon Race

The Marathon Race was first introduced in 1876 at the first modern Olympic games in Athens. The
inclusion of this great dramatic and spectacular event in the modern Olympics was mainly due to the
initiative and efforts taken by a Frenchman by name Michael Breal who was one of the delegates of the
congress which initiated the Modern Olympics. He also instituted a trophy for this race.
This race was introduced in order to commemorate the exploration of a famous Athenian runner by
name Pheidippides. In 490 B.C the Persians invaded Greece and fought with the Greeks at the battle field
of Marathon. In that battle the Persians were defeated and the Greek commandeer Miltiades wanted to
convey that glad news to Athens. He therefore called for Pheidippides, the famous Athenian runner and
asked him to run all the way to Athens and communicate the news to the anxious city fathers.
Pheidippides had fought in the battle that day as a soldier Although he was tired he obeyed the
orders of his commander and ran all the way from marathon to Athens, a distance of about 18 leagues (i.e
about 27 miles) and he fell down dead. (The Real Story of… Pheidippides, also referred to
as Pheidippides, was the messenger soldier who famously ran a long distance from the battlefield
at Marathon to Athens in order to tell the people that the Athenians had in fact won. After he gave his
message, he promptly dropped dead from the exertion.)
In his memory, the Marathon race was introduced in the Modern Olympics. The distance for the
race was fixed finally in 1908 at the London Olympic games. The distance is 26 miles and 385 yards
(42.195 meters)

The Olympic Games

Olympiad Year City Country

1. 1896 Athens Greece

2. 1900 Paris France
3. 1904 St. Louis USA
4. 1908 London England
5. 1912 Stockholm Sweden
6. 1916 Berlin Germany
7. 1920 Antwerp Belgium
8. 1924 Paris France
9. 1928 Amsterdam Holland
10. 1932 Los Angeles USA
11. 1936 Berlin Germany
12. 1940 Tokyo Japan
13. 1944 Rome Italy
14. 1948 London England
 15. 1952 Helsinki Finland
16. 1956 Melbourne Australia
17. 1960 Rome Italy
18. 1964 Tokyo Japan
19. 1968 Mexico America
20. 1972 Munich Geremany
21. 1976 Montreal Canada
22. 1980 Moscow USSR
23. 1984 Los Angels USA
24. 1988 Seoul South Africa
25. 1992 Barcelona Spain
26. 1996 Atlanta USA
27. 2000 Sydney Austrlaia
28. 2004 Athens Greece
29. 2008 Beijing China
30. 2012 London England
31. 2016 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
1.6 Ancient And modern Olympics (Comparison)

No Ancient Olympics Modern Olympics

1. The ancient Olympics were conducted once in The modern Olympics are conducted once
four years in four years
2. There was the march past of the participants There is the march past of the participants
3. In ancient Olympics, Oath was taken by all In modern Olympics a leading Athlete of
competitors the Host country takes the oath on behalf
of the competitors of all nations at the
Olympics stadium in front of the Tribune of
honour
4. The competitors who wished to participate in The competitors who wish to participate in
ancient Olympics must be free born Greeks. modern Olympics shall be the natives or
They should have neither committed any naturalized subjected of a member country
sacrilege against gods nor have any criminal
record
5. Only Amateurs were allowed to participate Only Amateurs are allowed to participate
6. The ancient Olympics were held only at The modern Olympics are not held at
Olympia in Greece Olympia but at different cities of the world
7. In the earlier Olympics married women were In the modern Olympics women were
not allowed even to witness the games and allowed to take part from1900 onwards
later on they were allowed not only to witness
but also to participate in the games
8. In the earlier Olympics men and boys In modern Olympics competitor have to
participated in competitions in naked form wear a decent sports costume
9. The ancient Olympic games were a religious The modern Olympic games are an
festival for the Greeks being held in honour international sports gathering with a zeal of
God Zeus patriotism
10. Sacred fires were burning perpetually in the The Olympic fire is lit and kept burring at
temple of God Zeus at Olympics the stadium till the close o the games
11. In ancient times the Olympic games were held In modern times the Olympic games are
to maintain unity among Greeks held for the international understanding
and brother hood
12. Ancient Olympics were conducted for 5 days Modern Olympics are conducted for
16 days
13. In ancient Olympics the items were In modern Olympics both individual and
individualistic team events are conducted
14. In Ancient Olympics the victors were crowned In present days the victors are normally
with sacred olive wreaths. The poets crowned with olive wreaths. They are
immortalized their names in poems and awarded medals and diplomas. Their
sculptors made statues for them names are inscribed of the walls of the
stadium. A roll of honour or the first six
competitors in each event is kept with the
I.O.C
15. Each Olympiad was named after the victor of Each Olympics is called in its serial order.
the stade race. For example the Coroebus For examples XIV Olympiad (1948 to
Olympiad (from 776 BC to 772 BC) was 1952) XV Olympiad(1952- 1956)etc.
named after corneous the winner of the stade
race in 776 B.C
16. Wars were stopped for the conduct of the Games has to be stopped because of the
Olympic Games wars.

REFERENCE:

Health and Physical Education, BEd. 11 Year, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappali – 620024; Center
for Distance Education, Syllabus

The Olympic Principles and Traditions

Over time, the International Olympic Committee, or IOC, has established official symbols, statements,
and philosophies that represent the ideals of the Games. These include the Olympic creed, motto, and
symbol; the Olympic flame; the athletes' oath; and the Olympic Movement.

The Olympic Creed

The creed, or guiding principle, of the modern Olympic Games is a quote by Baron de Coubertin: "The
most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing
in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought
well."

The Olympic Motto

The Olympic motto consists of the Latin words Citius, Altius, Fortius, which means "Swifter, Higher,
Stronger." The motto, introduced in 1924, is meant to spur the athletes to embrace the Olympic spirit and
perform to the best of their abilities.

The Olympic Symbol

The official symbol of the modern Olympic Games is five colored rings linked together. These rings
represent the continents of North and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe. They also
symbolize the uniting of athletes from all over the world to compete at the Olympic Games. The Olympic
flag, first used at the Antwerp Games in 1920, has the Olympic symbol in the center of a white field.

The Olympic Flame

The Olympic flame symbolizes the continuity between the ancient and modern Games. Modern Games
are opened officially by runners carrying a burning torch brought from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.
Except where travel by ship or plane is necessary, the torch is carried overland from Greece by a relay of
athletes. At the site of the Games, the torch is used to light the flame in a giant torch, or cauldron, which
burns for the duration of the Games. The flame was first used at the 1928 Games.

The Athletes' Oath

At the opening ceremonies, an athlete from the host country takes the following oath on behalf of all the
athletes: "In the name of all the competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games,
respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping
and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams."
Like the Olympic symbol, the oath was first used at the 1920 Games.

The Olympic Movement

The Olympic Movement is a philosophy created and promoted by the International Olympic Committee.
This philosophy advocates using sport not just as a physical activity but also as a means of educating
people.
According to this philosophy, the good sportsmanship, sense of fair play, and respect for fellow athletes
that is developed through participation in sports teaches men and women of different races, religions, and
nationalities to work peacefully together in competition toward common goals. The Olympic Movement
works to expand such lessons beyond the sports arena in the hope of promoting peace and a sense of
brotherhood throughout the world.
The most prominent way the IOC promotes the Olympic Movement is through the Olympic Games. But
the Movement's ideals are practiced in other ways, including the promotion of environmental issues,
fighting drug use among athletes, and providing financial and educational aid.

Olympic Awards
Like the ancient Greek athlete who won an olive wreath, modern Olympic winners also receive awards.
The winner receives a diploma with a gold medal as first-place prize. A diploma and a silver medal are
awarded for second place, and a diploma and bronze medal for third place. At the awards ceremony, the
three medal winners stand on platforms as their medals are placed around their necks. The national
anthem of the gold medalist's country is played, or the Olympic Hymn may be played instead if the
winner's country wishes. Athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth receive diplomas. Each participant
receives a commemorative medal.
The IOC does not recognize any nation as winner of any Olympic Games. Only winning individuals and
teams are credited with victory. But newspapers publish tables indicating the numbers of medals won by
each country. These figures have been used to stress the leading roles played by countries like the United
States and Russia and to emphasize the competition between them.
https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-game
TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS
DEFINITION:
Tournaments:
aseriesofgamesorconteststhatmakeup
asingleunitofcompetition,thechampionship
playoffsofaleagueorconferenceoran
invitationalevent.

asportscompetitioninwhichplayerswho
winamatchcontinuetoplayfurthermatches
inthecompetitionuntiljustonepersonor
teamisleft.

IMPORTANCE OFTOURNAMENT:
Tournamentsareimportantinthefieldofsports.Thetournaments
arenotonlysignificanttotheplayersbuttothecoachesand
 physicaleducationteachersalso.
a. Developmentofsportsskills:Byparticipatingintournaments
sportspersonsdonotdeveloponlytechnicalskillsofthesports
butalsothetacticalskills.
b. Helpfulinselectionofplayers:Onthebasisoftournamentsgood
playerscanbeselectedbyobservingtheirperformanceina
tournament.
c. Popularityandpublicityofsports:Tournamentsarehelpfulin
publicizingthesports.Itcreatesinterestinthatsport.
d. Asourceofrecreation:Sportstournamentsprovideample
recreationtothespectators.
e. Developmentofsocialqualities:Socialtraitssuchastolerance
sympathycooperationgroupcohesion,etc,aredeveloped
amongparticipantsthroughsportstournaments.
f. Developmentofnationalandinternationalintegration:Sports
tournamentsarehelpfulindevelopingnationalintegrationaswell
asinternationalunityandbrotherhood.

HERE ARE5REASONS WHY COMPETITIVE

SPORT IS IMPORTANT IN EDUCATION
Encourages higher standards of achievement
It’sonlynaturaltoapplymoreeffortwhenthestakesare
higherandlesseffortwhentheoutcomeisofless
importance.Withgreatereffortinsportcomesgreater
improvementinavarietyofdifferentareaslikeskills,fitness,
teamworkandpotentiallyawards.
Encourages physical activity
Itisobviouslypossibletoparticipateinphysicalactivityina
non-competitiveenvironmentandmanypeopledosoona
regularbasis.However,inacompetitiveenvironment,
studentswilloftenpushthemselvesharderintrainingandin
matches.Thisextraeffortresultsinimprovedfitnesslevels
aswellasextendinganindividual’sboundariesabouttheir
perceptionofwhattheyarephysicallycapableof.

Builds discipline
Competitivesportrequiresdedicatedtrainingandpractice.Taking
partinsuchtrainingandseeingimprovementhelpsstudentsto
understandthatwithhardwork,oftencomesresults.Whenthey
experiencetheseimprovements,theirself-esteemgrowsandthey
broadentheirlimitationsofwhattheycanachieve.Goalsettingis
alsoanimportantpartofcompetitivesports.Atthestartofaseason,
acoachwilloftenguidestudentsinsettingteamandindividualgoals
toworktowards.Goodgoalsettingtechniquesarehighly
transferableskillsthatcanbeappliedacrossallareasofschooling
andlife.
Teaches how to lose well/deal with disappointment
Losingwellisaskillbestlearntearlyandlearntwell.Competitive
sportistheperfectplacetodevelopthisskillasmanystudentsare
atanagewheretheyarematuringanddecidingwhattypeofperson
theywanttobe.Engraininggoodsportsmanshipearlycanensure
studentscarrythesegoodpracticesacrosseveryaspectoftheir
livesandintotheiradulthood.Equallyasimportantisteaching
studentstowingracefully.Competitivesport,especiallywhenthe
stakesarehighandemotionsinvested,providesampleopportunity
fortheselessonstobetaught,learntandpracticed.

Builds camaraderie and teamwork

Teamsportsareoneofthebestexamplestoshowcase
theneedforteamworktoachievesuccess.Regular
trainingandcompetitionprovidesregularcommunityand
bonding.Workingtogethertowardsacommongoalis
oneofthemosteffectivewaystogrowcamaraderieand
friendship.It’sthissharedexperienceandemotionthat
buildsloyaltyandtrustwithinateam.Andit’snotjust
teamsportsthatrequireteamwork.Athletesinindividual
sportsalsorequiresupportfromtheircoach,friendsand
family,whomallshareinthejourneythroughthe
sportingseason.
TypesofTournaments
 TYPESOFTOURNAMENTS
ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT

Around-robin tournament(orall-play-all tournament)is

acompetitioninwhicheachcontestantmeetsallother
contestantsinturn.

Waysofdeterminingthewinner:
1. Mostnumberofwins
2. Incaseofatie-winovertheotherrule
3. Incaseofatripletie,quotientpointsystemisused.
EXAMPLE:4TEAMS
Determinethenumberofgamesbyusingtheformula=N
(N-1)=4(4-1)=4(3)=12=6 games
2222
Ramification–distributionofteamstoplay
Steps:
1. Dividetheteamsintotwo,andarrangethenumbers
thenrotatethenumbersinclockwiseposition
keepingpositionnumber1steady. RR1
RR2 RR3 G1-1vs4 G3-
1vs3 G5-1vs2 G2-2vs3 G4-
4vs2G6-3vs4
EXAMPLE:5TEAMS
Determinethenumberofgamesbyusingtheformula=N
(N-1)=5(5-1)=5(4)=20=10 games
2222
Ramification–distributionofteamstoplay
Steps:
1. Dividetheteamsintotwo,andhaveonepositionasB
(Bye)–ateamthatdoesnotplayinthefirstround.
2. Arrangethenumbersthenrotatethenumbersin
clockwisepositionkeepingpositionnumberBsteady.

RR1 RR2 RR3

EXAMPLE:5TEAMS
Bvs5 Bvs4 Bvs3 G1-
1vs4 G3-5vs3G5-4vs2 G2-2vs3
G4–1vs2 G6-5vs1

RR4 RR5
Bvs2 Bvs1 G7-
3vs1 G9-2vs5 G8-
4vs5 G10–3vs4
 SINGLE ELIMINATION TOURNAMENT
Asingle-elimination,knockout,orsudden death
tournamentisatypeofelimination
tournamentwheretheloserofeachmatch-upis
immediatelyeliminatedfromthetournament.
Eachwinnerwillplayanotherinthenextround,
untilthefinalmatch-up,whosewinnerbecomesthe
tournamentchampion.
SINGLEELIMINATION

Steps:
1. DeterminethenumberofgamesusingtheformulaG=
N-1
2. Determinethenumberofteamstoplayfirstandthe
numberofbyesusingthePowerofTwosorPof2’s

3. Poweroftwo’sisanumberfrom2,4,8,16,32
4. Itshouldbehigherthanthenumberofteams
5. Example:5thePof2’sis8.10is16,etc.
6. P2-G=BG-B=P
7. 4-3=13-1=2
EXAMPLE:4TEAMS
1. NumberofGames: N-1=4-1=3 games
2. Powerof2’s 4–4=0meaning:alltheteams
willplayinthefirstround
3. Ramification:

____1________w1
_____2____G1W3=champion
______3______w2G3
_______4__G2
EXAMPLE:5TEAMS
1. NumberofGames: N-1=5-1=4 games
2. Powerof2’s 8–5=3meaning:3teamswillallbe
theBye’sand2teamswillplayinthefirstround.
3. Ramification:

____1_B_______________w3
_____2_______G3
______3__G1_w1G4Champion
_______4___________________
_______5______________G2W2
DOUBLEELIMINATION

Adouble-elimination tournamentisatype
ofeliminationtournament competitioninwhicha
participantceasestobeeligibletowin
thetournament'schampionshipuponhaving
losttwogamesormatches.
Itstandsincontrasttoasingle-elimination
tournament,inwhichonlyonedefeatresultsin
elimination.
1.NumberofGames=2(N-1)=2(4-1)=2(3)
=6games(evennumberofteams)

Oddnumberofteams:2(N-1)=2(5-1)=2(4)
=8games

Examples: 6teams:2(N-1)=2(5-

1)=2(4)=8games

2.PowerofTwo’s4teams=use4
5teams=use8
 CONSOLATIONTOURNAMENT
Itprovidesachancetothedefeatedteamstoplay
againandshowtheirskill/performanceandwin
subsidiaryhonours.

ConsolationtournamenttypeI:
Inthistypeoftournamentalltheteamsthatwere
defeatedinthefirstroundofregularsingleelimination
tournamentandtheteamsthatgotbyesinthefirst
roundbutweredefeatedinsecondroundwillplay
amongthemselvesinconsolationtournamentfor
subsidiaryhonours.
 ConsolationtournamenttypeII:

Inthistypeoftournamenteveryloserofregularround
willhaveanopportunitytoplayintheconsolation
roundtowinthesubsidiaryhonours.

Thearrangementoftheteamsshouldbesuchthat
teamsthatmeetinregularroundsdonotmeetin
earlyroundsoftheconsolation.
 Challenge Tournaments

Participantschallengeeachother.Thistypeof
tournamentcanbecarriedonwithlittle
supervision.

Ladder-goodforindividualcontestsandcanbeself-
directed.

Pyramid-goodforlargenumbersofindividualsandcan
beself-directed.
 LADDERTOURNAMENT
Playersshouldbeseeded.
Participantsmoveupiftheywinanddowniftheylose.
Playersmaychallengeanyofthethreeopponentsabove.
Adeadlinedateshouldbesetbywhichawinnerisdeclared.
Thistypeoftournamentisbestsuitedforindividualsports
becauseparticipantsarerankedbyabilitywhenthe
tournamentiscompleted.
 Pyramidtournament

Thistypeofchallengetournamentisrecommended
foralargenumberofindividuals.
Playersmaychallengeanyplayerhorizontally.
Winnersmaychallengeopponentsintherowabove.

Avariationmaybeusedinwhichwinnersofa
challengeareplacedinthebottomrow.Bottomrow
winnersmovetothesecondrowifavacancyexists.
Theycontinueinthismannertomoveupuntila
winnerisdetermined.
 SWISS-STYLE TOURNAMENT
Thistournamentoffersseveraladvantagesoversingle
anddoubleeliminationtournaments,asallteams
participateinthesamenumberofroundsallowing
everyonetoenjoyafulldayofplay.
Italsoallowsanaccurateassessmentofplaying
strengthsforalargegroupingofteamswithoutthe
needforaprohibitivelylargenumberofgameslike
RoundRobinTournaments.
Itisalsosatisfyingtoallparticipantsasplayerswhoare
stillnewtothegamemayhaveachancetowin.Odd
numberofteamscanbescheduledaswellwithouttoo
muchdifficulty.
IntheSwisssystem,playersarepairedoffeachround
accordingtotheircumulativescore.
https://doubtnut.com/pcmb-questions/what-is-
importance-of-tournament-explain-in-brief
https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/underst
anding-tournaments-and-league
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_tournament
http://splendidcity.net/support/SchedulingBasics/tou
rnament_pyramid.htm
http://splendidcity.net/support/SchedulingBasics/tou
rnament_ladder.htm
 SPORTS
PhysicalEducation04
2ndSemester,SY2020-2021
INTRODUCTION
�Sportsandrecreationareanintegralpartofhuman
history,fromtheancientOlympicstothedifferent
typesofsportscompetitionsaroundtheworld.Italso
playsanimportantroleinthelifeofpeopleespecially
thoseengageintheworldofsports.Thiswillinclude
sportscompetitions,sportsnews,sportsevents,and
othersportsrelatedactivities.
HISTORYOFSPORTS
�Thehistoryofsportsextends backtothe
Ancientworld.Thephysicalactivitythat
developedintosportshadearlylinkswithritual,
warfare,andentertainment.
�Thedocumentedhistoryofsportsgoesbackat
least3,000years.Inthebeginning,sportsoften
involvedthepreparationforwarortrainingasa
hunter,whichexplainswhysomanyearlygames
involvedthethrowingofspears,stakes,and
rocks,andsparringone-on-onewithopponents .
�WiththefirstOlympicGamesin776BC—which
includedeventssuchasfootandchariotraces,
wrestling,jumping,anddiscusandjavelinthrowing—
theAncientGreeksintroducedformalsportstothe
world.
�Asfarbackasthebeginningsofsport,itwasrelated
tomilitarytraining.
�Teamsportswereusedtotrainandtoprovethe
capabilitytofightinthemilitaryandalsotowork
togetherasateam(militaryunit).
SportsinPrehistory
�CavepaintingsfoundintheLascauxcavesinFrance
appeartodepictsprintingandwrestlingintheUpper
Paleolithicaround15,300yearsago.
�CavepaintingsintheBayankhongorProvinceof
MongoliadatingbacktotheNeolithicage(c. 7000
BCE)showawrestlingmatchsurroundedbycrowds.
�NeolithicRockartfoundatthecaveofswimmersin
WadiSura,nearGilfKebirinEgyptshowsevidence
ofswimmingandarcherybeingpracticedaround10,000
BCE.
�PrehistoriccavepaintingsinJapandepictasportsimilar
tosumowrestling.

DevelopmentofModern
Sports
�Somehistorians–mostnotablyBernardLewis–
claimthatteamsportsasweknowthemtodayare
primarilyaninventionofWesternculture.British
PrimeMinisterJohnMajorwasmoreexplicitin1995:
“Weinventedthemajorityoftheworld'sgreatsports....
19thcenturyBritainwasthecradleofaleisure
revolutioneverybitassignificantastheagricultural
andindustrialrevolutionswelaunchedinthecentury
before.”
�Regardlessofgameorigins,theIndustrialRevolution
andmassproductionbroughtincreasedleisure
whichallowedmoretimetoengageinplayingor
observing(andgamblingupon)spectatorsports,as
wellaslesselitisminandgreateraccessibilityof

sportsofmanykinds

�Withtheincreasingvaluesplacedonthosewhowon
alsocametheincreaseddesiretocheat.Someof
themostcommonwaysofcheatingtodayinvolvethe
useofperformance-enhancingdrugssuchas
 steroids.

WOMEN’SSPORT
HISTORY
�Women'scompetitioninsportshasbeenfrownedupon
bymanysocietiesinthepast. �TheEnglishpublic-
schoolbackgroundoforganizedsport
inthe19thandearly20thcenturyledtoapaternalism
thattendedtodiscouragewomen'sinvolvementinsports,
with,forexample,nowomenofficiallycompetinginthe
1896OlympicGames.
�The20thcenturysawmajoradvancesintheparticipation
ofwomeninsportsduetoagrowingwomen's
sportsmovementinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Thisled
totheinitiationoftheWomen'sOlympiad(heldthree
 times1921,1922and1923)andtheWomen'sWorld
Games(heldfourtimes(1922,1926,1930and1934.)

�In1924the1924Women'sOlympiadwasheld
inLondon.Theincreaseingirls'andwomen's
participationinsporthasbeenpartlyinfluencedby
thewomen'srightsandfeministmovementsofthe
nineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,respectively.

�IntheUnitedStates,femalestudents’participationin
sportswassignificantlyboostedbythe TitleIXActin
1972,whichforbadegenderdiscriminationinall
aspectsofanyeducationalenvironmentthat uses
federalfinancialaid,leadingtoincreasedfunding and
 supporttodevelopfemaleathletes.

Etymology
Theword"sport"comesfromtheOldFrench
desportmeaning"leisure",withtheoldestdefinitionin
Englishfromaround1300being"anythinghumansfind
amusingorentertaining".
�Othermeaningsincludegamblingandeventsstaged
forthepurposeofgambling;hunting;andgamesand
diversions,includingonesthatrequire
exercise.Roget'sdefinesthenounsportasan
 "activityengagedinforrelaxationandamusement"
withsynonymsincludingdiversionandrecreation.

DEFINITIONOFSPORTS
�Sportisanactivityinvolvingphysicalexertionandskillin
whichanindividualorteamcompetesagainstanotheror

othersforentertainment

�Sportisanathleticactivityrequiringskillorphysical
prowessandoftenofacompetitivenature,asracing,
baseball,tennis,golf,bowling,wrestling,boxing,hunting,
fishing,etc.
�Sports,physicalcontestspursuedforthegoalsand
challengestheyentail.Sportsarepartof
everyculturepastandpresent,buteachculturehasits
owndefinitionofsports.

�Asportconsistsofaphysicalactivityorskillcarried
outunderapubliclyagreedsetofrules,andwitha
recreationalpurpose:forcompetition,forself-
enjoyment,toattainexcellence,forthedevelopment
ofskill,orsomecombinationofthese.Thedifference
ofpurposeiswhatcharacterizessport,combined
withthenotionofindividual(orteam)skillor prowess.
OtherDefinitionsofSports
�Herearesomeotherdefinitionsfoundonline:
�"Anactivityinvolvingphysicalexertionandskillinwhich
anindividualorteamcompetesagainstanotheror
others"(GoogleSearch)
�“ahumanactivitycapableofachievingaresultrequiring
physicalexertionand/orphysicalskill,which,byits
natureandorganization,iscompetitiveandisgenerally
acceptedasbeingasport.”(AustralianSports
Commission,ASC)
�"Anactivityinvolvingphysicalexertionandskillthatis
governedbyasetofrulesorcustomsandoften
undertakencompetitively"(FreeDictionaryonline)
 TheEncyclopediaofWorld
Sport
DEFINITIONOFSPORTS
�Whencollatingalltheworldsportsforthepublication
'EncyclopediaofWorldSport-fromancienttimestothe
present'(OxfordUniversityPress,1999),theeditors
basedtheirinclusioncriteriaonthefollowingdefinition:
�Anactivitycanbeconsideredasportifitinvolves...
�Competitionbetweentwoormoreindividualsorteams;
�Rulesofplaythatallowawinnertobedetermined;
�Aprimarygoalofvictory;
�Victorydeterminedbytherelativephysicalabilityofthe
competitors,althoughstrategyandchancemayalsoplay
 arole.

OurSportCriteria
�Incorporatingmanyofthecommonelementsofthe
abovedefinitions,wehavesimplifiedthemintothese
threebasiccriteriathatasportmusthave,andhaveused
thiscriteriaforinclusioninourcompletelistofsports.

�Asportis...
�Ahumanactivityinvolvingphysicalskillandexertion.
�Governedbyasetofrulesorcustoms.
�Undertakencompetitivelyandcapableofachievinga
 result.

ClassifyingGamesUsedin
PhysicalEducation
�Therearefourbasicapproachestoclassifyingthegames
usedinphysicaleducation:

1.GameCategories
�ThisisaclassificationschemeproposedbyNicols,who
classifiesgamesaccordingtothreemajorcategories:the
game'sphysicalrequirements(i.e.whatthegame
requiresinadditiontotheplayers—equipment,sizeand
natureofplayingfield,andsoforth),thestructureofthe
game(i.e.numberofplayers,groupingsofplayers,
strategies,andsoforth),andthegame'spersonal
 requirements(i.e.whatthegamerequiresoftheplayer —
motorskills,fitnesslevels,numeracy,socialskills,and
soforth).

2.GamesforUnderstanding
ThisisaclassificationschemeproposedbyWerner
andAlomondthatclassifiesgamesaccordingtotheir
strategies.Itdividesgamesintotargetgames
(e.g.archery);netorwallgames(e.g.tennis);striking
andfieldgames(e.g.cricket);andinvasiongames
(e.g.football).
3.Corecontent
�ThisisaclassificationschemeproposedbyAllison
andBarrett thatcategorizesgamesbytheirform(i.e.
whethertheyarenovelgamesproposedbythe
teacherorchildren,orwhethertheyareexisting
gamesalreadywidelyplayed),bythemovement
skillsthattheyrequire,bythe“movementconcepts”
andgametacticsthattheyrequire,andbythe
educationalresultsofthegame.
4.DevelopmentalGames
�Thisisaclassificationschemeproposedby
GallahueandCelandthatclassifiesgamesintofour
developmentallevels,aspartofanoverall
educationalstrategyofapplying,reinforcing,and
implementingmovementandsportsskills.The
levels,inascendingorder,are"low-level","complex",
"lead-up",and"officialsports".
CLASSIFICATIONOF
SPORTS
�INDIVIDUALSPORTS-Anindividualsportis
asportinwhichparticipantscompeteasindividuals
�DUALSPORTS-Dualsportsisatypeofsportsthat
areplayedbytwopeopleplayingagainsteachother.
Thisissimilartoteamsports,whichreferstosports
wheretwogroupsplayagainsteachother,onlythat
itsa1V1(oneversusone)competition
�TEAMSPORTS-Ateamsportincludesanysport
whereindividualsareorganizedintoopposingteams
whichcompetetowin.Teammembersacttogether
towardsasharedobjective.
SPORTSCANBE:
�Classificationofsports:howsportsareplayed
accordingtothenumberofplayerscompetingina
typeofsports.

�Categorizesports:howtheyareplayedaccordingto

thetypeofsportseventthatisplayed.

�Typesofsports;thesehassomethingtodowiththe
kindofsportseventtobeplayed.
 TYPESOFSPORTS
� 54DifferentTypesofSportsPlayed(IndividualandTeamSports)

�Kayaking Bobsleighing Canoeing Skiing

�Surfing Snorkeling OlympicSwimming Rowing
�Aerobics Archery Gymnastics Boxing
�Running Cycling DiscusThrow
�Equestrianism Fencing FigureSkating
�MartialArts LongJump
�PoleVault Powerlifting Wrestling Baseball
�Basketball Tennis Badminton Bowling

�
 TYPESOFSPORTS
�54DifferentTypesofSportsPlayed(IndividualandTeam
Sports)

�Basketball Tennis Badminton Bowling

�Cricket Curling Dodgeball Football
� Golf Handball Hockey IceHockey
�Kickball Lacrosse Polo Racquetball
�Rounders Rugby/AmericanFootball Squash

�TableTennis Volleyball WaterPolo

�Kitesurfing Paragliding Parasailing
�Skateboarding Skydiving

�
�Snowboarding Windsurfing Javelin