CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter students should be able to:
 Mention types of drawing
 Explain the difference between different types of drawings
 Mention some of the applications of engineering drawings
 List the main drawing Instrument
 Discuss the use of different drawing Instrument

I.1 Drawing
A drawing is a graphic representation of an object, or a part of it, and is the result of creative
thought by an engineer or technician.

I.2 Types of Drawing

1. Artistic Drawing
2. Engineering Drawing

1.2.1 Artistic Drawing

A drawing representing any object or idea which is sketched in fee-hand using imagination of
artist and in which proper scaling and dimensioning is not maintained.

1.2.2 Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing is a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional objects. In
general, it provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality, material,
manufacturing process, etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from which a trained person
can visualize object.

1.3 Role of Engineering Drawing

The ability to read drawing is the most important requirement of all technical people in any
profession. Some of the applications are building drawing for civil engineers, machine drawing
for mechanical engineers, circuit diagrams for electrical and electronics engineers, computer
graphics for one and all.
The subject in general is designed to impart the following skills.
1. Ability to read and prepare engineering drawings.
 2. Ability to make free - hand sketching of objects.
3. Power to imagine, analyze and communicate, and
4. Capacity to understand other subjects

1.4 Applications of Engineering Drawing 
Engineering drawing is an essential part of almost all engineering projects. Some important uses 
of engineering drawing are mentioned below: 
1. It is used in ships for navigation. 
2. For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc.
3. For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and 
telecommunication structures etc. 
4. For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV, phone, computers etc

1.5 Types of Engineering Drawing 
Engineering drawing can be grouped into following 4 major categories
1. Geometrical Drawing 
a.   Plane geometrical drawing 
b.   Solid geometrical drawing 
2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing
3. Civil Engineering Drawing
4. Electrical Engineering Drawing

1.5.1 Geometric Drawing 
The art of representing geometric objects such as rectangles, squares, cubes, cones, cylinders,
spheres etc. on a paper is called geometric drawing. 
a. Plane geometrical drawing -has only 2 dimensions i.e. length and breadth (as rectan
gles, squares, triangles etc.)
b. Solid geometrical drawing
has 3 dimensions i.e. length, breadth, and thickness/depth (as cube, prism, sphere,
cylinder etc.)

1.5.2 Mechanical Engineering Drawing 
The art of representing mechanical engineering objects such as machines, machine parts etc. on a paper
are called mechanical engineering drawing or machine drawing.  It is used by mechanical engineers to
express mechanical engineering works and projects for actual execution.
1.5.3 Civil Engineering Drawing 
The art of representing civil engineering objects such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams etc. on a paper
are called civilengineering drawing. It is used by civil engineers to express civil engineering works and
projects for actual execution. 

1.5.4 Electrical Engineering Drawing

The art of representing electrical engineering objects such as motors, generators, transformers, wiring 
diagrams etc. on a paper are called electrical engineering drawing. It is used by electrical engineers to
express electrical engineering works and projects for actual execution. 
The art of representing electronics engineering objects such as electronic circuits, wireless comms,
TV, Phones, computers, schematic diagram, fire alarm system, CCTV etc. on a paper are called
electronic engineering drawing or electronic drawing. It is used by electronic engineers to express 
electronic engineering works and projects for actual execution. 

1.6 Drawing Instrument

● Drawing Board     ● Drawing Paper     ● Pencil ●Rubber/Eraser  ● Scales 
● T- square  ● Set-square  ● Protractor ●Compass  ● French curves  
● Technical Pen ● Ruler

1.6.1 Drawing Board 
 It is a board or platform rectangular in shape. 
 Size of drawing board need to be larger than that of drawing paper. 
 It is made of wood. 
 Top surface should be smooth. 

1.6.2 Drawing Paper 
Drawing paper is the paper, on which drawing is to be made. All engineering drawings are made on 
sheets of paper of strictly defined sizes, which are set forth in the respective standards. The use of 
standard size saves paper and ensures convenient storage of drawings. 
Paper Types:
 Detail Paper (used for pencil work). 
 White drawing paper (used for finished drawing) 
 Tracing paper (used for both pencil and ink work and useful for replicating a master copy) 
Paper Size: 
Table 1.1 A series paper size

ISO Code Size in millimeters Size in inches

A0 841 mm x 1189 mm 33 in x 46.81 in

A1 594 mm x 841 mm 23.39 in x 33 in

A2 420 mm x 594 mm 16.54 in x 23.36 in

A3 297 mm x 420 mm 11.69 in x 16.54 in

A4 210 mm 297 mm 8.27 in x 11.69 in

A5 148 mm x 210 mm 5.83 in x 8.27 in

A6 105 mm x 148 mm 4.13 in x 5.83 in

A7 74 mm x 105 mm 2.91 in x 4.13 in

A8 52 mm x 74 mm 2.05 in x 2.91 in

A9 37 mm x 52 mm 1.46 in x 2.05 in

A10 26 mm x 37 mm 1.02 in x 1.46 in

1.6.3 Pencil
Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available in the market. The hardness
or softness of the lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc. The grade HB denotes medium
hardness of lead used for general purpose. The hardness increases as the value of the numeral before
the letter H increases. The lead becomes softer, as the value of the numeral before B increases (Fig.l.1)
 Fig 1.1 Pencil Leads
Example:
 HB Soft grade for Border lines, lettering, and free sketching
 H Medium grade for Visible outlines, visible edges, and boundary lines
 2H Hard grade for construction lines, Dimension lines, Leader lines, Extension lines,
Centre lines, Hatching lines, and Hidden lines.
Mechanical pencils are widely used in place of wooden pencils. When these are used, much of
the sharpening time can be saved. The number 0.5,0.70 of the pen indicates the thickness of the
line obtained with the lead and the size of the lead diameter. (Fig 1.2)

Fig. 1.2 Mechanical Pencil

Micro-tip pencils with 0.5 mm thick leads with the following grades are recommended.

1.6.4 T-square
 Used to draw horizontal straight line. 
 Used to guide the triangles when drawing 
vertical and inclined lines.  
Common lengths of T- Square
18 inches (460 mm)
24 inches (610 mm)
30 inches (760 mm)
36 inches (910 mm) Fig. 1.3 T-Square
42 inches (1,100 mm).

1.6.5 Set-square /Triangles

 Used to construct the most common angles (i.e. 30 , 45  and 60 ) in technical 
drawings.
 Used to draw parallel and perpendicular lines quickly and conveniently. 
 Fig. 1.4 Set-Square/Triangles

1.6.6 Protractor  
It is used for laying out and measuring angle.

Fig. 1.5 Protractor

1.6.7 Set of Scales
 Scales are used to make drawing of the objects to proportionate size desired.
 These are made of wood, steel, or plastics

Fig. 1.6 Triangular Scale

1.6.8. Compass and Divider 
Compass used to draw circles and arcs both in pencil and ink. It consists of two legs pivoted at th
e top. One leg is equipped with a steel needle attached with a screw, and other shorter leg is, prov
ided with a socket for detachable inserts.
Divider used chiefly transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal
parts. for dividing curved and straight lines into any number of equal parts, and for transferring
measurements. 
 Figure 1.7 Compass and Divider

1.6.9 French curve:  
It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs. The shape varies according to the shape of
irregular curve. 

Fig. 1.8 French curve

1.6.10 Technical Pen

Technical pens were used for drawing the sort of diagrams and designs.
Standard Nib combination:
0.1, 0.3 ,0.5, 0.7
0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8
 Fig. 1.9 Technical Pen and Parts
Types of Technical Pens Used
 Classic Steel-Nibbed Pens
These give you the most predictable lines. They are filled with pigment drawing ink,
either from a bottle, or using cartridges.

 Disposable Pens
These are the easiest types of pens to use and maintain, because you just throw them in
the bin when you are done. They are cheap to buy but can work out expensive in the long
run if you use them heavily. (e.g. Unipen)

1.6.11 Eraser

 Used to erase line that draw by pencil

 High quality eraser required: to avoid line that erase not leave effect to drawing paper
surface

Fig. 1.10 High Quality Eraser

ACTIVITY/PRACTICE

1. In a long bond paper sketch the drawing below using freehand

2. Create a template on A3 paper